Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 -> 59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun, verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make legal-us-code default now covers every title. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00
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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1951"
+description: "Interference with commerce by threats or violence"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1951"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1951"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1951"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
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+text_hash: "346050008096b208110b5cc21cd7ed4e85d6219c7e4b079445c70bd51c71711e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1951 - Interference with commerce by threats or violence
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Whoever in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce, by robbery or extortion or attempts or conspires so to do, or commits or threatens physical violence to any person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to do anything in violation of this section shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.
+
+(b) As used in this section—
+
+(1) The term “robbery” means the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal property from the person or in the presence of another, against his will, by means of actual or threatened force, or violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future, to his person or property, or property in his custody or possession, or the person or property of a relative or member of his family or of anyone in his company at the time of the taking or obtaining.
+
+(2) The term “extortion” means the obtaining of property from another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear, or under color of official right.
+
+(3) The term “commerce” means commerce within the District of Columbia, or any Territory or Possession of the United States; all commerce between any point in a State, Territory, Possession, or the District of Columbia and any point outside thereof; all commerce between points within the same State through any place outside such State; and all other commerce over which the United States has jurisdiction.
+
+(c) This section shall not be construed to repeal, modify or affect section 17 of Title 15, sections 52, 101–115, 151–166 of Title 29 or sections 151–188 of Title 45.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 793; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 420a–420e–1 (June 18, 1934, ch. 569, §§ 1–6, 48 Stat. 979, 980; July 3, 1946, ch. 537, 60 Stat. 420). Section consolidates sections 420a to 420e–1 of Title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with changes in phraseology and arrangement necessary to effect consolidation. Provisions designating offense as felony were omitted as unnecessary in view of definitive section 1 of this title. (See reviser’s note under section 550 of this title.) Subsection (c) of the revised section is derived from title II of the 1946 amendment. It substitutes references to specific sections of the United States Code, 1940 ed., in place of references to numerous acts of Congress, in conformity to the style of the revision bill. Subsection (c) as rephrased will preclude any construction of implied repeal of the specified acts of Congress codified in the sections enumerated. The words “attempts or conspires so to do” were substituted for sections 3 and 4 of the 1946 act, omitting as unnecessary the words “participates in an attempt” and the words “or acts in concert with another or with others”, in view of section 2 of this title which makes any person who participates in an unlawful enterprise or aids or assists the principal offender, or does anything towards the accomplishment of the crime, a principal himself. Words “shall, upon conviction thereof,” were omitted as surplusage, since punishment cannot be imposed until a conviction is secured.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSections 101–115 of Title 29, referred to in subsec. (c), is a reference to act Mar. 23, 1932, ch. 90, 47 Stat. 70, popularly known as the Norris-LaGuardia Act. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 101 of Title 29, Labor, and Tables. Section 11 of that act, formerly classified to section 111 of Title 29, was repealed and reenacted as section 3692 of this title by act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, § 21, 62 Stat. 862, eff. Sept. 1, 1948. Section 12 of that act, formerly classified to section 112 of Title 29, was repealed by act June 25, 1948, and is covered by rule 42(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, set out in Appendix to this title. Section 164 of Title 45, included within the reference in subsec. (c) to sections 151–188 of Title 45, was repealed by act Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 851, § 4, 54 Stat. 1111. Section 186 of Title 45, included within the reference in subsec. (c) to sections 151–188 of Title 45, was omitted from the Code.
+
+Amendments1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Short TitleThis section is popularly known as the “Hobbs Act”.
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1952"
+description: "Interstate and foreign travel or transportation in aid of racketeering enterprises"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1952"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1952"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1952"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
+source_hash: "16544f997b87aacf36e4f4dc758332664aeac412d84c6c7f68250fa7907e580a"
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+text_hash: "f64c98f0c2ab79247d8be5d0a97dd65675146f4cf87be2526985dc75a8eb9e20"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1952 - Interstate and foreign travel or transportation in aid of racketeering enterprises
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Whoever travels in interstate or foreign commerce or uses the mail or any facility in interstate or foreign commerce, with intent to—
+
+(1) distribute the proceeds of any unlawful activity; or
+
+(2) commit any crime of violence to further any unlawful activity; or
+
+(3) otherwise promote, manage, establish, carry on, or facilitate the promotion, management, establishment, or carrying on, of any unlawful activity,
+
+and thereafter performs or attempts to perform—
+
+(A) an act described in paragraph (1) or (3) shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both; or
+
+(B) an act described in paragraph (2) shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for not more than 20 years, or both, and if death results shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life.
