Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 -> 59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun, verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make legal-us-code default now covers every title. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00
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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5502"
+description: "Purposes"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5502"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5502"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5502"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "967ac11c8e86f26a8d96103066653cfad5c5c2a3ecd124adcabfc75315930c45"
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+text_hash: "320a89f9895e25f890f85943a4e345ced839fd8e39d8501d6c9c5fa6f307b686"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5502 - Purposes
+
+## Text
+
+The purposes of this chapter are to help ensure the continued leadership of the United States in networking and information technology and its applications by—
+
+(1) supporting Federal research, development, and application of networking and information technology in order to—
+
+(A) expand the number of researchers, educators, and students with training in networking and information technology and access to networking and information technology resources;
+
+(B) promote the further development of an information infrastructure of data bases, services, access mechanisms, and research facilities available for use through the Internet;
+
+(C) stimulate research on and promote more rapid development of high-end computing systems software and applications software;
+
+(D) accelerate the development of high-end computing systems and subsystems;
+
+(E) provide for the application of networking and information technology to Grand Challenges;
+
+(F) invest in basic research and education, and promote the inclusion of networking and information technology into educational institutions at all levels; and
+
+(G) promote greater collaboration among government, Federal laboratories, industry, high-end computing centers, and universities;
+
+(2) improving the interagency planning and coordination of Federal research and development on networking and information technology and maximizing the effectiveness of the Federal Government’s networking and information technology research and development programs;
+
+(3) promoting the more rapid development and wider distribution of networking management and development tools; and
+
+(4) promoting the rapid adoption of open network standards.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–194, § 3, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1594; Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b), Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2920; Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(c), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2976.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2017—Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(1), substituted “networking and information technology” for “high-performance computing” in introductory provisions. Par. (1). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(A), substituted “supporting Federal research, development, and application of networking and information technology” for “expanding Federal support for research, development, and application of high-performance computing” in introductory provisions. Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(B), substituted “networking and information technology” for “high-performance computing” in two places. Par. (1)(C). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(C), (D), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: “stimulate research on software technology;”. Par. (1)(D). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(C), (E), (F), redesignated subpar. (E) as (D), inserted “high-end” after “the development of”, and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: “promote the more rapid development and wider distribution of computing software tools and applications software;”. Par. (1)(E), (F). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(E), (G), redesignated subpars. (F) and (G) as (E) and (F), respectively, and substituted “networking and information technology” for “high-performance computing”. Former subpar. (E) redesignated (D). Par. (1)(G), (H). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(E), (H), redesignated subpar. (H) as (G) and substituted “high-end” for “high-performance”. Former subpar. (G) redesignated (F). Par. (2). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(3), substituted “networking and information technology and” for “high-performance computing and” and “networking and information technology” for “high-performance computing network”. 1998—Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(1), substituted “Purposes” for “Purpose” as section catchline. Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(2), substituted “purposes of this chapter are” for “purpose of this chapter is” in introductory provisions. Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(3), redesignated subpar. (B) as (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: “establish a high-capacity and high-speed National Research and Education Network;”. Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(3), (4), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and substituted “Internet” for “Network”. Former subpar. (B) redesignated (A). Par. (1)(C) to (I). Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(3), (5), redesignated subpars. (D) to (I) as (C) to (H), respectively, and struck out “and” at end of par. (H). Par. (2). Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(6), substituted “network research and development programs;” for “efforts.” Pars. (3), (4). Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(7), added pars. (3) and (4).
