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Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

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Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "21 U.S.C. § 801a"
description: "Congressional findings and declarations: psychotropic substances"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 21
title_name: "FOOD AND DRUGS"
chapter_number: "13"
chapter_name: "DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL"
section: "801a"
citation: "21 U.S.C. § 801a"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc21@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t21/s801a"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-21/usc21.xml"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 21 U.S.C. § 801a - Congressional findings and declarations: psychotropic substances
## Text
The Congress makes the following findings and declarations:
(1) The Congress has long recognized the danger involved in the manufacture, distribution, and use of certain psychotropic substances for nonscientific and nonmedical purposes, and has provided strong and effective legislation to control illicit trafficking and to regulate legitimate uses of psychotropic substances in this country. Abuse of psychotropic substances has become a phenomenon common to many countries, however, and is not confined to national borders. It is, therefore, essential that the United States cooperate with other nations in establishing effective controls over international traffic in such substances.
(2) The United States has joined with other countries in executing an international treaty, entitled the Convention on Psycho­tropic Substances and signed at Vienna, Austria, on February 21, 1971, which is designed to establish suitable controls over the manufacture, distribution, transfer, and use of certain psychotropic substances. The Convention is not self-executing, and the obligations of the United States thereunder may only be performed pursuant to appropriate legislation. It is the intent of the Congress that the amendments made by this Act, together with existing law, will enable the United States to meet all of its obligations under the Convention and that no further legislation will be necessary for that purpose.
(3) In implementing the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the Congress intends that, consistent with the obligations of the United States under the Convention, control of psychotropic substances in the United States should be accomplished within the framework of the procedures and criteria for classification of substances provided in the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.]. This will insure that (A) the availability of psychotropic substances to manufacturers, distributors, dispensers, and researchers for useful and legitimate medical and scientific purposes will not be unduly restricted; (B) nothing in the Convention will interfere with bona fide research activities; and (C) nothing in the Convention will interfere with ethical medical practice in this country as determined by the Secretary of Health and Human Services on the basis of a consensus of the views of the American medical and scientific community.
(Pub. L. 95–633, title I, § 101, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3768; Pub. L. 96–88, title V, § 509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis Act, referred to in par. (2), is Pub. L. 95–633, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 2768, as amended, known as the Psychotropic Substances Act of 1978, which enacted sections 801a, 830, and 852 of this title, amended sections 352, 802, 811, 812, 823, 827, 841 to 843, 872, 881, 952, 953, and 965 of this title and section 242a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealed section 830 of this title effective Jan. 1, 1981, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 801, 801a, 812, and 830 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1978 Amendment note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, referred to in par. (3), is Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1236, which is classified principally to this chapter [§ 801 et seq.]. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables.
Codification Section was enacted as a part of the Psychotropic Substances Act of 1978, and not as a part of the Controlled Substances Act which comprises this subchapter.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name “Secretary of Health and Human Services” substituted for “Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare” in par. (3) pursuant to section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96–88, which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education.
Effective DatePub. L. 95–633, title I, § 112, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3774, provided that: “This title [enacting this section and section 852 of this title, amending sections 352, 802, 811, 812, 823, 827, 872, 952, and 953 of this title and section 242a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 801 and 812 of this title] and the amendments made by this title shall take effect on the date the Convention on Psychotrop­ic Substances, signed at Vienna, Austria on February 21, 1971, enters into force in respect to the United States.” [The Convention entered into force in respect to the United States on July 15, 1980.]
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "21 U.S.C. § 803"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 95–137, § 1(b), Oct. 18, 1977, 91 Stat. 1169"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 21
title_name: "FOOD AND DRUGS"
chapter_number: "13"
chapter_name: "DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL"
section: "803"
citation: "21 U.S.C. § 803"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc21@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t21/s803"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 21 U.S.C. § 803 - Repealed. Pub. L. 95–137, § 1(b), Oct. 18, 1977, 91 Stat. 1169
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 103, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1245, authorized Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs to add, during fiscal year 1971, 300 agents, together with necessary supporting personnel, and provided for appropriations of $6,000,000 to carry out such addition.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "21 U.S.C. § 811"
description: "Authority and criteria for classification of substances"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 21
title_name: "FOOD AND DRUGS"
chapter_number: "13"
chapter_name: "DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL"
section: "811"
citation: "21 U.S.C. § 811"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc21@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t21/s811"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-21/usc21.xml"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 21 U.S.C. § 811 - Authority and criteria for classification of substances
## Text
(a) Rules and regulations of Attorney General; hearing The Attorney General shall apply the provisions of this subchapter to the controlled substances listed in the schedules established by section 812 of this title and to any other drug or other substance added to such schedules under this subchapter. Except as provided in subsections (d) and (e), the Attorney General may by rule—
(1) add to such a schedule or transfer between such schedules any drug or other substance if he—
(A) finds that such drug or other substance has a potential for abuse, and
(B) makes with respect to such drug or other substance the findings prescribed by subsection (b) of section 812 of this title for the schedule in which such drug is to be placed; or
(2) remove any drug or other substance from the schedules if he finds that the drug or other substance does not meet the requirements for inclusion in any schedule.
Rules of the Attorney General under this subsection shall be made on the record after opportunity for a hearing pursuant to the rulemaking procedures prescribed by subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5. Proceedings for the issuance, amendment, or repeal of such rules may be initiated by the Attorney General (1) on his own motion, (2) at the request of the Secretary, or (3) on the petition of any interested party.
(b) Evaluation of drugs and other substances The Attorney General shall, before initiating proceedings under subsection (a) to control a drug or other substance or to remove a drug or other substance entirely from the schedules, and after gathering the necessary data, request from the Secretary a scientific and medical evaluation, and his recommendations, as to whether such drug or other substance should be so controlled or removed as a controlled substance. In making such evaluation and recommendations, the Secretary shall consider the factors listed in paragraphs (2), (3), (6), (7), and (8) of subsection (c) and any scientific or medical considerations involved in paragraphs (1), (4), and (5) of such subsection. The recommendations of the Secretary shall include recommendations with respect to the appropriate schedule, if any, under which such drug or other substance should be listed. The evaluation and the recommendations of the Secretary shall be made in writing and submitted to the Attorney General within a reasonable time. The recommendations of the Secretary to the Attorney General shall be binding on the Attorney General as to such scientific and medical matters, and if the Secretary recommends that a drug or other substance not be controlled, the Attorney General shall not control the drug or other substance. If the Attorney General determines that these facts and all other relevant data constitute substantial evidence of potential for abuse such as to warrant control or substantial evidence that the drug or other substance should be removed entirely from the schedules, he shall initiate proceedings for control or removal, as the case may be, under subsection (a).
(c) Factors determinative of control or removal from schedules In making any finding under subsection (a) of this section or under subsection (b) of section 812 of this title, the Attorney General shall consider the following factors with respect to each drug or other substance proposed to be controlled or removed from the schedules:
(1) Its actual or relative potential for abuse.
(2) Scientific evidence of its pharmacological effect, if known.
(3) The state of current scientific knowledge regarding the drug or other substance.
(4) Its history and current pattern of abuse.
(5) The scope, duration, and significance of abuse.
(6) What, if any, risk there is to the public health.
(7) Its psychic or physiological dependence liability.
(8) Whether the substance is an immediate precursor of a substance already controlled under this subchapter.
(d) International treaties, conventions, and protocols requiring control; procedures respecting changes in drug schedules of Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1) If control is required by United States obligations under international treaties, conventions, or protocols in effect on October 27, 1970, the Attorney General shall issue an order controlling such drug under the schedule he deems most appropriate to carry out such obligations, without regard to the findings required by subsection (a) of this section or section 812(b) of this title and without regard to the procedures prescribed by subsections (a) and (b) of this section.
(2) (A) Whenever the Secretary of State receives notification from the Secretary-General of the United Nations that information has been transmitted by or to the World Health Organization, pursuant to article 2 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, which may justify adding a drug or other substance to one of the schedules of the Convention, transferring a drug or substance from one schedule to another, or deleting it from the schedules, the Secretary of State shall immediately transmit the notice to the Secretary of Health and Human Services who shall publish it in the Federal Register and provide opportunity to interested persons to submit to him comments respecting the scientific and medical evaluations which he is to prepare respecting such drug or substance. The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall prepare for transmission through the Secretary of State to the World Health Organization such medical and scientific evaluations as may be appropriate regarding the possible action that could be proposed by the World Health Organization respecting the drug or substance with respect to which a notice was transmitted under this subparagraph.
(B) Whenever the Secretary of State receives information that the Commission on Narcotic Drugs of the United Nations proposes to decide whether to add a drug or other substance to one of the schedules of the Convention, transfer a drug or substance from one schedule to another, or delete it from the schedules, the Secretary of State shall transmit timely notice to the Secretary of Health and Human Services of such information who shall publish a summary of such information in the Federal Register and provide opportunity to interested persons to submit to him comments respecting the recommendation which he is to furnish, pursuant to this subparagraph, respecting such proposal. The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall evaluate the proposal and furnish a recommendation to the Secretary of State which shall be binding on the representative of the United States in discussions and negotiations relating to the proposal.
(3) When the United States receives notification of a scheduling decision pursuant to article 2 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances that a drug or other substance has been added or transferred to a schedule specified in the notification or receives notification (referred to in this subsection as a “schedule notice”) that existing legal controls applicable under this subchapter to a drug or substance and the controls required by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] do not meet the requirements of the schedule of the Convention in which such drug or substance has been placed, the Secretary of Health and Human Services after consultation with the Attorney General, shall first determine whether existing legal controls under this subchapter applicable to the drug or substance and the controls required by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, meet the requirements of the schedule specified in the notification or schedule notice and shall take the following action:
(A) If such requirements are met by such existing controls but the Secretary of Health and Human Services nonetheless believes that more stringent controls should be applied to the drug or substance, the Secretary shall recommend to the Attorney General that he initiate proceedings for scheduling the drug or substance, pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) of this section, to apply to such controls.
(B) If such requirements are not met by such existing controls and the Secretary of Health and Human Services concurs in the scheduling decision or schedule notice transmitted by the notification, the Secretary shall recommend to the Attorney General that he initiate proceedings for scheduling the drug or substance under the appropriate schedule pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) of this section.
(C) If such requirements are not met by such existing controls and the Secretary of Health and Human Services does not concur in the scheduling decision or schedule notice transmitted by the notification, the Secretary shall—
(i) if he deems that additional controls are necessary to protect the public health and safety, recommend to the Attorney General that he initiate proceedings for scheduling the drug or substance pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) of this section, to apply such additional controls;
(ii) request the Secretary of State to transmit a notice of qualified acceptance, within the period specified in the Convention, pursuant to paragraph 7 of article 2 of the Convention, to the Secretary-General of the United Nations;
(iii) request the Secretary of State to transmit a notice of qualified acceptance as prescribed in clause (ii) and request the Secretary of State to ask for a review by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, in accordance with paragraph 8 of article 2 of the Convention, of the scheduling decision; or
(iv) in the case of a schedule notice, request the Secretary of State to take appropriate action under the Convention to initiate proceedings to remove the drug or substance from the schedules under the Convention or to transfer the drug or substance to a schedule under the Convention different from the one specified in the schedule notice.
(4) (A) If the Attorney General determines, after consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, that proceedings initiated under recommendations made under paragraph 11 So in original. Probably should be “subparagraph”. (B) or (C)(i) of paragraph (3) will not be completed within the time period required by paragraph 7 of article 2 of the Convention, the Attorney General, after consultation with the Secretary and after providing interested persons opportunity to submit comments respecting the requirements of the temporary order to be issued under this sentence, shall issue a temporary order controlling the drug or substance under schedule IV or V, whichever is most appropriate to carry out the minimum United States obligations under paragraph 7 of article 2 of the Convention. As a part of such order, the Attorney General shall, after consultation with the Secretary, except such drug or substance from the application of any provision of part C of this subchapter which he finds is not required to carry out the United States obligations under paragraph 7 of article 2 of the Convention. In the case of proceedings initiated under subparagraph (B) of paragraph (3), the Attorney General, concurrently with the issuance of such order, shall request the Secretary of State to transmit a notice of qualified acceptance to the Secretary-General of the United Nations pursuant to paragraph 7 of article 2 of the Convention. A temporary order issued under this subparagraph controlling a drug or other substance subject to proceedings initiated under subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall expire upon the effective date of the application to the drug or substance of the controls resulting from such proceedings.
(B) After a notice of qualified acceptance of a scheduling decision with respect to a drug or other substance is transmitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations in accordance with clause (ii) or (iii) of paragraph (3)(C) or after a request has been made under clause (iv) of such paragraph with respect to a drug or substance described in a schedule notice, the Attorney General, after consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services and after providing interested persons opportunity to submit comments respecting the requirements of the order to be issued under this sentence, shall issue an order controlling the drug or substance under schedule IV or V, whichever is most appropriate to carry out the minimum United States obligations under paragraph 7 of article 2 of the Convention in the case of a drug or substance for which a notice of qualified acceptance was transmitted or whichever the Attorney General determines is appropriate in the case of a drug or substance described in a schedule notice. As a part of such order, the Attorney General shall, after consultation with the Secretary, except such drug or substance from the application of any provision of part C of this subchapter which he finds is not required to carry out the United States obligations under paragraph 7 of article 2 of the Convention. If, as a result of a review under paragraph 8 of article 2 of the Convention of the scheduling decision with respect to which a notice of qualified acceptance was transmitted in accordance with clause (ii) or (iii) of paragraph (3)(C)—
(i) the decision is reversed, and
(ii) the drug or substance subject to such decision is not required to be controlled under schedule IV or V to carry out the minimum United States obligations under paragraph 7 of article 2 of the Convention,
the order issued under this subparagraph with respect to such drug or substance shall expire upon receipt by the United States of the review decision. If, as a result of action taken pursuant to action initiated under a request transmitted under clause (iv) of paragraph (3)(C), the drug or substance with respect to which such action was taken is not required to be controlled under schedule IV or V, the order issued under this paragraph with respect to such drug or substance shall expire upon receipt by the United States of a notice of the action taken with respect to such drug or substance under the Convention.
(C) An order issued under subparagraph (A) or (B) may be issued without regard to the findings required by subsection (a) of this section or by section 812(b) of this title and without regard to the procedures prescribed by subsection (a) or (b) of this section.
(5) Nothing in the amendments made by the Psychotropic Substances Act of 1978 or the regulations or orders promulgated thereunder shall be construed to preclude requests by the Secretary of Health and Human Services or the Attorney General through the Secretary of State, pursuant to article 2 or other applicable provisions of the Convention, for review of scheduling decisions under such Convention, based on new or additional information.
(e) Immediate precursors The Attorney General may, without regard to the findings required by subsection (a) of this section or section 812(b) of this title and without regard to the procedures prescribed by subsections (a) and (b) of this section, place an immediate precursor in the same schedule in which the controlled substance of which it is an immediate precursor is placed or in any other schedule with a higher numerical designation. If the Attorney General designates a substance as an immediate precursor and places it in a schedule, other substances shall not be placed in a schedule solely because they are its precursors.
(f) Abuse potential If, at the time a new-drug application is submitted to the Secretary for any drug having a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system, it appears that such drug has an abuse potential, such information shall be forwarded by the Secretary to the Attorney General.
(g) Exclusion of non-narcotic substances sold over the counter without a prescription; dextromethorphan; exemption of substances lacking abuse potential (1) The Attorney General shall by regulation exclude any non-narcotic drug which contains a controlled substance from the application of this subchapter and subchapter II of this chapter if such drug may, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], be lawfully sold over the counter without a prescription.
(2) Dextromethorphan shall not be deemed to be included in any schedule by reason of enactment of this subchapter unless controlled after October 27, 1970 pursuant to the foregoing provisions of this section.
(3) The Attorney General may, by regulation, exempt any compound, mixture, or preparation containing a controlled substance from the application of all or any part of this subchapter if he finds such compound, mixture, or preparation meets the requirements of one of the following categories:
(A) A mixture, or preparation containing a nonnarcotic controlled substance, which mixture or preparation is approved for prescription use, and which contains one or more other active ingredients which are not listed in any schedule and which are included therein in such combinations, quantity, proportion, or concentration as to vitiate the potential for abuse.
(B) A compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any controlled substance, which is not for administration to a human being or animal, and which is packaged in such form or concentration, or with adulterants or denaturants, so that as packaged it does not present any significant potential for abuse.
(C) Upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Health and Human Services, a compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any anabolic steroid, which is intended for administration to a human being or an animal, and which, because of its concentration, preparation, formulation or delivery system, does not present any significant potential for abuse.
(h) Temporary scheduling to avoid imminent hazards to public safety (1) If the Attorney General finds that the scheduling of a substance in schedule I on a temporary basis is necessary to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety, he may, by order and without regard to the requirements of subsection (b) relating to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, schedule such substance in schedule I if the substance is not listed in any other schedule in section 812 of this title or if no exemption or approval is in effect for the substance under section 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 355]. Such an order may not be issued before the expiration of thirty days from—
(A) the date of the publication by the Attorney General of a notice in the Federal Register of the intention to issue such order and the grounds upon which such order is to be issued, and
(B) the date the Attorney General has transmitted the notice required by paragraph (4).
(2) The scheduling of a substance under this subsection shall expire at the end of 2 years from the date of the issuance of the order scheduling such substance, except that the Attorney General may, during the pendency of proceedings under subsection (a)(1) with respect to the substance, extend the temporary scheduling for up to 1 year.
(3) When issuing an order under paragraph (1), the Attorney General shall be required to consider, with respect to the finding of an imminent hazard to the public safety, only those factors set forth in paragraphs (4), (5), and (6) of subsection (c), including actual abuse, diversion from legitimate channels, and clandestine importation, manufacture, or distribution.
(4) The Attorney General shall transmit notice of an order proposed to be issued under paragraph (1) to the Secretary of Health and Human Services. In issuing an order under paragraph (1), the Attorney General shall take into consideration any comments submitted by the Secretary in response to a notice transmitted pursuant to this paragraph.
(5) An order issued under paragraph (1) with respect to a substance shall be vacated upon the conclusion of a subsequent rulemaking proceeding initiated under subsection (a) with respect to such substance.
(6) An order issued under paragraph (1) is not subject to judicial review.
(i) Temporary and permanent scheduling of recently emerged anabolic steroids (1) The Attorney General may issue a temporary order adding a drug or other substance to the definition of anabolic steroids if the Attorney General finds that—
(A) the drug or other substance satisfies the criteria for being considered an anabolic steroid under section 802(41) of this title but is not listed in that section or by regulation of the Attorney General as being an anabolic steroid; and
(B) adding such drug or other substance to the definition of anabolic steroids will assist in preventing abuse or misuse of the drug or other substance.
(2) An order issued under paragraph (1) shall not take effect until 30 days after the date of the publication by the Attorney General of a notice in the Federal Register of the intention to issue such order and the grounds upon which such order is to be issued. The order shall expire not later than 24 months after the date it becomes effective, except that the Attorney General may, during the pendency of proceedings under paragraph (6), extend the temporary scheduling order for up to 6 months.
(3) The Attorney General shall transmit notice of an order proposed to be issued under paragraph (1) to the Secretary of Health and Human Services. In issuing an order under paragraph (1), the Attorney General shall take into consideration any comments submitted by the Secretary in response to a notice transmitted pursuant to this paragraph.
(4) A temporary scheduling order issued under paragraph (1) shall be vacated upon the issuance of a permanent scheduling order under paragraph (6).
(5) An order issued under paragraph (1) is not subject to judicial review.
(6) The Attorney General may, by rule, issue a permanent order adding a drug or other substance to the definition of anabolic steroids if such drug or other substance satisfies the criteria for being considered an anabolic steroid under section 802(41) of this title. Such rulemaking may be commenced simultaneously with the issuance of the temporary order issued under paragraph (1).
(j) Interim final rule; date of issuance; procedure for final rule (1) With respect to a drug referred to in subsection (f), if the Secretary of Health and Human Services recommends that the Attorney General control the drug in schedule II, III, IV, or V pursuant to subsections (a) and (b), the Attorney General shall, not later than 90 days after the date described in paragraph (2), issue an interim final rule controlling the drug in accordance with such subsections and section 812(b) of this title using the procedures described in paragraph (3).
(2) The date described in this paragraph shall be the later of—
(A) the date on which the Attorney General receives the scientific and medical evaluation and the scheduling recommendation from the Secretary of Health and Human Services in accordance with subsection (b); or
(B) the date on which the Attorney General receives notification from the Secretary of Health and Human Services that the Secretary has approved an application under section 505(c), 512, or 571 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 355(c), 360b, 360ccc] or section 262(a) of title 42, or indexed a drug under section 572 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 360ccc–1], with respect to the drug described in paragraph (1).
(3) A rule issued by the Attorney General under paragraph (1) shall become immediately effective as an interim final rule without requiring the Attorney General to demonstrate good cause therefor. The interim final rule shall give interested persons the opportunity to comment and to request a hearing. After the conclusion of such proceedings, the Attorney General shall issue a final rule in accordance with the scheduling criteria of subsections (b), (c), and (d) of this section and section 812(b) of this title.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 201, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1245; Pub. L. 95–633, title I, § 102(a), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3769; Pub. L. 96–88, title V, § 509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 508, 509(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2071, 2072; Pub. L. 108–358, § 2(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1663; Pub. L. 112–144, title XI, § 1153, July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1132; Pub. L. 113–260, § 2(b), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2930; Pub. L. 114–89, § 2(b), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 700.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (c)(8), (d)(3), (4)(A), (B), and (g)(2), (3), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, and is popularly known as the “Controlled Substances Act”. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see second paragraph of Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, referred to in subsecs. (d)(3) and (g)(1), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, which is classified generally to chapter 9 (§ 301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 301 of this title and Tables. Schedules I, II, III, IV, and V, referred to in subsecs. (d)(4)(A), (B), (h)(1), and (j)(1), are set out in section 812(c) of this title. The Psychotropic Substances Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. (d)(5), is Pub. L. 95–633, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3768, which enacted sections 801a, 830, and 852 of this title, amended sections 352, 802, 811, 812, 823, 827, 841 to 843, 872, 881, 952, 953, and 965 of this title and section 242a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealed section 830 of this title effective Jan. 1, 1981, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 801, 801a, 812, and 830 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1978 Amendment note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. This subchapter and subchapter II of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), was in the original “titles II and III of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act”, which was translated as meaning titles II and III of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, 1285, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Title II is classified principally to this subchapter and part A of title III comprises subchapter II of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title notes set out under section 801 of this title and Tables.
Amendments2015—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 114–89 added subsec. (j). 2014—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 113–260 added subsec. (i). 2012—Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 112–144 substituted “2 years” for “one year” and “1 year” for “six months”. 2004—Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 108–358, § 2(b)(1), substituted “drug which contains a controlled substance from the application of this subchapter and subchapter II of this chapter if such drug” for “substance from a schedule if such substance”. Subsec. (g)(3)(C). Pub. L. 108–358, § 2(b)(2), added subpar. (C). 1984—Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 98–473, § 509(a), added par. (3). Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 98–473, § 508, added subsec. (h). 1978—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–633 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added pars. (2) to (5).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name “Secretary of Health and Human Services” substituted for “Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare” in subsec. (d)(2), (3), (4)(A), (B), (5) pursuant to section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96–88 which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education.
Effective Date of 2004 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 108–358 effective 90 days after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 2(d) of Pub. L. 108–358, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–633 effective on date the Convention on Psychotropic Substances enters into force in the United States [July 15, 1980], see section 112 of Pub. L. 95–633, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801a of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 813 - Treatment of controlled substance analogues
## Text
(a) In general A controlled substance analogue shall, to the extent intended for human consumption, be treated, for the purposes of any Federal law as a controlled substance in schedule I.
(b) Determination In determining whether a controlled substance analogue was intended for human consumption under subsection (a), the following factors may be considered, along with any other relevant factors:
(1) The marketing, advertising, and labeling of the substance.
(2) The known efficacy or usefulness of the substance for the marketed, advertised, or labeled purpose.
(3) The difference between the price at which the substance is sold and the price at which the substance it is purported to be or advertised as is normally sold.
(4) The diversion of the substance from legitimate channels and the clandestine importation, manufacture, or distribution of the substance.
(5) Whether the defendant knew or should have known the substance was intended to be consumed by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or any other immediate means.