+
+(b) As used in this section (i) “unlawful activity” means (1) any business enterprise involving gambling, liquor on which the Federal excise tax has not been paid, narcotics or controlled substances (as defined in section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act), or prostitution offenses in violation of the laws of the State in which they are committed or of the United States, (2) extortion, bribery, or arson in violation of the laws of the State in which committed or of the United States, or (3) any act which is indictable under subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, or under section 1956 or 1957 of this title and (ii) the term “State” includes a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
+
+(c) Investigations of violations under this section involving liquor shall be conducted under the supervision of the Attorney General.
+
+(d) If the offense under this section involves an act described in paragraph (1) or (3) of subsection (a) and also involves a pre-retail medical product (as defined in section 670), the punishment for the offense shall be the same as the punishment for an offense under section 670 unless the punishment under subsection (a) is greater.
+
+(e) (1) This section shall not apply to a savings promotion raffle conducted by an insured depository institution or an insured credit union.
+
+(2) In this subsection—
+
+(A) the term “insured credit union” shall have the meaning given the term in section 101 of the Federal Credit Union Act (12 U.S.C. 1752);
+
+(B) the term “insured depository institution” shall have the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813); and
+
+(C) the term “savings promotion raffle” means a contest in which the sole consideration required for a chance of winning designated prizes is obtained by the deposit of a specified amount of money in a savings account or other savings program, where each ticket or entry has an equal chance of being drawn, such contest being subject to regulations that may from time to time be promulgated by the appropriate prudential regulator (as defined in section 1002 of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 (12 U.S.C. 5481)).
+
+(Added Pub. L. 87–228, § 1(a), Sept. 13, 1961, 75 Stat. 498; amended Pub. L. 89–68, July 7, 1965, 79 Stat. 212; Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 701(i)(2), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1282; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1365(a), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–35; Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, § 1205(i), title XVI, § 1604, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4831, 4843; Pub. L. 103–322, title XIV, § 140007(a), title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2033, 2147; Pub. L. 107–296, title XI, § 1112(h), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2277; Pub. L. 112–186, § 4(b)(1), Oct. 5, 2012, 126 Stat. 1429; Pub. L. 113–251, § 5(1), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2890.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(i)(1), is classified to section 802(6) of Title 21, Food and Drugs.
+
+Amendments2014—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 113–251 added subsec. (e). 2012—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–186 added subsec. (d). 2002—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–296 substituted “Attorney General” for “Secretary of the Treasury”. 1994—Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(L), which directed the amendment of this section by substituting “under this title” for “not more than $10,000”, could not be executed because the phrase “not more than $10,000” did not appear in text subsequent to amendment of subsec. (a) by Pub. L. 103–322, § 140007(a). See below. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322, § 140007(a), substituted “and thereafter performs or attempts to perform—” and subpars. (A) and (B) for former concluding provisions which read as follows: “and thereafter performs or attempts to perform any of the acts specified in subparagraphs (1), (2), and (3), shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both.” 1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–647, § 1604, inserted “the mail or” after “uses” and struck out “including the mail,” before “with intent” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–647, § 1205(i), inserted “(i)” after “As used in this section” and added cl. (ii). 1986—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 99–570 added cl. (3). 1970—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 91–513, § 701(i)(2)(A), inserted “or controlled substances (as defined in section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act)”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–513, § 701(i)(2)(B), struck out reference to investigations involving narcotics. 1965—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 89–68 made section applicable to travel in aid of arson.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2002 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.
+
+Effective Date of 1970 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–513 effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801 of Title 21, Food and Drugs.
+
+Short TitleThis section is popularly known as the “Travel Act”.
+
+Savings ProvisionAmendment by Pub. L. 91–513 not to affect or abate any prosecutions for any violation of law or any civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced prior to the effective date of such amendment, and all administrative proceedings pending before the former Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs on Oct. 27, 1970, were to be continued and brought to final determination in accord with laws and regulations in effect prior to Oct. 27, 1970, see section 702 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a Savings Provision note under section 321 of Title 21, Food and Drugs.