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5503"
+description: "Definitions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5503"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5503"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5503"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "06f84a0021a74a9173a3bdaa9c05675cd64ad8b637e6ce0b6025e63c061c1ed0"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5503 - Definitions
+
+## Text
+
+As used in this chapter, the term—
+
+(1) “cyber-physical systems” means physical or engineered systems whose networking and information technology functions and physical elements are deeply integrated and are actively connected to the physical world through sensors, actuators, or other means to enable safe and effective, real-time performance in safety-critical and other applications;
+
+(2) “Director” means the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy;
+
+(3) “Grand Challenge” means a fundamental problem in science or engineering, with broad economic and scientific impact, whose solution will require the application of networking and information technology resources and multidisciplinary teams of researchers;
+
+(4) “high-end computing” means the most advanced and capable computing systems, including their hardware, storage, networking and software, encompassing both massive computational capability and large-scale data analytics to solve computational problems of national importance that are beyond the capability of small- to medium-scale systems, including computing formerly known as high-performance computing;
+
+(5) “Internet” means the international computer network of both Federal and non-Federal interoperable data networks;
+
+(6) “networking and information technology” means high-end computing, communications, and information technologies, high-capacity and high-speed networks, special purpose and experimental systems, high-end computing systems software and applications software, and the management of large data sets;
+
+(7) “participating agency” means an agency described in section 5511(a)(3)(C) of this title;
+
+(8) “Program” means the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program described in section 5511 of this title; and
+
+(9) “Program Component Areas” means the major subject areas under which related individual projects and activities carried out under the Program are grouped.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–194, § 4, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1595; Pub. L. 105–305, § 7(b), Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2924; Pub. L. 110–69, title VII, § 7024(a)(2), Aug. 9, 2007, 121 Stat. 689; Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(d), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2977.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2017—Pars. (1), (2). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(2), (3), added par. (1) and redesignated former par. (1) as (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3). Par. (3). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(1), (2), (4), redesignated par. (2) as (3), substituted “networking and information technology” for “high-performance computing”, and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: “ ‘high-performance computing’ means advanced computing, communications, and information technologies, including supercomputer systems, high-capacity and high-speed networks, special purpose and experimental systems, applications and systems software, and the management of large data sets;”. Par. (4). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(5), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5). Par. (5). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(1), (2), redesignated par. (4) as (5) and struck out former par. (5) which read as follows: “ ‘Network’ means a computer network referred to as the National Research and Education Network established under section 5512 of this title;”. Pars. (6), (7). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(6), added pars. (6) and (7). Former pars. (6) and (7) redesignated (8) and (9), respectively. Par. (8). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(2), (7), redesignated par. (6) as (8) and substituted “Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program” for “National High-Performance Computing Program”. Par. (9). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(2), redesignated par. (7) as (9). 2007—Par. (2). Pub. L. 110–69, § 7024(a)(2)(A), inserted “and multidisciplinary teams of researchers” after “high-performance computing resources”. Par. (3). Pub. L. 110–69, § 7024(a)(2)(B), struck out “scientific workstations,” after “technologies, including” and “(including vector supercomputers and large scale parallel systems)” after “supercomputer systems”, substituted “applications” for “and applications”, and inserted “, and the management of large data sets” after “systems software”. Par. (4). Pub. L. 110–69, § 7024(a)(2)(C), struck out “packet switched” before “data networks”. Par. (7). Pub. L. 110–69, § 7024(a)(2)(D)–(F), added par. (7). 1998—Pars. (4) to (6). Pub. L. 105–305 added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) and (5) as (5) and (6), respectively.
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5512"
+description: "Grand Challenges in areas of national importance"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5512"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5512"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5512"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "2563fd237f1c8ce1100fd25640969c4ad69d615e20d7321aaf8dc84132327d0e"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5512 - Grand Challenges in areas of national importance
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general The Program shall encourage the participating agencies to support foundational, large-scale, long-term, interdisciplinary, and interagency information technology research and development activities in networking and information technology directed toward agency mission areas that have the potential for significant contributions to national economic competitiveness and for other significant societal benefits. Such activities, ranging from basic research to the demonstration of technical solutions, shall be designed to advance the development of fundamental discoveries. The advisory committee established under section 5511(b) of this title shall make recommendations to the Program for candidate research and development areas for support under this section.
+
+(b) Characteristics (1) In general Research and development activities under this section shall—
+
+(A) include projects selected on the basis of applications for support through a competitive, merit-based process;
+
+(B) to the extent practicable, involve collaborations among researchers in institutions of higher education and industry, and may involve nonprofit research institutions and Federal laboratories, as appropriate;
+
+(C) to the extent practicable, leverage Federal investments through collaboration with related State and private sector initiatives; and
+
+(D) include a plan for fostering the transfer of research discoveries and the results of technology demonstration activities, including from institutions of higher education and Federal laboratories, to industry for commercial development.
