Legal corpus: U.S. Code titles 1–11 from pinned OLRC XML (11,050 sections)

Raw OLRC USLM XML zips @ release 119-100 (retrieved 2026-07-04 via
Atlas depot), ingested with the standard pipeline: raw snapshot ->
per-section OKF markdown -> manifest + checksums. Title 52 untouched.
LegalText: 171 -> 11,221. Titles 12-54 await a clean OLRC retry.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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---
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title: "10 U.S.C. § 651"
description: "Members: required service"
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title_number: 10
title_name: "ARMED FORCES"
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# 10 U.S.C. § 651 - Members: required service
## Text
(a) Each person who becomes a member of an armed force, other than a person deferred under the next to the last sentence of section 6(d)(1) of the Military Selective Service Act (50 U.S.C. 3806(d)(1)), shall serve in the armed forces for a total initial period of not less than six years nor more than eight years, as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense for the armed forces under his jurisdiction and by the Secretary of Homeland Security for the Coast Guard when it is not operating as service in the Navy, unless such person is sooner discharged under such regulations because of personal hardship. Any part of such service that is not active duty or that is active duty for training shall be performed in a reserve component.
(b) Each person covered by subsection (a) who is not a Reserve, and who is qualified, shall, upon his release from active duty, be transferred to a reserve component to complete the service required by subsection (a).
(c) (1) For the armed forces under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary may waive the initial period of required service otherwise established pursuant to subsection (a) in the case of the initial appointment of a commissioned officer in a critically short health professional specialty specified by the Secretary for purposes of this subsection or in the case of an unrestricted officer designated within a cyberspace occupational specialty.
(2) The minimum period of obligated service for an officer under a waiver under this subsection shall be the greater of—
(A) two years;
(B) in the case of an officer who has accepted an accession bonus or executed a contract or agreement for the multiyear receipt of special pay for service in the armed forces, the period of obligated service specified in such contract or agreement; or
(C) in the case of an unrestricted officer designated within a cyberspace occupational specialty, the period of obligated service specified in the enlistment agreement of such officer.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 27; Pub. L. 85861, §§ 1(12), 36B(3), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1440, 1570; Pub. L. 89718, § 5, Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1115; Pub. L. 9579, title VIII, § 803(a), July 30, 1977, 91 Stat. 333; Pub. L. 96107, title VIII, § 805(b), Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 813; Pub. L. 96513, title V, § 511(18), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2921; Pub. L. 9894, title X, § 1022(b)(1), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 670; Pub. L. 107296, title XVII, § 1704(b)(1), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2314; Pub. L. 110181, div. A, title V, § 505, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 96; Pub. L. 114328, div. A, title X, § 1081(b)(1)(A)(iv), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2418; Pub. L. 11692, div. A, title XVII, § 1731(a)(19), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1813; Pub. L. 116283, div. A, title IX, § 924(b)(17), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3823; Pub. L. 11781, div. A, title X, § 1081(a)(11), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 1920; Pub. L. 11831, div. A, title V, § 509(a), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 243.)
## Notes
Historical and Revision Notes 1956 Act Revised sectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 651(a)651(b)651(c)50 App.:454(d)(3) (1st sentence, and less applicability to members of National Security Training Corps).50 App.:454(d)(3) (2d sentence, and less applicability to members of National Security Training Corps).50 App.:454(d)(3) (3d and last sentences).June 24, 1948, ch. 625, § 4(d)(3) (less 4th sentence, and less applicability to members of National Security Training Corps); added June 19, 1951, ch. 144, § 1(g) (last par., less 4th sentence, and less applicability to members of National Security Training Corps), 65 Stat. 79; July 9, 1952, ch. 608, § 813, 66 Stat. 509. In subsection (a), the word “male” is inserted, since the source statute (Universal Military Training and Service Act (50 U.S.C. App. 451 et seq.)) applies only to male persons. The words “subsequent to the date of enactment of this paragraph [June 19, 1951]” are omitted as executed. The words “becomes a member” are substituted for the words “is inducted, enlisted, or appointed * * * in”. The words “in the armed forces” are substituted for the words “on active training and service in the Armed Forces * * * and in a reserve component”. The last sentence is substituted for the words “or in training in the National Security Training Corps”. The words “under any provision of law” and “including the reserve components thereof” are omitted as surplusage. In subsection (b), the words “who is not a Reserve” are inserted, since the eight year obligation for Reserves is covered by subsection (a). The words “active duty” are substituted for the words “active training and service”. The last eight words are substituted for the words “and shall serve therein for the remainder of the period which he is required to serve under this paragraph”. The words “physically and mentally” and 50 App.:454(d)(3) (last 15 words of 2d sentence) are omitted as surplusage. In [former] subsection (c), the words “who is released from active duty” are inserted for clarity. The words “shall become a member” are substituted for the words “it shall be the duty of such person to enlist, enroll, or accept appointment in, or accept assignment to”. The words “there is a vacancy” are substituted for the words “enlistment, enrollment, or appointment in, or assignment to”. 50 App.:454(d)(3) (last sentence) is omitted as surplusage.