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1952A"
+description: "Renumbered § 1958]"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1952A"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1952A"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1952A"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
+source_hash: "d94dc12c19b7804e729790bbeb8648e65afc723b12110b65cfd9b2ee2e434ca9"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1952A - Renumbered § 1958]
+
+
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1952B"
+description: "Renumbered § 1959]"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1952B"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1952B"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1952B"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
+source_hash: "a056a5213ea9db792c8574c74f74f35175b38067a968ef0be9b82c9fc3e9ef9b"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "1a1bbbbdb59e376ada4eb7ad1056fd68d396679ee7ab59f0561af15006122708"
+text_hash: "01ba4719c80b6fe911b091a7c05124b64eeece964e09c058ef8f9805daca546b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1952B - Renumbered § 1959]
+
+
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1953"
+description: "Interstate transportation of wagering paraphernalia"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1953"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1953"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1953"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
+source_hash: "a91badee150ee6bf3dfb6bdf166c4c8663c1e9c126394333123e46042a28dcbf"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "1a1bbbbdb59e376ada4eb7ad1056fd68d396679ee7ab59f0561af15006122708"
+text_hash: "d5ae888fc370612ff72c0de0b4f1401f5e54f62792b04434d92e6162522dd716"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1953 - Interstate transportation of wagering paraphernalia
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Whoever, except a common carrier in the usual course of its business, knowingly carries or sends in interstate or foreign commerce any record, paraphernalia, ticket, certificate, bills, slip, token, paper, writing, or other device used, or to be used, or adapted, devised, or designed for use in (a) bookmaking; or (b) wagering pools with respect to a sporting event; or (c) in a numbers, policy, bolita, or similar game shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than five years or both.
+
+(b) This section shall not apply to (1) parimutuel betting equipment, parimutuel tickets where legally acquired, or parimutuel materials used or designed for use at racetracks or other sporting events in connection with which betting is legal under applicable State law, or (2) the transportation of betting materials to be used in the placing of bets or wagers on a sporting event into a State in which such betting is legal under the statutes of that State, or (3) the carriage or transportation in interstate or foreign commerce of any newspaper or similar publication, or (4) equipment, tickets, or materials used or designed for use within a State in a lottery conducted by that State acting under authority of State law, (5) equipment, tickets, or materials used or designed for use in a savings promotion raffle operated by an insured depository institution or an insured credit union, or (6) the transportation in foreign commerce to a destination in a foreign country of equipment, tickets, or materials designed to be used within that foreign country in a lottery which is authorized by the laws of that foreign country.
+
+(c) Nothing contained in this section shall create immunity from criminal prosecution under any laws of any State, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia.
+
+(d) For purposes of this section—
+
+(1) the term “foreign country” means any empire, country, dominion, colony, or protectorate, or any subdivision thereof (other than the United States, its territories or possessions);
+
+(2) the term “insured credit union” shall have the meaning given the term in section 101 of the Federal Credit Union Act (12 U.S.C. 1752);
+
+(3) the term “insured depository institution” shall have the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813);
+
+(4) the term “lottery”—
+
+(A) means the pooling of proceeds derived from the sale of tickets or chances and allotting those proceeds or parts thereof by chance to one or more chance takers or ticket purchasers; and
+
+(B) does not include the placing or accepting of bets or wagers on sporting events or contests;
+
+(5) the term “savings promotion raffle” means a contest in which the sole consideration required for a chance of winning designated prizes is obtained by the deposit of a specified amount of money in a savings account or other savings program, where each ticket or entry has an equal chance of being drawn, such contest being subject to regulations that may from time to time be promulgated by the appropriate prudential regulator (as defined in section 1002 of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 (12 U.S.C. 5481)); and
+
+(6) the term “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the United States.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 87–218, § 1, Sept. 13, 1961, 75 Stat. 492; amended Pub. L. 93–583, § 3, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1916; Pub. L. 96–90, § 2, Oct. 23, 1979, 93 Stat. 698; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 113–251, § 5(2), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2891.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2014—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–251, § 5(2)(A), substituted “(5) equipment, tickets, or materials used or designed for use in a savings promotion raffle operated by an insured depository institution or an insured credit union, or (6)” for “or (5)”. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 113–251, § 5(2)(B), added subsec. (d) and struck out former subsecs. (d) and (e) which read as follows: “(d) For the purposes of this section (1) ‘State’ means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the United States; and (2) ‘foreign country’ means any empire, country, dominion, colony, or protectorate, or any subdivision thereof (other than the United States, its territories or possessions). “(e) For the purposes of this section ‘lottery’ means the pooling of proceeds derived from the sale of tickets or chances and allotting those proceeds or parts thereof by chance to one or more chance takers or ticket purchasers. ‘Lottery’ does not include the placing or accepting of bets or wagers on sporting events or contests.” 1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000”. 1979—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 96–90, § 2(1), added cl. (5). Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 96–90, § 2(2), added subsecs. (d) and (e). 1975—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 93–583 added cl. (4).