(6) Any controlled substance analogue that is manufactured, formulated, sold, distributed, or marketed with the intent to avoid the provisions of existing drug laws.
(c) Limitation For purposes of this section, evidence that a substance was not marketed, advertised, or labeled for human consumption, by itself, shall not be sufficient to establish that the substance was not intended for human consumption.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 203, as added Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1202, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–13; amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6470(c), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3241, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3950.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedule I, referred to in subsec. (a), is set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–271 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsecs. (b) and (c). 1988—Pub. L. 100–690 substituted “any Federal law” for “this subchapter and subchapter II of this chapter”.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 814 - Removal of exemption of certain drugs
## Text
(a) Removal of exemption The Attorney General shall by regulation remove from exemption under section 802(39)(A)(iv) of this title a drug or group of drugs that the Attorney General finds is being diverted to obtain a listed chemical for use in the illicit production of a controlled substance.
(b) Factors to be considered In removing a drug or group of drugs from exemption under subsection (a), the Attorney General shall consider, with respect to a drug or group of drugs that is proposed to be removed from exemption—
(1) the scope, duration, and significance of the diversion;
(2) whether the drug or group of drugs is formulated in such a way that it cannot be easily used in the illicit production of a controlled substance; and
(3) whether the listed chemical can be readily recovered from the drug or group of drugs.
(c) Specificity of designation The Attorney General shall limit the designation of a drug or a group of drugs removed from exemption under subsection (a) to the most particularly identifiable type of drug or group of drugs for which evidence of diversion exists unless there is evidence, based on the pattern of diversion and other relevant factors, that the diversion will not be limited to that particular drug or group of drugs.
(d) Reinstatement of exemption with respect to particular drug products (1) Reinstatement On application by a manufacturer of a particular drug product that has been removed from exemption under subsection (a), the Attorney General shall by regulation reinstate the exemption with respect to that particular drug product if the Attorney General determines that the particular drug product is manufactured and distributed in a manner that prevents diversion.
(2) Factors to be considered In deciding whether to reinstate the exemption with respect to a particular drug product under paragraph (1), the Attorney General shall consider—
(A) the package sizes and manner of packaging of the drug product;
(B) the manner of distribution and advertising of the drug product;
(C) evidence of diversion of the drug product;
(D) any actions taken by the manufacturer to prevent diversion of the drug product; and
(E) such other factors as are relevant to and consistent with the public health and safety, including the factors described in subsection (b) as applied to the drug product.
(3) Status pending application for reinstatement A transaction involving a particular drug product that is the subject of a bona fide pending application for reinstatement of exemption filed with the Attorney General not later than 60 days after a regulation removing the exemption is issued pursuant to subsection (a) shall not be considered to be a regulated transaction if the transaction occurs during the pendency of the application and, if the Attorney General denies the application, during the period of 60 days following the date on which the Attorney General denies the application, unless—
(A) the Attorney General has evidence that, applying the factors described in subsection (b) to the drug product, the drug product is being diverted; and
(B) the Attorney General so notifies the applicant.
(4) Amendment and modification A regulation reinstating an exemption under paragraph (1) may be modified or revoked with respect to a particular drug product upon a finding that—
(A) applying the factors described in subsection (b) to the drug product, the drug product is being diverted; or
(B) there is a significant change in the data that led to the issuance of the regulation.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 204, as added Pub. L. 103–200, § 2(b)(1), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2334; amended Pub. L. 104–237, title IV, § 401(c), Oct. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 3108; Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 712(a)(2), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 263.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments2006—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–177 struck out subsec. (e). Text read as follows: “Pursuant to subsection (d)(1) of this section, the Attorney General shall by regulation reinstate the exemption with respect to a particular ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine drug product if the Attorney General determines that the drug product is manufactured and distributed in a manner that prevents diversion. In making this determination the Attorney General shall consider the factors listed in subsection (d)(2) of this section. Any regulation issued pursuant to this subsection may be amended or revoked based on the factors listed in subsection (d)(4) of this section.” 1996—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–237 added subsec. (e).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–237 not applicable to sale of any pseudoephedrine or phenylpropanolamine product prior to 12 months after Oct. 3, 1996, except that, on application of manufacturer of particular drug product, Attorney General may exercise sole and judicially unreviewable discretion to extend such effective date up to additional 6 months, see section 401(g) of Pub. L. 104–237, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on date that is 120 days after Dec. 17, 1993, see section 11 of Pub. L. 103–200, set out as an Effective Date of 1993 Amendment note under section 802 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 821 - Rules and regulations
## Text
The Attorney General is authorized to promulgate rules and regulations and to charge reasonable fees relating to the registration and control of the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of controlled substances and to listed chemicals.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 301, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1253; Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(a), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2336; Pub. L. 108–447, div. B, title VI, § 633(b), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2922.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments2004—Pub. L. 108–447 substituted “listed chemicals” for “the registration and control of regulated persons and of regulated transactions”. 1993—Pub. L. 103–200 inserted before period at end “and to the registration and control of regulated persons and of regulated transactions”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1993 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–200 effective on date that is 120 days after Dec. 17, 1993, see section 11 of Pub. L. 103–200, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 822 - Persons required to register
## Text
(a) Period of registration (1) Every person who manufactures or distributes any controlled substance or list I chemical, or who proposes to engage in the manufacture or distribution of any controlled substance or list I chemical, shall obtain annually a registration issued by the Attorney General in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by him.
(2) Every person who dispenses, or who proposes to dispense, any controlled substance, shall obtain from the Attorney General a registration issued in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by him. The Attorney General shall, by regulation, determine the period of such registrations. In no event, however, shall such registrations be issued for less than one year nor for more than three years.
(3) (A) Except as provided in subparagraph (C), the registration of any registrant under this subchapter to manufacture, distribute, or dispense controlled substances or list I chemicals terminates if and when such registrant—
(i) dies;
(ii) ceases legal existence;
(iii) discontinues business or professional practice; or
(iv) surrenders such registration.
(B) In the case of such a registrant who ceases legal existence or discontinues business or professional practice, such registrant shall promptly notify the Attorney General in writing of such fact.
(C) No registration under this subchapter to manufacture, distribute, or dispense controlled substances or list I chemicals, and no authority conferred thereby, may be assigned or otherwise transferred except upon such conditions as the Attorney General may specify and then only pursuant to written consent. A registrant to whom a registration is assigned or transferred pursuant to the preceding sentence may not manufacture, distribute, or dispense controlled substances or list I chemicals pursuant to such registration until the Attorney General receives such written consent.
(D) In the case of a registrant under this subchapter to manufacture, distribute, or dispense controlled substances or list I chemicals desiring to discontinue business or professional practice altogether or with respect to controlled substances and list I chemicals (without assigning or transferring such business or professional practice to another entity), such registrant shall return to the Attorney General for cancellation—
(i) the registrant’s certificate of registration;
(ii) any unexecuted order forms in the registrant’s possession; and
(iii) any other documentation that the Attorney General may require.
(b) Authorized activities Persons registered by the Attorney General under this subchapter to manufacture, distribute, or dispense controlled substances or list I chemicals are authorized to possess, manufacture, distribute, or dispense such substances or chemicals (including any such activity in the conduct of research) to the extent authorized by their registration and in conformity with the other provisions of this subchapter.
(c) Exceptions The following persons shall not be required to register and may lawfully possess any controlled substance or list I chemical under this subchapter:
(1) An agent or employee of any registered manufacturer, distributor, or dispenser of any controlled substance or list I chemical if such agent or employee is acting in the usual course of his business or employment.
(2) A common or contract carrier or warehouseman, or an employee thereof, whose possession of the controlled substance or list I chemical is in the usual course of his business or employment.
(3) An ultimate user who possesses such substance for a purpose specified in section 802(27) of this title.
(4) An agent or employee of a research institution that is conducting research with a controlled substance if—
(A) the agent or employee is acting within the scope of the professional practice of the agent or employee;
(B) another agent or employee of the institution is registered to conduct research with a controlled substance in the same schedule;
(C) the researcher who is so registered—
(i) informs the Attorney General of the name, position title, and employing institution of the agent or employee who is not separately registered;
(ii) authorizes that agent or employee to perform research under the registration of the registered researcher; and
(iii) affirms that any act taken by that agent or employee involving a controlled substance shall be attributable to the registered researcher, as if the researcher had directly committed the act, for purposes of any proceeding under section 824(a) of this title to suspend or revoke the registration of the registered researcher; and
(D) the Attorney General does not, within 30 days of receiving the information, authorization, and affirmation described in subparagraph (C), refuse, for a reason listed in section 824(a) of this title, to allow the agent or employee to possess the substance without a separate registration.
(d) Waiver The Attorney General may, by regulation, waive the requirement for registration of certain manufacturers, distributors, or dispensers if he finds it consistent with the public health and safety.
(e) Separate registration (1) A separate registration shall be required at each principal place of business or professional practice where the applicant manufactures, distributes, or dispenses controlled substances or list I chemicals.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), a registrant who is a veterinarian shall not be required to have a separate registration in order to transport and dispense controlled substances in the usual course of veterinary practice at a site other than the registrant’s registered principal place of business or professional practice, so long as the site of transporting and dispensing is located in a State where the veterinarian is licensed to practice veterinary medicine and is not a principal place of business or professional practice.
(3) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), a registrant that is dispensing pursuant to section 823(h) of this title narcotic drugs to individuals for maintenance treatment or detoxification treatment shall not be required to have a separate registration to incorporate one or more mobile medication units into the registrant’s practice to dispense such narcotics at locations other than the registrant’s principal place of business or professional practice described in paragraph (1), so long as the registrant meets such standards for operation of a mobile medication unit as the Attorney General may establish.
(4) (A) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), a person registered to conduct research with a controlled substance under section 823(g) of this title may conduct the research under a single registration if—
(i) the research occurs exclusively on sites all of which are—
(I) within the same city or county; and
(II) under the control of the same institution, organization, or agency; and
(ii) before commencing the research, the researcher notifies the Attorney General of each site where—
(I) the research will be conducted; or
(II) the controlled substance will be stored or administered.
(B) A site described in subparagraph (A) shall be included in a registration described in that subparagraph only if the researcher has notified the Attorney General of the site—
(i) in the application for the registration; or
(ii) before the research is conducted, or before the controlled substance is stored or administered, at the site.
(C) The Attorney General may, in consultation with the Secretary, issue regulations addressing, with respect to research sites described in subparagraph (A)—
(i) the manner in which controlled substances may be delivered to the research sites;
(ii) the storage and security of controlled substances at the research sites;
(iii) the maintenance of records for the research sites; and
(iv) any other matters necessary to ensure effective controls against diversion at the research sites.
(f) Inspection (1) The Attorney General is authorized to inspect the establishment of a registrant or applicant for registration in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by him.
(2) (A) If a person is registered to conduct research with a controlled substance and applies for a registration, or for a modification of a registration, to conduct research with a second controlled substance that is in the same schedule as the first controlled substance, or is in a schedule with a higher numerical designation than the schedule of the first controlled substance, a new inspection by the Attorney General of the registered location is not required.
(B) Nothing in subparagraph (A) shall prohibit the Attorney General from conducting an inspection that the Attorney General determines necessary to ensure that a registrant maintains effective controls against diversion.
(g) Delivery of controlled substances by ultimate users for disposal (1) An ultimate user who has lawfully obtained a controlled substance in accordance with this subchapter may, without being registered, deliver the controlled substance to another person for the purpose of disposal of the controlled substance if—
(A) the person receiving the controlled substance is authorized under this subchapter to engage in such activity; and
(B) the disposal takes place in accordance with regulations issued by the Attorney General to prevent diversion of controlled substances.
(2) In developing regulations under this subsection, the Attorney General shall take into consideration the public health and safety, as well as the ease and cost of program implementation and participation by various communities. Such regulations may not require any entity to establish or operate a delivery or disposal program.
(3) The Attorney General may, by regulation, authorize long-term care facilities, as defined by the Attorney General by regulation, to dispose of controlled substances on behalf of ultimate users who reside, or have resided, at such long-term care facilities in a manner that the Attorney General determines will provide effective controls against diversion and be consistent with the public health and safety.
(4) If a person dies while lawfully in possession of a controlled substance for personal use, any person lawfully entitled to dispose of the decedent’s property may deliver the controlled substance to another person for the purpose of disposal under the same conditions as provided in paragraph (1) for an ultimate user.
(5) (A) In the case of a person receiving hospice care, an employee of a qualified hospice program, acting within the scope of employment, may handle, without being registered under this section, any controlled substance that was lawfully dispensed to the person receiving hospice care, for the purpose of disposal of the controlled substance so long as such disposal occurs onsite in accordance with all applicable Federal, State, Tribal, and local law and—
(i) the disposal occurs after the death of a person receiving hospice care;
(ii) the controlled substance is expired; or
(iii) (I) the employee is—
(aa) the physician of the person receiving hospice care; and
(bb) registered under section 823(g) of this title; and
(II) the hospice patient no longer requires the controlled substance because the plan of care of the hospice patient has been modified.
(B) For the purposes of this paragraph:
(i) The terms “hospice care” and “hospice program” have the meanings given to those terms in section 1395x(dd) of title 42.
(ii) The term “employee of a qualified hospice program” means a physician, physician assistant, nurse, or other person who—
(I) is employed by, or pursuant to arrangements made by, a qualified hospice program;
(II) (aa) is licensed to perform medical or nursing services by the jurisdiction in which the person receiving hospice care was located; and
(bb) is acting within the scope of such employment in accordance with applicable State law; and
(III) has completed training through the qualified hospice program regarding the disposal of controlled substances in a secure and responsible manner so as to discourage abuse, misuse, or diversion.
(iii) The term “qualified hospice program” means a hospice program that—
(I) has written policies and procedures for assisting in the disposal of the controlled substances of a person receiving hospice care after the person’s death;
(II) at the time when the controlled substances are first ordered—
(aa) provides a copy of the written policies and procedures to the patient or patient representative and family;
(bb) discusses the policies and procedures with the patient or representative and the family in a language and manner that they understand to ensure that these parties are educated regarding the safe disposal of controlled substances; and
(cc) documents in the patient’s clinical record that the written policies and procedures were provided and discussed; and
(III) at the time following the disposal of the controlled substances—
(aa) documents in the patient’s clinical record the type of controlled substance, dosage, route of administration, and quantity so disposed; and
(bb) the time, date, and manner in which that disposal occurred.
(h) Continuation of research on substances newly added to schedule I If a person is conducting research on a substance when the substance is added to schedule I, and the person is already registered to conduct research with a controlled substance in schedule I—
(1) not later than 90 days after the scheduling of the newly scheduled substance, the person shall submit a completed application for registration or modification of existing registration, to conduct research on the substance, in accordance with regulations issued by the Attorney General for purposes of this paragraph;
(2) the person may, notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b), continue to conduct the research on the substance until—
(A) the person withdraws the application described in paragraph (1) of this subsection; or
(B) the Attorney General serves on the person an order to show cause proposing the denial of the application under section 824(c) of this title;
(3) if the Attorney General serves an order to show cause as described in paragraph (2)(B) and the person requests a hearing, the hearing shall be held on an expedited basis and not later than 45 days after the request is made, except that the hearing may be held at a later time if so requested by the person; and
(4) if the person sends a copy of the application described in paragraph (1) to a manufacturer or distributor of the substance, receipt of the copy by the manufacturer or distributor shall constitute sufficient evidence that the person is authorized to receive the substance.
(i) Treatment of certain manufacturing activities as coincident to research (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (3), a person who is registered to perform research on a controlled substance may perform manufacturing activities with small quantities of that substance, including activities described in paragraph (2), without being required to obtain a manufacturing registration, if—
(A) the activities are performed for the purpose of the research; and
(B) the activities and the quantities of the substance involved in the activities are stated in—
(i) a notification submitted to the Attorney General under section 823(n) of this title;
(ii) a research protocol filed with an application for registration approval under section 823(g) of this title; or
(iii) a notification to the Attorney General that includes—
(I) the name of the registrant; and
(II) an attestation that the research to be conducted with the small quantities of manufactured substance is consistent with the scope of the research that is the basis for the registration.
(2) Activities included Activities permitted under paragraph (1) include—
(A) processing the substance to create extracts, tinctures, oils, solutions, derivatives, or other forms of the substance consistent with—
(i) the information provided as part of a notification submitted to the Attorney General under section 823(n) of this title; or
(ii) a research protocol filed with an application for registration approval under section 823(g) of this title; and
(B) dosage form development studies performed for the purpose of requesting an investigational new drug exemption under section 355(i) of this title.
(3) Exception regarding marihuana The authority under paragraph (1) to manufacture substances does not include the authority to grow marihuana.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 302, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1253; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 510, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2072; Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(b), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2336; Pub. L. 111–273, § 3(a), Oct. 12, 2010, 124 Stat. 2859; Pub. L. 113–143, § 2, Aug. 1, 2014, 128 Stat. 1750; Pub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3222(a), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3948; Pub. L. 117–53, § 2, Nov. 10, 2021, 135 Stat. 411; Pub. L. 117–215, title I, § 103(b)(1)(B), Dec. 2, 2022, 136 Stat. 2263; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title I, § 1252(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5681; Pub. L. 119–26, §§ 3(b)—(f), 4(1), July 16, 2025, 139 Stat. 413–416.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(3), (b), (c), and (g)(1), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, and is popularly known as the “Controlled Substances Act”. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see second paragraph of Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables.
Amendments2025—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 119–26, § 3(b)(2), substituted “section 802(27)” for “section 802(25)”. Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 119–26, § 3(b)(1), added par. (4). Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 119–26, § 4(1), amended Pub. L. 117–328, § 1252(a). See 2022 Amendment note below. Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 119–26, § 3(c), added par. (4). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 119–26, § 3(d), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 119–26, § 3(e), added subsec. (h). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 119–26, § 3(f), added subsec. (i). 2022—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 117–328, § 1252(a), as amended by Pub. L. 119–26, § 4(1), added par. (3). Subsec. (g)(5)(A)(iii)(I)(bb). Pub. L. 117–215 substituted “823(g)” for “823(f)”. 2021—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 117–53 added par. (3). 2018—Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 115–271 added par. (5). 2014—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 113–143 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). 2010—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–273 added subsec. (g). 1993—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(b)(1), inserted “or list I chemical” after “controlled substance” in two places. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(b)(2), inserted “or list I chemicals” after “controlled substances” and “or chemicals” after “such substances”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(b)(3), inserted “or list I chemical” after “controlled substance” wherever appearing. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(b)(4), inserted “or list I chemicals” after “controlled substances”. 1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–473 designated existing provisions as par. (1), struck out provisions relating to dispensing controlled substances, and added par. (2).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2025 AmendmentPub. L. 119–26, § 4, July 16, 2025, 139 Stat. 416, provided that the amendment made by section 4(1) is effective as if included in the enactment of Pub. L. 117–328.
Effective Date of 1993 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–200 effective on the date that is 120 days after Dec. 17, 1993, see section 11 of Pub. L. 103–200, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
Rule of Construction Relating to State and Local LawPub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3222(c), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3949, provided that: “Nothing in this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note below] or the amendments made by this section shall be construed to prevent a State or local government from imposing additional controls or restrictions relating to the regulation of the disposal of controlled substances in hospice care or hospice programs.”
GuidancePub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3222(b), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3949, provided that: “The Attorney General may issue guidance to hospice programs (as defined in paragraph (5) of section 302(g) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 822(g)), as added by subsection (a)) to assist the programs in satisfying the requirements under such paragraph (5).”
FindingsPub. L. 111–273, § 2, Oct. 12, 2010, 124 Stat. 2858, provided that: “Congress finds the following: “(1) The nonmedical use of prescription drugs is a growing problem in the United States, particularly among teenagers. “(2) According to the Department of Justice’s 2009 National Prescription Drug Threat Assessment—“(A) the number of deaths and treatment admissions for controlled prescription drugs (CPDs) has increased significantly in recent years; “(B) unintentional overdose deaths involving prescription opioids, for example, increased 114 percent from 2001 to 2005, and the number of treatment admissions for prescription opioids increased 74 percent from 2002 to 2006; and “(C) violent crime and property crime associated with abuse and diversion of CPDs has increased in all regions of the United States over the past 5 years. “(3) According to the Office of National Drug Control Policy’s 2008 Report ‘Prescription for Danger’, prescription drug abuse is especially on the rise for teens—“(A) one-third of all new abusers of prescription drugs in 2006 were 12- to 17-year-olds; “(B) teens abuse prescription drugs more than any illicit drug except marijuana—more than cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine combined; and “(C) responsible adults are in a unique position to reduce teen access to prescription drugs because the drugs often are found in the home. “(4)(A) Many State and local law enforcement agencies have established drug disposal programs (often called ‘take-back’ programs) to facilitate the collection and destruction of unused, unwanted, or expired medications. These programs help get outdated or unused medications off household shelves and out of the reach of children and teenagers. “(B) However, take-back programs often cannot dispose of the most dangerous pharmaceutical drugs—controlled substance medications—because Federal law does not permit take-back programs to accept controlled substances unless they get specific permission from the Drug Enforcement Administration and arrange for full-time law enforcement officers to receive the controlled substances directly from the member of the public who seeks to dispose of them. “(C) Individuals seeking to reduce the amount of unwanted controlled substances in their household consequently have few disposal options beyond discarding or flushing the substances, which may not be appropriate means of disposing of the substances. Drug take-back programs are also a convenient and effective means for individuals in various communities to reduce the introduction of some potentially harmful substances into the environment, particularly into water. “(D) Long-term care facilities face a distinct set of obstacles to the safe disposal of controlled substances due to the increased volume of controlled substances they handle. “(5) This Act [see Short Title of 2010 Amendment note set out under section 801 of this title] gives the Attorney General authority to promulgate new regulations, within the framework of the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.], that will allow patients to deliver unused pharmaceutical controlled substances to appropriate entities for disposal in a safe and effective manner consistent with effective controls against diversion. “(6) The goal of this Act is to encourage the Attorney General to set controlled substance diversion prevention parameters that will allow public and private entities to develop a variety of methods of collection and disposal of controlled substances, including some pharmaceuticals, in a secure, convenient, and responsible manner. This will also serve to reduce instances of diversion and introduction of some potentially harmful substances into the environment.”
Provisional RegistrationPub. L. 91–513, title II, § 703, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1283, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: “(a)(1) Any person who—“(A) is engaged in manufacturing, distributing, or dispensing any controlled substance on the day before the effective date of section 302 [this section], and “(B) is registered on such day under section 510 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [section 360 of this title] or under section 4722 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954, section 4722 of Title 26], shall, with respect to each establishment for which such registration is in effect under any such section, be deemed to have a provisional registration under section 303 [section 823 of this title] for the manufacture, distribution, or dispensing (as the case may be) of controlled substances. “(2) During the period his provisional registration is in effect under this section, the registration number assigned such person under such section 510 [section 360 of this title] or under such section 4722 [section 4722 of Title 26] (as the case may be) shall be his registration number for purposes of section 303 of this title [section 823 of this title]. “(b) The provisions of section 304 [section 824 of this title], relating to suspension and revocation of registration, shall apply to a provisional registration under this section. “(c) Unless sooner suspended or revoked under subsection (b), a provisional registration of a person under subsection (a)(1) of this section shall be in effect until—“(1) the date on which such person has registered with the Attorney General under section 303 [section 823 of this title] or has had his registration denied under such section, or “(2) such date as may be prescribed by the Attorney General for registration of manufacturers, distributors, or dispensers, as the case may be, whichever occurs first.”
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# 21 U.S.C. § 822a - Prescription drug take back expansion
## Text
(a) Definition of covered entity In this section, the term “covered entity” means—
(1) a State, local, or tribal law enforcement agency;
(2) a manufacturer, distributor, or reverse distributor of prescription medications;
(3) a retail pharmacy;
(4) a registered narcotic treatment program;
(5) a hospital or clinic with an onsite pharmacy;
(6) an eligible long-term care facility; or
(7) any other entity authorized by the Drug Enforcement Administration to dispose of prescription medications.
(b) Program authorized The Attorney General, in coordination with the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, shall coordinate with covered entities in expanding or making available disposal sites for unwanted prescription medications.