1958 Act Revised sectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 651(a)50 App.:454(d)(3) (2d sentence).Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 665, § 3(a) (last sentence), 69 Stat. 603. In subsection (a), the word “male” is inserted, since the source statute applies only to male persons. The words “subsequent to the date of enactment of the Reserve Forces Act of 1955” are omitted as executed. The words “becomes a member” are substituted for the words “is inducted, enlisted, or appointed . . . in”. The last sentence is substituted for the words “on active training and service . . . and in a reserve component”. The requirement of transfer to and service in a reserve component, after active training and service is covered by subsection (b) of this section. The words “under any provision of law” and “including the reserve components thereof” are omitted as surplusage.
Editorial Notes
Amendments2023—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 11831, § 509(a)(1), inserted before period at end “or in the case of an unrestricted officer designated within a cyberspace occupational specialty”. Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 11831, § 509(a)(2), added subpar. (C). 2021—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 11781 inserted comma after “3806(d)(1))”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116283 struck out “of his armed force” after “reserve component”. 2019—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 11692 inserted “shall serve” before “in the armed forces”. 2016—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114328 substituted “(50 U.S.C. 3806(d)(1))” for “(50 U.S.C. App. 456(d)(1)) shall serve”. 2008—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110181 added subsec. (c). 2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107296 substituted “of Homeland Security” for “of Transportation”. 1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 9894 amended subsec. (a) generally, substituting a reference to service in the armed forces for a total initial period of not less than six years nor more than eight years under prescribed regulations for the prior reference to service in the armed forces for a total of six years. 1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96513, substituted “Secretary of Transportation” for “Secretary of the Treasury”, and “section 6(d)(1) of the Military Selective Service Act (50 U.S.C. App. 456(d)(1))” for “section 456(d)(1) of title 50, appendix”. 1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96107 struck out “before his twenty-sixth birthday” after “force”. 1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 9579 struck out “male” after “Each” and “after August 9, 1955,” after “who”. 1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89718 struck out reference to persons who enlisted under section 1013 of title 50 in the description of persons not required to serve in the armed forces for a total of six years. 1958—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85861, § 1(12), restricted section to male persons who became members of the armed forces after Aug. 9, 1955, excluded persons enlisted under section 1013 of Title 50 or deferred under the next to last sentence of section 456(d)(1) of Title 50, Appendix, reduced from eight to six years the required period of service, required any part of such service that is not active duty or is active duty for training to be performed in a reserve component, and struck out provisions which permitted members of the armed forces to count service in the National Security Training Corps as if it were service in the armed forces for the purposes of this subsection. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 85861, § 36B(3), repealed subsec. (c) which required members released from active duty to become members of an organized unit of a reserve component of an officers training program.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2002 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 107296 effective on the date of transfer of the Coast Guard to the Department of Homeland Security, see section 1704(g) of Pub. L. 107296, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
Effective Date of 1983 AmendmentPub. L. 9894, title X, § 1022(b)(2), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 671, provided that: “The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply only with respect to persons who enter the Armed Forces 60 or more days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 24, 1983].”
Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96513 effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701(b)(3) of Pub. L. 96513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
Effective Date of 1979 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96107 applicable to individuals who become members of an Armed Force after Nov. 9, 1979, see section 805(c) of Pub. L. 96107, set out as a note under section 511 of this title.
Effective Date of 1977 AmendmentPub. L. 9579, title VIII, § 803(b), July 30, 1977, 91 Stat. 333, provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the first day of the seventh calendar month beginning after the month in which this Act is enacted [July 1977] and shall apply to any female person who becomes a member of an Armed Force on or after such day.”
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# 10 U.S.C. § 652 - Notice to Congress of proposed changes in units, assignments, etc. to which female members may be assigned
## Text
(a) Rule for Ground Combat Personnel Policy.— (1) If the Secretary of Defense proposes to make any change described in paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) to the ground combat exclusion policy or proposes to make a change described in paragraph (2)(C), the Secretary shall, not less than 30 calendar days before such change is implemented, submit to Congress a report providing notice of the proposed change.
(2) A change referred to in paragraph (1) is a change that—
(A) closes to female members of the armed forces any category of unit or position that at that time is open to service by such members;
(B) opens to service by female members of the armed forces any category of unit or position that at that time is closed to service by such members; or
(C) opens or closes to the assignment of female members of the armed forces any military career designator as described in paragraph (6).
(3) The Secretary shall include in any report under paragraph (1)—
(A) a detailed description of, and justification for, the proposed change; and
(B) a detailed analysis of legal implication of the proposed change with respect to the constitutionality of the application of the Military Selective Service Act (50 App. U.S.C. 451 et seq.) 11 See References in Text note below. to males only.
(4) In this subsection, the term “ground combat exclusion policy” means the military personnel policies of the Department of Defense and the military departments, as in effect on October 1, 1994, by which female members of the armed forces are restricted from assignment to units and positions below brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground.
[(5) Repealed. Pub. L. 11492, div. A, title V, § 524(a)(2), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 813.]
(6) For purposes of this subsection, a military career designator is one that is related to military operations on the ground as of May 18, 2005, and applies—
(A) for enlisted members and warrant officers, to military occupational specialties, specialty codes, enlisted designators, enlisted classification codes, additional skill identifiers, and special qualification identifiers; and
(B) for officers (other than warrant officers), to officer areas of concentration, occupational specialties, specialty codes, designators, additional skill identifiers, and special qualification identifiers.
(b) Other Personnel Policy Changes.— (1) Except in a case covered by section 8225 of this title or by subsection (a), whenever the Secretary of Defense proposes to make a change to military personnel policies described in paragraph (2), the Secretary shall, not less than 30 calendar days before such change is implemented, submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives notice, in writing, of the proposed change.
(2) Paragraph (1) applies to a proposed military personnel policy change, other than a policy change covered by subsection (a), that would make available to female members of the armed forces assignment to any of the following that, as of the date of the proposed change, is closed to such assignment:
(A) Any type of unit not covered by subsection (a).
(B) Any class of combat vessel.
(C) Any type of combat platform.
(Added Pub. L. 109163, div. A, title V, § 541(a)(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3251; amended Pub. L. 11492, div. A, title V, § 524, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 813; Pub. L. 115232, div. A, title VIII, § 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1840.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Military Selective Service Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(B), is act June 24, 1948, ch. 625, 62 Stat. 604, which was classified principally to section 451 et seq. of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as chapter 49 (§ 3801 et seq.) of Title 50. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
Prior ProvisionsA prior section 652, added Pub. L. 95485, title IV, § 405(d)(1), Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1616, related to Ready Reserve requirement of notification of change of status, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103337, div. A, title XVI, §§ 1661(a)(3)(A), 1691, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2980, 3026, effective Dec. 1, 1994. See section 10205 of this title. Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in Pub. L. 103160, div. A, title V, § 542, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1659, which was set out as a note under section 113 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 109163, § 541(c).