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1954"
+description: "Offer, acceptance, or solicitation to influence operations of employee benefit plan"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1954"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1954"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1954"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
+source_hash: "f9ba63eae81fd372e2222611b9e6c1b4b02b5349524b6973bb5eee5fee85e6c1"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1954 - Offer, acceptance, or solicitation to influence operations of employee benefit plan
+
+## Text
+
+Whoever being—
+
+(1) an administrator, officer, trustee, custodian, counsel, agent, or employee of any employee welfare benefit plan or employee pension benefit plan; or
+
+(2) an officer, counsel, agent, or employee of an employer or an employer any of whose employees are covered by such plan; or
+
+(3) an officer, counsel, agent, or employee of an employee organization any of whose members are covered by such plan; or
+
+(4) a person who, or an officer, counsel, agent, or employee of an organization which, provides benefit plan services to such plan
+
+receives or agrees to receive or solicits any fee, kickback, commission, gift, loan, money, or thing of value because of or with intent to be influenced with respect to, any of the actions, decisions, or other duties relating to any question or matter concerning such plan or any person who directly or indirectly gives or offers, or promises to give or offer, any fee, kickback, commission, gift, loan, money, or thing of value prohibited by this section, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both: Provided, That this section shall not prohibit the payment to or acceptance by any person of bona fide salary, compensation, or other payments made for goods or facilities actually furnished or for services actually performed in the regular course of his duties as such person, administrator, officer, trustee, custodian, counsel, agent, or employee of such plan, employer, employee organization, or organization providing benefit plan services to such plan.
+
+As used in this section, the term (a) “any employee welfare benefit plan” or “employee pension benefit plan” means any employee welfare benefit plan or employee pension benefit plan, respectively, subject to any provision of title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, and (b) “employee organization” and “administrator” as defined respectively in sections 3(4) and (3)(16) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 87–420, § 17(e), Mar. 20, 1962, 76 Stat. 42; amended Pub. L. 91–452, title II, § 225, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 930; Pub. L. 93–406, title I, § 112(a)(2)(C), formerly § 111(a)(2)(C), Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 852, renumbered § 112(a)(2)(C), Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 320(a)(1), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5354; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 93–406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829. Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in text, is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 1001 et seq.) of chapter 18 of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 29 and Tables. Section 3(4) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in text, is classified to section 1002(4) of Title 29. Section (3)(16) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in text, probably means section 3(16) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, which is classified to section 1002(16) of Title 29.
+
+Amendments1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000” in first par. 1974—Pub. L. 93–406, § 112(a)(2)(C), formerly § 111(a)(2)(C), as renumbered by Pub. L. 117–328, substituted “any employee welfare benefit plan or employee pension benefit plan, respectively, subject to any provision of title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974” for “any such plan subject to the provisions of the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act, as amended” and “sections 3(4) and (3)(16) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974” for “sections 3(3) and 5(b)(1) and (2) of the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act, as amended”. 1970—Pub. L. 91–452 struck out letter designation “(a)” preceding first sentence and struck out subsec. (b) which related to the immunity from prosecution of any witness compelled to testify or produce evidence after claiming his privilege against self-incrimination. See section 6001 et seq. of this title.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2022 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 117–328 applicable to plan years beginning after Dec. 31, 2022, see section 320(c) of Pub. L. 117–328, set out as a note under section 414 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.
+
+Effective Date of 1974 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 93–406 effective Jan. 1, 1975, except as provided in section 1031(b)(2) of Title 29, Labor, see section 1031 of Title 29.
+
+Effective Date of 1970 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–452 effective on sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, and not to affect any immunity to which any individual is entitled under this section by reason of any testimony given before sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91–452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provision note under sections 6001 of this title.
+
+Effective DateSection effective 90 days after Mar. 20, 1962, see section 19 of Pub. L. 87–420, set out as a note under section 664 of this title.
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1955"
+description: "Prohibition of illegal gambling businesses"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1955"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1955"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1955"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
+source_hash: "1bf1892e82b86ccb295957153a8709ecf177197e8eb1a18f32500419aec8f87f"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1955 - Prohibition of illegal gambling businesses
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Whoever conducts, finances, manages, supervises, directs, or owns all or part of an illegal gambling business shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
+
+(b) As used in this section—
+
+(1) “illegal gambling business” means a gambling business which—
+
+(i) is a violation of the law of a State or political subdivision in which it is conducted;
+
+(ii) involves five or more persons who conduct, finance, manage, supervise, direct, or own all or part of such business; and
+
+(iii) has been or remains in substantially continuous operation for a period in excess of thirty days or has a gross revenue of $2,000 in any single day.
+
+(2) “insured credit union” shall have the meaning given the term in section 101 of the Federal Credit Union Act (12 U.S.C. 1752).
+
+(3) “insured depository institution” shall have the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813).