(Pub. L. 114–198, title II, § 203, July 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 717.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was enacted as part of the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016, and not as part of the Controlled Substances Act which comprises this subchapter.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Guidance on At-Home Drug Disposal SystemsPub. L. 119–44, title I, § 111, Dec. 1, 2025, 139 Stat. 678, provided that: “(a) In General.—Not later than one year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 1, 2025], the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in consultation with the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, shall publish guidance to facilitate the use of at-home safe disposal systems for applicable drugs. “(b) Contents.—The guidance under subsection (a) shall include—“(1) recommended standards for effective at-home drug disposal systems to meet applicable requirements enforced by the Food and Drug Administration; “(2) recommended information to include as instructions for use to disseminate with at-home drug disposal systems; “(3) best practices and educational tools to support the use of an at-home drug disposal system, as appropriate; and “(4) recommended use of licensed health providers for the dissemination of education, instruction, and at-home drug disposal systems, as appropriate.”
Access to Increased Drug DisposalPub. L. 115–271, title III, subtitle B, ch. 6, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3950, provided that: “SEC. 3251. SHORT TITLE.“This chapter may be cited as the ‘Access to Increased Drug Disposal Act of 2018’. “SEC. 3252. DEFINITIONS.“In this chapter—“(1) the term ‘Attorney General’ means the Attorney General, acting through the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Justice Programs; “(2) the term ‘authorized collector’ means a narcotic treatment program, a hospital or clinic with an on-site pharmacy, a retail pharmacy, or a reverse distributor, that is authorized as a collector under section 1317.40 of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (or any successor regulation); “(3) the term ‘covered grant’ means a grant awarded under section 3003 [probably means section 3253; no section 3003 of Pub. L. 115–271 has been enacted]; and “(4) the term ‘eligible collector’ means a person who is eligible to be an authorized collector. “SEC. 3253. AUTHORITY TO MAKE GRANTS.“The Attorney General shall award grants to States to enable the States to increase the participation of eligible collectors as authorized collectors. “SEC. 3254. APPLICATION.“A State desiring a covered grant shall submit to the Attorney General an application that, at a minimum—“(1) identifies the single State agency that oversees pharmaceutical care and will be responsible for complying with the requirements of the grant; “(2) details a plan to increase participation rates of eligible collectors as authorized collectors; and “(3) describes how the State will select eligible collectors to be served under the grant. “SEC. 3255. USE OF GRANT FUNDS.“A State that receives a covered grant, and any subrecipient of the grant, may use the grant amounts only for the costs of installation, maintenance, training, purchasing, and disposal of controlled substances associated with the participation of eligible collectors as authorized collectors. “SEC. 3256. ELIGIBILITY FOR GRANT.“The Attorney General shall award a covered grant to 5 States, not less than 3 of which shall be States in the lowest quartile of States based on the participation rate of eligible collectors as authorized collectors, as determined by the Attorney General. “SEC. 3257. DURATION OF GRANTS.“The Attorney General shall determine the period of years for which a covered grant is made to a State. “SEC. 3258. ACCOUNTABILITY AND OVERSIGHT.“A State that receives a covered grant shall submit to the Attorney General a report, at such time and in such manner as the Attorney General may reasonably require, that—“(1) lists the ultimate recipients of the grant amounts; “(2) describes the activities undertaken by the State using the grant amounts; and “(3) contains performance measures relating to the effectiveness of the grant, including changes in the participation rate of eligible collectors as authorized collectors. “SEC. 3259. DURATION OF PROGRAM.“The Attorney General may award covered grants for each of the first 5 fiscal years beginning after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 24, 2018]. “SEC. 3260. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.“There is authorized to be appropriated to the Attorney General such sums as may be necessary to carry out this chapter.”
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# 21 U.S.C. § 824 - Denial, revocation, or suspension of registration
## Text
(a) Grounds A registration pursuant to section 823 of this title to manufacture, distribute, or dispense a controlled substance or a list I chemical may be suspended or revoked by the Attorney General upon a finding that the registrant—
(1) has materially falsified any application filed pursuant to or required by this subchapter or subchapter II;
(2) has been convicted of a felony under this subchapter or subchapter II or any other law of the United States, or of any State, relating to any substance defined in this subchapter as a controlled substance or a list I chemical;
(3) has had his State license or registration suspended, revoked, or denied by competent State authority and is no longer authorized by State law to engage in the manufacturing, distribution, or dispensing of controlled substances or list I chemicals or has had the suspension, revocation, or denial of his registration recommended by competent State authority;
(4) has committed such acts as would render his registration under section 823 of this title inconsistent with the public interest as determined under such section; or
(5) has been excluded (or directed to be excluded) from participation in a program pursuant to section 1320a–7(a) of title 42.
A registration pursuant to section 823(h) of this title to dispense a narcotic drug for maintenance treatment or detoxification treatment may be suspended or revoked by the Attorney General upon a finding that the registrant has failed to comply with any standard referred to in section 823(h) of this title.
(b) Limits of revocation or suspension The Attorney General may limit revocation or suspension of a registration to the particular controlled substance or list I chemical with respect to which grounds for revocation or suspension exist.
(c) Service of show cause order; proceedings (1) Before taking action pursuant to this section, or pursuant to a denial of registration under section 823 of this title, the Attorney General shall serve upon the applicant or registrant an order to show cause why registration should not be denied, revoked, or suspended.
(2) An order to show cause under paragraph (1) shall—
(A) contain a statement of the basis for the denial, revocation, or suspension, including specific citations to any laws or regulations alleged to be violated by the applicant or registrant;
(B) direct the applicant or registrant to appear before the Attorney General at a time and place stated in the order, but not less than 30 days after the date of receipt of the order; and
(C) notify the applicant or registrant of the opportunity to submit a corrective action plan on or before the date of appearance.
(3) Upon review of any corrective action plan submitted by an applicant or registrant pursuant to paragraph (2), the Attorney General shall determine whether denial, revocation, or suspension proceedings should be discontinued, or deferred for the purposes of modification, amendment, or clarification to such plan.
(4) Proceedings to deny, revoke, or suspend shall be conducted pursuant to this section in accordance with subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5. Such proceedings shall be independent of, and not in lieu of, criminal prosecutions or other proceedings under this subchapter or any other law of the United States.
(5) The requirements of this subsection shall not apply to the issuance of an immediate suspension order under subsection (d).
(d) Suspension of registration in cases of imminent danger (1) The Attorney General may, in his discretion, suspend any registration simultaneously with the institution of proceedings under this section, in cases where he finds that there is an imminent danger to the public health or safety. A failure to comply with a standard referred to in section 823(h) of this title may be treated under this subsection as grounds for immediate suspension of a registration granted under such section. A suspension under this subsection shall continue in effect until the conclusion of such proceedings, including judicial review thereof, unless sooner withdrawn by the Attorney General or dissolved by a court of competent jurisdiction.
(2) In this subsection, the phrase “imminent danger to the public health or safety” means that, due to the failure of the registrant to maintain effective controls against diversion or otherwise comply with the obligations of a registrant under this subchapter or subchapter II, there is a substantial likelihood of an immediate threat that death, serious bodily harm, or abuse of a controlled substance will occur in the absence of an immediate suspension of the registration.
(e) Suspension and revocation of quotas The suspension or revocation of a registration under this section shall operate to suspend or revoke any quota applicable under section 826 of this title.
(f) Disposition of controlled substances or list I chemicals In the event the Attorney General suspends or revokes a registration granted under section 823 of this title, all controlled substances or list I chemicals owned or possessed by the registrant pursuant to such registration at the time of suspension or the effective date of the revocation order, as the case may be, may, in the discretion of the Attorney General, be placed under seal. No disposition may be made of any controlled substances or list I chemicals under seal until the time for taking an appeal has elapsed or until all appeals have been concluded except that a court, upon application therefor, may at any time order the sale of perishable controlled substances or list I chemicals. Any such order shall require the deposit of the proceeds of the sale with the court. Upon a revocation order becoming final, all such controlled substances or list I chemicals (or proceeds of sale deposited in court) shall be forfeited to the United States; and the Attorney General shall dispose of such controlled substances or list I chemicals in accordance with section 881(e) of this title. All right, title, and interest in such controlled substances or list I chemicals shall vest in the United States upon a revocation order becoming final.
(g) Seizure or placement under seal of controlled substances or list I chemicals The Attorney General may, in his discretion, seize or place under seal any controlled substances or list I chemicals owned or possessed by a registrant whose registration has expired or who has ceased to practice or do business in the manner contemplated by his registration. Such controlled substances or list I chemicals shall be held for the benefit of the registrant, or his successor in interest. The Attorney General shall notify a registrant, or his successor in interest, who has any controlled substance or list I chemical seized or placed under seal of the procedures to be followed to secure the return of the controlled substance or list I chemical and the conditions under which it will be returned. The Attorney General may not dispose of any controlled substance or list I chemical seized or placed under seal under this subsection until the expiration of one hundred and eighty days from the date such substance or chemical was seized or placed under seal.
(h) Order to prohibit registration based on prior history The Attorney General may issue an order to prohibit, conditionally or unconditionally, and permanently or for such period as the Attorney General may determine, any person from being registered under this subchapter to manufacture, distribute, or dispense a controlled substance or a list I chemical, if the Attorney General finds that—
(1) such person meets or has met any of the conditions for suspension or revocation of registration under subsection (a); and
(2) such person has a history of prior suspensions or revocations of registration.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 304, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1255; Pub. L. 93–281, § 4, May 14, 1974, 88 Stat. 125; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 304, 512, 513, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2050, 2073; Pub. L. 100–93, § 8(j), Aug. 18, 1987, 101 Stat. 695; Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(d), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2337; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330024(e), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2151; Pub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXV, § 3502(b), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1227; Pub. L. 114–145, § 2(a)(2), (b), Apr. 19, 2016, 130 Stat. 354; Pub. L. 117–36, § 2, Aug. 6, 2021, 135 Stat. 328; Pub. L. 117–215, title I, § 103(b)(1)(C), Dec. 2, 2022, 136 Stat. 2263; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title I, § 1262(b)(1), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5682; Pub. L. 119–26, § 4(2)(B)(i), (ii), July 16, 2025, 139 Stat. 416.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (2), (c)(4), (d)(2), and (h), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, and is popularly known as the “Controlled Substances Act”. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see second paragraph of Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. Subchapter II, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (2) and (d)(2), was in the original “title III”, meaning title III of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1285. Part A of title III comprises subchapter II of this chapter. For classification of Part B, consisting of sections 1101 to 1105 of title III, see Tables.
Amendments2025—Subsecs. (a), (d)(1). Pub. L. 119–26, § 4(2)(B)(i), (ii), amended Pub. L. 117–328, § 1262(b)(1). See 2022 Amendment notes below. 2022—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–328, § 1262(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 119–26, § 4(2)(B)(i), (ii), in concluding provisions, substituted “823(h)” for “823(h)(1)” in two places. Pub. L. 117–215, in concluding provisions, substituted “823(h)(1)” for “823(g)(1)” in two places. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 117–328, § 1262(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 119–26, § 4(2)(B)(i), (ii), substituted “823(h)” for “823(h)(1)”. Pub. L. 117–215 substituted “823(h)(1)” for “823(g)(1)”. 2021—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 117–36 added subsec. (h). 2016—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–145, § 2(b), struck out “The order to show cause shall contain a statement of the basis thereof and shall call upon the applicant or registrant to appear before the Attorney General at a time and place stated in the order, but in no event less than thirty days after the date of receipt of the order. Proceedings to deny, revoke, or suspend shall be conducted pursuant to this section in accordance with subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5. Such proceedings shall be independent of, and not in lieu of, criminal prosecutions or other proceedings under this subchapter or any other law of the United States.” after “denied, revoked, or suspended.”, designated existing provisions as par. (1), and added pars. (2) to (5). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–145, § 2(a)(2), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). 2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–310, § 3502(b)(1), substituted “section 823(g)(1) of this title” for “section 823(g) of this title” in two places in concluding provisions. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–310, § 3502(b)(2), substituted “section 823(g)(1) of this title” for “section 823(g) of this title”. 1994—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–322 inserted “or chemical” after “such substance” in last sentence. 1993—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(d)(1), inserted “or a list I chemical” after “controlled substance” in introductory provisions and par. (2) and inserted “or list I chemicals” after “controlled substances” in par. (3). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(d)(2), inserted “or list I chemical” after “controlled substance”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(d)(3), inserted “or list I chemicals” after “controlled substances” wherever appearing. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(d)(4), inserted “or list I chemicals” after “controlled substances” in two places and “or list I chemical” after “controlled substance” wherever appearing. 1987—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 100–93 added par. (5). 1984—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–473, § 512(1), inserted provisions relating to suspension, etc., recommended by competent State authority. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 98–473, § 512(2), added par. (4). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–473, § 304, inserted provisions relating to vesting of right, title, and interest in the United States. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–473, § 513, added subsec. (g). 1974—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–281, § 4(a), provided for revocation or suspension of a registration pursuant to section 823(g) of this title for failure of a registrant to comply with standards referred to in such section 823(g). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 93–281, § 4(b), substituted “A suspension under this subsection” for “Such suspension” in third sentence.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2025 AmendmentPub. L. 119–26, § 4, July 16, 2025, 139 Stat. 416, provided that the amendment made by section 4(2)(B)(i), (ii) is effective as if included in the enactment of Pub. L. 117–328.
Effective Date of 1994 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–322 effective 120 days after Dec. 17, 1993, see section 330024(f) of Pub. L. 103–322, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date of 1993 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–200 effective on date that is 120 days after Dec. 17, 1993, see section 11 of Pub. L. 103–200, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date of 1987 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–93 effective at end of fourteen-day period beginning Aug. 18, 1987, and inapplicable to administrative proceedings commenced before end of such period, see section 15(a) of Pub. L. 100–93, set out as a note under section 1320a–7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
Provisional RegistrationApplicability of this section to provisional registrations, see section 703 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 822 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-21/chapter-13/section-825.md
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# 21 U.S.C. § 825 - Labeling and packaging
## Text
(a) Symbol It shall be unlawful to distribute a controlled substance in a commercial container unless such container, when and as required by regulations of the Attorney General, bears a label (as defined in section 321(k) of this title) containing an identifying symbol for such substance in accordance with such regulations. A different symbol shall be required for each schedule of controlled substances.
(b) Unlawful distribution without identifying symbol It shall be unlawful for the manufacturer of any controlled substance to distribute such substance unless the labeling (as defined in section 321(m) of this title) of such substance contains, when and as required by regulations of the Attorney General, the identifying symbol required under subsection (a).
(c) Warning on label The Secretary shall prescribe regulations under section 353(b) of this title which shall provide that the label of a drug listed in schedule II, III, or IV shall, when dispensed to or for a patient, contain a clear, concise warning that it is a crime to transfer the drug to any person other than the patient.
(d) Containers to be securely sealed It shall be unlawful to distribute controlled substances in schedule I or II, and narcotic drugs in schedule III or IV, unless the bottle or other container, stopper, covering, or wrapper thereof is securely sealed as required by regulations of the Attorney General.
(e) False labeling of anabolic steroids (1) It shall be unlawful to import, export, manufacture, distribute, dispense, or possess with intent to manufacture, distribute, or dispense, an anabolic steroid or product containing an anabolic steroid, unless the steroid or product bears a label clearly identifying an anabolic steroid or product containing an anabolic steroid by the nomenclature used by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
(2) (A) A product described in subparagraph (B) is exempt from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature requirement of this subsection if such product is labeled in the manner required under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.].
(B) A product is described in this subparagraph if the product—
(i) is the subject of an approved application as described in section 505(b) or (j) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 355(b), (j)]; or
(ii) is exempt from the provisions of section 505 of such Act relating to new drugs because—
(I) it is intended solely for investigational use as described in section 505(i) of such Act; and
(II) such product is being used exclusively for purposes of a clinical trial that is the subject of an effective investigational new drug application.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 305, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1256; Pub. L. 113–260, § 3(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2931.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I, II, III, and IV, referred to in subsecs. (c) and (d), are set out in section 812(c) of this title. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(2)(A), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, which is classified generally to chapter 9 (§ 301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 301 of this title and Tables.
Amendments2014—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 113–260 added subsec. (e).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, but with Attorney General authorized to postpone such effective date for such period as he might determine to be necessary for the efficient administration of this subchapter, see section 704(c) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
Identification and Publication of List of Products Containing Anabolic SteroidsPub. L. 113–260, § 4, Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2932, provided that: “(a) In General.—The Attorney General may, in the Attorney General’s discretion, collect data and analyze products to determine whether they contain anabolic steroids and are properly labeled in accordance with this Act [see section 1 of Pub. L. 113–260, set out as a Short Title of 2014 Amendment note under section 801 of this title] and the amendments made by this Act. The Attorney General may publish in the Federal Register or on the website of the Drug Enforcement Administration a list of products which the Attorney General has determined, based on substantial evidence, contain an anabolic steroid and are not labeled in accordance with this Act and the amendments made by this Act. “(b) Absence From List.—The absence of a product from the list referred to in subsection (a) shall not constitute evidence that the product does not contain an anabolic steroid.”
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# 21 U.S.C. § 826 - Production quotas for controlled substances
## Text
(a) Establishment of total annual needs (1) The Attorney General shall determine the total quantity and establish production quotas for each basic class of controlled substance in schedules I and II and for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine to be manufactured each calendar year to provide for the estimated medical, scientific, research, and industrial needs of the United States, for lawful export requirements, and for the establishment and maintenance of reserve stocks. Except as provided in paragraph (2), production quotas shall be established in terms of quantities of each basic class of controlled substance and not in terms of individual pharmaceutical dosage forms prepared from or containing such a controlled substance.
(2) The Attorney General may, if the Attorney General determines it will assist in avoiding the overproduction, shortages, or diversion of a controlled substance, establish an aggregate or individual production quota under this subsection, or a procurement quota established by the Attorney General by regulation, in terms of pharmaceutical dosage forms prepared from or containing the controlled substance.
(b) Individual manufacturing quotas; revised quotas The Attorney General shall limit or reduce individual manufacturing quotas to the extent necessary to prevent the aggregate of individual quotas from exceeding the amount determined necessary each year by the Attorney General under subsection (a). The quota of each registered manufacturer for each basic class of controlled substance in schedule I or II or for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine shall be revised in the same proportion as the limitation or reduction of the aggregate of the quotas. However, if any registrant, before the issuance of a limitation or reduction in quota, has manufactured in excess of his revised quota, the amount of the excess shall be subtracted from his quota for the following year.
(c) Manufacturing quotas for registered manufacturers On or before December 1 of each year, upon application therefor by a registered manufacturer, the Attorney General shall fix a manufacturing quota for the basic classes of controlled substances in schedules I and II and for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine that the manufacturer seeks to produce. The quota shall be subject to the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section. In fixing such quotas, the Attorney General shall determine the manufacturer’s estimated disposal, inventory, and other requirements for the calendar year; and, in making his determination, the Attorney General shall consider the manufacturer’s current rate of disposal, the trend of the national disposal rate during the preceding calendar year, the manufacturer’s production cycle and inventory position, the economic availability of raw materials, yield and stability problems, emergencies such as strikes and fires, and other factors.
(d) Quotas for registrants who have not manufactured controlled substance during one or more preceding years The Attorney General shall, upon application and subject to the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section, fix a quota for a basic class of controlled substance in schedule I or II for any registrant who has not manufactured that basic class of controlled substance or ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine during one or more preceding calendar years. In fixing such quota, the Attorney General shall take into account the registrant’s reasonably anticipated requirements for the current year; and, in making his determination of such requirements, he shall consider such factors specified in subsection (c) of this section as may be relevant.
(e) Quota increases At any time during the year any registrant who has applied for or received a manufacturing quota for a basic class of controlled substance in schedule I or II or for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine may apply for an increase in that quota to meet his estimated disposal, inventory, and other requirements during the remainder of that year. In passing upon the application the Attorney General shall take into consideration any occurrences since the filing of the registrant’s initial quota application that may require an increased manufacturing rate by the registrant during the balance of the year. In passing upon the application the Attorney General may also take into account the amount, if any, by which the determination of the Attorney General under subsection (a) of this section exceeds the aggregate of the quotas of all registrants under this section.
(f) Incidental production exception Notwithstanding any other provisions of this subchapter, no registration or quota may be required for the manufacture of such quantities of controlled substances in schedules I and II or ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine as incidentally and necessarily result from the manufacturing process used for the manufacture of a controlled substance or of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine with respect to which its manufacturer is duly registered under this subchapter. The Attorney General may, by regulation, prescribe restrictions on the retention and disposal of such incidentally produced substances or chemicals.
(g) Reference to ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine Each reference in this section to ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine includes each of the salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers of such chemical.
(h) Quotas applicable to drugs in shortage (1) Not later than 30 days after the receipt of a request described in paragraph (2), the Attorney General shall—
(A) complete review of such request; and
(B) (i) as necessary to address a shortage of a controlled substance, increase the aggregate and individual production quotas under this section applicable to such controlled substance and any ingredient therein to the level requested; or
(ii) if the Attorney General determines that the level requested is not necessary to address a shortage of a controlled substance, the Attorney General shall provide a written response detailing the basis for the Attorney General’s determination.
The Secretary shall make the written response provided under subparagraph (B)(ii) available to the public on the Internet Web site of the Food and Drug Administration.
(2) A request is described in this paragraph if—
(A) the request pertains to a controlled substance on the list of drugs in shortage maintained under section 356e of this title;
(B) the request is submitted by the manufacturer of the controlled substance; and
(C) the controlled substance is in schedule II.
(i) Strengthening considerations for DEA opioid quotas (1) (A) In establishing any quota under this section, or any procurement quota established by the Attorney General by regulation, for fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, or hydromorphone (in this subsection referred to as a “covered controlled substance”), the Attorney General shall estimate the amount of diversion of the covered controlled substance that occurs in the United States.
(B) In estimating diversion under this paragraph, the Attorney General—
(i) shall consider information the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, determines reliable on rates of overdose deaths and abuse and overall public health impact related to the covered controlled substance in the United States; and
(ii) may take into consideration whatever other sources of information the Attorney General determines reliable.
(C) After estimating the amount of diversion of a covered controlled substance, the Attorney General shall make appropriate quota reductions, as determined by the Attorney General, from the quota the Attorney General would have otherwise established had such diversion not been considered.
(2) (A) For any year for which the approved aggregate production quota for a covered controlled substance is higher than the approved aggregate production quota for the covered controlled substance for the previous year, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, shall include in the final order an explanation of why the public health benefits of increasing the quota clearly outweigh the consequences of having an increased volume of the covered controlled substance available for sale, and potential diversion, in the United States.
(B) Not later than 1 year after October 24, 2018, and every year thereafter, the Attorney General shall submit to the Committee on the Judiciary, the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary, the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives the following information with regard to each covered controlled substance:
(i) An anonymized count of the total number of manufacturers issued individual manufacturing quotas that year for the covered controlled substance.
(ii) An anonymized count of how many such manufacturers were issued an approved manufacturing quota that was higher than the quota issued to that manufacturer for the covered controlled substance in the previous year.
(3) Not later than 1 year after October 24, 2018, the Attorney General shall submit to Congress a report on how the Attorney General, when fixing and adjusting production and manufacturing quotas under this section for covered controlled substances, will—
(A) take into consideration changes in the accepted medical use of the covered controlled substances; and
(B) work with the Secretary of Health and Human Services on methods to appropriately and anonymously estimate the type and amount of covered controlled substances that are submitted for collection from approved drug collection receptacles, mail-back programs, and take-back events.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 306, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1257; Pub. L. 94–273, § 3(16), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 377; Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 713, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 264; Pub. L. 112–144, title X, § 1005, July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1105; Pub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3282(a), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3954.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I and II, referred to in text, are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–271, § 3282(a)(1), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted “Except as provided in paragraph (2), production” for “Production” in second sentence, and added par. (2). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–271, § 3282(a)(2), substituted “reduce individual manufacturing” for “reduce individual production”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–271, § 3282(a)(3), substituted “December” for “October”. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–271, § 3282(a)(4), added subsec. (i). 2012—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–144 added subsec. (h). 2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–177, § 713(1), inserted “and for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine” after “for each basic class of controlled substance in schedules I and II”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–177, § 713(2), inserted “or for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine” after “for each basic class of controlled substance in schedule I or II”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–177, § 713(3), inserted “and for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine” after “for the basic classes of controlled substances in schedules I and II”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–177, § 713(4), inserted “or ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine” after “that basic class of controlled substance”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–177, § 713(5), inserted “or for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine” after “for a basic class of controlled substance in schedule I or II”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–177, § 713(6), inserted “or ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine” after “controlled substances in schedules I and II”, “or of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine” after “the manufacture of a controlled substance”, and “or chemicals” after “such incidentally produced substances”. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–177, § 713(7), added subsec. (g). 1976—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–273 substituted “October” for “July”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, but with Attorney General authorized to postpone such effective date for such period as he might determine to be necessary for the efficient administration of this subchapter, see section 704(c) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
Change to Editorial Heading in United States CodePub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3282(b), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3955, provided that: “The Law Revision Counsel is directed to amend the heading for subsection (b) of section 826 of title 21, United States Code, by striking ‘Production’ and inserting ‘Manufacturing’.”
