Legal corpus: U.S. Code titles 1–11 from pinned OLRC XML (11,050 sections)
Raw OLRC USLM XML zips @ release 119-100 (retrieved 2026-07-04 via Atlas depot), ingested with the standard pipeline: raw snapshot -> per-section OKF markdown -> manifest + checksums. Title 52 untouched. LegalText: 171 -> 11,221. Titles 12-54 await a clean OLRC retry. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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title: "11 U.S.C. § 902"
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title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
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chapter_number: "9"
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chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
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section: "902"
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citation: "11 U.S.C. § 902"
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---
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# 11 U.S.C. § 902 - Definitions for this chapter
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## Text
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In this chapter—
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(1) “property of the estate”, when used in a section that is made applicable in a case under this chapter by section 103(e) 11 See References in Text note below. or 901 of this title, means property of the debtor;
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(2) “special revenues” means—
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(A) receipts derived from the ownership, operation, or disposition of projects or systems of the debtor that are primarily used or intended to be used primarily to provide transportation, utility, or other services, including the proceeds of borrowings to finance the projects or systems;
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(B) special excise taxes imposed on particular activities or transactions;
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(C) incremental tax receipts from the benefited area in the case of tax-increment financing;
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(D) other revenues or receipts derived from particular functions of the debtor, whether or not the debtor has other functions; or
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(E) taxes specifically levied to finance one or more projects or systems, excluding receipts from general property, sales, or income taxes (other than tax-increment financing) levied to finance the general purposes of the debtor;
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(3) “special tax payer” means record owner or holder of legal or equitable title to real property against which a special assessment or special tax has been levied the proceeds of which are the sole source of payment of an obligation issued by the debtor to defray the cost of an improvement relating to such real property;
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(4) “special tax payer affected by the plan” means special tax payer with respect to whose real property the plan proposes to increase the proportion of special assessments or special taxes referred to in paragraph (2) of this section assessed against such real property; and
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(5) “trustee”, when used in a section that is made applicable in a case under this chapter by section 103(e) 1 or 901 of this title, means debtor, except as provided in section 926 of this title.
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(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2622; Pub. L. 98–353, title III, § 491, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 383; Pub. L. 100–597, § 4, Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat. 3028.)
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## Notes
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Historical and Revision Notes
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legislative statementsSection 902(2) of the Senate amendment is deleted since the bankruptcy court will have jurisdiction over all cases under chapter 9. The concept of a claim being materially and adversely affected reflected in section 902(1) of the Senate amendment has been deleted and replaced with the new concept of “impairment” set forth in section 1124 of the House amendment and incorporated by reference into chapter 9.
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senate report no. 95–989There are six definitions for use in chapter 9. Paragraph (1) defines what claims are included in a chapter 9 case and adopts the definition now found in section 81(1) [section 401(1) of former title 11]. All claims against the petitioner generally will be included, with one significant exception. Municipalities are authorized, under section 103(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended [title 26], to issue tax-exempt industrial development revenue bonds to provide for the financing of certain projects for privately owned companies. The bonds are sold on the basis of the credit of the company on whose behalf they are issued, and the principal, interest, and premium, if any, are payable solely from payments made by the company to the trustee under the bond indenture and do not constitute claims on the tax revenues or other funds of the issuing municipalities. The municipality merely acts as the vehicle to enable the bonds to be issued on a tax-exempt basis. Claims that arise by virtue of these bonds are not among the claims defined by this paragraph and amounts owed by private companies to the holders of industrial development revenue bonds are not to be included among the assets of the municipality that would be affected by the plan. See Cong. Record, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. H.R. 12073 (statement by Mr. Don Edwards, floor manager of the bill in the House). Paragraph (2) defines the court which means the federal district court or federal district judge before which the case is pending. Paragraph (3) [enacted as (1)] specifies that when the term “property of the estate” is used in a section in another chapter made applicable in chapter 9 cases, the term means “property of the debtor”. Paragraphs (4) and (5) [enacted as (2) and (3)] adopt the definition of “special taxpayer affected by the plan” that appears in current sections 81(10) and 81(11) of the Bankruptcy Act [section 401(10) and (11) of former title 11]. Paragraph (6) [enacted as (4)] provides that “trustee” means “debtor” when used in conjunction with chapter 9.
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house report no. 95–595There are only four definitions for use only in chapter 9. The first specifies that when the term “property of the estate” is used in a section in another chapter made applicable in chapter 9 cases, the term will mean “property of the debtor”. Paragraphs (2) and (3) adopt the definition of “special taxpayer affected by the plan” that appears in current sections 81(10) and 81(11) [section 401(10) and (11) of former title 11]. Paragraph (4) provides for “trustee” the same treatment as provided for “property of the estate”, specifying that it means “debtor” when used in conjunction with chapter 9.
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Editorial Notes
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References in TextSection 103(e) of this title, referred to in pars. (1) and (5), was redesignated section 103(f) and a new section 103(e) was added by Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 112(c)(5)(A)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–394.