Amendments2018—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115232 substituted “section 8225” for “section 6035”. 2015—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 11492, § 524(a)(1), substituted “not less than 30 calendar days before such change is implemented” for “before any such change is implemented” and struck out at end “Such a change may then be implemented only after the end of a period of 30 days of continuous session of Congress (excluding any day on which either House of Congress is not in session) following the date on which the report is received.” Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 11492, § 524(a)(2), struck out par. (5) which read as follows: “For purposes of this subsection, the continuity of a session of Congress is broken only by an adjournment of the Congress sine die.” Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 11492, § 524(b), inserted “calendar” before “days”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2018 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 115232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
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# 10 U.S.C. § 653 - Minimum service requirement for certain flight crew positions
## Text
(a) Pilots.— The minimum service obligation of any member who successfully completes training in the armed forces as a pilot shall be 8 years, if the member is trained to fly fixed-wing jet aircraft, or 6 years, if the member is trained to fly any other type of aircraft.
(b) Navigators and Naval Flight Officers.— The minimum service obligation of any member who successfully completes training in the armed forces as a navigator or naval flight officer shall be 6 years.
(c) Definition.— In this section, the term “service obligation” means the period of active duty or, in the case of a member of a reserve component who completed flight training in an active duty for training status as a member of a reserve component, the period of service in an active status in the Selected Reserve required to be served after—
(1) completion of undergraduate pilot training, in the case of training as a pilot;
(2) completion of undergraduate navigator training, in the case of training as a navigator; or
(3) completion of undergraduate training as a naval flight officer, in the case of training as a naval flight officer.
(Added Pub. L. 101189, div. A, title VI, § 634(a)(1), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1454; amended Pub. L. 101510, div. A, title XIV, § 1484(k)(3), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1719; Pub. L. 102484, div. A, title V, § 506(a), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2404.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1992—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 102484, § 506(a)(1), substituted “service obligation” for “active duty obligation”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102484, § 506(a)(2), substituted “the term service obligation means the period of active duty or, in the case of a member of a reserve component who completed flight training in an active duty for training status as a member of a reserve component, the period of service in an active status in the Selected Reserve” for “the term active duty obligation means the period of active duty”. 1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101510, § 1484(k)(3)(A), substituted “or” for “and” before “6 years”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101510, § 1484(k)(3)(B), inserted a comma after first reference to “training” in pars. (1) and (2) and after first reference to “naval flight officer” in par. (3).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1992 AmendmentPub. L. 102484, div. A, title V, § 506(b), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2405, provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect as of November 29, 1989.”
Effective DatePub. L. 101189, div. A, title VI, § 634(b), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1454, provided that: “(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), section 653 of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a)(1), shall apply to persons who begin undergraduate pilot training, undergraduate navigator training, or undergraduate naval flight officer training, as the case may be, after September 30, 1990. “(2) Such section shall apply to persons who graduate from the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy, the United States Air Force Academy, and the Coast Guard Academy after December 31, 1991, and to persons who satisfactorily complete the academic and military requirements of the Senior Reserve Officers Training Corps program (provided for in chapter 103 of title 10, United States Code) after December 31, 1991. “(3) The minimum service requirements provided for such section shall not apply in the case of any person who entered into an agreement with the Secretary concerned before October 1, 1990, and who is obligated under the terms of such agreement to serve on active duty for a period less than the applicable period specified in section 653 of such title. “(4) For purposes of this subsection, the term Secretary concerned has the meaning given that term in section 101(8) of title 10, United States Code [now 10 U.S.C. 101(a)(9)].” [For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.]
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# 10 U.S.C. § 654 - Minimum service requirement for certain cyberspace occupational specialties
## Text
(a) Cyberspace Operations Officer.— The minimum service obligation for any member who successfully completes training in the armed forces in direct accession to the cyberspace operations officer occupational specialty of the Marine Corps shall be eight years.
(b) Service Obligation Defined.— In this section, the term “service obligation” means the period of active duty or, in the case of a member of a reserve component who completed cyberspace operations training in an active duty for training status as a member of a reserve component, the period of service in an active status in the Selected Reserve, required to be served after completion of cyberspace operations training.