Coordination With United States Trade RepresentativePub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 718, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 267, provided that: “In implementing sections 713 through 717 and section 721 of this title [amending this section and sections 830, 842, 952, 960, and 971 of this title], the Attorney General shall consult with the United States Trade Representative to ensure implementation complies with all applicable international treaties and obligations of the United States.”
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# 21 U.S.C. § 826a - Attorney General report on drug shortages
## Text
Not later than 6 months after July 9, 2012, and annually thereafter, the Attorney General shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate a report on drug shortages that—
(1) identifies the number of requests received under section 826(h) of this title (as added by section 1005 of this Act), the average review time for such requests, the number of requests granted and denied under such section, and, for each of the requests denied under such section, the basis for such denial;
(2) describes the coordination between the Drug Enforcement Administration and Food and Drug Administration on efforts to prevent or alleviate drug shortages; and
(3) identifies drugs containing a controlled substance subject to section 826 of this title when such a drug is determined by the Secretary to be in shortage.
(Pub. L. 112–144, title X, § 1006, July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1105.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 1005 of this Act, referred to in par. (1), means section 1005 of Pub. L. 112–144, which amended section 826 of this title.
Codification Section was enacted as part of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, and not as part of the Controlled Substances Act which comprises this subchapter.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Definition of “Secretary” The term “Secretary” as meaning the Secretary of Health and Human Services, see section 1001(b) of Pub. L. 112–144, set out as an Effect of Notification note under section 356c of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 827 - Records and reports of registrants
## Text
(a) Inventory Except as provided in subsection (c)—
(1) every registrant under this subchapter shall, on May 1, 1971, or as soon thereafter as such registrant first engages in the manufacture, distribution, or dispensing of controlled substances, and every second year thereafter, make a complete and accurate record of all stocks thereof on hand, except that the regulations prescribed under this section shall permit each such biennial inventory (following the initial inventory required by this paragraph) to be prepared on such registrant’s regular general physical inventory date (if any) which is nearest to and does not vary by more than six months from the biennial date that would otherwise apply;
(2) on the effective date of each regulation of the Attorney General controlling a substance that immediately prior to such date was not a controlled substance, each registrant under this subchapter manufacturing, distributing, or dispensing such substance shall make a complete and accurate record of all stocks thereof on hand; and
(3) on and after May 1, 1971, every registrant under this subchapter manufacturing, distributing, or dispensing a controlled substance or substances shall maintain, on a current basis, a complete and accurate record of each such substance manufactured, received, sold, delivered, or otherwise disposed of by him, except that this paragraph shall not require the maintenance of a perpetual inventory.
(b) Availability of records Every inventory or other record required under this section (1) shall be in accordance with, and contain such relevant information as may be required by, regulations of the Attorney General, (2) shall (A) be maintained separately from all other records of the registrant, or (B) alternatively, in the case of nonnarcotic controlled substances, be in such form that information required by the Attorney General is readily retrievable from the ordinary business records of the registrant, and (3) shall be kept and be available, for at least two years, for inspection and copying by officers or employees of the United States authorized by the Attorney General.
(c) Nonapplicability The foregoing provisions of this section shall not apply—
(1) (A) to the prescribing of controlled substances in schedule II, III, IV, or V by practitioners acting in the lawful course of their professional practice unless such substance is prescribed in the course of maintenance or detoxification treatment of an individual; or
(B) to the administering of a controlled substance in schedule II, III, IV, or V unless the practitioner regularly engages in the dispensing or administering of controlled substances and charges his patients, either separately or together with charges for other professional services, for substances so dispensed or administered or unless such substance is administered in the course of maintenance treatment or detoxification treatment of an individual;
(2) (A) to the use of controlled substances, at establishments registered under this subchapter which keep records with respect to such substances, in research conducted in conformity with an exemption granted under section 355(i) or 360b(j) of this title;
(B) to the use of controlled substances, at establishments registered under this subchapter which keep records with respect to such substances, in preclinical research or in teaching; or
(3) to the extent of any exemption granted to any person, with respect to all or part of such provisions, by the Attorney General by or pursuant to regulation on the basis of a finding that the application of such provisions (or part thereof) to such person is not necessary for carrying out the purposes of this subchapter.
Nothing in the Convention on Psychotropic Substances shall be construed as superseding or otherwise affecting the provisions of paragraph (1)(B), (2), or (3) of this subsection.
(d) Periodic reports to Attorney General (1) Every manufacturer registered under section 823 of this title shall, at such time or times and in such form as the Attorney General may require, make periodic reports to the Attorney General of every sale, delivery or other disposal by him of any controlled substance, and each distributor shall make such reports with respect to narcotic controlled substances, identifying by the registration number assigned under this subchapter the person or establishment (unless exempt from registration under section 822(d) of this title) to whom such sale, delivery, or other disposal was made.
(2) Each pharmacy with a modified registration under section 823(g) of this title that authorizes the dispensing of controlled substances by means of the Internet shall report to the Attorney General the controlled substances it dispenses, in the amount specified, and in such time and manner as the Attorney General by regulation shall require, except that the Attorney General, under this paragraph, may not require any pharmacy to report any information other than the total quantity of each controlled substance that the pharmacy has dispensed each month. For purposes of this paragraph, no reporting shall be required unless the pharmacy has met 1 of the following thresholds in the month for which the reporting is required:
(A) 100 or more prescriptions dispensed.
(B) 5,000 or more dosage units of all controlled substances combined.
(e) Reporting and recordkeeping requirements of drug conventions In addition to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements under any other provision of this subchapter, each manufacturer registered under section 823 of this title shall, with respect to narcotic and nonnarcotic controlled substances manufactured by it, make such reports to the Attorney General, and maintain such records, as the Attorney General may require to enable the United States to meet its obligations under articles 19 and 20 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and article 16 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The Attorney General shall administer the requirements of this subsection in such a manner as to avoid the unnecessary imposition of duplicative requirements under this subchapter on manufacturers subject to the requirements of this subsection.
(f) Records and reports of registrants (1) The Attorney General shall, not less frequently than quarterly, make the following information available to manufacturer and distributor registrants through the Automated Reports and Consolidated Orders System, or any subsequent automated system developed by the Drug Enforcement Administration to monitor selected controlled substances:
(A) The total number of distributor registrants that distribute controlled substances to a pharmacy or practitioner registrant, aggregated by the name and address of each pharmacy and practitioner registrant.
(B) The total quantity and type of opioids distributed, listed by Administration Controlled Substances Code Number, to each pharmacy and practitioner registrant described in subparagraph (A).
(2) The information required to be made available under paragraph (1) shall be made available not later than the 30th day of the first month following the quarter to which the information relates.
(3) (A) All registered manufacturers and distributors shall be responsible for reviewing the information made available by the Attorney General under this subsection.
(B) In determining whether to initiate proceedings under this subchapter against a registered manufacturer or distributor based on the failure of the registrant to maintain effective controls against diversion or otherwise comply with the requirements of this subchapter or the regulations issued thereunder, the Attorney General may take into account that the information made available under this subsection was available to the registrant.
(g) Investigational uses of drugs; procedures Regulations under sections 355(i) and 360(j) of this title, relating to investigational use of drugs, shall include such procedures as the Secretary, after consultation with the Attorney General, determines are necessary to insure the security and accountability of controlled substances used in research to which such regulations apply.
(h) Change of address Every registrant under this subchapter shall be required to report any change of professional or business address in such manner as the Attorney General shall by regulation require.
(i) Reporting requirements for GHB In the case of a drug product containing gamma hydroxybutyric acid for which an application has been approved under section 355 of this title, the Attorney General may, in addition to any other requirements that apply under this section with respect to such a drug product, establish any of the following as reporting requirements:
(1) That every person who is registered as a manufacturer of bulk or dosage form, as a packager, repackager, labeler, relabeler, or distributor shall report acquisition and distribution transactions quarterly, not later than the 15th day of the month succeeding the quarter for which the report is submitted, and annually report end-of-year inventories.
(2) That all annual inventory reports shall be filed no later than January 15 of the year following that for which the report is submitted and include data on the stocks of the drug product, drug substance, bulk drug, and dosage forms on hand as of the close of business December 31, indicating whether materials reported are in storage or in process of manufacturing.
(3) That every person who is registered as a manufacturer of bulk or dosage form shall report all manufacturing transactions both inventory increases, including purchases, transfers, and returns, and reductions from inventory, including sales, transfers, theft, destruction, and seizure, and shall provide data on material manufactured, manufactured from other material, use in manufacturing other material, and use in manufacturing dosage forms.
(4) That all reports under this section must include the registered person’s registration number as well as the registration numbers, names, and other identifying information of vendors, suppliers, and customers, sufficient to allow the Attorney General to track the receipt and distribution of the drug.
(5) That each dispensing practitioner shall maintain for each prescription the name of the prescribing practitioner, the prescribing practitioner’s Federal and State registration numbers, with the expiration dates of these registrations, verification that the prescribing practitioner possesses the appropriate registration to prescribe this controlled substance, the patient’s name and address, the name of the patient’s insurance provider and documentation by a medical practitioner licensed and registered to prescribe the drug of the patient’s medical need for the drug. Such information shall be available for inspection and copying by the Attorney General.
(6) That section 830(b)(3) of this title (relating to mail order reporting) applies with respect to gamma hydroxybutyric acid to the same extent and in the same manner as such section applies with respect to the chemicals and drug products specified in subparagraph (A)(i) of such section.
(j) Electronic reporting format All of the reports required under this section shall be provided in an electronic format.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 307, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1258; Pub. L. 93–281, § 5, May 14, 1974, 88 Stat. 125; Pub. L. 95–633, title I, §§ 104, 110, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3772, 3773; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 514, 515, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2074; Pub. L. 106–172, § 4, Feb. 18, 2000, 114 Stat. 9; Pub. L. 110–425, § 3(c), Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4824; Pub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3273(a), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3952; Pub. L. 117–215, title I, § 103(b)(1)(D), Dec. 2, 2022, 136 Stat. 2263.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules II, III, IV, and V, referred to in subsec. (c), are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments2022—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 117–215 substituted “823(g)” for “823(f)” in introductory provisions. 2018—Subsecs. (f) to (i). Pub. L. 115–271, § 3273(a)(1), (2), added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsecs. (f) to (h) as (g) to (i), respectively. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 115–271, § 3273(a)(3), added subsec. (j). 2008—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–425 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). 2000—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 106–172 added subsec. (h). 1984—Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 98–473, § 514(a), substituted “to the prescribing of controlled substances in schedule II, III, IV, or V by practitioners acting in the lawful course of their professional practice unless such substance is prescribed in the course of maintenance or detoxification treatment of an individual” for “with respect to any narcotic controlled substance in schedule II, III, IV, or V, to the prescribing or administering of such substance by a practitioner in the lawful course of his professional practice unless such substance was prescribed or administered in the course of maintenance treatment or detoxification treatment of an individual”. Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 98–473, § 514(b), substituted “to the administering of a controlled substance in schedule II, III, IV, or V unless the practitioner regularly engages in the dispensing or administering of controlled substances and charges his patients, either separately or together with charges for other professional services, for substances so dispensed or administered or unless such substance is administered in the course of maintenance treatment or detoxification treatment of an individual” for “with respect to nonnarcotic controlled substances in schedule II, III, IV, or V, to any practitioner who dispenses such substances to his patients, unless the practitioner is regularly engaged in charging his patients, either separately or together with charges for other professional services, for substances so dispensed”. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–473, § 515, added subsec. (g). 1978—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–633, § 110, inserted provision following par. (3) relating to the construction of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 95–633 added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f). 1974—Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 93–281 substituted “any narcotic controlled substance” for “narcotic controlled substances” and made section applicable to any narcotic controlled substance prescribed or administered in the course of maintenance treatment or detoxification treatment of an individual.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2008 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 110–425 effective 180 days after Oct. 15, 2008, except as otherwise provided, see section 3(j) of Pub. L. 110–425, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–633 effective on date the Convention on Psychotropic Substances enters into force in the United States [July 15, 1980], see section 112 of Pub. L. 95–633, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801a of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
PurposePub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3272, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3952, provided that: “(a) In General.—The purpose of this chapter [see section 3271 of Pub. L. 115–271, set out as a Short Title of 2018 Amendment note under section 801 of this title] is to provide drug manufacturers and distributors with access to anonymized information through the Automated Reports and Consolidated Orders System to help drug manufacturers and distributors identify, report, and stop suspicious orders of opioids and reduce diversion rates. “(b) Rule of Construction.—Nothing in this chapter should be construed to absolve a drug manufacturer, drug distributor, or other Drug Enforcement Administration registrant from the responsibility of the manufacturer, distributor, or other registrant to—“(1) identify, stop, and report suspicious orders; or “(2) maintain effective controls against diversion in accordance with section 303 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 823) or any successor law or associated regulation.”
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# 21 U.S.C. § 828 - Order forms
## Text
(a) Unlawful distribution of controlled substances It shall be unlawful for any person to distribute a controlled substance in schedule I or II to another except in pursuance of a written order of the person to whom such substance is distributed, made on a form to be issued by the Attorney General in blank in accordance with subsection (d) and regulations prescribed by him pursuant to this section.
(b) Nonapplicability of provisions Nothing in subsection (a) shall apply to—
(1) the exportation of such substances from the United States in conformity with subchapter II;
(2) the delivery of such a substance to or by a common or contract carrier for carriage in the lawful and usual course of its business, or to or by a warehouseman for storage in the lawful and usual course of its business; but where such carriage or storage is in connection with the distribution by the owner of the substance to a third person, this paragraph shall not relieve the distributor from compliance with subsection (a); or
(3) the delivery of such a substance for the purpose of disposal by an ultimate user, long-term care facility, or other person acting in accordance with section 822(g) of this title.
(c) Preservation and availability (1) Every person who in pursuance of an order required under subsection (a) distributes a controlled substance shall preserve such order for a period of two years, and shall make such order available for inspection and copying by officers and employees of the United States duly authorized for that purpose by the Attorney General, and by officers or employees of States or their political subdivisions who are charged with the enforcement of State or local laws regulating the production, or regulating the distribution or dispensing, of controlled substances and who are authorized under such laws to inspect such orders.
(2) Every person who gives an order required under subsection (a) shall, at or before the time of giving such order, make or cause to be made a duplicate thereof on a form to be issued by the Attorney General in blank in accordance with subsection (d) and regulations prescribed by him pursuant to this section, and shall, if such order is accepted, preserve such duplicate for a period of two years and make it available for inspection and copying by the officers and employees mentioned in paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(d) Issuance (1) The Attorney General shall issue forms pursuant to subsections (a) and (c)(2) only to persons validly registered under section 823 of this title (or exempted from registration under section 822(d) of this title). Whenever any such form is issued to a person, the Attorney General shall, before delivery thereof, insert therein the name of such person, and it shall be unlawful for any other person (A) to use such form for the purpose of obtaining controlled substances or (B) to furnish such form to any person with intent thereby to procure the distribution of such substances.
(2) The Attorney General may charge reasonable fees for the issuance of such forms in such amounts as he may prescribe for the purpose of covering the cost to the United States of issuing such forms, and other necessary activities in connection therewith.
(e) Unlawful acts It shall be unlawful for any person to obtain by means of order forms issued under this section controlled substances for any purpose other than their use, distribution, dispensing, or administration in the conduct of a lawful business in such substances or in the course of his professional practice or research.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 308, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1259; Pub. L. 111–273, § 3(b), Oct. 12, 2010, 124 Stat. 2860.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I and II, referred to in subsec. (a), are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments2010—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 111–273 added par. (3).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 829 - Prescriptions
## Text
(a) Schedule II substances Except when dispensed directly by a practitioner, other than a pharmacist, to an ultimate user, no controlled substance in schedule II, which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], may be dispensed without the written prescription of a practitioner, except that in emergency situations, as prescribed by the Secretary by regulation after consultation with the Attorney General, such drug may be dispensed upon oral prescription in accordance with section 503(b) of that Act [21 U.S.C. 353(b)]. Prescriptions shall be retained in conformity with the requirements of section 827 of this title. No prescription for a controlled substance in schedule II may be refilled.
(b) Schedule III and IV substances Except when dispensed directly by a practitioner, other than a pharmacist, to an ultimate user, no controlled substance in schedule III or IV, which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], may be dispensed without a written or oral prescription in conformity with section 503(b) of that Act [21 U.S.C. 353(b)]. Such prescriptions may not be filled or refilled more than six months after the date thereof or be refilled more than five times after the date of the prescription unless renewed by the practitioner.
(c) Schedule V substances No controlled substance in schedule V which is a drug may be distributed or dispensed other than for a medical purpose.
(d) Non-prescription drugs with abuse potential Whenever it appears to the Attorney General that a drug not considered to be a prescription drug under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] should be so considered because of its abuse potential, he shall so advise the Secretary and furnish to him all available data relevant thereto.
(e) Controlled substances dispensed by means of the Internet (1) No controlled substance that is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] may be delivered, distributed, or dispensed by means of the Internet without a valid prescription.
(2) As used in this subsection:
(A) The term “valid prescription” means a prescription that is issued for a legitimate medical purpose in the usual course of professional practice by—
(i) a practitioner who has conducted at least 1 in-person medical evaluation of the patient; or
(ii) a covering practitioner.
(B) (i) The term “in-person medical evaluation” means a medical evaluation that is conducted with the patient in the physical presence of the practitioner, without regard to whether portions of the evaluation are conducted by other health professionals.
(ii) Nothing in clause (i) shall be construed to imply that 1 in-person medical evaluation demonstrates that a prescription has been issued for a legitimate medical purpose within the usual course of professional practice.
(C) The term “covering practitioner” means, with respect to a patient, a practitioner who conducts a medical evaluation (other than an in-person medical evaluation) at the request of a practitioner who—
(i) has conducted at least 1 in-person medical evaluation of the patient or an evaluation of the patient through the practice of telemedicine, within the previous 24 months; and
(ii) is temporarily unavailable to conduct the evaluation of the patient.
(3) Nothing in this subsection shall apply to—
(A) the delivery, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance by a practitioner engaged in the practice of telemedicine; or
(B) the dispensing or selling of a controlled substance pursuant to practices as determined by the Attorney General by regulation, which shall be consistent with effective controls against diversion.
(f) Partial fills of schedule II controlled substances (1) Partial fills A prescription for a controlled substance in schedule II may be partially filled if—
(A) it is not prohibited by State law;
(B) the prescription is written and filled in accordance with this subchapter, regulations prescribed by the Attorney General, and State law;
(C) the partial fill is requested by the patient or the practitioner that wrote the prescription; and
(D) the total quantity dispensed in all partial fillings does not exceed the total quantity prescribed.
(2) Remaining portions (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), remaining portions of a partially filled prescription for a controlled substance in schedule II—
(i) may be filled; and
(ii) shall be filled not later than 30 days after the date on which the prescription is written.
(B) Emergency situations In emergency situations, as described in subsection (a), the remaining portions of a partially filled prescription for a controlled substance in schedule II—
(i) may be filled; and
(ii) shall be filled not later than 72 hours after the prescription is issued.
(3) Currently lawful partial fills Notwithstanding paragraph (1) or (2), in any circumstance in which, as of the day before July 22, 2016, a prescription for a controlled substance in schedule II may be lawfully partially filled, the Attorney General may allow such a prescription to be partially filled.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 309, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1260; Pub. L. 110–425, § 2, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4820; Pub. L. 114–198, title VII, § 702(a), July 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 740.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), (d), and (e)(1), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, which is classified generally to chapter 9 (§ 301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 301 of this title and Tables. Schedules II, III, IV, and V, referred to in subsecs. (a) to (c), are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments2016—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–198 added subsec. (f). 2008—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 110–425 added subsec. (e).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2008 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 110–425 effective 180 days after Oct. 15, 2008, except as otherwise provided, see section 3(j) of Pub. L. 110–425, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
Construction of 2016 AmendmentPub. L. 114–198, title VII, § 702(b), July 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 741, provided that: “Nothing in this section [amending this section] shall be construed to affect the authority of the Attorney General to allow a prescription for a controlled substance in schedule III, IV, or V of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812(c)) to be partially filled.”
Dispensation of Narcotic Drugs for the Purpose of Relieving Acute Withdrawal Symptoms From Opioid Use DisorderPub. L. 116–215, div. B, title III, § 1302, Dec. 11, 2020, 134 Stat. 1046, provided that: “Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 11, 2020], the Attorney General shall revise section 1306.07(b) of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, so that practitioners, in accordance with applicable State, Federal, or local laws relating to controlled substances, are allowed to dispense not more than a three-day supply of narcotic drugs to one person or for one person’s use at one time for the purpose of initiating maintenance treatment or detoxification treatment (or both).”
Programs and Materials for Training on Certain Circumstances Under Which a Pharmacist May Decline To Fill a PrescriptionPub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3212, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3947, as amended by Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title I, § 1271(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5685, provided that: “(a) In General.—The Secretary of Health and Human Services, in consultation with the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, Commissioner of Food and Drugs, Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Assistant Secretary for Mental Health and Substance Use, shall develop and disseminate not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Restoring Hope for Mental Health and Well-Being Act of 2022 [Dec. 29, 2022], and update periodically thereafter, as appropriate, materials for pharmacists, health care providers, and patients on—“(1) circumstances under which a pharmacist may, consistent with section 309 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 829) and regulations thereunder, including section 1306.04 of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, decline to fill a prescription for a controlled substance because the pharmacist suspects the prescription is fraudulent, forged, or of doubtful, questionable, or suspicious origin; and “(2) other Federal requirements pertaining to declining to fill a prescription under such circumstances, including the partial fill of prescriptions for certain controlled substances. “(b) Materials Included.—In developing materials under subsection (a), the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall include information for—“(1) pharmacists on how to verify the identity of the patient; “(2) pharmacists on how to decline to fill a prescription and actions to take after declining to fill a prescription; and “(3) other health care practitioners and the public on a pharmacist’s ability to decline to fill prescriptions in certain circumstances and a description of those circumstances (as described in the materials developed under subsection (a)(1)). “(c) Stakeholder Input.—In developing the programs and materials required under subsection (a), the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall seek input from relevant national, State, and local associations, boards of pharmacy, medical societies, licensing boards, health care practitioners, and patients, including individuals with chronic pain. “(d) Materials for Training on Verification of Identity.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this subsection [Dec. 29, 2022], the Secretary of Health and Human Services, after seeking stakeholder input in accordance with subsection (c), shall—“(1) update the materials developed under subsection (a) to include information for pharmacists on how to verify the identity of the patient; and “(2) disseminate, as appropriate, the updated materials.”
Effect of Scheduling on PrescriptionsPub. L. 101–647, title XIX, § 1902(c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4852, provided that any prescription for anabolic steroids subject to refill on or after Nov. 29, 1990, could be refilled without restriction under subsec. (a) of this section.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 829a - Delivery of a controlled substance by a pharmacy to an administering practitioner
## Text
(a) In general Notwithstanding section 802(10) of this title, a pharmacy may deliver a controlled substance to a practitioner in accordance with a prescription that meets the requirements of this subchapter and the regulations issued by the Attorney General under this subchapter, for the purpose of administering the controlled substance by the practitioner if—
(1) the controlled substance is delivered by the pharmacy to the prescribing practitioner or the practitioner administering the controlled substance, as applicable, at the location listed on the practitioner’s certificate of registration issued under this subchapter;
(2) the controlled substance is a drug in schedule III, IV, or V to be administered—
(A) by injection or implantation for the purpose of maintenance or detoxification treatment; or
(B) subject to a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy pursuant to section 355–1 of this title that includes elements to assure safe use of the drug described in subsection (f)(3)(E) of such section, including a requirement for post-administration monitoring by a health care provider;
(3) the pharmacy and the practitioner are authorized to conduct the activities specified in this section under the law of the State in which such activities take place;
(4) the prescription is not issued to supply any practitioner with a stock of controlled substances for the purpose of general dispensing to patients;
(5) except as provided in subsection (b), the controlled substance is to be administered only to the patient named on the prescription not later than 45 days after the date of receipt of the controlled substance by the practitioner; and
(6) notwithstanding any exceptions under section 827 of this title, the prescribing practitioner, and the practitioner administering the controlled substance, as applicable, maintain complete and accurate records of all controlled substances delivered, received, administered, or otherwise disposed of under this section, including the persons to whom controlled substances were delivered and such other information as may be required by regulations of the Attorney General.