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Amendments1988—Pars. (2) to (5). Pub. L. 100–597 added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) to (4) as (3) to (5), respectively. 1984—Par. (2). Pub. L. 98–353 substituted “legal or equitable title to real property against which a special assessment or special tax has been levied” for “title, legal or equitable, to real property against which has been levied a special assessment or special tax”.
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Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
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Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–597 effective Nov. 3, 1988, but not applicable to any case commenced under this title before that date, see section 12 of Pub. L. 100–597, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
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Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
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title: "11 U.S.C. § 903"
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---
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# 11 U.S.C. § 903 - Reservation of State power to control municipalities
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## Text
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This chapter does not limit or impair the power of a State to control, by legislation or otherwise, a municipality of or in such State in the exercise of the political or governmental powers of such municipality, including expenditures for such exercise, but—
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(1) a State law prescribing a method of composition of indebtedness of such municipality may not bind any creditor that does not consent to such composition; and
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(2) a judgment entered under such a law may not bind a creditor that does not consent to such composition.
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(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2622; Pub. L. 98–353, title III, § 492, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 383.)
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## Notes
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Historical and Revision Notes
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legislative statementsSection 903 of the House amendment represents a stylistic revision of section 903 of the Senate amendment. To the extent section 903 of the House bill would have changed present law, such section is rejected.
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senate report no. 95–989Section 903 is derived, with stylistic changes, from section 83 of current Chapter IX [section 403 of former title 11]. It sets forth the primary authority of a State, through its constitution, laws, and other powers, over its municipalities. The proviso in section 83, prohibiting State composition procedures for municipalities, is retained. Deletion of the provision would “permit all States to enact their own versions of Chapter IX [chapter 9 of former title 11]”, Municipal Insolvency, 50 Am.Bankr.L.J. 55, 65, which would frustrate the constitutional mandate of uniform bankruptcy laws. Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sec. 8. This section provides that the municipality can consent to the court’s orders in regard to use of its income or property. It is contemplated that such consent will be required by the court for the issuance of certificates of indebtedness under section 364(c). Such consent could extend to enforcement of the conditions attached to the certificates or the municipal services to be provided during the proceedings.
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Editorial Notes
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Amendments1984—Par. (2). Pub. L. 98–353 struck out “to” before “that does not consent”.
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Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
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Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
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---
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title: "11 U.S.C. § 904"
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||||
---
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||||
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# 11 U.S.C. § 904 - Limitation on jurisdiction and powers of court
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## Text
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Notwithstanding any power of the court, unless the debtor consents or the plan so provides, the court may not, by any stay, order, or decree, in the case or otherwise, interfere with—
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(1) any of the political or governmental powers of the debtor;
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(2) any of the property or revenues of the debtor; or
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(3) the debtor’s use or enjoyment of any income-producing property.
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(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2622.)
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## Notes
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Historical and Revision Notes
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senate report no. 95–989This section adopts the policy of section 82(c) of current law [section 402(c) of former title 11]. The only change in this section from section 82(c) is to conform the section to the style and cross-references of S. 2266.
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house report no. 95–595This section adopts the policy of section 82(c) of current law [section 402(c) of former title 11]. The Usery case underlines the need for this limitation on the court’s powers. The only change in this section from section 82(c) is to conform the section to the style and cross-references of H.R. 8200. This section makes clear that the court may not interfere with the choices a municipality makes as to what services and benefits it will provide to its inhabitants.
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---
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||||
type: "LegalText"
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||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 921"
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description: "Petition and proceedings relating to petition"
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||||
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||||
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||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 921"
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---
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||||
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# 11 U.S.C. § 921 - Petition and proceedings relating to petition
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## Text
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(a) Notwithstanding sections 109(d) and 301 of this title, a case under this chapter concerning an unincorporated tax or special assessment district that does not have such district’s own officials is commenced by the filing under section 301 of this title of a petition under this chapter by such district’s governing authority or the board or body having authority to levy taxes or assessments to meet the obligations of such district.
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(b) The chief judge of the court of appeals for the circuit embracing the district in which the case is commenced shall designate the bankruptcy judge to conduct the case.
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(c) After any objection to the petition, the court, after notice and a hearing, may dismiss the petition if the debtor did not file the petition in good faith or if the petition does not meet the requirements of this title.
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(d) If the petition is not dismissed under subsection (c) of this section, the court shall order relief under this chapter notwithstanding section 301(b).
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(e) The court may not, on account of an appeal from an order for relief, delay any proceeding under this chapter in the case in which the appeal is being taken; nor shall any court order a stay of such proceeding pending such appeal. The reversal on appeal of a finding of jurisdiction does not affect the validity of any debt incurred that is authorized by the court under section 364(c) or 364(d) of this title.
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(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2622; Pub. L. 98–353, title III, § 494, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 383; Pub. L. 109–8, title V, § 501(a), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 118.)