+
+(2) Cost-sharing In selecting applications for support, the agencies may give special consideration to projects that include cost sharing from non-Federal sources.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–194, title I, § 102, as added Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(i), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2982.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 5512, Pub. L. 102–194, title I, § 102, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1598, related to the National Research and Education Network, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(g), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2982.
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5513"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(h), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2982"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5513"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5513"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5513"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "1db4b661a147d02895bc56b0fed904baba5c95d98df6279b5099490f4217438e"
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+text_hash: "24fe42c0872285831d0aaf2dc8c6c60b44aade935e0e875460f12a13668c40c1"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5513 - Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(h), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2982
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 102–194, title I, § 103, as added Pub. L. 105–305, § 5, Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2921; amended Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, § 1067(20), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 775, related to the Next Generation Internet program.
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5521"
+description: "National Science Foundation activities"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5521"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5521"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5521"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "0003175c301f3ed6294738dd8f111a1aa4a70fd22def0eb5fb3ff1abf571bf86"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6982338d990ef19d6b52bff6825089bdd6d0ee1233d9382673faf533decd5059"
+text_hash: "7eac8b3b7eea00cfbae4f47a0856051a1cf2f348aa86ddea7c84a9b88df86114"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5521 - National Science Foundation activities
+
+## Text
+
+As part of the Program described in subchapter I—
+
+(1) the National Science Foundation shall provide high-end computing and networking infrastructure support for all science and engineering disciplines, and support basic research and human resource development in all aspects of networking and information technology; and
+
+(2) the National Science Foundation shall use its existing programs, in collaboration with other agencies, as appropriate, to improve the teaching and learning of networking and information technology at all levels of education and to increase participation in networking and information technology fields, including by individuals identified in sections 1885a and 1885b of title 42.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–194, title II, § 201, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1599; Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(j), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2983.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2017—Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(j)(1)(A), (2), struck out subsec. (a) designation and heading “General responsibilities” and struck out subsec. (b) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 1992 to 1996. Par. (1). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(j)(1)(B), inserted “high-end” after “National Science Foundation shall provide” and substituted “networking and information technology; and” for “high-performance computing and advanced high-speed computer networking;”. Par. (2). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(j)(1)(C), (D), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “to the extent that colleges, universities, and libraries cannot connect to the Network with the assistance of the private sector, the National Science Foundation shall have primary responsibility for assisting colleges, universities, and libraries to connect to the Network;”. Pars. (3), (4). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(j)(1)(C), struck out pars. (3) and (4) which read as follows: “(3) the National Science Foundation shall serve as the primary source of information on access to and use of the Network; and “(4) the National Science Foundation shall upgrade the National Science Foundation funded network, assist regional networks to upgrade their capabilities, and provide other Federal departments and agencies the opportunity to connect to the National Science Foundation funded network.”
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5522"
+description: "National Aeronautics and Space Administration activities"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5522"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5522"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5522"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "68a431d0633d10fb8195e5e11960a404b11a7345cf66ce3df9d3821d11a4a862"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6982338d990ef19d6b52bff6825089bdd6d0ee1233d9382673faf533decd5059"
+text_hash: "92367888786932fdec8f6d70e22b1bf41cc66f392ccbf0f76b0ae53f67086647"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5522 - National Aeronautics and Space Administration activities
+
+## Text
+
+As part of the Program described in subchapter I, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall conduct basic and applied research in networking and information technology, particularly in the field of computational science, with emphasis on aerospace sciences, earth and space sciences, and remote exploration and experimentation.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–194, title II, § 202, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1600; Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(k), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2983.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2017—Pub. L. 114–329 struck out subsec. (a) designation and heading “General responsibilities”, substituted “networking and information technology” for “high-performance computing”, and struck out subsec. (b) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 1992 to 1996.