+
+(4) “gambling” includes but is not limited to pool-selling, bookmaking, maintaining slot machines, roulette wheels or dice tables, and conducting lotteries, policy, bolita or numbers games, or selling chances therein.
+
+(5) “savings promotion raffle” means a contest in which the sole consideration required for a chance of winning designated prizes is obtained by the deposit of a specified amount of money in a savings account or other savings program, where each ticket or entry has an equal chance of being drawn, such contest being subject to regulations that may from time to time be promulgated by the appropriate prudential regulator (as defined in section 1002 of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 (12 U.S.C. 5481)).
+
+(6) “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession of the United States.
+
+(c) If five or more persons conduct, finance, manage, supervise, direct, or own all or part of a gambling business and such business operates for two or more successive days, then, for the purpose of obtaining warrants for arrests, interceptions, and other searches and seizures, probable cause that the business receives gross revenue in excess of $2,000 in any single day shall be deemed to have been established.
+
+(d) Any property, including money, used in violation of the provisions of this section may be seized and forfeited to the United States. All provisions of law relating to the seizures, summary, and judicial forfeiture procedures, and condemnation of vessels, vehicles, merchandise, and baggage for violation of the customs laws; the disposition of such vessels, vehicles, merchandise, and baggage or the proceeds from such sale; the remission or mitigation of such forfeitures; and the compromise of claims and the award of compensation to informers in respect of such forfeitures shall apply to seizures and forfeitures incurred or alleged to have been incurred under the provisions of this section, insofar as applicable and not inconsistent with such provisions. Such duties as are imposed upon the collector of customs or any other person in respect to the seizure and forfeiture of vessels, vehicles, merchandise, and baggage under the customs laws shall be performed with respect to seizures and forfeitures of property used or intended for use in violation of this section by such officers, agents, or other persons as may be designated for that purpose by the Attorney General.
+
+(e) This section shall not apply to—
+
+(1) any bingo game, lottery, or similar game of chance conducted by an organization exempt from tax under paragraph (3) of subsection (c) of section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if no part of the gross receipts derived from such activity inures to the benefits of any private shareholder, member, or employee of such organization except as compensation for actual expenses incurred by him in the conduct of such activity; or
+
+(2) any savings promotion raffle.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 91–452, title VIII, § 803(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 937; amended Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(N), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2148; Pub. L. 113–251, § 5(3), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2891.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextParagraph (3) of subsection (c) of section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), is classified to section 501(c)(3) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.
+
+Amendments2014—Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 113–251, § 5(3)(A)(iii), added pars. (2) and (3). Former pars. (2) and (3) redesignated (4) and (6), respectively. Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 113–251, § 5(3)(A)(i), redesignated par. (2) as (4). Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 113–251, § 5(3)(A)(iv), added par. (5). Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 113–251, § 5(3)(A)(ii), redesignated par. (3) as (6). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 113–251, § 5(3)(B), substituted “This section shall not apply to—” for “This section shall not apply to any bingo”, inserted “(1) any bingo” before “game,”, substituted “activity; or” for “activity.”, and added par. (2). 1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $20,000”. 1986—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+National Gambling Impact Study CommissionPub. L. 104–169, Aug. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 1482, as amended by Pub. L. 105–30, § 1, July 25, 1997, 111 Stat. 248, established the National Gambling Impact Study Commission to conduct a comprehensive legal and factual study of the social and economic impacts of gambling in the United States on Federal, State, local, and Native American tribal governments, as well as on communities and social institutions generally, including individuals, families, and businesses within such communities and institutions, and to submit a report, not later than two years after its first meeting, to the President, the Congress, State Governors, and Native American tribal governments containing the Commission’s findings and conclusions, together with any recommendations of the Commission, and further provided for membership of the Commission, meetings, powers and duties of the Commission, personnel matters, contracts for research with the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations and the National Research Council, definitions, appropriations, and termination of the Commission 60 days after submission of its final report.
+
+Priority of State LawsEnactment of this section as not indicating an intent on the part of the Congress to occupy the field in which this section operates to the exclusion of State of local law on the same subject matter, or to relieve any person of any obligation imposed by any State or local law, see section 811 of Pub. L. 91–452, set out as a Priority of State Laws note under section 1511 of this title.