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## Notes
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Historical and Revision Notes
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legislative statementsSection 905 of the Senate amendment is incorporated as section 921(b) of the House amendment with the difference that the chief judge of the circuit embracing the district in which the case is commenced designates a bankruptcy judge to conduct the case in lieu of a district judge as under present law. It is intended that a municipality may commence a case in any district in which the municipality is located, as under present law. Section 906 of the Senate amendment has been adopted in substance in section 109(c) of the House amendment.
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senate report no. 95–989Section 905 [enacted as section 921(b)] adopts the procedures for selection of the judge for the chapter 9 case as found in current section 82(d) [section 402(d) of former title 11]. It is expected that the large chapter 9 case might take up almost all the judicial time of the presiding judge and involve very complex legal questions. Selection should not be left to chance or the luck of the draw. This provision will insure that calendar demands and levels of experience can be considered in the selection of the judge in a chapter 9 case.
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house report no. 95–595Subsection (a) is derived from section 85(a) [section 405(a) of former title 11], second sentence, of current law. There is no substantive change in the law. The subsection permits a municipality that does not have its own officers to be moved into chapter 9 by the action of the body or board that has authority to levy taxes for the municipality. Subsection (b) permits a party in interest to object to the filing of the petition not later than 15 days after notice. This provision tracks the third sentence of section 85(a) [section 405(a) of former title 11], except that the provision for publication in section 85(a) is left to the Rules (see Rule 9–14), and therefore the determinative date is left less definite. Subsection (c) permits the court to dismiss a petition not filed in good faith or not filed in compliance with the requirements of the chapter. This provision is the fourth sentence of section 85(a) [section 405(a) of former title 11]. Subsection (d) directs the court to order relief on the petition if it does not dismiss the case under subsection (c). Subsection (e) contains the fifth and sixth sentences of section 85(a) [section 405(a) of former title 11].
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Editorial Notes
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Amendments2005—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–8 inserted “notwithstanding section 301(b)” before period at end. 1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–353, § 494(c), substituted “109(d)” for “109(c)”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–353, § 494(a), substituted “any” for “an”, and “petition if the debtor did not file the petition in good faith” for “petition, if the debtor did not file the petition in good faith,”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–353, § 494(b), (d), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and substituted “subsection (c)” for “subsection (d)”. No former subsec. (d) had been enacted. Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 98–353, § 494(b), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (d).
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Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
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Effective Date of 2005 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
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Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
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---
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type: "LegalText"
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title: "11 U.S.C. § 922"
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title_number: 11
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title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
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chapter_number: "9"
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chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
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||||
section: "922"
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||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 922"
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|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 922 - Automatic stay of enforcement of claims against the debtor
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) A petition filed under this chapter operates as a stay, in addition to the stay provided by section 362 of this title, applicable to all entities, of—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against an officer or inhabitant of the debtor that seeks to enforce a claim against the debtor; and
|
||||
|
||||
(2) the enforcement of a lien on or arising out of taxes or assessments owed to the debtor.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Subsections (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g) of section 362 of this title apply to a stay under subsection (a) of this section the same as such subsections apply to a stay under section 362(a) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) If the debtor provides, under section 362, 364, or 922 of this title, adequate protection of the interest of the holder of a claim secured by a lien on property of the debtor and if, notwithstanding such protection such creditor has a claim arising from the stay of action against such property under section 362 or 922 of this title or from the granting of a lien under section 364(d) of this title, then such claim shall be allowable as an administrative expense under section 503(b) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Notwithstanding section 362 of this title and subsection (a) of this section, a petition filed under this chapter does not operate as a stay of application of pledged special revenues in a manner consistent with section 927 of this title to payment of indebtedness secured by such revenues.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2623; Pub. L. 98–353, title III, § 495, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 384; Pub. L. 100–597, § 5, Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat. 3029.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
house report no. 95–595The automatic stay provided under section 362 of title 11 is incomplete for a municipality, because there is the possibility of action by a creditor against an officer or inhabitant of the municipality to collect taxes due the municipality. Section 85(e)(1) of current chapter IX [section 405(e)(1) of former title 11] stays such actions. Section 922 carries over that protection into the proposed chapter 9. Subsection (b) applies the provisions for relief from the stay that apply generally in section 362 to the stay under section 922.
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1988—Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 100–597 added subsecs. (c) and (d). 1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–353 substituted “a judicial” for “judicial”, and “action or proceeding” for “proceeding”.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–597 effective Nov. 3, 1988, but not applicable to any case commenced under this title before that date, see section 12 of Pub. L. 100–597, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 923"
|
||||
description: "Notice"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "923"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 923"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
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|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s923"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "3327a09a26e2390f388439b75f49310ce8485b398e7cb9db0b1c5676a2d391a3"
|
||||
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|
||||
text_hash: "33ca3269efe044aea63edb094d9adf72c7936588b826aeaac8c86b00f608a294"
|
||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 923 - Notice
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
There shall be given notice of the commencement of a case under this chapter, notice of an order for relief under this chapter, and notice of the dismissal of a case under this chapter. Such notice shall also be published at least once a week for three successive weeks in at least one newspaper of general circulation published within the district in which the case is commenced, and in such other newspaper having a general circulation among bond dealers and bondholders as the court designates.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2623.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
legislative statementsSection 923 of the House amendment represents a compromise with respect to the notice provisions contained in comparable provisions of the House bill and Senate amendment. As a general matter, title 11 leaves most procedural issues to be determined by the Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. Section 923 of the House amendment contains certain important aspects of procedure that have been retained from present law. It is anticipated that the Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure will adopt rules similar to the present rules for chapter IX of the Bankruptcy Act [chapter 9 of former title 11].