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5523"
+description: "Department of Energy activities"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5523"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5523"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5523"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "4fbcbbe229c03fe876c4e755799f8723e2e79f442d7eea4b3bf1462447754b01"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6982338d990ef19d6b52bff6825089bdd6d0ee1233d9382673faf533decd5059"
+text_hash: "7c08e83bc889c0cfb2231ec06f36c92f8eecc7f30f2e84aca5e0aca50a13d72e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5523 - Department of Energy activities
+
+## Text
+
+As part of the Program described in subchapter I, the Secretary of Energy shall—
+
+(1) conduct and support basic and applied research in networking and information technology to support fundamental research in science and engineering disciplines related to energy applications; and
+
+(2) provide computing and networking infrastructure support, including—
+
+(A) the provision of high-end computing systems that are among the most advanced in the world in terms of performance in solving scientific and engineering problems; and
+
+(B) support for advanced software and applications development for science and engineering disciplines related to energy applications.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–194, title II, § 203, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1600; Pub. L. 104–66, title I, § 1052(j), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 719; Pub. L. 109–58, title IX, § 976(b), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 903; Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(l), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2984.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2017—Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(l)(1), (4), struck out subsec. (a) designation and heading “General responsibilities” and struck out subsec. (b) which authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Energy such sums as necessary to carry out this section. Par. (1). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(l)(2), substituted “networking and information technology” for “high-performance computing and networking”. Par. (2)(A). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(l)(3), substituted “high-end” for “high-performance”. 2005—Pub. L. 109–58 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally, substituting provisions relating to general responsibilities and authorization of appropriations for provisions relating to general responsibilities, establishment of High-Performance Computing Research and Development Collaborative Consortia, transfer of technology to private sector and others, reports on activities, and authorization of appropriations. 1995—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–66 amended heading and text of subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Within one year after December 9, 1991, and every year thereafter, the Secretary of Energy shall transmit to the Congress a report on activities taken to carry out this chapter.”
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5524"
+description: "Department of Commerce activities"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5524"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5524"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5524"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "2febfa0c11c5f7c5bbab11f3e10761d1303208dc30a752de207050ddcb17402f"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6982338d990ef19d6b52bff6825089bdd6d0ee1233d9382673faf533decd5059"
+text_hash: "34502b95ae182a5bc75b28bd12e810d5c3e04c046ca2e075c3ad6af1a742444a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5524 - Department of Commerce activities
+
+## Text
+
+(a) General responsibilities As part of the Program described in subchapter I—
+
+(1) the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall—
+
+(A) conduct basic and applied measurement research needed to support various networking and information technology systems and capabilities;
+
+(B) develop and propose standards and guidelines, and develop measurement techniques and test methods, for the interoperability and usability of networking and information technology systems; and
+
+(C) be responsible for developing benchmark tests and standards for networking and information technology systems and software; and
+
+(2) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shall conduct basic and applied research in weather prediction and ocean sciences, particularly in development of new forecast models, in computational fluid dynamics, and in the incorporation of evolving computer architectures and networks into the systems that carry out agency missions.
+
+(b) Networking and information technology security The National Institute of Standards and Technology shall be responsible for developing and proposing standards and guidelines needed to assure the cost-effective security and privacy of Federal agency information and information systems.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–194, title II, § 204, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1601; Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(m), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2984.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2017—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(m)(1)(A), substituted “networking and information technology systems and capabilities” for “high-performance computing systems and networks”. Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(m)(1)(B), substituted “interoperability and usability of networking and information technology systems” for “interoperability of high-performance computing systems in networks and for common user interfaces to systems”. Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(m)(1)(C), substituted “networking and information technology” for “high-performance computing”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(m)(2), in heading, substituted “Networking and information technology” for “High-performance computing and network” and, in text, substituted “The National Institute” for “Pursuant to the Computer Security Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–235; 101 Stat. 1724), the National Institute” and “Federal agency information and information systems” for “sensitive information in Federal computer systems”. Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(m)(3), struck out subsecs. (c) and (d) which required a study of the impact of Federal procurement regulations and authorized appropriations for fiscal years 1992 to 1996.