+
+Commission on Review of National Policy Toward GamblingSections 804–809 of Pub. L. 91–452 established Commission on Review of National Policy Toward Gambling, provided for its membership and compensation of members and staff, empowered Commission to subpoena witnesses and grant immunity, required Commission to make a study of gambling in United States and existing Federal, State, and local policy and practices with respect to prohibition and taxation of gambling activities and to make a final report of its findings and recommendations to President and to Congress within four years of its establishment, and provided for its termination sixty days after submission of final report.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Transfer of Functions Offices of collector of customs, comptroller of customs, surveyor of customs, and appraiser of merchandise in Bureau of Customs of Department of the Treasury to which appointments were required to be made by President with advice and consent of Senate ordered abolished, with such offices to be terminated not later than Dec. 31, 1966, by Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1965, eff. May 25, 1965, 30 F.R. 7035, 79 Stat. 1317, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Functions of offices eliminated were already vested in Secretary of the Treasury by Reorg. Plan No. 26 of 1950, eff. July 31, 1950, 15 F.R. 4935, 64 Stat. 1280, set out in the Appendix to Title 5.
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1957"
+description: "Engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1957"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1957"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1957"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
+source_hash: "ba612984a3c7dd2eb8312f78964842fbf446c2e9ecc85ce21d36f0a182c3c676"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1957 - Engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Whoever, in any of the circumstances set forth in subsection (d), knowingly engages or attempts to engage in a monetary transaction in criminally derived property of a value greater than $10,000 and is derived from specified unlawful activity, shall be punished as provided in subsection (b).
+
+(b) (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the punishment for an offense under this section is a fine under title 18, United States Code, or imprisonment for not more than ten years or both. If the offense involves a pre-retail medical product (as defined in section 670) the punishment for the offense shall be the same as the punishment for an offense under section 670 unless the punishment under this subsection is greater.
+
+(2) The court may impose an alternate fine to that imposable under paragraph (1) of not more than twice the amount of the criminally derived property involved in the transaction.
+
+(c) In a prosecution for an offense under this section, the Government is not required to prove the defendant knew that the offense from which the criminally derived property was derived was specified unlawful activity.
+
+(d) The circumstances referred to in subsection (a) are—
+
+(1) that the offense under this section takes place in the United States or in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States; or
+
+(2) that the offense under this section takes place outside the United States and such special jurisdiction, but the defendant is a United States person (as defined in section 3077 of this title, but excluding the class described in paragraph (2)(D) of such section).
+
+(e) Violations of this section may be investigated by such components of the Department of Justice as the Attorney General may direct, and by such components of the Department of the Treasury as the Secretary of the Treasury may direct, as appropriate, and, with respect to offenses over which the Department of Homeland Security has jurisdiction, by such components of the Department of Homeland Security as the Secretary of Homeland Security may direct, and, with respect to offenses over which the United States Postal Service has jurisdiction, by the Postal Service. Such authority of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Postal Service shall be exercised in accordance with an agreement which shall be entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Postal Service, and the Attorney General.
+
+(f) As used in this section—
+
+(1) the term “monetary transaction” means the deposit, withdrawal, transfer, or exchange, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, of funds or a monetary instrument (as defined in section 1956(c)(5) of this title) by, through, or to a financial institution (as defined in section 1956 of this title), including any transaction that would be a financial transaction under section 1956(c)(4)(B) of this title, but such term does not include any transaction necessary to preserve a person’s right to representation as guaranteed by the sixth amendment to the Constitution;
+
+(2) the term “criminally derived property” means any property constituting, or derived from, proceeds obtained from a criminal offense; and
+
+(3) the terms “specified unlawful activity” and “proceeds” shall have the meaning given those terms in section 1956 of this title.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1352(a), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–21; amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, §§ 6182, 6184, 6469(a)(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4354, 4377; Pub. L. 102–550, title XV, §§ 1526(b), 1527(b), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4065; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330020, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2149; Pub. L. 103–325, title IV, § 413(c)(2), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2255; Pub. L. 109–177, title IV, § 403(c)(2), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 243; Pub. L. 111–21, § 2(f)(2), May 20, 2009, 123 Stat. 1618; Pub. L. 112–186, § 4(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2012, 126 Stat. 1429.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2012—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–186 inserted at end “If the offense involves a pre-retail medical product (as defined in section 670) the punishment for the offense shall be the same as the punishment for an offense under section 670 unless the punishment under this subsection is greater.” 2009—Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 111–21 added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: “the term ‘specified unlawful activity’ has the meaning given that term in section 1956 of this title.” 2006—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–177 amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) read as follows: “Violations of this section may be investigated by such components of the Department of Justice as the Attorney General may direct, and by such components of the Department of the Treasury as the Secretary of the Treasury may direct, as appropriate and, with respect to offenses over which the United States Postal Service has jurisdiction, by the Postal Service. Such authority of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Postal Service shall be exercised in accordance with an agreement which shall be entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Postal Service, and the Attorney General.” 1994—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330020, and Pub. L. 103–325, § 413(c)(2), amended par. (1) identically, striking out second comma after “(as defined in section 1956 of this title)”. 1992—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 102–550 substituted “section 1956 of this title” for “section 5312 of title 31” and inserted “, including any transaction that would be a financial transaction under section 1956(c)(4)(B) of this title,” before “but such term does not include”. 1988—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6469(a)(2), substituted “and, with respect to offenses over which the United States Postal Service has jurisdiction, by the Postal Service. Such authority of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Postal Service shall be exercised in accordance with an agreement which shall be entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Postal Service, and the Attorney General.” for “. Such authority of the Secretary of the Treasury shall be exercised in accordance with an agreement which shall be entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General.” Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 100–690, §§ 6182, 6184, substituted “in section 1956(c)(5) of this title” for “for the purposes of subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31” and inserted “, but such term does not include any transaction necessary to preserve a person’s right to representation as guaranteed by the sixth amendment to the Constitution”.