(b) Modification of number of days before which controlled substance shall be administered (1) Initial 2-year period During the 2-year period beginning on October 24, 2018, the Attorney General, in coordination with the Secretary, may reduce the number of days described in subsection (a)(5) if the Attorney General determines that such reduction will—
(A) reduce the risk of diversion; or
(B) protect the public health.
(2) Modifications after submission of report After the date on which the report described in section 3204(b) of the SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act is submitted, the Attorney General, in coordination with the Secretary, may modify the number of days described in subsection (a)(5).
(3) Minimum number of days Any modification under this subsection shall be for a period of not less than 7 days.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 309A, as added Pub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3204(a), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3945; amended Pub. L. 117–215, title I, § 103(b)(1)(E), Dec. 2, 2022, 136 Stat. 2263; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title I, §§ 1262(b)(2), 1264, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5682, 5685; Pub. L. 119–26, § 4(2)(B)(iii), July 16, 2025, 139 Stat. 416; Pub. L. 119–44, title IV, § 401, Dec. 1, 2025, 139 Stat. 689.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules III, IV, and V, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), are set out in section 812(c) of this title. Section 3204(b) of the SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is section 3204(b) of Pub. L. 115–271, title III, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3946, which is not classified to the Code.
Amendments2025—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 119–44, § 401, added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “the controlled substance is a narcotic drug in schedule III, IV, or V to be administered for the purpose of maintenance or detoxification treatment and is to be administered by injection or implantation;”. Pub. L. 119–26, § 4(2)(B)(iii), amended Pub. L. 117–328, § 1262(b)(2). See 2022 Amendment note below. 2022—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 117–328, § 1262(b)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 119–26, § 4(2)(B)(iii), substituted “the controlled substance is a narcotic drug in schedule III, IV, or V to be administered for the purpose of maintenance or detoxification treatment and is to be administered by injection or implantation;” for “the controlled substance is to be administered for the purpose of maintenance or detoxification treatment under section 823(g)(2) and—” “(A) the practitioner who issued the prescription is a qualifying practitioner authorized under, and acting within the scope of that section; and “(B) the controlled substance is to be administered by injection or implantation;”. Pub. L. 117–215 substituted “823(h)(2)” for “823(g)(2)” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 117–328, § 1264, substituted “45 days” for “14 days”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2025 AmendmentPub. L. 119–26, § 4, July 16, 2025, 139 Stat. 416, provided that the amendment made by section 4(2)(B)(iii) is effective as if included in the enactment of Pub. L. 117–328.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 830 - Regulation of listed chemicals and certain machines
## Text
(a) Record of regulated transactions (1) Each regulated person who engages in a regulated transaction involving a listed chemical, a tableting machine, or an encapsulating machine shall keep a record of the transaction for two years after the date of the transaction.
(2) A record under this subsection shall be retrievable and shall include the date of the regulated transaction, the identity of each party to the regulated transaction, a statement of the quantity and form of the listed chemical, a description of the tableting machine or encapsulating machine, and a description of the method of transfer. Such record shall be available for inspection and copying by the Attorney General.
(3) It is the duty of each regulated person who engages in a regulated transaction to identify each other party to the transaction. It is the duty of such other party to present proof of identity to the regulated person. The Attorney General shall specify by regulation the types of documents and other evidence that constitute proof of identity for purposes of this paragraph.
(b) Reports to Attorney General (1) Each regulated person shall report to the Attorney General, in such form and manner as the Attorney General shall prescribe by regulation—
(A) any regulated transaction involving an extraordinary quantity of a listed chemical, an uncommon method of payment or delivery, or any other circumstance that the regulated person believes may indicate that the listed chemical will be used in violation of this subchapter;
(B) any proposed regulated transaction with a person whose description or other identifying characteristic the Attorney General furnishes in advance to the regulated person;
(C) any unusual or excessive loss or disappearance of a listed chemical under the control of the regulated person; and
(D) any regulated transaction in a tableting machine or an encapsulating machine.
Each report under subparagraph (A) shall be made at the earliest practicable opportunity after the regulated person becomes aware of the circumstance involved. A regulated person may not complete a transaction with a person whose description or identifying characteristic is furnished to the regulated person under subparagraph (B) unless the transaction is approved by the Attorney General. The Attorney General shall make available to regulated persons guidance documents describing transactions and circumstances for which reports are required under subparagraph (A) and subparagraph (C).
(2) A regulated person that manufactures a listed chemical shall report annually to the Attorney General, in such form and manner and containing such specific data as the Attorney General shall prescribe by regulation, information concerning listed chemicals manufactured by the person. The requirement of the preceding sentence shall not apply to the manufacture of a drug product that is exempted under section 802(39)(A)(iv) of this title.
(3) Mail order reporting.— (A) As used in this paragraph:
(i) The term “drug product” means an active ingredient in dosage form that has been approved or otherwise may be lawfully marketed under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 11 See References in Text note below. [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] for distribution in the United States.
(ii) The term “valid prescription” means a prescription which is issued for a legitimate medical purpose by an individual practitioner licensed by law to administer and prescribe the drugs concerned and acting in the usual course of the practitioner’s professional practice.
(B) Each regulated person who engages in a transaction with a nonregulated person or who engages in an export transaction which—
(i) involves ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine (including drug products containing these chemicals); and
(ii) uses or attempts to use the Postal Service or any private or commercial carrier;
shall, on a monthly basis, submit a report of each such transaction conducted during the previous month to the Attorney General in such form, containing such data, and at such times as the Attorney General shall establish by regulation.
(C) The data required for such reports shall include—
(i) the name of the purchaser;
(ii) the quantity and form of the ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine purchased; and
(iii) the address to which such ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine was sent.
(D) Except as provided in subparagraph (E), the following distributions to a nonregulated person, and the following export transactions, shall not be subject to the reporting requirement in subparagraph (B):
(i) Distributions of sample packages of drug products when such packages contain not more than two solid dosage units or the equivalent of two dosage units in liquid form, not to exceed 10 milliliters of liquid per package, and not more than one package is distributed to an individual or residential address in any 30-day period.
(ii) Distributions of drug products by retail distributors that may not include face-to-face transactions to the extent that such distributions are consistent with the activities authorized for a retail distributor as specified in section 802(49) of this title, except that this clause does not apply to sales of scheduled listed chemical products at retail.
(iii) Distributions of drug products to a resident of a long term care facility (as that term is defined in regulations prescribed by the Attorney General) or distributions of drug products to a long term care facility for dispensing to or for use by a resident of that facility.
(iv) Distributions of drug products pursuant to a valid prescription.
(v) Exports which have been reported to the Attorney General pursuant to section 954 or 971 of this title or which are subject to a waiver granted under section 971(f)(2) of this title.
(vi) Any quantity, method, or type of distribution or any quantity, method, or type of distribution of a specific listed chemical (including specific formulations or drug products) or of a group of listed chemicals (including specific formulations or drug products) which the Attorney General has excluded by regulation from such reporting requirement on the basis that such reporting is not necessary for the enforcement of this subchapter or subchapter II.
(E) The Attorney General may revoke any or all of the exemptions listed in subparagraph (D) for an individual regulated person if he finds that drug products distributed by the regulated person are being used in violation of this subchapter or subchapter II. The regulated person shall be notified of the revocation, which will be effective upon receipt by the person of such notice, as provided in section 971(c)(1) of this title, and shall have the right to an expedited hearing as provided in section 971(c)(2) of this title.
(c) Confidentiality of information obtained by Attorney General; non-disclosure; exceptions (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), any information obtained by the Attorney General under this section which is exempt from disclosure under section 552(a) of title 5, by reason of section 552(b)(4) of such title, is confidential and may not be disclosed to any person.
(2) Information referred to in paragraph (1) may be disclosed only—
(A) to an officer or employee of the United States engaged in carrying out this subchapter, subchapter II, or the customs laws;
(B) when relevant in any investigation or proceeding for the enforcement of this subchapter, subchapter II, or the customs laws;
(C) when necessary to comply with an obligation of the United States under a treaty or other international agreement; or
(D) to a State or local official or employee in conjunction with the enforcement of controlled substances laws or chemical control laws.
(3) The Attorney General shall—
(A) take such action as may be necessary to prevent unauthorized disclosure of information by any person to whom such information is disclosed under paragraph (2); and
(B) issue guidelines that limit, to the maximum extent feasible, the disclosure of proprietary business information, including the names or identities of United States exporters of listed chemicals, to any person to whom such information is disclosed under paragraph (2).
(4) Any person who is aggrieved by a disclosure of information in violation of this section may bring a civil action against the violator for appropriate relief.
(5) Notwithstanding paragraph (4), a civil action may not be brought under such paragraph against investigative or law enforcement personnel of the Drug Enforcement Administration.
(d) Scheduled listed chemicals; restrictions on sales quantity; requirements regarding nonliquid forms With respect to ephedrine base, pseudoephedrine base, or phenylpropanolamine base in a scheduled listed chemical product—
(1) the quantity of such base sold at retail in such a product by a regulated seller, or a distributor required to submit reports by subsection (b)(3) may not, for any purchaser, exceed a daily amount of 3.6 grams, without regard to the number of transactions; and
(2) such a seller or distributor may not sell such a product in nonliquid form (including gel caps) at retail unless the product is packaged in blister packs, each blister containing not more than 2 dosage units, or where the use of blister packs is technically infeasible, the product is packaged in unit dose packets or pouches.
(e) Scheduled listed chemicals; behind-the-counter access; logbook requirement; training of sales personnel; privacy protections (1) Requirements regarding retail transactions (A) In general Each regulated seller shall ensure that, subject to subparagraph (F), sales by such seller of a scheduled listed chemical product at retail are made in accordance with the following:
(i) In offering the product for sale, the seller places the product such that customers do not have direct access to the product before the sale is made (in this paragraph referred to as “behind-the-counter” placement). For purposes of this paragraph, a behind-the-counter placement of a product includes circumstances in which the product is stored in a locked cabinet that is located in an area of the facility involved to which customers do have direct access.
(ii) The seller delivers the product directly into the custody of the purchaser.
(iii) The seller maintains, in accordance with criteria issued by the Attorney General, a written or electronic list of such sales that identifies the products by name, the quantity sold, the names and addresses of purchasers, and the dates and times of the sales (which list is referred to in this subsection as the “logbook”), except that such requirement does not apply to any purchase by an individual of a single sales package if that package contains not more than 60 milligrams of pseudoephedrine.
(iv) In the case of a sale to which the requirement of clause (iii) applies, the seller does not sell such a product unless the sale is made in accordance with the following:
(I) The prospective purchaser—
(aa) presents an identification card that provides a photograph and is issued by a State or the Federal Government, or a document that, with respect to identification, is considered acceptable for purposes of sections 274a.2(b)(1)(v)(A) and 274a.2(b)(1)(v)(B) of title 8, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on or after March 9, 2006); and
(bb) signs the written logbook and enters in the logbook his or her name, address, and the date and time of the sale, or for transactions involving an electronic logbook, the purchaser provides a signature using one of the following means:
(AA) Signing a device presented by the seller that captures signatures in an electronic format. Such device shall display the notice described in clause (v). Any device used shall preserve each signature in a manner that clearly links that signature to the other electronically-captured logbook information relating to the prospective purchaser providing that signature.
(BB) Signing a bound paper book. Such bound paper book shall include, for such purchaser, either (aaa) a printed sticker affixed to the bound paper book at the time of sale which either displays the name of each product sold, the quantity sold, the name and address of the purchaser, and the date and time of the sale, or a unique identifier which can be linked to that electronic information, or (bbb) a unique identifier which can be linked to that information and which is written into the book by the seller at the time of sale. The purchaser shall sign adjacent to the printed sticker or written unique identifier related to that sale. Such bound paper book shall display the notice described in clause (v).
(CC) Signing a printed document that includes, for such purchaser, the name of each product sold, the quantity sold, the name and address of the purchaser, and the date and time of the sale. Such document shall be printed by the seller at the time of the sale. Such document shall contain a clearly identified signature line for a purchaser to sign. Such printed document shall display the notice described in clause (v). Each signed document shall be inserted into a binder or other secure means of document storage immediately after the purchaser signs the document.
(II) The seller enters in the logbook the name of the product and the quantity sold. Such information may be captured through electronic means, including through electronic data capture through bar code reader or similar technology.
(III) The logbook maintained by the seller includes the prospective purchaser’s name, address, and the date and time of the sale, as follows:
(aa) If the purchaser enters the information, the seller must determine that the name entered in the logbook corresponds to the name provided on such identification and that the date and time entered are correct.
(bb) If the seller enters the information, the prospective purchaser must verify that the information is correct.
(cc) Such information may be captured through electronic means, including through electronic data capture through bar code reader or similar technology.
(v) The written or electronic logbook includes, in accordance with criteria of the Attorney General, a notice to purchasers that entering false statements or misrepresentations in the logbook, or supplying false information or identification that results in the entry of false statements or misrepresentations, may subject the purchasers to criminal penalties under section 1001 of title 18, which notice specifies the maximum fine and term of imprisonment under such section.
(vi) Regardless of whether the logbook entry is written or electronic, the seller maintains each entry in the logbook for not fewer than 2 years after the date on which the entry is made.
(vii) In the case of individuals who are responsible for delivering such products into the custody of purchasers or who deal directly with purchasers by obtaining payments for the products, the seller has submitted to the Attorney General a self-certification that all such individuals have, in accordance with criteria under subparagraph (B)(ii), undergone training provided by the seller to ensure that the individuals understand the requirements that apply under this subsection and subsection (d).
(viii) The seller maintains a copy of such certification and records demonstrating that individuals referred to in clause (vii) have undergone the training.
(ix) If the seller is a mobile retail vendor:
(I) The seller complies with clause (i) by placing the product in a locked cabinet.
(II) The seller does not sell more than 7.5 grams of ephedrine base, pseudoephedrine base, or phenylpropanolamine base in such products per customer during a 30-day period.
(B) Additional provisions regarding certifications and training (i) In general A regulated seller may not sell any scheduled listed chemical product at retail unless the seller has submitted to the Attorney General the self-certification referred to in subparagraph (A)(vii). The certification is not effective for purposes of the preceding sentence unless, in addition to provisions regarding the training of individuals referred to in such subparagraph, the certification includes a statement that the seller understands each of the requirements that apply under this paragraph and under subsection (d) and agrees to comply with the requirements.
(ii) Issuance of criteria; self-certification The Attorney General shall by regulation establish criteria for certifications under this paragraph. The criteria shall—
(I) provide that the certifications are self-certifications provided through the program under clause (iii);
(II) provide that a separate certification is required for each place of business at which a regulated seller sells scheduled listed chemical products at retail; and
(III) include criteria for training under subparagraph (A)(vii).
(iii) Program for regulated sellers The Attorney General shall establish a program regarding such certifications and training in accordance with the following:
(I) The program shall be carried out through an Internet site of the Department of Justice and such other means as the Attorney General determines to be appropriate.
(II) The program shall inform regulated sellers that section 1001 of title 18 applies to such certifications.
(III) The program shall make available to such sellers an explanation of the criteria under clause (ii).
(IV) The program shall be designed to permit the submission of the certifications through such Internet site.
(V) The program shall be designed to automatically provide the explanation referred to in subclause (III), and an acknowledgement that the Department has received a certification, without requiring direct interactions of regulated sellers with staff of the Department (other than the provision of technical assistance, as appropriate).
(iv) Availability of certification to State and local officials Promptly after receiving a certification under subparagraph (A)(vii), the Attorney General shall make available a copy of the certification to the appropriate State and local officials.
(v) Publication of list of self-certified persons The Attorney General shall develop and make available a list of all persons who are currently self-certified in accordance with this section. This list shall be made publicly available on the website of the Drug Enforcement Administration in an electronically downloadable format.
(C) Privacy protections In order to protect the privacy of individuals who purchase scheduled listed chemical products, the Attorney General shall by regulation establish restrictions on disclosure of information in logbooks under subparagraph (A)(iii). Such regulations shall—
(i) provide for the disclosure of the information as appropriate to the Attorney General and to State and local law enforcement agencies; and
(ii) prohibit accessing, using, or sharing information in the logbooks for any purpose other than to ensure compliance with this subchapter or to facilitate a product recall to protect public health and safety.
(D) False statements or misrepresentations by purchasers For purposes of section 1001 of title 18, entering information in the logbook under subparagraph (A)(iii) shall be considered a matter within the jurisdiction of the executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the Government of the United States.
(E) Good faith protection A regulated seller who in good faith releases information in a logbook under subparagraph (A)(iii) to Federal, State, or local law enforcement authorities is immune from civil liability for such release unless the release constitutes gross negligence or intentional, wanton, or willful misconduct.
(F) Inapplicability of requirements to certain sales Subparagraph (A) does not apply to the sale at retail of a scheduled listed chemical product if a report on the sales transaction is required to be submitted to the Attorney General under subsection (b)(3).
(G) Certain measures regarding theft and diversion A regulated seller may take reasonable measures to guard against employing individuals who may present a risk with respect to the theft and diversion of scheduled listed chemical products, which may include, notwithstanding State law, asking applicants for employment whether they have been convicted of any crime involving or related to such products or controlled substances.
(2) Mail-order reporting; verification of identity of purchaser; 30-day restriction on quantities for individual purchasers Each regulated person who makes a sale at retail of a scheduled listed chemical product and is required under subsection (b)(3) to submit a report of the sales transaction to the Attorney General is subject to the following:
(A) The person shall, prior to shipping the product, confirm the identity of the purchaser in accordance with procedures established by the Attorney General. The Attorney General shall by regulation establish such procedures.
(B) The person may not sell more than 7.5 grams of ephedrine base, pseudoephedrine base, or phenylpropanolamine base in such products per customer during a 30-day period.
(C) Each regulated person who makes a sale at retail of a scheduled listed chemical product and is required under subsection (b)(3) to submit a report of the sales transaction to the Attorney General may not sell any scheduled listed chemical product at retail unless such regulated person has submitted to the Attorney General a self-certification including a statement that the seller understands each of the requirements that apply under this paragraph and under subsection (d) and agrees to comply with the requirements. The Attorney General shall by regulation establish criteria for certifications of mail-order distributors that are consistent with the criteria established for the certifications of regulated sellers under paragraph (1)(B).
(3) Exemptions for certain products Upon the application of a manufacturer of a scheduled listed chemical product, the Attorney General may by regulation provide that the product is exempt from the provisions of subsection (d) and paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection if the Attorney General determines that the product cannot be used in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 310, as added Pub. L. 95–633, title II, § 202(a), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3774; amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6052(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4312; Pub. L. 103–200, §§ 2(c), 10, Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2336, 2341; Pub. L. 104–237, title II, § 208, title IV, § 402, Oct. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 3104, 3111; Pub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXVI, § 3652, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1239; Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, §§ 711(a)(2)(B), (b)(1), (c)(1), (2), (d), 716(b)(2), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 257, 261, 267; Pub. L. 110–415, § 2, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4349; Pub. L. 111–268, §§ 2, 3, Oct. 12, 2010, 124 Stat. 2847.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(A)(i), probably means the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, which is classified generally to chapter 9 (§ 301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 301 of this title and Tables. This subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (b)(3)(D)(vi), (E) and (e)(1)(C)(ii), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, and is popularly known as the “Controlled Substances Act”. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see second paragraph of Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. Subchapter II, referred to in subsecs. (b)(3)(D)(iv), (E) and (c)(2)(A), (B), was in the original “title III”, meaning title III of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1285. Part A of title III comprises subchapter II of this chapter. For classification of Part B, consisting of sections 1101 to 1105 of title III, see Tables.
Amendments2010—Subsec. (e)(1)(B)(v). Pub. L. 111–268, § 3, added cl. (v). Subsec. (e)(2)(C). Pub. L. 111–268, § 2, added subpar. (C). 2008—Subsec. (e)(1)(A)(iv) to (vi). Pub. L. 110–415 added cls. (iv) to (vi) and struck out former cls. (iv) to (vi) which related to procedures for sales subject to the logbook requirement. 2006—Subsec. (b)(3)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 109–177, § 711(c)(2), inserted “, except that this clause does not apply to sales of scheduled listed chemical products at retail” before period at end. Pub. L. 109–177, § 711(a)(2)(B), substituted “section 802(49)” for “section 802(46)”. Subsec. (b)(3)(D)(v). Pub. L. 109–177, § 716(b)(2), substituted “section 971(f)(2)” for “section 971(e)(2)”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–177, § 711(b)(1), added subsec. (d). Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 109–177, § 711(b)(1), added subsec. heading and par. (1). Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 109–177, § 711(c)(1), added par. (2). Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 109–177, § 711(d), added par. (3). 2000—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 106–310 added subpars. (A), (D), and (E), redesignated former subpars. (A) and (B) as (B) and (C), respectively, and inserted “or who engages in an export transaction” after “nonregulated person” in introductory provisions of subpar. (B). 1996—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–237, § 208, substituted “for two years after the date of the transaction.” for the dash after “record of the transaction” and struck out subpars. (A) and (B) which read as follows: “(A) for 4 years after the date of the transaction, if the listed chemical is a list I chemical or if the transaction involves a tableting machine or an encapsulating machine; and “(B) for 2 years after the date of the transaction, if the listed chemical is a list II chemical.” Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 104–237, § 402, added par. (3). 1993—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–200, § 2(c)(1), substituted “list I chemical” for “precursor chemical” in subpar. (A) and “a list II chemical” for “an essential chemical” in subpar. (B). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–200, § 10, designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) to (4) as subpars. (A) to (D), respectively, in concluding provisions, substituted “subparagraph (A)” for “paragraph (1)” in two places, “subparagraph (B)” for “paragraph (2)”, and “subparagraph (C)” for “paragraph (3)”, and added par. (2). Subsec. (c)(2)(D). Pub. L. 103–200, § 2(c)(2), substituted “chemical control laws” for “precursor chemical laws”. 1988—Pub. L. 100–690 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to regulation of listed chemicals and certain machines for provisions relating to reporting by any person who distributes, sells, or imports any piperidine.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2010 AmendmentPub. L. 111–268, § 6(a), Oct. 12, 2010, 124 Stat. 2848, provided that: “This Act [amending this section and section 842 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 801 of this title] and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 12, 2010].”
Effective Date of 2006 AmendmentPub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 711(b)(2), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 261, provided that: “With respect to subsections (d) and (e)(1) of section 310 of the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 830(d), (e)(1)], as added by paragraph (1) of this subsection: “(A) Such subsection (d) applies on and after the expiration of the 30-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 9, 2006]. “(B) Such subsection (e)(1) applies on and after September 30, 2006.” Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 711(c)(3), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 261, provided that: “The amendments made by paragraphs (1) and (2) [amending this section] apply on and after the expiration of the 30-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 9, 2006].”
Effective Date of 1993 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–200 effective on date that is 120 days after Dec. 17, 1993, see section 11 of Pub. L. 103–200, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective 120 days after Nov. 18, 1988, see section 6061 of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date; Time To Submit Piperidine Report; Required InformationPub. L. 95–633, title II, § 203(a), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3776, provided that: “(1) Except as provided under paragraph (2), the amendments made by this title [enacting this section and amending sections 841 to 843 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1978]. “(2) Any person required to submit a report under section 310(a)(1) of the Controlled Substances Act [subsec. (a)(1) of this section] respecting a distribution, sale, or importation of piperidine during the 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1978] may submit such report any time up to 97 days after such date of enactment. “(3) Until otherwise provided by the Attorney General by regulation, the information required to be reported by a person under section 310(a)(1) of the Controlled Substances Act (as added by section 202(a)(2) of this title) [subsec. (a)(1) of this section] with respect to the person’s distribution, sale, or importation of piperidine shall—“(A) be the information described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of such section, and “(B) except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, be reported not later than seven days after the date of such distribution, sale, or importation.”