|
||||
|
||||
house report no. 95–595The notice provisions in section 923 are significantly more sparse than those provided under section 85(d) of chapter IX [section 405(d) of former title 11]. The exact contours of the notice to be given under chapter 9 are left to the Rules. Because the Rules deal with notice in a municipal case (Rule 9–14), and because section 405(d) of title IV of the bill continues those Rules in effect to the extent not inconsistent with the bill, the notice provisions of current law and Rules would continue to apply.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 924"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "924"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 924"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s924"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "8c34bd8891e9b4747a6ff06d30235127048e8a32aafdf7290fd7805dd90b59b5"
|
||||
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||||
text_hash: "b4e119164cefd75ffc6e09ddf782bb55afb9085e0131e68fb6f91e04bd74bc2d"
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||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 924 - List of creditors
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The debtor shall file a list of creditors.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2623.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
legislative statementsSection 924 of the House amendment is derived from section 924 of the House bill with the location of the filing of the list of creditors to be determined by the rules of bankruptcy procedure. The detailed requirements of section 724 [probably should be “924”] of the Senate bill are anticipated to be incorporated in the rules of bankruptcy procedure.
|
||||
|
||||
senate report no. 95–989This section adopts the provision presently contained in section 85(b) of Chapter IX [section 405(b) of former title 11]. A list of creditors, as complete and accurate as practicable, must be filed with the court.
|
||||
|
||||
house report no. 95–595This section directs the debtor to file a list of creditors with the court. A comparable provision is presently contained in section 85(b) of chapter IX [section 405(b) of former title 11]. The Rules, in Rule 9–7, copy the provisions of section 85(b), with additional matter. As noted above, section 405(d) of title IV will continue those Rules in effect. Because the form, time of filing, and nature of the list, are procedural matters that may call for some flexibility, those details have been left to the Rules.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 925"
|
||||
description: "Effect of list of claims"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "925"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 925"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s925"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "9ccf7b9132b7c2e8ae8cd1ff93a509143e337050b89df364823e930326a678bb"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
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||||
text_hash: "35cd5ea2773b48e7d91aa46a7a6270e377a27cd94636f08ea8edb5cdaaf82dd7"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 925 - Effect of list of claims
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
A proof of claim is deemed filed under section 501 of this title for any claim that appears in the list filed under section 924 of this title, except a claim that is listed as disputed, contingent, or unliquidated.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2623.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
legislative statementsSection 925 of the Senate amendment regarding venue and fees has been deleted.
|
||||
|
||||
senate report no. 95–989Section 926 [enacted as section 925] follows the policy contained in section 88(a) of the present Act [section 408(a) of former title 11], though certain details are left to the Rules. The language of section 926 is the same as that of proposed 11 U.S.C. 1111, which applies in chapter 11 cases. The list of creditors filed under section 924 is given weight as prima facie evidence of the claims listed (except claims that are listed as disputed, contingent, or unliquidated), which are deemed filed under section 501, obviating the need for listed creditors to file proofs of claim.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 926"
|
||||
description: "Avoiding powers"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "926"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 926"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s926"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "20744779fb9c9cd74455b92417d6e736b0c1493f05942f7115210897f0ff25d5"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
|
||||
text_hash: "ff81e2f79c550955ffb3096a2a6449579812781f5e58bc73a5625836b32a1c5c"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 926 - Avoiding powers
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) If the debtor refuses to pursue a cause of action under section 544, 545, 547, 548, 549(a), or 550 of this title, then on request of a creditor, the court may appoint a trustee to pursue such cause of action.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) A transfer of property of the debtor to or for the benefit of any holder of a bond or note, on account of such bond or note, may not be avoided under section 547 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2623; Pub. L. 100–597, § 6, Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat. 3029.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
legislative statementsSection 926 of the House amendment is derived from section 928 of the Senate bill. The provision enables creditors to request the court to appoint a trustee to pursue avoiding powers if the debtor refuses to exercise those powers. Section 901 of the House amendment makes a corresponding change to incorporate avoiding powers included in the Senate amendment, but excluded from the House bill.