(Added Pub. L. 11831, div. A, title V, § 509(b), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 243.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Prior ProvisionsA prior section 654, added Pub. L. 103160, div. A, title V, § 571(a)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1670, related to policy concerning homosexuality in the armed forces, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 111321, § 2(f)(1)(A), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3516.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Dont Ask, Dont Tell RepealPub. L. 111321, Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3515, repealed former section 654 of this title effective 60 days after the later of the Secretary of Defense receiving a report, which was released Nov. 30, 2010, and the President transmitting to the congressional defense committees a written certification, which was transmitted July 22, 2011.
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# 10 U.S.C. § 655 - Designation of persons having interest in status of a missing member
## Text
(a) The Secretary concerned shall, upon the enlistment or appointment of a person in the armed forces, require that the person specify in writing the person or persons, if any, other than that persons primary next of kin or immediate family, to whom information on the whereabouts and status of the member shall be provided if such whereabouts and status are investigated under chapter 76 of this title. The Secretary shall periodically, and whenever the member is deployed as part of a contingency operation or in other circumstances specified by the Secretary, require that such designation be reconfirmed, or modified, by the member.
(b) The Secretary concerned shall, upon the request of a member, permit the member to revise the person or persons specified by the member under subsection (a) at any time. Any such revision shall be in writing.
(Added Pub. L. 104106, div. A, title V, § 569(d)(1), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 352.)
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# 10 U.S.C. § 656 - Repealed. Pub. L. 11960, div. A, title IX, § 901(c), Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1007]
## Notes
Section, added Pub. L. 112239, div. A, title V, § 519(a)(1), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1720; amended Pub. L. 116283, div. A, title V, § 571(a)(1)(3)(A), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3642, 3643, related to diversity in military leadership.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Strategic Plan for Diversity and InclusionPub. L. 11692, div. A, title V, § 529, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1358, required Secretary of Defense to design and implement five-year strategic plan for diversity and inclusion in Department of Defense, with implementation to begin not later than one year after Dec. 20, 2019.
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# 10 U.S.C. § 657 - Prohibition on service in the armed forces by individuals convicted of certain sexual offenses
## Text
(a) Prohibition on Commissioning or Enlistment.— A person who has been convicted of an offense specified in subsection (b) under Federal or State law may not be processed for commissioning or permitted to enlist in the armed forces.
(b) Covered Offenses.— An offense specified in this subsection is any felony offense as follows:
(1) Rape or sexual assault.
(2) Forcible sodomy.
(3) Incest.
(4) An attempt to commit an offense specified in paragraph (1) through (3), as punishable under applicable Federal or State law.
(Added Pub. L. 11366, div. A, title XVII, § 1711(a)(1), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 962.)
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# 10 U.S.C. § 658 - Medical accession standards for members of the armed forces
## Text
(a) Establishment of Standards.— (1) The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe uniform medical accession standards for the appointment, enlistment, or induction of individuals into the armed forces.
(2) The Secretary of Defense shall make readily available and understandable to applicants for military service the medical accession standards established under paragraph (1), including an explanation of the process for a review or waiver of a medical disqualification under subsection (b).
(b) Process for Review or Waiver of Medical Disqualifications.— (1) The Secretary of Defense shall establish a process for the review of medical disqualifications of persons seeking to become a member of the armed forces and for granting waivers of those medical disqualifications. Determinations shall be based on all available information regarding the medical condition and the operational needs of the military service concerned.
(2) The waiver process shall include criteria permitting waivers when such action is in the interests of national security, defined as a compelling governmental interest in accessing an individual whose service would directly support the Departments warfighting capabilities.
(c) Reports.— (1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives an annual report identifying—
(A) the number of persons disqualified from service as a member of the armed forces during the preceding calendar year due to medical history;
(B) the number and type of approvals granted under subsection (b) during the preceding calendar year; and
(C) any revisions to the medical accession standards established under subsection (a) or the waiver process established under subsection (b) since the preceding report.
(2) In any fiscal year in which the accession of a person into the Coast Guard is approved under the process established under subsection (b), the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report identifying the information required under paragraph (1)(B) with respect to such member.
(Added Pub. L. 11960, div. A, title V, § 533, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 870.)