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1958"
+description: "Use of interstate commerce facilities in the commission of murder-for-hire"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1958"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1958"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1958"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
+source_hash: "cefb1595d3a246dc254f476ab96dff8f2397c6ae15e3bcd9283096cacdd6386c"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1958 - Use of interstate commerce facilities in the commission of murder-for-hire
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Whoever travels in or causes another (including the intended victim) to travel in interstate or foreign commerce, or uses or causes another (including the intended victim) to use the mail or any facility of interstate or foreign commerce, with intent that a murder be committed in violation of the laws of any State or the United States as consideration for the receipt of, or as consideration for a promise or agreement to pay, anything of pecuniary value, or who conspires to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than ten years, or both; and if personal injury results, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than twenty years, or both; and if death results, shall be punished by death or life imprisonment, or shall be fined not more than $250,000, or both.
+
+(b) As used in this section and section 1959—
+
+(1) “anything of pecuniary value” means anything of value in the form of money, a negotiable instrument, a commercial interest, or anything else the primary significance of which is economic advantage;
+
+(2) “facility of interstate or foreign commerce” includes means of transportation and communication; and
+
+(3) “State” includes a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 1002(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2136, § 1952A; renumbered § 1958 and amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §§ 7053(a), 7058(b), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4402, 4403; Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, § 1205(k), title XXXV, § 3558, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4831, 4927; Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, § 60003(a)(11), title XIV, § 140007(b), title XXXII, § 320105, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(L), (N), (Q), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1969, 2033, 2111, 2147, 2148; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §§ 601(g)(3), 605(a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3500, 3509; Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, § 6704, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3766.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2004—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–458, § 6704(1), substituted “facility of” for “facility in”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–458, § 6704(2), inserted “or foreign” after “interstate”. 1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–294 substituted comma for “or who conspires to do so” after “or who conspires to do so” and substituted “this title or imprisoned” for “this title and imprisoned” before “for not more than twenty years”. 1994—Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(Q), which directed the amendment of this section by substituting “under this title” for “not more than $50,000”, could not be executed because the phrase “not more than $50,000” did not appear in text subsequent to amendment of subsec. (a) by Pub. L. 103–322, § 60003(a)(11). See below. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(N), substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $20,000” after “injury results, shall be”. Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(L), substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000” before “or imprisoned for not more than ten years”. Pub. L. 103–322, §§ 140007(b), 320105, each amended subsec. (a) by inserting “or who conspires to do so” after “anything of pecuniary value,”. Pub. L. 103–322, § 60003(a)(11), substituted “and if death results, shall be punished by death or life imprisonment, or shall be fined not more than $250,000, or both” for “and if death results, shall be subject to imprisonment for any term of years or for life, or shall be fined not more than $50,000, or both” before period at end. 1990—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–647, § 3558, substituted “section 1959” for “section 1952B” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 101–647, § 1205(k), added par. (3). 1988—Pub. L. 100–690, § 7053(a), renumbered section 1952A of this title as this section. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–690, § 7058(b), substituted “ten years” for “five years”.
