Legal corpus: U.S. Code titles 1–11 from pinned OLRC XML (11,050 sections)
Raw OLRC USLM XML zips @ release 119-100 (retrieved 2026-07-04 via Atlas depot), ingested with the standard pipeline: raw snapshot -> per-section OKF markdown -> manifest + checksums. Title 52 untouched. LegalText: 171 -> 11,221. Titles 12-54 await a clean OLRC retry. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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---
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type: "LegalText"
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title: "10 U.S.C. § 2032"
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description: "Responsibility of the Secretaries of the military departments to maximize enrollment and enhance efficiency"
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title_number: 10
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title_name: "ARMED FORCES"
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chapter_number: "102"
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chapter_name: "JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS"
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section: "2032"
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citation: "10 U.S.C. § 2032"
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---
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# 10 U.S.C. § 2032 - Responsibility of the Secretaries of the military departments to maximize enrollment and enhance efficiency
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## Text
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(a) Coordination.— The Secretary of each military department, in establishing, maintaining, transferring, and terminating Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps units under section 2031 of this title, shall do so in a coordinated manner that is designed to maximize enrollment in the Corps and to enhance administrative efficiency in the management of the Corps.
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(b) Consideration of New School Openings and Consolidations.— In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary of a military department shall take into consideration—
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(1) openings of new schools;
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(2) consolidations of schools; and
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(3) the desirability of continuing the opportunity for participation in the Corps by participants whose continued participation would otherwise be adversely affected by new school openings and consolidations of schools.
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(Added Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title V, § 546(a), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1746.)
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---
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type: "LegalText"
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title: "10 U.S.C. § 2033"
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description: "Instructor qualifications"
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jurisdiction: "us"
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title_number: 10
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title_name: "ARMED FORCES"
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chapter_number: "102"
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chapter_name: "JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS"
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section: "2033"
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citation: "10 U.S.C. § 2033"
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tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
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---
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# 10 U.S.C. § 2033 - Instructor qualifications
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## Text
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(a) In General.— In order for a retired officer or noncommissioned officer to be employed as an instructor in the program, the officer must be certified by the Secretary of the military department concerned as a qualified instructor in leadership, wellness and fitness, civics, and other courses related to the content of the program, according to the qualifications set forth in subsection (b)(2) or (c)(2), as appropriate.
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(b) Senior Military Instructors.— (1) Role.— Senior military instructors shall be retired officers of the armed forces and shall serve as instructional leaders who oversee the program.
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(2) Qualifications.— A senior military instructor shall have the following qualifications:
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(A) Professional military qualification, as determined by the Secretary of the military department concerned.
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(B) Award of a baccalaureate degree from an institution of higher learning.
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(C) Completion of secondary education teaching certification requirements for the program as established by the Secretary of the military department concerned.
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(D) Award of an advanced certification by the Secretary of the military department concerned in core content areas based on—
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(i) accumulated points for professional activities, services to the profession, awards, and recognitions;
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(ii) professional development to meet content knowledge and instructional skills; and
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(iii) performance evaluation of competencies and standards within the program through site visits and inspections.
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(c) Non-Senior Military Instructors.— (1) Role.— Non-senior military instructors shall be retired noncommissioned officers of the armed forces and shall serve as instructional leaders and teach independently of, but share program responsibilities with, senior military instructors.
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(2) Qualifications.— A non-senior military instructor shall demonstrate a depth of experience, proficiency, and expertise in coaching, mentoring, and practical arts in executing the program, and shall have the following qualifications:
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(A) Professional military qualification, as determined by the Secretary of the military department concerned.
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(B) Award of an associates degree from an institution of higher learning within five years of employment.
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(C) Completion of secondary education teaching certification requirements for the program as established by the Secretary of the military department concerned.
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(D) Award of an advanced certification by the Secretary of the military department concerned in core content areas based on—
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(i) accumulated points for professional activities, services to the profession, awards, and recognitions;
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(ii) professional development to meet content knowledge and instructional skills; and
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(iii) performance evaluation of competencies and standards within the program through site visits and inspections.
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(Added Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title V, § 539(a), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2210.)
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## Notes
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Editorial Notes
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Prior ProvisionsA prior section 2033, added Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title V, § 547(a)(1), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 608; amended Pub. L. 106–398, § 1 [[div. A], title V, § 577(d)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–140, provided that certain excess amounts appropriated for the National Guard Challenge Program were to be made available for the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps program, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title V, § 596(c)(1), (3), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1127, effective Oct. 1, 2002.
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---
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type: "LegalText"
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title: "10 U.S.C. § 2034"
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description: "Educational institutions not maintaining units of Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps: issuance of arms, tentage, and equipment"
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chapter_number: "102"
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chapter_name: "JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS"
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---
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# 10 U.S.C. § 2034 - Educational institutions not maintaining units of Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps: issuance of arms, tentage, and equipment
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## Text
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The Secretary of a military department may issue arms, tentage, and equipment to an educational institution at which no unit of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps is maintained if the educational institution—
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(1) offers a course in military training prescribed by that Secretary; and
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(2) has a student body of at least 50 students who are in a grade above the eighth grade.
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(Added Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title V, § 552(a), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1741.)