|
||||
|
||||
senate report no. 95–989This section [928 (enacted as section 926)] adopts current section 85(h) [section 405(h) of former title 11] which provides for a trustee to be appointed for the purpose of pursuing an action under an avoiding power, if the debtor refuses to do so. This section is necessary because a municipality might, by reason of political pressure or desire for future good relations with a particular creditor or class of creditors, make payments to such creditors in the days preceding the petition to the detriment of all other creditors. No change in the elected officials of such a city would automatically occur upon filing of the petition, and it might be very awkward for those same officials to turn around and demand the return of the payments following the filing of the petition. Hence, the need for a trustee for such purpose. The general avoiding powers are incorporated by reference in section 901 and are broader than under current law. Preference, fraudulent conveyances, and other kinds of transfers will thus be voidable. Incorporated by reference also is the power to accept or reject executory contracts and leases (section 365). Within the definition of executory contracts are collective bargaining agreements between the city and its employees. Such contracts may be rejected despite contrary State laws. Courts should readily allow the rejection of such contracts where they are burdensome, the rejection will aid in the municipality’s reorganization and in consideration of the equities of each case. On the last point, “[e]quities in favor of the city in chapter 9 will be far more compelling than the equities in favor of the employer in chapter 11. Onerous employment obligations may prevent a city from balancing its budget for some time. The prospect of an unbalanced budget may preclude judicial confirmation of the plan. Unless a city can reject its labor contracts, lack of funds may force cutbacks in police, fire, sanitation, and welfare services, imposing hardships on many citizens. In addition, because cities in the past have often seemed immune to the constraint of “profitability” faced by private businesses, their wage contracts may be relatively more onerous than those in the private sector.” Executory Contracts and Municipal Bankruptcy, 85 Yale L. J. 957, 965 (1976) (footnote omitted). Rejection of the contracts may require the municipalities to renegotiate such contracts by state collective bargaining laws. It is intended that the power to reject collective bargaining agreements will pre-empt state termination provisions, but not state collective bargaining laws. Thus, a city would not be required to maintain existing employment terms during the renegotiation period.
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1988—Pub. L. 100–597 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–597 effective Nov. 3, 1988, but not applicable to any case commenced under this title before that date, see section 12 of Pub. L. 100–597, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 927"
|
||||
description: "Limitation on recourse"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "927"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 927"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s927"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "2a2066bb18fc8158ff9b5af8f204aaa299e04580795f8d49487f37fa6528df51"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
|
||||
text_hash: "19c8f1a3cdd1aeeafe4d3be7ed13e2ca995311da15bd59522d72bacf0147e85a"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 927 - Limitation on recourse
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The holder of a claim payable solely from special revenues of the debtor under applicable nonbankruptcy law shall not be treated as having recourse against the debtor on account of such claim pursuant to section 1111(b) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(Added Pub. L. 100–597, § 7(2), Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat. 3029.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Prior ProvisionsA prior section 927 was renumbered section 930 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection effective Nov. 3, 1988, but not applicable to any case commenced under this title before that date, see section 12 of Pub. L. 100–597, set out as an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 928"
|
||||
description: "Post petition effect of security interest"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "928"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 928"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s928"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "50ef1c2b97e80d9cbd3857cbcf82baee156f8b3fa3a392cea8d554d3c2313347"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
|
||||
text_hash: "b33eb94f234738be9107bdd755e837513d0bb4c2e7c1f2e87901dfcb98a25653"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 928 - Post petition effect of security interest
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Notwithstanding section 552(a) of this title and subject to subsection (b) of this section, special revenues acquired by the debtor after the commencement of the case shall remain subject to any lien resulting from any security agreement entered into by the debtor before the commencement of the case.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Any such lien on special revenues, other than municipal betterment assessments, derived from a project or system shall be subject to the necessary operating expenses of such project or system, as the case may be.
|
||||
|
||||
(Added Pub. L. 100–597, § 8, Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat. 3029.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection effective Nov. 3, 1988, but not applicable to any case commenced under this title before that date, see section 12 of Pub. L. 100–597, set out as an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 929"
|
||||
description: "Municipal leases"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "929"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 929"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s929"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "7df72171a1fb201539c0823d0314c685618bee8bd0d4458d72e2c8be304b8ba4"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
|
||||
text_hash: "abfed047cb2ff5f94567bd9185122dff8f9401e4a8ad2f7824ec348c881fd326"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 929 - Municipal leases
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
A lease to a municipality shall not be treated as an executory contract or unexpired lease for the purposes of section 365 or 502(b)(6) of this title solely by reason of its being subject to termination in the event the debtor fails to appropriate rent.