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5525"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(n), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2984"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5525"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5525"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5525"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "afe98dc7492d1fefaa958932c1406c41f91b59fb53cf3da789233426687c360b"
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+text_hash: "71cd0e00d7e954f3764d88ef823692f6976a711882b6398245678679dc91f8b2"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5525 - Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(n), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2984
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 102–194, title II, § 205, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1602, described Environmental Protection Agency activities and authorized appropriations for fiscal years 1992 to 1996.
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5526"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(o), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2984"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5526"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5526"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5526"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "ebed199ec0499855252e0971f761afce9cfc4b81a082250b09d81be1d8d2542f"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6982338d990ef19d6b52bff6825089bdd6d0ee1233d9382673faf533decd5059"
+text_hash: "84d3974fe69d5cb2870a5e55e5bfb8ef7f0991868304ceef415d0a42769bfbaf"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5526 - Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(o), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2984
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 102–194, title II, § 206, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1602, described the role of the Department of Education and authorized appropriations for fiscal years 1992 to 1996.
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5527"
+description: "Miscellaneous provisions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5527"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5527"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5527"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "e3151732d00e0def7520b16b5493e35046bebb958146ea66c591a4e3b9e1ddc1"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6982338d990ef19d6b52bff6825089bdd6d0ee1233d9382673faf533decd5059"
+text_hash: "61e8a877a363a4ae26e3fbb9265e24596740487c408a16c67590178180d243b4"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5527 - Miscellaneous provisions
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Nonapplicability Except to the extent the appropriate Federal agency or department head determines, the provisions of this chapter shall not apply to—
+
+(1) programs or activities regarding computer systems that process classified information; or
+
+(2) computer systems the function, operation, or use of which are those delineated in section 3552(b)(6)(A)(i) of title 44.
+
+(b) Acquisition of prototype and early production models In accordance with Federal contracting law, Federal agencies and departments participating in the Program may acquire prototype or early production models of new networking and information technology systems and subsystems to stimulate hardware and software development. Items of computing equipment acquired under this subsection shall be considered research computers for purposes of applicable acquisition regulations.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–194, title II, § 207, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1602; Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(p), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2984.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2017—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(p)(1), substituted “section 3552(b)(6)(A)(i) of title 44” for “paragraphs (1) through (5) of section 2315(a) of title 10”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(p)(2), substituted “networking and information technology” for “high-performance computing”.
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5528"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(q), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2984"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5528"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5528"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5528"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "1372a93a6431a0552f1245ac1987150d323277a27449cf853ce5f318f4a34db8"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6982338d990ef19d6b52bff6825089bdd6d0ee1233d9382673faf533decd5059"
+text_hash: "409e47c0837acc8db2c36bec4fd35b9988d3048f142b9734d05050e51a65bfd0"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5528 - Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(q), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2984
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 102–194, title II, § 208, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1603; Pub. L. 110–69, title III, § 3002(c)(6), Aug. 9, 2007, 121 Stat. 587, related to findings and annual reports for fostering United States competitiveness in high-performance computing and related activities.
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5541"
+description: "Definitions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5541"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5541"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5541"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "e17b7ed162dff8807b057ae3fe4dab6c2a13f5e330888c0d8a473bc367a85d96"
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+text_hash: "15866452b56004886e5a89baf7cfd3729f07746fa62534def3318fda88e1252b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5541 - Definitions
+
+## Text
+
+In this subchapter:
+
+(1) Department The term “Department” means the Department of Energy.
+
+(2) Exascale computing The term “exascale computing” means computing through the use of a computing machine that performs near or above 10 to the 18th power operations per second.
+
+(3) High-end computing system The term “high-end computing system” means a computing system with performance that substantially exceeds that of systems that are commonly available for advanced scientific and engineering applications.
+
+(4) Leadership System The term “Leadership System” means a high-end computing system that is among the most advanced in the world in terms of performance in solving scientific and engineering problems.
+
+(5) Institution of higher education The term “institution of higher education” has the meaning given the term in section 1001(a) of title 20.
+
+(6) Secretary The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Energy.