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---
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type: "LegalText"
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title: "10 U.S.C. § 2035"
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description: "Flexibility in authorities for management of programs and units"
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jurisdiction: "us"
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title_number: 10
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title_name: "ARMED FORCES"
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chapter_number: "102"
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chapter_name: "JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS"
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section: "2035"
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citation: "10 U.S.C. § 2035"
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---
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# 10 U.S.C. § 2035 - Flexibility in authorities for management of programs and units
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## Text
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(a) Authority To Convert Otherwise Closing Units to National Defense Cadet Corps Program Units.— If the Secretary of a military department is notified by a local educational agency of the intent of the agency to close its Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, the Secretary shall offer the agency the option of converting the unit to a National Defense Cadet Corps (NDCC) program unit in lieu of closing the unit.
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(b) Flexibility in Administration of Instructors.— (1) In general.— The Secretaries of the military departments may, without regard to any other provision of this chapter, undertake initiatives designed to promote flexibility in the hiring and compensation of instructors for the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps program under the jurisdiction of such Secretaries.
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(2) Elements.— The initiatives undertaken pursuant to this subsection may provide for one or more of the following:
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(A) Termination of the requirement for a waiver as a condition of the hiring of well-qualified non-commissioned officers with a bachelor’s degree for senior instructor positions within the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps.
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(B) Specification of a single instructor as the minimum number of instructors required to found and operate a Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps unit.
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(C) Authority for Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps instructors to undertake school duties, in addition to Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps duties, at small schools.
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(D) Authority for the payment of instructor compensation for a limited number of Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps instructors on a 10-month per year basis rather than a 12-month per year basis.
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(E) Such other actions as the Secretaries of the military departments consider appropriate.
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(c) Flexibility in Allocation and Use of Travel Funding.— The Secretaries of the military departments shall take appropriate actions to provide so-called regional directors of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs located at remote rural schools enhanced discretion in the allocation and use of funds for travel in connection with Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps activities.
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(d) Standardization of Program Data.— The Secretary of Defense shall take appropriate actions to standardize the data collected and maintained on the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs in order to facilitate and enhance the collection and analysis of such data. Such actions shall include a requirement for the use of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) identification code for each school with a unit under a Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps program in order to facilitate identification of such schools and their units under the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs.
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(Added Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title V, § 557(a)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1773.)
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---
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type: "LegalText"
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title: "10 U.S.C. § 2036"
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description: "Grants to support science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education"
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kind: "code_section"
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title_number: 10
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title_name: "ARMED FORCES"
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chapter_number: "102"
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chapter_name: "JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS"
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section: "2036"
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---
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# 10 U.S.C. § 2036 - Grants to support science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education
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## Text
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(a) Authority.— The Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Education, may carry out a program to make grants to eligible entities to assist such entities in providing education in covered subjects to students in the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps.
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(b) Coordination.— In carrying out a program under subsection (a), the Secretary may coordinate with the following:
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(1) The Director of the National Science Foundation.
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(2) The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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(3) The heads of such other Federal, State, and local government entities the Secretary of Defense determines to be appropriate.
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(c) Activities.— Activities funded with grants under this section may include the following:
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(1) Training and other support for instructors to teach courses in covered subjects to students.
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(2) The acquisition of materials, hardware, and software necessary for the instruction of covered subjects.
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(3) Activities that improve the quality of educational materials, training opportunities, and curricula available to students and instructors in covered subjects.
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(4) Development of travel opportunities, demonstrations, mentoring programs, and informal education in covered subjects for students and instructors.
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(5) Students’ pursuit of certifications in covered subjects.
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(d) Preference.— In making any grants under this section, the Secretary shall give preference to eligible entities that are eligible for assistance under part A of title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6311 et seq.).
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(e) Evaluations.— In carrying out a program under this section, the Secretary shall establish outcome-based metrics and internal and external assessments to evaluate the merits and benefits of the activities funded with grants under this section with respect to the needs of the Department of Defense.
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(f) Authorities.— In carrying out a program under this section, the Secretary shall, to the extent practicable, make use of the authorities under chapter 111 and sections 2601 and 2605 of this title, and other authorities the Secretary determines appropriate.
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(g) Definitions.— In this section:
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(1) The term “eligible entity” means a local education agency that hosts a unit of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps.
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(2) The term “covered subjects” means—
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(A) science;
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(B) technology;
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(C) engineering;
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(D) mathematics;
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(E) computer science;
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(F) computational thinking;
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(G) artificial intelligence;
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(H) machine learning;
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(I) data science;
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(J) quantum information sciences;
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(K) cybersecurity;
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(L) robotics;
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(M) health sciences; and
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(N) other subjects determined by the Secretary of Defense to be related to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
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(Added Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title V, § 513(a)(1), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3587; amended Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title V, § 511, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 1682.)
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## Notes
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Editorial Notes
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References in TextThe Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, referred to in subsec. (d), is Pub. L. 89–10, Apr. 11, 1965, 79 Stat. 27. Part A of title I of the Act is classified generally to part A (§ 6311 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 70 of Title 20, Education. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6301 of Title 20 and Tables.
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Amendments2021—Subsec. (g)(2)(J) to (N). Pub. L. 117–81 added subpar. (J) and redesignated former subpars. (J) to (M) as (K) to (N), respectively.
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