RepealsPub. L. 96–359, § 8(b), Sept. 26, 1980, 94 Stat. 1194, repealed section 203(d) of Pub. L. 95–633, which had provided for the repeal of this section effective Jan. 1, 1981.
RegulationsPub. L. 111–268, § 6(b), Oct. 12, 2010, 124 Stat. 2848, provided that: “In promulgating the regulations authorized by section 2 [amending this section], the Attorney General may issue regulations on an interim basis as necessary to ensure the implementation of this Act by the effective date [see Effective Date of 2010 Amendment note above].” Pub. L. 95–633, title II, § 203(b), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3777, required the Attorney General to publish proposed interim regulations for piperidine reporting under section 830(a) of this title not later than 30 days after enactment, and final interim regulations not later than 75 days after enactment, such final interim regulations to be effective on and after the ninety-first day after enactment.
Report to President and Congress on Effectiveness of Title II of Pub. L. 95–633Pub. L. 95–633, title II, § 203(c), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3777, required the Attorney General to analyze and evaluate the impact and effectiveness of the amendments made by title II of Pub. L. 95–633, and report to the President and Congress not later than Mar. 1, 1980.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 831 - Additional requirements relating to online pharmacies and telemedicine
## Text
(a) In general An online pharmacy shall display in a visible and clear manner on its homepage a statement that it complies with the requirements of this section with respect to the delivery or sale or offer for sale of controlled substances and shall at all times display on the homepage of its Internet site a declaration of compliance in accordance with this section.
(b) Licensure Each online pharmacy shall comply with the requirements of State law concerning the licensure of pharmacies in each State from which it, and in each State to which it, delivers, distributes, or dispenses or offers to deliver, distribute, or dispense controlled substances by means of the Internet, pursuant to applicable licensure requirements, as determined by each such State.
(c) Internet pharmacy site disclosure information Each online pharmacy shall post in a visible and clear manner on the homepage of each Internet site it operates, or on a page directly linked thereto in which the hyperlink is also visible and clear on the homepage, the following information for each pharmacy that delivers, distributes, or dispenses controlled substances pursuant to orders made on, through, or on behalf of, that website:
(1) The name and address of the pharmacy as it appears on the pharmacy’s Drug Enforcement Administration certificate of registration.
(2) The pharmacy’s telephone number and email address.
(3) The name, professional degree, and States of licensure of the pharmacist-in-charge, and a telephone number at which the pharmacist-in-charge can be contacted.
(4) A list of the States in which the pharmacy is licensed to dispense controlled substances.
(5) A certification that the pharmacy is registered under this part to deliver, distribute, or dispense by means of the Internet controlled substances.
(6) The name, address, telephone number, professional degree, and States of licensure of any practitioner who has a contractual relationship to provide medical evaluations or issue prescriptions for controlled substances, through referrals from the website or at the request of the owner or operator of the website, or any employee or agent thereof.
(7) The following statement, unless revised by the Attorney General by regulation: “This online pharmacy will only dispense a controlled substance to a person who has a valid prescription issued for a legitimate medical purpose based upon a medical relationship with a prescribing practitioner. This includes at least one prior in-person medical evaluation or medical evaluation via telemedicine in accordance with applicable requirements of section 309.”.
(d) Notification (1) In general Thirty days prior to offering a controlled substance for sale, delivery, distribution, or dispensing, the online pharmacy shall notify the Attorney General, in such form and manner as the Attorney General shall determine, and the State boards of pharmacy in any States in which the online pharmacy offers to sell, deliver, distribute, or dispense controlled substances.
(2) Contents The notification required under paragraph (1) shall include—
(A) the information required to be posted on the online pharmacy’s Internet site under subsection (c) and shall notify the Attorney General and the applicable State boards of pharmacy, under penalty of perjury, that the information disclosed on its Internet site under subsection (c) is true and accurate;
(B) the online pharmacy’s Internet site address and a certification that the online pharmacy shall notify the Attorney General of any change in the address at least 30 days in advance; and
(C) the Drug Enforcement Administration registration numbers of any pharmacies and practitioners referred to in subsection (c), as applicable.
(3) Existing online pharmacies An online pharmacy that is already operational as of the effective date of this section, shall notify the Attorney General and applicable State boards of pharmacy in accordance with this subsection not later than 30 days after such date.
(e) Declaration of compliance On and after the date on which it makes the notification under subsection (d), each online pharmacy shall display on the homepage of its Internet site, in such form as the Attorney General shall by regulation require, a declaration that it has made such notification to the Attorney General.
(f) Reports Any statement, declaration, notification, or disclosure required under this section shall be considered a report required to be kept under this part.
(g) Notice and designations concerning Indian tribes (1) In general For purposes of sections 802(52) and 882(c)(6)(B) of this title, the Secretary shall notify the Attorney General, at such times and in such manner as the Secretary and the Attorney General determine appropriate, of the Indian tribes or tribal organizations with which the Secretary has contracted or compacted under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act [25 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.] for the tribes or tribal organizations to provide pharmacy services.
(2) Designations (A) In general The Secretary may designate a practitioner described in subparagraph (B) as an Internet Eligible Controlled Substances Provider. Such designations shall be made only in cases where the Secretary has found that there is a legitimate need for the practitioner to be so designated because the population served by the practitioner is in a sufficiently remote location that access to medical services is limited.
(B) Practitioners A practitioner described in this subparagraph is a practitioner who is an employee or contractor of the Indian Health Service, or is working for an Indian tribe or tribal organization under its contract or compact under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act [25 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.] with the Indian Health Service.
(h) Special registration for telemedicine (1) In general The Attorney General may issue to a practitioner a special registration to engage in the practice of telemedicine for purposes of section 802(54)(E) of this title if the practitioner, upon application for such special registration—
(A) demonstrates a legitimate need for the special registration; and
(B) is registered under section 823(g) of this title in the State in which the patient will be located when receiving the telemedicine treatment, unless the practitioner—
(i) is exempted from such registration in all States under section 822(d) of this title; or
(ii) is an employee or contractor of the Department of Veterans Affairs who is acting in the scope of such employment or contract and is registered under section 823(g) of this title in any State or is utilizing the registration of a hospital or clinic operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs registered under section 823(g) of this title.
(2) Regulations Not later than 1 year after October 24, 2018, in consultation with the Secretary, the Attorney General shall promulgate final regulations specifying—
(A) the limited circumstances in which a special registration under this subsection may be issued; and
(B) the procedure for obtaining a special registration under this subsection.
(3) Denials Proceedings to deny an application for registration under this subsection shall be conducted in accordance with section 824(c) of this title.
(i) Reporting of telemedicine by VHA during medical emergency situations (1) In general Any practitioner issuing a prescription for a controlled substance under the authorization to conduct telemedicine during a medical emergency situation described in section 802(54)(F) of this title shall report to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs the authorization of that emergency prescription, in accordance with such requirements as the Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall, by regulation, establish.
(2) To Attorney General Not later than 30 days after the date that a prescription described in subparagraph (A) is issued, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall report to the Attorney General the authorization of that emergency prescription.
(j) Clarification concerning prescription transfers Any transfer between pharmacies of information relating to a prescription for a controlled substance shall meet the applicable requirements under regulations promulgated by the Attorney General under this chapter.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 311, as added Pub. L. 110–425, § 3(d)(1), Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4825; amended Pub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3232, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3950; Pub. L. 117–215, title I, § 103(b)(1)(F), Dec. 2, 2022, 136 Stat. 2263.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 309, referred to in subsec. (c)(7), is section 309 of Pub. L. 91–513, which is classified to section 829 of this title. For effective date of this section, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), see Effective Date note below. The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), (2)(B), is Pub. L. 93–638, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2203, which is classified principally to chapter 46 (§ 5301 et seq.) of Title 25, Indians. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5301 of Title 25 and Tables. This chapter, referred to in subsec. (j), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1236. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables.
Amendments2022—Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 117–215 substituted “823(g)” for “823(f)” wherever appearing. 2018—Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 115–271 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Attorney General shall, with the concurrence of the Secretary, promulgate regulations specifying the limited circumstances in which a special registration under this subsection may be issued and the procedures for obtaining such a special registration.”
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective 180 days after Oct. 15, 2008, except as otherwise provided, see section 3(j) of Pub. L. 110–425, set out as an Effective Date of 2008 Amendment note under section 802 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 832 - Suspicious orders
## Text
(a) Reporting Each registrant shall—
(1) design and operate a system to identify suspicious orders for the registrant;
(2) ensure that the system designed and operated under paragraph (1) by the registrant complies with applicable Federal and State privacy laws; and
(3) upon discovering a suspicious order or series of orders, notify the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Special Agent in Charge of the Division Office of the Drug Enforcement Administration for the area in which the registrant is located or conducts business.
(b) Suspicious order database (1) In general Not later than 1 year after October 24, 2018, the Attorney General shall establish a centralized database for collecting reports of suspicious orders.
(2) Satisfaction of reporting requirements If a registrant reports a suspicious order to the centralized database established under paragraph (1), the registrant shall be considered to have complied with the requirement under subsection (a)(3) to notify the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Special Agent in Charge of the Division Office of the Drug Enforcement Administration for the area in which the registrant is located or conducts business.
(c) Sharing information with the States (1) In general The Attorney General shall prepare and make available information regarding suspicious orders in a State, including information in the database established under subsection (b)(1), to the point of contact for purposes of administrative, civil, and criminal oversight relating to the diversion of controlled substances for the State, as designated by the Governor or chief executive officer of the State.
(2) Timing The Attorney General shall provide information in accordance with paragraph (1) within a reasonable period of time after obtaining the information.
(3) Coordination In establishing the process for the provision of information under this subsection, the Attorney General shall coordinate with States to ensure that the Attorney General has access to information, as permitted under State law, possessed by the States relating to prescriptions for controlled substances that will assist in enforcing Federal law.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 312, as added Pub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3292(b), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3956.)
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# 21 U.S.C. § 842 - Prohibited acts B
## Text
(a) Unlawful acts It shall be unlawful for any person—
(1) who is subject to the requirements of part C to distribute or dispense a controlled substance in violation of section 829 of this title;
(2) who is a registrant to distribute or dispense a controlled substance not authorized by his registration to another registrant or other authorized person or to manufacture a controlled substance not authorized by his registration;
(3) who is a registrant to distribute a controlled substance in violation of section 825 of this title;
(4) to remove, alter, or obliterate a symbol or label required by section 825 of this title;
(5) to refuse or negligently fail to make, keep, or furnish any record, report, notification, declaration, order or order form, statement, invoice, or information required under this subchapter or subchapter II;
(6) to refuse any entry into any premises or inspection authorized by this subchapter or subchapter II;
(7) to remove, break, injure, or deface a seal placed upon controlled substances pursuant to section 824(f) or 881 of this title or to remove or dispose of substances so placed under seal;
(8) to use, to his own advantage, or to reveal, other than to duly authorized officers or employees of the United States, or to the courts when relevant in any judicial proceeding under this subchapter or subchapter II, any information acquired in the course of an inspection authorized by this subchapter concerning any method or process which as a trade secret is entitled to protection, or to use to his own advantage or reveal (other than as authorized by section 830 of this title) any information that is confidential under such section;
(9) who is a regulated person to engage in a regulated transaction without obtaining the identification required by 830(a)(3) of this title.11 So in original. Probably should be “section 830(a)(3) of this title;”.
(10) negligently to fail to keep a record or make a report under section 830 of this title or negligently to fail to self-certify as required under section 830 of this title;
(11) to distribute a laboratory supply to a person who uses, or attempts to use, that laboratory supply to manufacture a controlled substance or a listed chemical, in violation of this subchapter or subchapter II, with reckless disregard for the illegal uses to which such a laboratory supply will be put;
(12) who is a regulated seller, or a distributor required to submit reports under subsection (b)(3) of section 830 of this title—
(A) to sell at retail a scheduled listed chemical product in violation of paragraph (1) of subsection (d) of such section, knowing at the time of the transaction involved (independent of consulting the logbook under subsection (e)(1)(A)(iii) of such section) that the transaction is a violation; or
(B) to knowingly or recklessly sell at retail such a product in violation of paragraph (2) of such subsection (d);
(13) who is a regulated seller to knowingly or recklessly sell at retail a scheduled listed chemical product in violation of subsection (e) of such section;
(14) who is a regulated seller or an employee or agent of such seller to disclose, in violation of regulations under subparagraph (C) of section 830(e)(1) of this title, information in logbooks under subparagraph (A)(iii) of such section, or to refuse to provide such a logbook to Federal, State, or local law enforcement authorities;
(15) to distribute a scheduled listed chemical product to a regulated seller, or to a regulated person referred to in section 830(b)(3)(B) of this title, unless such regulated seller or regulated person is, at the time of such distribution, currently registered with the Drug Enforcement Administration, or on the list of persons referred to under section 830(e)(1)(B)(v) of this title;
(16) to violate subsection (e) of section 825 of this title; 22 See References in Text note below. or
(17) in the case of a registered manufacturer or distributor of opioids, to fail to review the most recent information, directly related to the customers of the manufacturer or distributor, made available by the Attorney General in accordance with section 827(f) of this title.
As used in paragraph (11), the term “laboratory supply” means a listed chemical or any chemical, substance, or item on a special surveillance list published by the Attorney General, which contains chemicals, products, materials, or equipment used in the manufacture of controlled substances and listed chemicals. For purposes of paragraph (11), there is a rebuttable presumption of reckless disregard at trial if the Attorney General notifies a firm in writing that a laboratory supply sold by the firm, or any other person or firm, has been used by a customer of the notified firm, or distributed further by that customer, for the unlawful production of controlled substances or listed chemicals a firm distributes and 2 weeks or more after the notification the notified firm distributes a laboratory supply to the customer. For purposes of paragraph (15), if the distributor is temporarily unable to access the list of persons referred to under section 830(e)(1)(B)(v) of this title, the distributor may rely on a written, faxed, or electronic copy of a certificate of self-certification submitted by the regulated seller or regulated person, provided the distributor confirms within 7 business days of the distribution that such regulated seller or regulated person is on the list referred to under section 830(e)(1)(B)(v) of this title.
(b) Manufacture It shall be unlawful for any person who is a registrant to manufacture a controlled substance in schedule I or II, or ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine or any of the salts, optical isomers, or salts of optical isomers of such chemical, which is—
(1) not expressly authorized by his registration and by a quota assigned to him pursuant to section 826 of this title; or
(2) in excess of a quota assigned to him pursuant to section 826 of this title.
(c) Penalties (1) (A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), (C), or (D) of this paragraph and paragraph (2), any person who violates this section shall, with respect to any such violation, be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $25,000. The district courts of the United States (or, where there is no such court in the case of any territory or possession of the United States, then the court in such territory or possession having the jurisdiction of a district court of the United States in cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States) shall have jurisdiction in accordance with section 1355 of title 28 to enforce this paragraph.
(B) (i) Except as provided in clause (ii), in the case of a violation of paragraph (5), (10), or (17) of subsection (a), the civil penalty shall not exceed $10,000.
(ii) In the case of a violation described in clause (i) committed by a registered manufacturer or distributor of opioids and related to the reporting of suspicious orders for opioids, failing to maintain effective controls against diversion of opioids, or failing to review the most recent information made available by the Attorney General in accordance with section 827(f) of this title, the penalty shall not exceed $100,000.
(C) In the case of a violation of paragraph (16) of subsection (a) of this section by an importer, exporter, manufacturer, or distributor (other than as provided in subparagraph (D)), up to $500,000 per violation. For purposes of this subparagraph, a violation is defined as each instance of importation, exportation, manufacturing, distribution, or possession with intent to manufacture or distribute, in violation of paragraph (16) of subsection (a).
(D) In the case of a distribution, dispensing, or possession with intent to distribute or dispense in violation of paragraph (16) of subsection (a) of this section at the retail level, up to $1000 per violation. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “at the retail level” refers to products sold, or held for sale, directly to the consumer for personal use. Each package, container or other separate unit containing an anabolic steroid that is distributed, dispensed, or possessed with intent to distribute or dispense at the retail level in violation of such paragraph (16) of subsection (a) shall be considered a separate violation.
(2) (A) If a violation of this section is prosecuted by an information or indictment which alleges that the violation was committed knowingly and the trier of fact specifically finds that the violation was so committed, such person shall, except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (B) or (D) of this paragraph, be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than one year or a fine under title 18, or both.
(B) If a violation referred to in subparagraph (A) was committed after one or more prior convictions of the offender for an offense punishable under this paragraph (2), or for a crime under any other provision of this subchapter or subchapter II or other law of the United States relating to narcotic drugs, marihuana, or depressant or stimulant substances, have become final, such person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than 2 years, a fine under title 18, or both.
(C) In addition to the penalties set forth elsewhere in this subchapter or subchapter II, any business that violates paragraph (11) of subsection (a) shall, with respect to the first such violation, be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $250,000, but shall not be subject to criminal penalties under this section, and shall, for any succeeding violation, be subject to a civil fine of not more than $250,000 or double the last previously imposed penalty, whichever is greater.
(D) In the case of a violation described in subparagraph (A) that was a violation of paragraph (5), (10), or (17) of subsection (a) committed by a registered manufacturer or distributor of opioids that relates to the reporting of suspicious orders for opioids, failing to maintain effective controls against diversion of opioids, or failing to review the most recent information made available by the Attorney General in accordance with section 827(f) of this title, the criminal fine under title 18 shall not exceed $500,000.
(3) Except under the conditions specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection, a violation of this section does not constitute a crime, and a judgment for the United States and imposition of a civil penalty pursuant to paragraph (1) shall not give rise to any disability or legal disadvantage based on conviction for a criminal offense.
(4) (A) If a regulated seller, or a distributor required to submit reports under section 830(b)(3) of this title, violates paragraph (12) of subsection (a) of this section, or if a regulated seller violates paragraph (13) of such subsection, the Attorney General may by order prohibit such seller or distributor (as the case may be) from selling any scheduled listed chemical product. Any sale of such a product in violation of such an order is subject to the same penalties as apply under paragraph (2).
(B) An order under subparagraph (A) may be imposed only through the same procedures as apply under section 824(c) of this title for an order to show cause.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 402, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1262; Pub. L. 95–633, title II, § 202(b)(1), (2), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3776; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6056, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4318; Pub. L. 104–237, title II, § 205, Oct. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 3103; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(b) [title I, § 117], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–50, 2681–68; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, § 4002(b)(16), (d)(2)(B), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808, 1809; Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, §§ 711(f)(1)(A), (2), 714, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 262–264; Pub. L. 111–268, §§ 4, 5, Oct. 12, 2010, 124 Stat. 2847, 2848; Pub. L. 113–260, § 3(c), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2931; Pub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3273(c), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3953.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 825 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(16), was so in the original, but probably should have been a reference to section 305 of Pub. L. 91–513, which is classified to section 825 of this title. Schedules I and II, referred to in subsec. (b), are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments2018—Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 115–271, § 3273(c)(1), added par. (17). Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–271, § 3273(c)(2)(A), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “In the case of a violation of paragraph (5) or (10) of subsection (a), the civil penalty shall not exceed $10,000.” Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–271, § 3273(c)(2)(B)(i), inserted “or (D)” after “subparagraph (B)”. Subsec. (c)(2)(D). Pub. L. 115–271, § 3273(c)(2)(B)(ii), added subpar. (D). 2014—Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 113–260, § 3(c)(1), added par. (16). Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 113–260, § 3(c)(2)(A), inserted “, (C), or (D)” after “subparagraph (B)”. Subsec. (c)(1)(C), (D). Pub. L. 113–260, § 3(c)(2)(B), added subpars. (C) and (D). 2010—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–268, § 4(4), inserted “For purposes of paragraph (15), if the distributor is temporarily unable to access the list of persons referred to under section 830(e)(1)(B)(v) of this title, the distributor may rely on a written, faxed, or electronic copy of a certificate of self-certification submitted by the regulated seller or regulated person, provided the distributor confirms within 7 business days of the distribution that such regulated seller or regulated person is on the list referred to under section 830(e)(1)(B)(v) of this title.” at end of concluding provisions. Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 111–268, § 5, inserted “or negligently to fail to self-certify as required under section 830 of this title” before semicolon. Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 111–268, § 4(1)–(3), added par. (15). 2006—Subsec. (a)(12) to (14). Pub. L. 109–177, § 711(f)(1)(A), added pars. (12) to (14). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–177, § 714, inserted “, or ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine or any of the salts, optical isomers, or salts of optical isomers of such chemical,” after “manufacture a controlled substance in schedule I or II” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 109–177, § 711(f)(2), added par. (4). 2002—Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 107–273, § 4002(d)(2)(B)(i), substituted “under title 18” for “of not more than $25,000”. Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, § 4002(d)(2)(B)(ii), substituted “under title 18” for “of $50,000”. Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 107–273, § 4002(b)(16), realigned margins. 1998—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(b) [title I, § 117(1)], inserted “negligently” before “fail”. Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(b) [title I, § 117(2)], inserted “negligently” before “to fail”. Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(b) [title I, § 117(3)], designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted “subparagraph (B) of this paragraph and” before “paragraph (2)”, and added subpar. (B). 1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–237, § 205(a), added par. (11) and closing provisions. Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 104–237, § 205(b), added subpar. (C). 1988—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6056(a), inserted “, or to use to his own advantage or reveal (other than as authorized by section 830 of this title) any information that is confidential under such section” after “protection”. Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6056(b), amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (9) read as follows: “to distribute or sell piperidine in violation of regulations established under section 830(a)(2) of this title, respecting presentation of identification.” Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6056(d), added par. (10). Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6056(c), struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: “Subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall not apply to a violation of subsection (a)(5) of this section with respect to a refusal or failure to make a report required under section 830(a) of this title (relating to piperidine reporting).” 1978—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 95–633, § 202(b)(1), added par. (9). Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 95–633, § 202(b)(2), added subpar. (C).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2010 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 111–268 effective 180 days after Oct. 12, 2010, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 111–268, set out as a note under section 830 of this title.
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective 120 days after Nov. 18, 1988, see section 6061 of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–633 effective Nov. 10, 1978, see section 203(a) of Pub. L. 95–633 set out as an Effective Date note under section 830 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
RepealsPub. L. 96–359, § 8(b), Sept. 26, 1980, 94 Stat. 1194, repealed section 203(d) of Pub. L. 95–633, which had provided for the repeal of subsecs. (a)(9) and (c)(2)(C) of this section effective Jan. 1, 1981.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 843 - Prohibited acts C
## Text
(a) Unlawful acts It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally—
(1) who is a registrant to distribute a controlled substance classified in schedule I or II, in the course of his legitimate business, except pursuant to an order or an order form as required by section 828 of this title;
(2) to use in the course of the manufacture, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance, or to use for the purpose of acquiring or obtaining a controlled substance, a registration number which is fictitious, revoked, suspended, expired, or issued to another person;
(3) to acquire or obtain possession of a controlled substance by misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, or subterfuge;
(4) (A) to furnish false or fraudulent material information in, or omit any material information from, any application, report, record, or other document required to be made, kept, or filed under this subchapter or subchapter II, or (B) to present false or fraudulent identification where the person is receiving or purchasing a listed chemical and the person is required to present identification under section 830(a) of this title;
(5) to make, distribute, or possess any punch, die, plate, stone, or other thing designed to print, imprint, or reproduce the trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark, imprint, or device of another or any likeness of any of the foregoing upon any drug or container or labeling thereof so as to render such drug a counterfeit substance;
(6) to possess any three-neck round-bottom flask, tableting machine, encapsulating machine, or gelatin capsule, or any equipment, chemical, product, or material which may be used to manufacture a controlled substance or listed chemical, knowing, intending, or having reasonable cause to believe, that it will be used to manufacture a controlled substance or listed chemical in violation of this subchapter or subchapter II;
(7) to manufacture, distribute, export, or import any three-neck round-bottom flask, tableting machine, encapsulating machine, or gelatin capsule, or any equipment, chemical, product, or material which may be used to manufacture a controlled substance or listed chemical, knowing, intending, or having reasonable cause to believe, that it will be used to manufacture a controlled substance or listed chemical in violation of this subchapter or subchapter II or, in the case of an exportation, in violation of this subchapter or subchapter II or of the laws of the country to which it is exported;
(8) to create a chemical mixture for the purpose of evading a requirement of section 830 of this title or to receive a chemical mixture created for that purpose; or
(9) to distribute, import, or export a list I chemical without the registration required by this subchapter or subchapter II.