|
||||
|
||||
(Added Pub. L. 100–597, § 9, Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat. 3030.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection effective Nov. 3, 1988, but not applicable to any case commenced under this title before that date, see section 12 of Pub. L. 100–597, set out as an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 930"
|
||||
description: "Dismissal"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "930"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 930"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s930"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "f81e95316dd065d283e6291333e493a0ba6411f2addd5761f0320fcdd23fe48a"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
|
||||
text_hash: "b1f5354d2a1775c5905bb638a83c04be487cdaf9aaf51870c9ecf2c8fee56495"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 930 - Dismissal
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) After notice and a hearing, the court may dismiss a case under this chapter for cause, including—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) want of prosecution;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) unreasonable delay by the debtor that is prejudicial to creditors;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) failure to propose a plan within the time fixed under section 941 of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(4) if a plan is not accepted within any time fixed by the court;
|
||||
|
||||
(5) denial of confirmation of a plan under section 943(b) of this title and denial of additional time for filing another plan or a modification of a plan; or
|
||||
|
||||
(6) if the court has retained jurisdiction after confirmation of a plan—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) material default by the debtor with respect to a term of such plan; or
|
||||
|
||||
(B) termination of such plan by reason of the occurrence of a condition specified in such plan.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) The court shall dismiss a case under this chapter if confirmation of a plan under this chapter is refused.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2623, § 927; Pub. L. 98–353, title III, § 496, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 384; renumbered § 930, Pub. L. 100–597, § 7(1), Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat. 3029.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
legislative statementsSection 927(b) of the House amendment is derived from section 927(b) of the Senate bill. The provision requires mandatory dismissal if confirmation of a plan is refused. The House amendment deletes section 929 of the Senate amendment as unnecessary since the bankruptcy court has original exclusive jurisdiction of all cases under chapter 9. The House amendment deletes section 930 of the Senate amendment and incorporates section 507(a)(1) by reference.
|
||||
|
||||
senate report no. 95–989Section 927 conforms to section 98 of current law [section 418 of former title 11]. The Section permits dismissal by the court for unreasonable delay by the debtor, failure to propose a plan, failure of acceptance of a plan, or default by the debtor under a conformed plan. Mandatory dismissal is required if confirmation is refused.
|
||||
|
||||
house report no. 95–595Section 926 [enacted as section 927] generally conforms to section 98(a) [section 418(a) of former title 11] of current law. Stylistic changes have been made to conform the language with that used in chapter 11, section 1112. The section permits dismissal by the court for unreasonable delay by the debtor that is prejudicial to creditors, failure to propose a plan, failure of confirmation of a plan, or material default by the debtor under a confirmed plan. The only significant change from current law lies in the second ground. Currently, section 98(a)(2) provides for dismissal if a proposed plan is not accepted, and section 98(b) requires dismissal if an accepted plan is not confirmed. In order to provide greater flexibility to the court, the debtor, and creditors, the bill allows the court to permit the debtor to propose another plan if the first plan is not confirmed. In that event the debtor need not, as under current law, commence the case all over again. This could provide savings in time and administrative expenses if a plan is denied confirmation.
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1984—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–353 substituted “confirmation of a plan under this chapter” for “confirmation”.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 941"
|
||||
description: "Filing of plan"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "941"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 941"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s941"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "de21829a3d67c4720a5e81585f63138fe0bcc7ddc0eef680a4a6e8ac9efe5531"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
|
||||
text_hash: "d97a4dc1ebabe0792b3e6194d7985110a70400833c2217181e22edf62b9855bd"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 941 - Filing of plan
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The debtor shall file a plan for the adjustment of the debtor’s debts. If such a plan is not filed with the petition, the debtor shall file such a plan at such later time as the court fixes.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2624.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
senate report no. 95–989Section 941 gives the debtor the exclusive right to propose a plan, and directs that the debtor propose one either with the petition or within such time as the court directs. The section follows section 90(a) of current law [section 410(a) of former title 11].
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 942"
|
||||
description: "Modification of plan"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "942"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 942"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s942"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "40dd632e3ea7c270fca283e916c30dfcc4bc749410cc90cfcdc5663310411efc"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
|
||||
text_hash: "33a586234e80d79a9308e9e73e96ba127559a55de6a76138c548d1e577b83f3e"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 942 - Modification of plan
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The debtor may modify the plan at any time before confirmation, but may not modify the plan so that the plan as modified fails to meet the requirements of this chapter. After the debtor files a modification, the plan as modified becomes the plan.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2624.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
legislative statementsThe House amendment deletes section 942 of the Senate amendment in favor of incorporating section 1125 by cross-reference. Similarly, the House amendment does not incorporate section 944 or 945 of the Senate amendment since incorporation of several sections in chapter 11 in section 901 is sufficient.
|
||||
|
||||
senate report no. 95–989Section 942 permits the debtor to modify the plan at any time before confirmation, as does section 90(a) of current law [section 410(a) of former title 11].