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1959"
+description: "Violent crimes in aid of racketeering activity"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1959"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1959"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1959"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
+source_hash: "9ffdd9678d025e93172ad9c3b6b253197e2030dc71c23cc3395e630d5c75da0f"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1959 - Violent crimes in aid of racketeering activity
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Whoever, as consideration for the receipt of, or as consideration for a promise or agreement to pay, anything of pecuniary value from an enterprise engaged in racketeering activity, or for the purpose of gaining entrance to or maintaining or increasing position in an enterprise engaged in racketeering activity, murders, kidnaps, maims, assaults with a dangerous weapon, commits assault resulting in serious bodily injury upon, or threatens to commit a crime of violence against any individual in violation of the laws of any State or the United States, or attempts or conspires so to do, shall be punished—
+
+(1) for murder, by death or life imprisonment, or a fine under this title, or both; and for kidnapping, by imprisonment for any term of years or for life, or a fine under this title, or both;
+
+(2) for maiming, by imprisonment for not more than thirty years or a fine under this title, or both;
+
+(3) for assault with a dangerous weapon or assault resulting in serious bodily injury, by imprisonment for not more than twenty years or a fine under this title, or both;
+
+(4) for threatening to commit a crime of violence, by imprisonment for not more than five years or a fine under this title, or both;
+
+(5) for attempting or conspiring to commit murder or kidnapping, by imprisonment for not more than ten years or a fine under this title, or both; and
+
+(6) for attempting or conspiring to commit a crime involving maiming, assault with a dangerous weapon, or assault resulting in serious bodily injury, by imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine of 11 So in original. The word “of” probably should not appear. under this title, or both.
+
+(b) As used in this section—
+
+(1) “racketeering activity” has the meaning set forth in section 1961 of this title; and
+
+(2) “enterprise” includes any partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity, which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 1002(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2137, § 1952B; renumbered § 1959, Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7053(b), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4402; Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, § 60003(a)(12), title XXXIII, §§ 330016(1)(J), (2)(C), 330021(1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1969, 2147, 2148, 2150.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1994—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(2)(C), substituted “fine under this title” for “fine of not more than $250,000” in two places. Pub. L. 103–322, § 60003(a)(12), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “(1) for murder or kidnaping, by imprisonment for any term of years or for life or a fine of not more than $50,000, or both;”. Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(2)(C), substituted “fine under this title” for “fine of not more than $30,000” in par. (2), “fine of not more than $20,000” in par. (3), and “fine of not more than $5,000” in par. (4). Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330021(1), substituted “kidnapping” for “kidnaping”. Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(2)(C), substituted “fine under this title” for “fine of not more than $10,000”. Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(J), substituted “under this title” for “not more than $3,000” after “fine of”. 1988—Pub. L. 100–690 renumbered section 1952B of this title as this section.
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "18 U.S.C. § 1960"
+description: "Prohibition of unlicensed money transmitting businesses"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 18
+title_name: "CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "95"
+chapter_name: "RACKETEERING"
+section: "1960"
+citation: "18 U.S.C. § 1960"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t18/s1960"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml"
+source_hash: "8a146ca86af5e25217ef435be3a35ffd673e5b8274478a001897781c5f724f2e"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "1a1bbbbdb59e376ada4eb7ad1056fd68d396679ee7ab59f0561af15006122708"
+text_hash: "5acb125231c46c5ab226b168e4f383470c3f7ef0c2ec358b4b8f25678367407c"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 18 U.S.C. § 1960 - Prohibition of unlicensed money transmitting businesses
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Whoever knowingly conducts, controls, manages, supervises, directs, or owns all or part of an unlicensed money transmitting business, shall be fined in accordance with this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
+
+(b) As used in this section—
+
+(1) the term “unlicensed money transmitting business” means a money transmitting business which affects interstate or foreign commerce in any manner or degree and—
+
+(A) is operated without an appropriate money transmitting license in a State where such operation is punishable as a misdemeanor or a felony under State law, whether or not the defendant knew that the operation was required to be licensed or that the operation was so punishable;
+
+(B) fails to comply with the money transmitting business registration requirements under section 5330 of title 31, United States Code, or regulations prescribed under such section; or
+
+(C) otherwise involves the transportation or transmission of funds that are known to the defendant to have been derived from a criminal offense or are intended to be used to promote or support unlawful activity;
+
+(2) the term “money transmitting” includes transferring funds on behalf of the public by any and all means including but not limited to transfers within this country or to locations abroad by wire, check, draft, facsimile, or courier; and
+
+(3) the term “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Northern Mariana Islands, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 102–550, title XV, § 1512(a), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4057; amended Pub. L. 103–325, title IV, § 408(c), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2252; Pub. L. 107–56, title III, § 373(a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 339; Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, § 1171(a)(2), Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3123.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2006—Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 109–162 substituted “to be used” for “to be used to be used”. 2001—Pub. L. 107–56 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting provisions relating to prohibition of unlicensed money transmitting businesses for similar provisions relating to prohibition of illegal money transmitting businesses. 1994—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–325 amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “(1) the term ‘illegal money transmitting business’ means a money transmitting business that affects interstate or foreign commerce in any manner or degree and which is knowingly operated in a State— “(A) without the appropriate money transmitting State license; and “(B) where such operation is punishable as a misdemeanor or a felony under State law;”.