(b) Communication facility It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to use any communication facility in committing or in causing or facilitating the commission of any act or acts constituting a felony under any provision of this subchapter or subchapter II. Each separate use of a communication facility shall be a separate offense under this subsection. For purposes of this subsection, the term “communication facility” means any and all public and private instrumentalities used or useful in the transmission of writing, signs, signals, pictures, or sounds of all kinds and includes mail, telephone, wire, radio, and all other means of communication.
(c) Advertisement (1) It shall be unlawful for any person to place in any newspaper, magazine, handbill, or other publications, any written advertisement knowing that it has the purpose of seeking or offering illegally to receive, buy, or distribute a Schedule 11 So in original. Probably should not be capitalized. I controlled substance. As used in this section the term “advertisement” includes, in addition to its ordinary meaning, such advertisements as those for a catalog of Schedule 1 I controlled substances and any similar written advertisement that has the purpose of seeking or offering illegally to receive, buy, or distribute a Schedule 1 I controlled substance. The term “advertisement” does not include material which merely advocates the use of a similar material, which advocates a position or practice, and does not attempt to propose or facilitate an actual transaction in a Schedule 1 I controlled substance.
(2) (A) It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly or intentionally use the Internet, or cause the Internet to be used, to advertise the sale of, or to offer to sell, distribute, or dispense, a controlled substance where such sale, distribution, or dispensing is not authorized by this subchapter or by the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act [21 U.S.C. 951 et seq.].
(B) Examples of activities that violate subparagraph (A) include, but are not limited to, knowingly or intentionally causing the placement on the Internet of an advertisement that refers to or directs prospective buyers to Internet sellers of controlled substances who are not registered with a modification under section 823(g) of this title.
(C) Subparagraph (A) does not apply to material that either—
(i) merely advertises the distribution of controlled substances by nonpractitioners to the extent authorized by their registration under this subchapter; or
(ii) merely advocates the use of a controlled substance or includes pricing information without attempting to facilitate an actual transaction involving a controlled substance.
(d) Penalties (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), any person who violates this section shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than 4 years, a fine under title 18, or both; except that if any person commits such a violation after one or more prior convictions of him for violation of this section, or for a felony under any other provision of this subchapter or subchapter II or other law of the United States relating to narcotic drugs, marihuana, or depressant or stimulant substances, have become final, such person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than 8 years, a fine under title 18, or both.
(2) Any person who, with the intent to manufacture or to facilitate the manufacture of methamphetamine, violates paragraph (6) or (7) of subsection (a), shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than 10 years, a fine under title 18, or both; except that if any person commits such a violation after one or more prior convictions of that person—
(A) for a violation of paragraph (6) or (7) of subsection (a);
(B) for a felony under any other provision of this subchapter or subchapter II of this chapter; 22 See References in Text note below. or
(C) under any other law of the United States or any State relating to controlled substances or listed chemicals,
has become final, such person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than 20 years, a fine under title 18, or both.
(e) Additional penalties In addition to any other applicable penalty, any person convicted of a felony violation of this section relating to the receipt, distribution, manufacture, exportation, or importation of a listed chemical may be enjoined from engaging in any transaction involving a listed chemical for not more than ten years.
(f) Injunctions (1) In addition to any penalty provided in this section, the Attorney General is authorized to commence a civil action for appropriate declaratory or injunctive relief relating to violations of this section, section 842 of this title, or 856 33 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “section”. of this title.
(2) Any action under this subsection may be brought in the district court of the United States for the district in which the defendant is located or resides or is doing business.
(3) Any order or judgment issued by the court pursuant to this subsection shall be tailored to restrain violations of this section or section 842 of this title.
(4) The court shall proceed as soon as practicable to the hearing and determination of such an action. An action under this subsection is governed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure except that, if an indictment has been returned against the respondent, discovery is governed by the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 403, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1263; Pub. L. 95–633, title II, § 202(b)(3), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3776; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 516, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2074; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1866(a), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–54; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6057, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4319; Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(g), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2337; Pub. L. 103–322, title IX, § 90106, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1988; Pub. L. 104–237, title II, §§ 203(a), 206(b), Oct. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 3102, 3103; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, § 4002(d)(2)(C), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1810; Pub. L. 108–21, title VI, § 608(d), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 691; Pub. L. 110–425, § 3(g), Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4830; Pub. L. 117–215, title I, § 103(b)(1)(H), Dec. 2, 2022, 136 Stat. 2263.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I and II, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1) and (c)(1), are set out in section 812(c) of this title. This subchapter, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A), (C)(i), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, and is popularly known as the “Controlled Substances Act”. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see second paragraph of Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. The Controlled Substances Import and Export Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A), is title III of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1285, which is classified principally to subchapter II (§ 951 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 951 of this title and Tables. This subchapter or subchapter II of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(B), was in the original a reference to “this subchapter or subchapter II of this chapter” but probably should be a reference to “this title or title III of this Act”, meaning titles II and III, respectively, of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, 1285. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, referred to in subsec. (f)(4), are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, referred to in subsec. (f)(4), are set out in the Appendix to Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Amendments2022—Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 117–215 substituted “823(g)” for “823(f)”. 2008—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–425 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). 2003—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 108–21 substituted “this section, section 842 of this title, or 856 of this title” for “this section or section 842 of this title”. 2002—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–273 substituted “under title 18, or both;” for “of not more than $30,000, or both;” in two places and “under title 18, or both.” for “of not more than $60,000, or both.” in two places. 1996—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–237, § 203(a), inserted par. (1) designation, substituted “Except as provided in paragraph (2), any person” for “Any person”, and added par. (2). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–237, § 206(b)(1), inserted “manufacture, exportation,” after “distribution,” and struck out “regulated” after “engaging in any”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–237, § 206(b)(2), added subsec. (f). 1994—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 103–322 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) and (d) as (d) and (e), respectively. 1993—Subsec. (a)(6), (7). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(g)(1), amended pars. (6) and (7) generally. Prior to amendment, pars. (6) and (7) read as follows: “(6) to possess any three-neck round-bottom flask, tableting machine, encapsulating machine, gelatin capsule, or equipment specially designed or modified to manufacture a controlled substance, with intent to manufacture a controlled substance except as authorized by this subchapter; “(7) to manufacture, distribute, or import any three-neck round-bottom flask, tableting machine, encapsulating machine, gelatin capsule, or equipment specially designed or modified to manufacture a controlled substance, knowing that it will be used to manufacture a controlled substance except as authorized by this subchapter; or”. Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(g)(2), (3), added par. (9). 1988—Subsec. (a)(4)(B). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6057(a)(1), substituted “a listed chemical” for “piperidine”. Subsec. (a)(6) to (8). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6057(a)(2)–(4), added pars. (6) to (8). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6057(b), added subsec. (d). 1986—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 99–570 substituted a semicolon for the period at end. 1984—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–473 added applicability to dispensing, acquiring, or obtaining a controlled substance, and applicability to an expired number. 1978—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 95–633, § 202(b)(3), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2008 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 110–425 effective 180 days after Oct. 15, 2008, except as otherwise provided, see section 3(j) of Pub. L. 110–425, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date of 1993 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–200 effective on date that is 120 days after Dec. 17, 1993, see section 11 of Pub. L. 103–200, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective 120 days after Nov. 18, 1988, see section 6061 of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–633 effective Nov. 10, 1978, except as otherwise provided, see section 203(a) of Pub. L. 95–633, set out as an Effective Date note under section 830 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
RepealsPub. L. 96–359, § 8(b), Sept. 26, 1980, 94 Stat. 1194, repealed section 203(d) of Pub. L. 95–633, which had provided for the repeal of subsec. (a)(4)(B) of this section effective Jan. 1, 1981.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 844 - Penalties for simple possession
## Text
(a) Unlawful acts; penalties It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to possess a controlled substance unless such substance was obtained directly, or pursuant to a valid prescription or order, from a practitioner, while acting in the course of his professional practice, or except as otherwise authorized by this subchapter or subchapter II. It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to possess any list I chemical obtained pursuant to or under authority of a registration issued to that person under section 823 of this title or section 958 of this title if that registration has been revoked or suspended, if that registration has expired, or if the registrant has ceased to do business in the manner contemplated by his registration. It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly or intentionally purchase at retail during a 30 day period more than 9 grams of ephedrine base, pseudoephedrine base, or phenylpropanolamine base in a scheduled listed chemical product, except that, of such 9 grams, not more than 7.5 grams may be imported by means of shipping through any private or commercial carrier or the Postal Service. Any person who violates this subsection may be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than 1 year, and shall be fined a minimum of $1,000, or both, except that if he commits such offense after a prior conviction under this subchapter or subchapter II, or a prior conviction for any drug, narcotic, or chemical offense chargeable under the law of any State, has become final, he shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment for not less than 15 days but not more than 2 years, and shall be fined a minimum of $2,500, except, further, that if he commits such offense after two or more prior convictions under this subchapter or subchapter II, or two or more prior convictions for any drug, narcotic, or chemical offense chargeable under the law of any State, or a combination of two or more such offenses have become final, he shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment for not less than 90 days but not more than 3 years, and shall be fined a minimum of $5,000. Notwithstanding any penalty provided in this subsection, any person convicted under this subsection for the possession of flunitrazepam shall be imprisoned for not more than 3 years, shall be fined as otherwise provided in this section, or both. The imposition or execution of a minimum sentence required to be imposed under this subsection shall not be suspended or deferred. Further, upon conviction, a person who violates this subsection shall be fined the reasonable costs of the investigation and prosecution of the offense, including the costs of prosecution of an offense as defined in sections 1918 and 1920 of title 28, except that this sentence shall not apply and a fine under this section need not be imposed if the court determines under the provision of title 18 that the defendant lacks the ability to pay.
(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 219(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027
(c) “Drug, narcotic, or chemical offense” defined As used in this section, the term “drug, narcotic, or chemical offense” means any offense which proscribes the possession, distribution, manufacture, cultivation, sale, transfer, or the attempt or conspiracy to possess, distribute, manufacture, cultivate, sell or transfer any substance the possession of which is prohibited under this subchapter.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 404, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1264; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 219, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1052, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–8; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, §§ 6371, 6480, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4370, 4382; Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, § 1201, title XIX, § 1907, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4829, 4854; Pub. L. 104–237, title II, § 201(a), Oct. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 3101; Pub. L. 104–305, § 2(c), Oct. 13, 1996, 110 Stat. 3808; Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 711(e)(1), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 262; Pub. L. 111–220, § 3, Aug. 3, 2010, 124 Stat. 2372.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments2010—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–220 struck out “Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a person convicted under this subsection for the possession of a mixture or substance which contains cocaine base shall be imprisoned not less than 5 years and not more than 20 years, and fined a minimum of $1,000, if the conviction is a first conviction under this subsection and the amount of the mixture or substance exceeds 5 grams, if the conviction is after a prior conviction for the possession of such a mixture or substance under this subsection becomes final and the amount of the mixture or substance exceeds 3 grams, or if the conviction is after 2 or more prior convictions for the possession of such a mixture or substance under this subsection become final and the amount of the mixture or substance exceeds 1 gram.” after “$5,000.” 2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–177 inserted after second sentence “It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly or intentionally purchase at retail during a 30 day period more than 9 grams of ephedrine base, pseudoephedrine base, or phenylpropanolamine base in a scheduled listed chemical product, except that, of such 9 grams, not more than 7.5 grams may be imported by means of shipping through any private or commercial carrier or the Postal Service.” 1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–305 inserted “Notwithstanding any penalty provided in this subsection, any person convicted under this subsection for the possession of flunitrazepam shall be imprisoned for not more than 3 years, shall be fined as otherwise provided in this section, or both.” after “mixture or substance exceeds 1 gram.” Pub. L. 104–237, § 201(a)(1), inserted after first sentence “It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to possess any list I chemical obtained pursuant to or under authority of a registration issued to that person under section 823 of this title or section 958 of this title if that registration has been revoked or suspended, if that registration has expired, or if the registrant has ceased to do business in the manner contemplated by his registration.” and substituted “drug, narcotic, or chemical” for “drug or narcotic” in two places. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–237, § 201(a)(2), substituted “drug, narcotic, or chemical” for “drug or narcotic”. 1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–647, § 1907, inserted subsec. (a) designation. Pub. L. 101–647, § 1201, substituted “shall be imprisoned not less than 5 years and not more than 20 years, and fined a minimum of $1,000” for “shall be fined under title 18 or imprisoned not less than 5 years and not more than 20 years, or both”. 1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6480(1)(A)–(C), struck out “but not more than $5,000” after “$1,000”, “but not more than $10,000” after “$2,500”, and “but not more than $25,000” after “$5,000” in second sentence. Pub. L. 100–690, § 6371, inserted provisions relating to increased penalties in cases of certain serious crack possession offenses, making offenders subject to fines under title 18 or imprisonment to terms not less than 5 years nor more than 20 years, or both. 1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–570 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: “It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to possess a controlled substance unless such substance was obtained directly, or pursuant to a valid prescription or order, from a practitioner, while acting in the course of his professional practice, or except as otherwise authorized by this subchapter or subchapter II of this chapter. Any person who violates this subsection shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than one year, a fine of not more than $5,000, or both, except that if he commits such offense after a prior conviction or convictions under this subsection have become final, he shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than 2 years, a fine of not more than $10,000 or both.” Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–570, in amending subsec. (b) generally, substituted “Upon the discharge of such person and dismissal of the proceedings” for “Upon the dismissal of such person and discharge of the proceedings” in par. (2). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–570, in amending section generally, added subsec. (c). 1984—Pub. L. 98–473 struck out subsec. (a) designation and struck out subsec. (b) which related to probation before judgment and expunging of records for first offense.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2006 AmendmentPub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 711(e)(2), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 262, provided that: “The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] applies on and after the expiration of the 30-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 9, 2006].”
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such amendment, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3551 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
Executive Documents
Proc. No. 10467. Granting Pardon for the Offense of Simple Possession of Marijuana Proc. No. 10467, Oct. 6, 2022, 87 F.R. 61441, provided: Acting pursuant to the grant of authority in Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution of the United States, I, Joseph R. Biden Jr., do hereby grant a full, complete, and unconditional pardon to (1) all current United States citizens and lawful permanent residents who committed the offense of simple possession of marijuana in violation of the Controlled Substances Act, as currently codified at 21 U.S.C. 844 and as previously codified elsewhere in the United States Code, or in violation of D.C. Code 48–904.01(d)(1), on or before the date of this proclamation [Oct. 6, 2022], regardless of whether they have been charged with or prosecuted for this offense on or before the date of this proclamation; and (2) all current United States citizens and lawful permanent residents who have been convicted of the offense of simple possession of marijuana in violation of the Controlled Substances Act, as currently codified at 21 U.S.C. 844 and as previously codified elsewhere in the United States Code, or in violation of D.C. Code 48–904.01(d)(1); which pardon shall restore to them full political, civil, and other rights. My intent by this proclamation is to pardon only the offense of simple possession of marijuana in violation of Federal law or in violation of D.C. Code 48–904.01(d)(1), and not any other offenses related to marijuana or other controlled substances. No language herein shall be construed to pardon any person for any other offense, including possession of other controlled substances, whether committed prior, subsequent, or contemporaneous to the pardoned offense of simple possession of marijuana. This pardon does not apply to individuals who were non-citizens not lawfully present in the United States at the time of their offense. Pursuant to this proclamation, the Attorney General, acting through the Pardon Attorney, shall administer and effectuate the issuance of certificates of pardon to eligible applicants who have been charged or convicted for the offense of simple possession of marijuana in violation of the Controlled Substances Act, as currently codified at 21 U.S.C. 844 and as previously codified elsewhere in the United States Code, or in violation of D.C. Code 48–904.01(d)(1). The Attorney General, acting through the Pardon Attorney, is directed to develop and announce application procedures for certificates of pardon and to begin accepting applications in accordance with such procedures as soon as reasonably practicable. The Attorney General, acting through the Pardon Attorney, shall review all properly submitted applications and shall issue certificates of pardon to eligible applicants in due course. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand twenty-two, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-seventh. J.R. Biden, Jr.
Proc. No. 10688. Granting Pardon for the Offense of Simple Possession of Marijuana, Attempted Simple Possession of Marijuana, or Use of Marijuana Proc. No. 10688, Dec. 22, 2023, 88 F.R. 90083, provided: In Proclamation 10467 of October 6, 2022 (Granting Pardon for the Offense of Simple Possession of Marijuana) [set out above], I exercised my authority under the Constitution to pardon individuals who committed or were convicted of the offense of simple possession of marijuana in violation of the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.] and section 48–904.01(d)(1) of the Code of the District of Columbia (D.C. Code). As I have said before, convictions for simple possession of marijuana have imposed needless barriers to employment, housing, and educational opportunities. Through this proclamation, consistent with the grant of Proclamation 10467, I am pardoning additional individuals who may continue to experience the unnecessary collateral consequences of a conviction for simple possession of marijuana, attempted simple possession of marijuana, or use of marijuana. Therefore, acting pursuant to the grant of authority in Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution of the United States, I, Joseph R. Biden Jr., do hereby grant a full, complete, and unconditional pardon to all current United States citizens and lawful permanent residents who, on or before the date of this proclamation [Dec. 22, 2023], committed or were convicted of the offense of simple possession of marijuana, attempted simple possession of marijuana, or use of marijuana, regardless of whether they have been charged with or prosecuted for these offenses on or before the date of this proclamation, in violation of: (1) section 844 of title 21, United States Code, section 846 of title 21, United States Code, and previous provisions in the United States Code that prohibited simple possession of marijuana or attempted simple possession of marijuana; (2) section 48–904.01(d)(1) of the D.C. Code and previous provisions in the D.C. Code that prohibited simple possession of marijuana; (3) section 48–904.09 of the D.C. Code and previous provisions in the D.C. Code that prohibited attempted simple possession of marijuana; and (4) provisions in the Code of Federal Regulations, including as enforced under the United States Code, that prohibit only the simple possession or use of marijuana on Federal properties or installations, or in other locales, as currently or previously codified, including but not limited to 25 C.F.R. 11.452(a); 32 C.F.R. 1903.12(b)(2); 36 C.F.R. 2.35(b)(2); 36 C.F.R. 1002.35(b)(2); 36 C.F.R. 1280.16(a)(1); 36 C.F.R. 702.6(b); 41 C.F.R. 102–74.400(a); 43 C.F.R. 8365.1–4(b)(2); and 50 C.F.R. 27.82(b)(2). My intent by this proclamation is to pardon only the offenses of simple possession of marijuana, attempted simple possession of marijuana, or use of marijuana in violation of the Federal and D.C. laws set forth in paragraphs (1) through (3) of this proclamation, as well as the provisions in the Code of Federal Regulations consistent with paragraph (4) of this proclamation, and not any other offenses involving other controlled substances or activity beyond simple possession of marijuana, attempted simple possession of marijuana, or use of marijuana, such as possession of marijuana with intent to distribute or driving offenses committed while under the influence of marijuana. This pardon does not apply to individuals who were non-citizens not lawfully present in the United States at the time of their offense. Pursuant to the procedures in Proclamation 10467, the Attorney General, acting through the Pardon Attorney, shall review all properly submitted applications for certificates of pardon and shall issue such certificates of pardon to eligible applicants in due course. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-second day of December, in the year of our Lord two thousand twenty-three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-eighth. J.R. Biden, Jr.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 844a - Civil penalty for possession of small amounts of certain controlled substances
## Text
(a) In general Any individual who knowingly possesses a controlled substance that is listed in section 841(b)(1)(A) of this title in violation of section 844 of this title in an amount that, as specified by regulation of the Attorney General, is a personal use amount shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $10,000 for each such violation.
(b) Income and net assets The income and net assets of an individual shall not be relevant to the determination whether to assess a civil penalty under this section or to prosecute the individual criminally. However, in determining the amount of a penalty under this section, the income and net assets of an individual shall be considered.
(c) Prior conviction A civil penalty may not be assessed under this section if the individual previously was convicted of a Federal or State offense relating to a controlled substance.
(d) Limitation on number of assessments A civil penalty may not be assessed on an individual under this section on more than two separate occasions.
(e) Assessment A civil penalty under this section may be assessed by the Attorney General only by an order made on the record after opportunity for a hearing in accordance with section 554 of title 5. The Attorney General shall provide written notice to the individual who is the subject of the proposed order informing the individual of the opportunity to receive such a hearing with respect to the proposed order. The hearing may be held only if the individual makes a request for the hearing before the expiration of the 30-day period beginning on the date such notice is issued.
(f) Compromise The Attorney General may compromise, modify, or remit, with or without conditions, any civil penalty imposed under this section.
(g) Judicial review If the Attorney General issues an order pursuant to subsection (e) after a hearing described in such subsection, the individual who is the subject of the order may, before the expiration of the 30-day period beginning on the date the order is issued, bring a civil action in the appropriate district court of the United States. In such action, the law and the facts of the violation and the assessment of the civil penalty shall be determined de novo, and shall include the right of a trial by jury, the right to counsel, and the right to confront witnesses. The facts of the violation shall be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
(h) Civil action If an individual does not request a hearing pursuant to subsection (e) and the Attorney General issues an order pursuant to such subsection, or if an individual does not under subsection (g) seek judicial review of such an order, the Attorney General may commence a civil action in any appropriate district court of the United States for the purpose of recovering the amount assessed and an amount representing interest at a rate computed in accordance with section 1961 of title 28. Such interest shall accrue from the expiration of the 30-day period described in subsection (g). In such an action, the decision of the Attorney General to issue the order, and the amount of the penalty assessed by the Attorney General, shall not be subject to review.
(i) Limitation The Attorney General may not under this subsection 11 So in original. Probably should be “section”. commence proceeding against an individual after the expiration of the 5-year period beginning on the date on which the individual allegedly violated subsection (a).
(j) Expungement procedures The Attorney General shall dismiss the proceedings under this section against an individual upon application of such individual at any time after the expiration of 3 years if—
(1) the individual has not previously been assessed a civil penalty under this section;
(2) the individual has paid the assessment;
(3) the individual has complied with any conditions imposed by the Attorney General;
(4) the individual has not been convicted of a Federal or State offense relating to a controlled substance; and
(5) the individual agrees to submit to a drug test, and such test shows the individual to be drug free.
A nonpublic record of a disposition under this subsection shall be retained by the Department of Justice solely for the purpose of determining in any subsequent proceeding whether the person qualified for a civil penalty or expungement under this section. If a record is expunged under this subsection, an individual concerning whom such an expungement has been made shall not be held thereafter under any provision of law to be guilty of perjury, false swearing, or making a false statement by reason of his failure to recite or acknowledge a proceeding under this section or the results thereof in response to an inquiry made of him for any purpose.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 405, formerly Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6486, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4384, renumbered § 405 of Pub. L. 91–513, and amended Pub. L. 101–647, title X, § 1002(g)(1), (2), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4828.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Prior ProvisionsA prior section 405 of Pub. L. 91–513 was renumbered section 418 and is classified to section 859 of this title.
Amendments1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–647, § 1002(g)(2)(A), made technical amendments to references to sections 841(b)(1)(A) and 844 of this title to correct references to corresponding provisions of original act. Subsecs. (c), (j)(4). Pub. L. 101–647, § 1002(g)(2)(B), (C), struck out “as defined in section 802 of this title” after “controlled substance”.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 845 to 845b - Transferred
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section 845, Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 405, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1265, as amended, which related to distribution of controlled substances to persons under age twenty-one, was renumbered § 418 of Pub. L. 91–513 by Pub. L. 101–647, title X, § 1002(a)(1), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4827, and transferred to section 859 of this title. Section 845a, Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 405A, as added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 503(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2069, and amended, which related to distribution or manufacturing of controlled substances in or near schools and colleges, was renumbered § 419 of Pub. L. 91–513 by Pub. L. 101–647, title X, § 1002(b), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4827, and transferred to section 860 of this title. Section 845b, Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 405B, as added Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1102, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–10, and amended, which related to employment or use of persons under 18 years of age in drug operations, was renumbered § 420 of Pub. L. 91–513 by Pub. L. 101–647, title X, § 1002(c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4827, and transferred to section 861 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 846 - Attempt and conspiracy
## Text
Any person who attempts or conspires to commit any offense defined in this subchapter shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense, the commission of which was the object of the attempt or conspiracy.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 406, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1265; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6470(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4377.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1988—Pub. L. 100–690 substituted “shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense” for “is punishable by imprisonment or fine or both which may not exceed the maximum punishment prescribed for the offense”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 847 - Additional penalties
## Text
Any penalty imposed for violation of this subchapter shall be in addition to, and not in lieu of, any civil or administrative penalty or sanction authorized by law.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 407, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1265.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
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---
# 21 U.S.C. § 848 - Continuing criminal enterprise
## Text
(a) Penalties; forfeitures Any person who engages in a continuing criminal enterprise shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be less than 20 years and which may be up to life imprisonment, to a fine not to exceed the greater of that authorized in accordance with the provisions of title 18 or $2,000,000 if the defendant is an individual or $5,000,000 if the defendant is other than an individual, and to the forfeiture prescribed in section 853 of this title; except that if any person engages in such activity after one or more prior convictions of him under this section have become final, he shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be less than 30 years and which may be up to life imprisonment, to a fine not to exceed the greater of twice the amount authorized in accordance with the provisions of title 18 or $4,000,000 if the defendant is an individual or $10,000,000 if the defendant is other than an individual, and to the forfeiture prescribed in section 853 of this title.