+
+(Pub. L. 108–423, § 2, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2400; Pub. L. 115–246, title III, § 304(b)(2), formerly § 304(a)(2), Sept. 28, 2018, 132 Stat. 3145, renumbered § 304(b)(2), Pub. L. 117–167, div. B, title I, § 10104(a)(1), Aug. 9, 2022, 136 Stat. 1433.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis subchapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 108–423, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2400, which is classified principally to this subchapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5501 of this title and Tables.
+
+Codification This section was enacted as part of the American Super Computing Leadership Act of 2017 which comprises this subchapter, and not as part of the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 which comprises this chapter.
+
+Amendments2018—Pars. (1) to (5). Pub. L. 115–246, § 304(b)(2)(A), (B), formerly § 304(a)(2)(A), (B), as renumbered by Pub. L. 117–167, added pars. (1) and (2), redesignated former pars. (2) to (4) as (3) to (5), respectively, and struck out former par. (1) which defined “Center”. Former par. (5) redesignated (6). Par. (6). Pub. L. 115–246, § 304(b)(2)(A), (C), formerly § 304(a)(2)(A), (C), as renumbered by Pub. L. 117–167, redesignated par. (5) as (6) and struck out “, acting through the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy” before period at end.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Short TitleThis subchapter known as the “American Super Computing Leadership Act of 2017”, see Short Title note set out under section 5501 of this title.
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5542"
+description: "Department of Energy high-end computing research and development program"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5542"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5542"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5542"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5542 - Department of Energy high-end computing research and development program
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general The Secretary shall—
+
+(1) carry out a coordinated program across the Department of research and development (including development of software and hardware) to advance high-end computing systems; and
+
+(2) develop and deploy high-end computing systems for advanced scientific and engineering applications.
+
+(b) Program The program shall—
+
+(1) support both individual investigators and multidisciplinary teams of investigators;
+
+(2) conduct research in multiple architectures;
+
+(3) conduct research on software for high-end computing systems, including research on algorithms, programming environments, tools, languages, and operating systems for high-end computing systems, in collaboration with architecture development efforts;
+
+(4) provide for sustained access by the research community in the United States to high-end computing systems and to Leadership Systems, including provision of technical support for users of such systems;
+
+(5) support technology transfer to the private sector and others in accordance with applicable law; and
+
+(6) ensure that the high-end computing activities of the Department of Energy are coordinated with relevant activities in industry and with other Federal agencies, including the National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Nuclear Security Administration, the National Security Agency, the National Institutes of Health, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Institutes of Standards and Technology, and the Environmental Protection Agency.
+
+(c) Leadership Systems facilities (1) In general As part of the program carried out under this subchapter, the Secretary shall establish and operate 1 or more Leadership Systems facilities to—
+
+(A) conduct advanced scientific and engineering research and development using Leadership Systems; and
+
+(B) develop potential advancements in high-end computing system hardware and software.
+
+(2) Administration In carrying out this subsection, the Secretary shall provide to Leadership Systems, on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis, access to researchers in United States industry, institutions of higher education, national laboratories, and other Federal agencies.
+
+(d) Exascale Computing Program (1) In general The Secretary shall conduct a research program (referred to in this subsection as the “Program”) for exascale computing, including the development of two or more exascale computing machine architectures, to promote the missions of the Department.
+
+(2) Execution (A) In general In carrying out the Program, the Secretary shall—
+
+(i) establish two or more National Laboratory partnerships with industry partners and institutions of higher education for the research and development of two or more exascale computing architectures across all applicable organizations of the Department;
+
+(ii) conduct mission-related codesign activities in developing the exascale computing architectures under clause (i);
+
+(iii) develop such advancements in hardware and software technology as are required to fully realize the potential of an exascale production system in addressing Department target applications and solving scientific problems involving predictive modeling and simulation and large scale data analytics and management;
+
+(iv) explore the use of exascale computing technologies to advance a broad range of science and engineering; and
+
+(v) provide, as appropriate, on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis, access for researchers in industries in the United States, institutions of higher education, National Laboratories, and other Federal agencies to the exascale computing systems developed pursuant to clause (i).