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 943"
|
||||
description: "Confirmation"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "943"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 943"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s943"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "9c715332afc9949b3a838b9197e761aa7b4caab3cc4808ba222ecbdf84373c8c"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
|
||||
text_hash: "8d963215e6b955a79eb8e62db81b0a459eb29e9f4edf82793ae9616a779638eb"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 943 - Confirmation
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) A special tax payer may object to confirmation of a plan.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) The court shall confirm the plan if—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) the plan complies with the provisions of this title made applicable by sections 103(e) 11 See References in Text note below. and 901 of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) the plan complies with the provisions of this chapter;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) all amounts to be paid by the debtor or by any person for services or expenses in the case or incident to the plan have been fully disclosed and are reasonable;
|
||||
|
||||
(4) the debtor is not prohibited by law from taking any action necessary to carry out the plan;
|
||||
|
||||
(5) except to the extent that the holder of a particular claim has agreed to a different treatment of such claim, the plan provides that on the effective date of the plan each holder of a claim of a kind specified in section 507(a)(2) of this title will receive on account of such claim cash equal to the allowed amount of such claim;
|
||||
|
||||
(6) any regulatory or electoral approval necessary under applicable nonbankruptcy law in order to carry out any provision of the plan has been obtained, or such provision is expressly conditioned on such approval; and
|
||||
|
||||
(7) the plan is in the best interests of creditors and is feasible.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2624; Pub. L. 98–353, title III, § 497, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 384; Pub. L. 100–597, § 10, Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat. 3030; Pub. L. 109–8, title XV, § 1502(a)(6), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 216.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
legislative statementsSection 943(a) of the House amendment makes clear that a special taxpayer may object to confirmation of a plan. Section 943(b) of the House amendment is derived from section 943 of the House bill respecting confirmation of a plan under chapter 9. It must be emphasized that these standards of confirmation are in addition to standards in section 1129 that are made applicable to chapter 9 by section 901 of the House amendment. In particular, if the requirements of sections 1129(a)(8) are not complied with, then the proponent may request application of section 1129(b). The court will then be required to confirm the plan if it complies with the “fair and equitable” test and is in the best interests of creditors. The best interests of creditors test does not mean liquidation value as under chapter XI of the Bankruptcy Act [chapter 11 of former title 11]. In making such a determination, it is expected that the court will be guided by standards set forth in Kelley v. Everglades Drainage District, 319 U.S. 415 (1943) [Fla.1943, 63 S.Ct. 1141, 87 L.Ed. 1485, rehearing denied 63 S.Ct. 1444, 320 U.S. 214, 87 L.Ed. 1851, motion denied 64 S.Ct 783, 321 U.S. 754, 88 L.Ed. 1054] and Fano v. Newport Heights Irrigation Dist., 114 F.2d 563 (9th Cir. 1940), as under present law, the bankruptcy court should make findings as detailed as possible to support a conclusion that this test has been met. However, it must be emphasized that unlike current law, the fair and equitable test under section 1129(b) will not apply if section 1129(a)(8) has been satisfied in addition to the other confirmation standards specified in section 943 and incorporated by reference in section 901 of the House amendment. To the extent that American United Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. City of Avon Park, 311 U.S. 138 (1940) [Fla.1940, 61 S.Ct. 157, 85 L.Ed. 91, 136 A.L.R. 860, rehearing denied 61 S.Ct. 395, 311 U.S. 730, 85 L.Ed. 475] and other cases are to the contrary, such cases are overruled to that extent.
|
||||
|
||||
senate report no. 95–989Section 946 [enacted as section 943] is adopted from current section 94 [section 414 of former title 11]. The test for confirmation is whether or not the plan is fair and equitable and feasible. The fair and equitable test tracts current chapter X [chapter 10 of former title 11] and is known as the strict priority rule. Creditors must be provided, under the plan, the going concern value of their claims. The going concern value contemplates a “comparison of revenues and expenditures taking into account the taxing power and the extent to which tax increases are both necessary and feasible” Municipal Insolvency, supra, at p. 64, and is intended to provide more of a return to creditors than the liquidation value if the city’s assets could be liquidated like those of a private corporation.
|
||||
|
||||
house report no. 95–595In addition to the confirmation requirements incorporated from section 1129 by section 901, this section specifies additional requirements. Paragraph (1) requires compliance with the provisions of the title made applicable in chapter 9 cases. This provision follows section 94(b)(2) [section 414(b)(2) of former title 11]. Paragraph (2) requires compliance with the provisions of chapter 9, as does section 94(b)(2). Paragraph (3) adopts section 94(b)(4), requiring disclosure and reasonableness of all payments to be made in connection with the plan or the case. Paragraph (4), copied from section 92(b)(6) [probably should be “94(b)(6)” which was section 414(b)(6) of former title 11], requires that the debtor not be prohibited by law from taking any action necessary to carry out the plan. Paragraph (5) departs from current law by requiring that administrative expenses be paid in full, but not necessarily in cash. Finally, paragraph (6) requires that the plan be in the best interest of creditors and feasible. The best interest test was deleted in section 94(b)(1) of current chapter IX from previous chapter IX [chapter 9 of former title 11] because it was redundant with the fair and equitable rule. However, this bill proposes a new confirmation standard generally for reorganization, one element of which is the best interest of creditors test; see section 1129(a)(7). In that section, the test is phrased in terms of liquidation of the debtor. Because that is not possible in a municipal case, the test here is phrased in its more traditional form, using the words of art “best interest of creditors.” The best interest of creditors test here is in addition to the financial standards imposed on the plan by sections 1129(a)(8) and 1129(b), just as those provisions are in addition to the comparable best interest test in chapter 11, 11 U.S.C. 1129(a)(7). The feasibility requirement, added in the revision of chapter IX last year, is retained.