+
+(B) Selection of partners The Secretary shall select the partnerships with the computing facilities of the Department under subparagraph (A) through a competitive, peer-review process.
+
+(3) Codesign and application development (A) In general The Secretary shall—
+
+(i) carry out the Program through an integration of applications, computer science, applied mathematics, and computer hardware architecture using the partnerships established pursuant to paragraph (2) to ensure that, to the maximum extent practicable, two or more exascale computing machine architectures are capable of solving Department target applications and broader scientific problems, including predictive modeling and simulation and large scale data analytics and management; and
+
+(ii) conduct outreach programs to increase the readiness for the use of such platforms by domestic industries, including manufacturers.
+
+(B) Report The Secretary shall submit to Congress a report describing—
+
+(i) how the integration under subparagraph (A) is furthering application science data and computational workloads across application interests, including national security, material science, physical science, cybersecurity, biological science, the Materials Genome and BRAIN Initiatives of the President, advanced manufacturing, and the national electric grid; and
+
+(ii) the roles and responsibilities of National Laboratories and industry, including the definition of the roles and responsibilities within the Department to ensure an integrated program across the Department.
+
+(4) Project review (A) In general The exascale architectures developed pursuant to partnerships established pursuant to paragraph (2) shall be reviewed through a project review process.
+
+(B) Report Not later than 90 days after September 28, 2018, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on—
+
+(i) the results of the review conducted under subparagraph (A); and
+
+(ii) the coordination and management of the Program to ensure an integrated research program across the Department.
+
+(5) Annual reports At the time of the budget submission of the Department for each fiscal year, the Secretary, in consultation with the members of the partnerships established pursuant to paragraph (2), shall submit to Congress a report that describes funding for the Program as a whole by functional element of the Department and critical milestones.
+
+(Pub. L. 108–423, § 3, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2400; Pub. L. 115–246, title III, § 304(b)(3), formerly § 304(a)(3), Sept. 28, 2018, 132 Stat. 3145, renumbered § 304(b)(3), Pub. L. 117–167, div. B, title I, § 10104(a)(1), Aug. 9, 2022, 136 Stat. 1433.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis subchapter, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 108–423, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2400, which is classified principally to this subchapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5501 of this title and Tables.
+
+Codification This section was enacted as part of the American Super Computing Leadership Act of 2017 which comprises this subchapter, and not as part of the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 which comprises this chapter.
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–246, § 304(b)(3)(A), formerly § 304(a)(3)(A), as renumbered by Pub. L. 117–167, substituted “coordinated program across the Department” for “program”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–246, § 304(b)(3)(B), formerly § 304(a)(3)(B), as renumbered by Pub. L. 117–167, struck out “, which may include vector, reconfigurable logic, streaming, processor-in-memory, and multithreading architectures” before semicolon at end. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–246, § 304(b)(3)(C), formerly § 304(a)(3)(C), as renumbered by Pub. L. 117–167, added subsec. (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which related to the establishment of a High-End Software Development Center.
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "15 U.S.C. § 5543"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(u), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2985"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5543"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5543"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5543"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5543 - Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(u), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2985
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 108–423, § 4, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2402, authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2005 to 2007.
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
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+description: "Transferred"
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+title_number: 15
+title_name: "COMMERCE AND TRADE"
+chapter_number: "81"
+chapter_name: "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING"
+section: "5544"
+citation: "15 U.S.C. § 5544"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc15@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t15/s5544"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-15/usc15.xml"
+source_hash: "165b7837d5e03de2770c1d22d7e3f926e2836645fe400c42b6b3737ed40d9e6b"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6982338d990ef19d6b52bff6825089bdd6d0ee1233d9382673faf533decd5059"
+text_hash: "90656b83cc79d95789f0f6c67a39bd3f3eb3660bcf6b5123e2045b84189a73ad"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 15 U.S.C. § 5544 - Transferred
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Codification Section, Pub. L. 116–260, div. Z, title IX, § 9008, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2600, which related to veterans’ health initiative, was transferred to section 9462 of this title.