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextSection 103(e) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), was redesignated section 103(f) and a new section 103(e) was added by Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 112(c)(5)(A)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–394.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2005—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 109–8 substituted “507(a)(2)” for “507(a)(1)”. 1988—Subsec. (b)(6), (7). Pub. L. 100–597 added par. (6) and redesignated former par. (6) as (7). 1984—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 98–353, § 497(1), struck out “to be taken” after “necessary”. Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 98–353, § 497(2), substituted provisions requiring the plan to provide payment of cash in an amount equal to the allowed amount of a claim except to the extent that the holder of a particular claim has agreed to different treatment of such claim, for provisions which required the plan to provide for payment of property of a value equal to the allowed amount of such claim except to the extent that the holder of a particular claim has waived such payment on such claim.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2005 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–597 effective Nov. 3, 1988, but not applicable to any case commenced under this title before that date, see section 12 of Pub. L. 100–597, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 944"
|
||||
description: "Effect of confirmation"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "944"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 944"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s944"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
text_hash: "2eee55e25f8c19ff51d5a83623bec06b7ae24c6d6d86286a4a17e6400669eac3"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 944 - Effect of confirmation
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) The provisions of a confirmed plan bind the debtor and any creditor, whether or not—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) a proof of such creditor’s claim is filed or deemed filed under section 501 of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) such claim is allowed under section 502 of this title; or
|
||||
|
||||
(3) such creditor has accepted the plan.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, the debtor is discharged from all debts as of the time when—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) the plan is confirmed;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) the debtor deposits any consideration to be distributed under the plan with a disbursing agent appointed by the court; and
|
||||
|
||||
(3) the court has determined—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) that any security so deposited will constitute, after distribution, a valid legal obligation of the debtor; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) that any provision made to pay or secure payment of such obligation is valid.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) The debtor is not discharged under subsection (b) of this section from any debt—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) excepted from discharge by the plan or order confirming the plan; or
|
||||
|
||||
(2) owed to an entity that, before confirmation of the plan, had neither notice nor actual knowledge of the case.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2624.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
senate report no. 95–989[Section 947] Subsection (a) [enacted as section 944(a)] makes the provisions of a confirmed plan binding on the debtor and creditors. It is derived from section 95(a) of chapter 9 [section 415(a) of former title 11]. Subsections (b) and (c) [enacted as section 944(b) and (c)] provide for the discharge of a municipality. The discharge is essentially the same as that granted under section 95(b) of the Bankruptcy Act [section 415(b) of former title 11].
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 945"
|
||||
description: "Continuing jurisdiction and closing of the case"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "945"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 945"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s945"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "7fd3e7d7ea26c86e6398a431c08d2defd32893c1197bc4d4ca8f88d65f809886"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
|
||||
text_hash: "d270664e903fd7bf1c4502476ae6758dd8fd2958ed8f2722ab094f829ef9f3b9"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 945 - Continuing jurisdiction and closing of the case
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) The court may retain jurisdiction over the case for such period of time as is necessary for the successful implementation of the plan.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Except as provided in subsection (a) of this section, the court shall close the case when administration of the case has been completed.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2625; Pub. L. 98–353, title III, § 498, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 384.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
senate report no. 95–989Section 948 [enacted as section 945] permits the court to retain jurisdiction over the case to ensure successful execution of the plan. The provision is the same as that found in section 96(e) of Chapter 9 of the present Act [section 416(e) of former title 11].
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–353 substituted “implementation” for “execution”.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "11 U.S.C. § 946"
|
||||
description: "Effect of exchange of securities before the date of the filing of the petition"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 11
|
||||
title_name: "BANKRUPTCY"
|
||||
chapter_number: "9"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF A MUNICIPALITY"
|
||||
section: "946"
|
||||
citation: "11 U.S.C. § 946"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc11@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t11/s946"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-11/usc11.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "dda1e25c1b9f8377b16b8e7dff1a072ca59405a15be4a424cb04695f64662086"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "49b32bf784de01de21874d64b5d1d78d1d245352824a03caa6d6b941a4a2c9a2"
|
||||
text_hash: "b72a87bd03ba3397f6dd3e7d09142133e454d87813f881f3701c5176b3e0b1da"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 11 U.S.C. § 946 - Effect of exchange of securities before the date of the filing of the petition
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The exchange of a new security under the plan for a claim covered by the plan, whether such exchange occurred before or after the date of the filing of the petition, does not limit or impair the effectiveness of the plan or of any provision of this chapter. The amount and number specified in section 1126(c) of this title include the amount and number of claims formerly held by a creditor that has participated in any such exchange.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2625.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Historical and Revision Notes
|
||||
|
||||
legislative statementsThe House amendment deletes section 950 of the Senate amendment as unnecessary. The constitutionality of chapter 9 of the House amendment is beyond doubt.
|
||||
|
||||
senate report no. 95–989[Section 949] This section [enacted as section 946], which follows section 97 of current law [section 417 of former title 11], permits an exchange of a security before the case is filed to constitute an acceptance of the plan if the exchange was under a proposal that later becomes the plan.
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
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