(b) Life imprisonment for engaging in continuing criminal enterprise Any person who engages in a continuing criminal enterprise shall be imprisoned for life and fined in accordance with subsection (a), if—
(1) such person is the principal administrator, organizer, or leader of the enterprise or is one of several such principal administrators, organizers, or leaders; and
(2) (A) the violation referred to in subsection (c)(1) involved at least 300 times the quantity of a substance described in subsection 841(b)(1)(B) of this title, or
(B) the enterprise, or any other enterprise in which the defendant was the principal or one of several principal administrators, organizers, or leaders, received $10 million dollars in gross receipts during any twelve-month period of its existence for the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a substance described in section 841(b)(1)(B) of this title.
(c) “Continuing criminal enterprise” defined For purposes of subsection (a), a person is engaged in a continuing criminal enterprise if—
(1) he violates any provision of this subchapter or subchapter II the punishment for which is a felony, and
(2) such violation is a part of a continuing series of violations of this subchapter or subchapter II—
(A) which are undertaken by such person in concert with five or more other persons with respect to whom such person occupies a position of organizer, a supervisory position, or any other position of management, and
(B) from which such person obtains substantial income or resources.
(d) Suspension of sentence and probation prohibited In the case of any sentence imposed under this section, imposition or execution of such sentence shall not be suspended, probation shall not be granted, and the Act of July 15, 1932 (D.C. Code, secs. 24–203—24–207), shall not apply.
(e) Death penalty (1) In addition to the other penalties set forth in this section—
(A) any person engaging in or working in furtherance of a continuing criminal enterprise, or any person engaging in an offense punishable under section 841(b)(1)(A) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title or section 960(b)(1) 1 of this title who intentionally kills or counsels, commands, induces, procures, or causes the intentional killing of an individual and such killing results, shall be sentenced to any term of imprisonment, which shall not be less than 20 years, and which may be up to life imprisonment, or may be sentenced to death; and
(B) any person, during the commission of, in furtherance of, or while attempting to avoid apprehension, prosecution or service of a prison sentence for, a felony violation of this subchapter or subchapter II who intentionally kills or counsels, commands, induces, procures, or causes the intentional killing of any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer engaged in, or on account of, the performance of such officer’s official duties and such killing results, shall be sentenced to any term of imprisonment, which shall not be less than 20 years, and which may be up to life imprisonment, or may be sentenced to death.
(2) As used in paragraph (1)(B), the term “law enforcement officer” means a public servant authorized by law or by a Government agency or Congress to conduct or engage in the prevention, investigation, prosecution or adjudication of an offense, and includes those engaged in corrections, probation, or parole functions.
(g) 22 So in original. Section does not contain a subsec. (f), see 1988 Amendment note below. to (p) Repealed. Pub. L. 109–177, title II, § 221(2), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 231
(q) Repealed. Pub. L. 109–177, title II, §§ 221(4), 222(c), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 231, 232
(r) Repealed. Pub. L. 109–177, title II, § 221(3), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 231
(s) Special provision for methamphetamine For the purposes of subsection (b), in the case of continuing criminal enterprise involving methamphetamine or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers, paragraph (2)(A) shall be applied by substituting “200” for “300”, and paragraph (2)(B) shall be applied by substituting “$5,000,000” for “$10 million dollars”.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 408, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1265; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 224(b), formerly § 224(c), 305, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2030, 2050; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, §§ 1005(b)(2), 1252, 1253, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–6, 3207–14; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6481, title VII, § 7001, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4382, 4387; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §§ 330003(e), 330009(d), 330014, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2141, 2143, 2146; Pub. L. 104–132, title I, § 108, title IX, § 903(b), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1226, 1318; Pub. L. 109–177, title II, §§ 221, 222(c), title VII, § 733, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 231, 232, 270.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 841(b)(1)(A), referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(A), was in the original a reference to “section 841(b)(1)(A)” but probably should be a reference to “section 401(b)(1)(A)”, meaning section 401(b)(1)(A) of Pub. L. 91–513, title II, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1260. Section 960(b)(1), referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(A), was in the original a reference to “section 960(b)(1)” but probably should be a reference to “section 1010(b)(1)”, meaning section 1010(b)(1) of Pub. L. 91–513, title III, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1290. Act of July 15, 1932 (D.C. Code, secs. 24–203—24–207), referred to in subsec. (d), is act July 15, 1932, ch. 492, 47 Stat. 696, which is not classified to the Code.
Amendments2006—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 109–177, § 221(1), substituted “(1)(B)” for “(1)(b)”. Subsecs. (g) to (p). Pub. L. 109–177, § 221(2), struck out subsecs. (g) to (p) which related to hearing and sentencing procedures in death penalty cases and sentencing in capital cases in which the death penalty is not sought or imposed. Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 109–177, §§ 221(4), 222(c), struck out subsec. (q) which related to appeal in capital cases and counsel for financially unable defendants. Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 109–177, § 221(3), struck out subsec. (r) which provided for refusal by State and Federal correctional employees to participate in executions. Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 109–177, § 733, added subsec. (s). 1996—Subsec. (q)(9). Pub. L. 104–132, § 108, amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (9) read as follows: “Upon a finding in ex parte proceedings that investigative, expert or other services are reasonably necessary for the representation of the defendant, whether in connection with issues relating to guilt or sentence, the court shall authorize the defendant’s attorneys to obtain such services on behalf of the defendant and shall order the payment of fees and expenses therefore, under paragraph (10). Upon a finding that timely procurement of such services could not practicably await prior authorization, the court may authorize the provision of and payment for such services nunc pro tunc.” Subsec. (q)(10). Pub. L. 104–132, § 903(b), amended par. (10) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (10) read as follows: “Notwithstanding the rates and maximum limits generally applicable to criminal cases and any other provision of law to the contrary, the court shall fix the compensation to be paid to attorneys appointed under this subsection and the fees and expenses to be paid for investigative, expert, and other reasonably necessary services authorized under paragraph (9), at such rates or amounts as the court determines to be reasonably necessary to carry out the requirements of paragraphs (4) through (9).” 1994—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330003(e), substituted “subsection (c)(1)” for “subsection (d)(1)”. Subsec. (n)(11). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330014, made technical amendment to reference to section 859 of this title to correct reference to corresponding section of original act. Subsec. (q)(8). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330009(d), substituted “applications for writ” for “applications, for writ”. 1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6481(a), increased minimum term of imprisonment for first violations to 20 from 10 years and for subsequent violations to 30 from 20 years. Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6481(b), redesignated subsecs. (d) and (e) as (c) and (d), respectively. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–690, § 7001(a)(2), added subsec. (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (d). Pub. L. 100–690, § 7001(a)(1), which directed redesignation of former subsec. (e) as (f), could not be executed because of prior redesignation of former subsec. (e) as (d) by Pub. L. 100–690, § 6481(b), which resulted in there not being a subsec. (f). Subsecs. (g) to (r). Pub. L. 100–690, § 7001(b), added subsecs. (g) to (r). 1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1252, substituted “to a fine not to exceed the greater of that authorized in accordance with the provisions of title 18 or $2,000,000 if the defendant is an individual or $5,000,000 if the defendant is other than an individual,” for “to a fine of not more than $100,000,” and “to a fine not to exceed the greater of twice the amount authorized in accordance with the provisions of title 18 or $4,000,000 if the defendant is an individual or $10,000,000 if the defendant is other than an individual,” for “to a fine of not more than $200,000,”. Subsecs. (b) to (e). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1253, added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (d) and (e), respectively, which resulted in there not being a subsec. (c). 1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–473, § 305, struck out par. (1) designation, substituted references to section 853 of this title for references to paragraph (2) in two places, and struck out par. (2) which related to forfeitures to the United States by any person convicted under par. (1). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–473, § 305(b), struck out subsec. (d) relating to jurisdiction of courts of the United States. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–473, § 224(b), as renumbered by Pub. L. 99–570, § 1005(b)(2), which directed the amendment of subsec. (c) of this section by striking out “and section 4202 of title 18 of the United States Code”, was executed by striking out that language in subsec. (e) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening amendment by Pub. L. 99–570, § 1253, which redesignated subsec. (c) as (e). See 1986 Amendment note above.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentAmendment by section 903(b) of Pub. L. 104–132 effective as to cases commenced or appeals perfected on or after Apr. 24, 1996, see section 903(c) of Pub. L. 104–132, set out as a note under section 3006A of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by section 224(b) of Pub. L. 98–473 effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such amendment, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3551 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
GAO Study of Cost of ExecutionsPub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7002, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4395, directed Comptroller General to conduct a study of cost of executions and report to Congress, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–66, title I, § 1091(d), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 722.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 849 - Transportation safety offenses
## Text
(a) Definitions In this section— “safety rest area” means a roadside facility with parking facilities for the rest or other needs of motorists. “truck stop” means a facility (including any parking lot appurtenant thereto) that— (A) has the capacity to provide fuel or service, or both, to any commercial motor vehicle (as defined in section 31301 of title 49), operating in commerce (as defined in that section); and (B) is located within 2,500 feet of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways or the Federal-Aid Primary System. (b) First offense A person who violates section 841(a)(1) of this title or section 856 of this title by distributing or possessing with intent to distribute a controlled substance in or on, or within 1,000 feet of, a truck stop or safety rest area is (except as provided in subsection (b)) 11 So in original. Probably should refer to subsection (c). subject to— (1) twice the maximum punishment authorized by section 841(b) of this title; and (2) twice any term of supervised release authorized by section 841(b) of this title for a first offense. (c) Subsequent offense A person who violates section 841(a)(1) of this title or section 856 of this title by distributing or possessing with intent to distribute a controlled substance in or on, or within 1,000 feet of, a truck stop or a safety rest area after a prior conviction or convictions under subsection (a) 22 So in original. Probably should refer to subsection (b). have become final is subject to— (1) 3 times the maximum punishment authorized by section 841(b) of this title; and (2) 3 times any term of supervised release authorized by section 841(b) of this title for a first offense.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 409, as added Pub. L. 103–322, title XVIII, § 180201(b)(1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2046.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Prior ProvisionsA prior section 849, Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 409, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1266; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, related to dangerous special drug offender sentencing, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 219(a), 235(a)(1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027, 2031, eff. Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 850 - Information for sentencing
## Text
Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter or section 242a(a) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 42, no limitation shall be placed on the information concerning the background, character, and conduct of a person convicted of an offense which a court of the United States may receive and consider for the purpose of imposing an appropriate sentence under this subchapter or subchapter II.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 410, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1269.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 242a of title 42, referred to in text, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXII, § 3201(b)(1), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1190.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 851 - Proceedings to establish prior convictions
## Text
(a) Information filed by United States Attorney (1) No person who stands convicted of an offense under this part shall be sentenced to increased punishment by reason of one or more prior convictions, unless before trial, or before entry of a plea of guilty, the United States attorney files an information with the court (and serves a copy of such information on the person or counsel for the person) stating in writing the previous convictions to be relied upon. Upon a showing by the United States attorney that facts regarding prior convictions could not with due diligence be obtained prior to trial or before entry of a plea of guilty, the court may postpone the trial or the taking of the plea of guilty for a reasonable period for the purpose of obtaining such facts. Clerical mistakes in the information may be amended at any time prior to the pronouncement of sentence.
(2) An information may not be filed under this section if the increased punishment which may be imposed is imprisonment for a term in excess of three years unless the person either waived or was afforded prosecution by indictment for the offense for which such increased punishment may be imposed.
(b) Affirmation or denial of previous conviction If the United States attorney files an information under this section, the court shall after conviction but before pronouncement of sentence inquire of the person with respect to whom the information was filed whether he affirms or denies that he has been previously convicted as alleged in the information, and shall inform him that any challenge to a prior conviction which is not made before sentence is imposed may not thereafter be raised to attack the sentence.
(c) Denial; written response; hearing (1) If the person denies any allegation of the information of prior conviction, or claims that any conviction alleged is invalid, he shall file a written response to the information. A copy of the response shall be served upon the United States attorney. The court shall hold a hearing to determine any issues raised by the response which would except the person from increased punishment. The failure of the United States attorney to include in the information the complete criminal record of the person or any facts in addition to the convictions to be relied upon shall not constitute grounds for invalidating the notice given in the information required by subsection (a)(1). The hearing shall be before the court without a jury and either party may introduce evidence. Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the United States attorney shall have the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt on any issue of fact. At the request of either party, the court shall enter findings of fact and conclusions of law.
(2) A person claiming that a conviction alleged in the information was obtained in violation of the Constitution of the United States shall set forth his claim, and the factual basis therefor, with particularity in his response to the information. The person shall have the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence on any issue of fact raised by the response. Any challenge to a prior conviction, not raised by response to the information before an increased sentence is imposed in reliance thereon, shall be waived unless good cause be shown for failure to make a timely challenge.
(d) Imposition of sentence (1) If the person files no response to the information, or if the court determines, after hearing, that the person is subject to increased punishment by reason of prior convictions, the court shall proceed to impose sentence upon him as provided by this part.
(2) If the court determines that the person has not been convicted as alleged in the information, that a conviction alleged in the information is invalid, or that the person is otherwise not subject to an increased sentence as a matter of law, the court shall, at the request of the United States attorney, postpone sentence to allow an appeal from that determination. If no such request is made, the court shall impose sentence as provided by this part. The person may appeal from an order postponing sentence as if sentence had been pronounced and a final judgment of conviction entered.
(e) Statute of limitations No person who stands convicted of an offense under this part may challenge the validity of any prior conviction alleged under this section which occurred more than five years before the date of the information alleging such prior conviction.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 411, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1269.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 852 - Application of treaties and other international agreements
## Text
Nothing in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, or other treaties or international agreements shall be construed to limit the provision of treatment, education, or rehabilitation as alternatives to conviction or criminal penalty for offenses involving any drug or other substance subject to control under any such treaty or agreement.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 412, as added Pub. L. 95–633, title I, § 107(a), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3773.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on date the Convention on Psychotropic Substances enters into force in the United States [July 15, 1980], see section 112 of Pub. L. 95–633, set out as a note under section 801a of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 853 - Criminal forfeitures
## Text
(a) Property subject to criminal forfeiture Any person convicted of a violation of this subchapter or subchapter II punishable by imprisonment for more than one year shall forfeit to the United States, irrespective of any provision of State law—
(1) any property constituting, or derived from, any proceeds the person obtained, directly or indirectly, as the result of such violation;
(2) any of the person’s property used, or intended to be used, in any manner or part, to commit, or to facilitate the commission of, such violation; and
(3) in the case of a person convicted of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise in violation of section 848 of this title, the person shall forfeit, in addition to any property described in paragraph (1) or (2), any of his interest in, claims against, and property or contractual rights affording a source of control over, the continuing criminal enterprise.
The court, in imposing sentence on such person, shall order, in addition to any other sentence imposed pursuant to this subchapter or subchapter II, that the person forfeit to the United States all property described in this subsection. In lieu of a fine otherwise authorized by this part, a defendant who derives profits or other proceeds from an offense may be fined not more than twice the gross profits or other proceeds.
(b) Meaning of term “property” Property subject to criminal forfeiture under this section includes—
(1) real property, including things growing on, affixed to, and found in land; and
(2) tangible and intangible personal property, including rights, privileges, interests, claims, and securities.
(c) Third party transfers All right, title, and interest in property described in subsection (a) vests in the United States upon the commission of the act giving rise to forfeiture under this section. Any such property that is subsequently transferred to a person other than the defendant may be the subject of a special verdict of forfeiture and thereafter shall be ordered forfeited to the United States, unless the transferee establishes in a hearing pursuant to subsection (n) that he is a bona fide purchaser for value of such property who at the time of purchase was reasonably without cause to believe that the property was subject to forfeiture under this section.
(d) Rebuttable presumption There is a rebuttable presumption at trial that any property of a person convicted of a felony under this subchapter or subchapter II is subject to forfeiture under this section if the United States establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that—
(1) such property was acquired by such person during the period of the violation of this subchapter or subchapter II or within a reasonable time after such period; and
(2) there was no likely source for such property other than the violation of this subchapter or subchapter II.
(e) Protective orders (1) Upon application of the United States, the court may enter a restraining order or injunction, require the execution of a satisfactory performance bond, or take any other action to preserve the availability of property described in subsection (a) for forfeiture under this section—
(A) upon the filing of an indictment or information charging a violation of this subchapter or subchapter II for which criminal forfeiture may be ordered under this section and alleging that the property with respect to which the order is sought would, in the event of conviction, be subject to forfeiture under this section; or
(B) prior to the filing of such an indictment or information, if, after notice to persons appearing to have an interest in the property and opportunity for a hearing, the court determines that—
(i) there is a substantial probability that the United States will prevail on the issue of forfeiture and that failure to enter the order will result in the property being destroyed, removed from the jurisdiction of the court, or otherwise made unavailable for forfeiture; and
(ii) the need to preserve the availability of the property through the entry of the requested order outweighs the hardship on any party against whom the order is to be entered:
, That an order entered pursuant to subparagraph (B) shall be effective for not more than ninety days, unless extended by the court for good cause shown or unless an indictment or information described in subparagraph (A) has been filed.
(2) A temporary restraining order under this subsection may be entered upon application of the United States without notice or opportunity for a hearing when an information or indictment has not yet been filed with respect to the property, if the United States demonstrates that there is probable cause to believe that the property with respect to which the order is sought would, in the event of conviction, be subject to forfeiture under this section and that provision of notice will jeopardize the availability of the property for forfeiture. Such a temporary order shall expire not more than fourteen days after the date on which it is entered, unless extended for good cause shown or unless the party against whom it is entered consents to an extension for a longer period. A hearing requested concerning an order entered under this paragraph shall be held at the earliest possible time and prior to the expiration of the temporary order.
(3) The court may receive and consider, at a hearing held pursuant to this subsection, evidence and information that would be inadmissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence.
(4) Order to repatriate and deposit.— (A) In general.— Pursuant to its authority to enter a pretrial restraining order under this section, the court may order a defendant to repatriate any property that may be seized and forfeited, and to deposit that property pending trial in the registry of the court, or with the United States Marshals Service or the Secretary of the Treasury, in an interest-bearing account, if appropriate.
(B) Failure to comply.— Failure to comply with an order under this subsection, or an order to repatriate property under subsection (p), shall be punishable as a civil or criminal contempt of court, and may also result in an enhancement of the sentence of the defendant under the obstruction of justice provision of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines.
(f) Warrant of seizure The Government may request the issuance of a warrant authorizing the seizure of property subject to forfeiture under this section in the same manner as provided for a search warrant. If the court determines that there is probable cause to believe that the property to be seized would, in the event of conviction, be subject to forfeiture and that an order under subsection (e) may not be sufficient to assure the availability of the property for forfeiture, the court shall issue a warrant authorizing the seizure of such property.
(g) Execution Upon entry of an order of forfeiture under this section, the court shall authorize the Attorney General to seize all property ordered forfeited upon such terms and conditions as the court shall deem proper. Following entry of an order declaring the property forfeited, the court may, upon application of the United States, enter such appropriate restraining orders or injunctions, require the execution of satisfactory performance bonds, appoint receivers, conservators, appraisers, accountants, or trustees, or take any other action to protect the interest of the United States in the property ordered forfeited. Any income accruing to or derived from property ordered forfeited under this section may be used to offset ordinary and necessary expenses to the property which are required by law, or which are necessary to protect the interests of the United States or third parties.
(h) Disposition of property Following the seizure of property ordered forfeited under this section, the Attorney General shall direct the disposition of the property by sale or any other commercially feasible means, making due provision for the rights of any innocent persons. Any property right or interest not exercisable by, or transferable for value to, the United States shall expire and shall not revert to the defendant, nor shall the defendant or any person acting in concert with him or on his behalf be eligible to purchase forfeited property at any sale held by the United States. Upon application of a person, other than the defendant or a person acting in concert with him or on his behalf, the court may restrain or stay the sale or disposition of the property pending the conclusion of any appeal of the criminal case giving rise to the forfeiture, if the applicant demonstrates that proceeding with the sale or disposition of the property will result in irreparable injury, harm, or loss to him.
(i) Authority of the Attorney General With respect to property ordered forfeited under this section, the Attorney General is authorized to—
(1) grant petitions for mitigation or remission of forfeiture, restore forfeited property to victims of a violation of this subchapter, or take any other action to protect the rights of innocent persons which is in the interest of justice and which is not inconsistent with the provisions of this section;
(2) compromise claims arising under this section;
(3) award compensation to persons providing information resulting in a forfeiture under this section;
(4) direct the disposition by the United States, in accordance with the provisions of section 881(e) of this title, of all property ordered forfeited under this section by public sale or any other commercially feasible means, making due provision for the rights of innocent persons; and
(5) take appropriate measures necessary to safeguard and maintain property ordered forfeited under this section pending its disposition.
(j) Applicability of civil forfeiture provisions Except to the extent that they are inconsistent with the provisions of this section, the provisions of section 881(d) of this title shall apply to a criminal forfeiture under this section.
(k) Bar on intervention Except as provided in subsection (n), no party claiming an interest in property subject to forfeiture under this section may—
(1) intervene in a trial or appeal of a criminal case involving the forfeiture of such property under this section; or
(2) commence an action at law or equity against the United States concerning the validity of his alleged interest in the property subsequent to the filing of an indictment or information alleging that the property is subject to forfeiture under this section.
(l) Jurisdiction to enter orders The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to enter orders as provided in this section without regard to the location of any property which may be subject to forfeiture under this section or which has been ordered forfeited under this section.
(m) Depositions In order to facilitate the identification and location of property declared forfeited and to facilitate the disposition of petitions for remission or mitigation of forfeiture, after the entry of an order declaring property forfeited to the United States, the court may, upon application of the United States, order that the testimony of any witness relating to the property forfeited be taken by deposition and that any designated book, paper, document, record, recording, or other material not privileged be produced at the same time and place, in the same manner as provided for the taking of depositions under Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
(n) Third party interests (1) Following the entry of an order of forfeiture under this section, the United States shall publish notice of the order and of its intent to dispose of the property in such manner as the Attorney General may direct. The Government may also, to the extent practicable, provide direct written notice to any person known to have alleged an interest in the property that is the subject of the order of forfeiture as a substitute for published notice as to those persons so notified.
(2) Any person, other than the defendant, asserting a legal interest in property which has been ordered forfeited to the United States pursuant to this section may, within thirty days of the final publication of notice or his receipt of notice under paragraph (1), whichever is earlier, petition the court for a hearing to adjudicate the validity of his alleged interest in the property. The hearing shall be held before the court alone, without a jury.
(3) The petition shall be signed by the petitioner under penalty of perjury and shall set forth the nature and extent of the petitioner’s right, title, or interest in the property, the time and circumstances of the petitioner’s acquisition of the right, title, or interest in the property, any additional facts supporting the petitioner’s claim, and the relief sought.
(4) The hearing on the petition shall, to the extent practicable and consistent with the interests of justice, be held within thirty days of the filing of the petition. The court may consolidate the hearing on the petition with a hearing on any other petition filed by a person other than the defendant under this subsection.
(5) At the hearing, the petitioner may testify and present evidence and witnesses on his own behalf, and cross-examine witnesses who appear at the hearing. The United States may present evidence and witnesses in rebuttal and in defense of its claim to the property and cross-examine witnesses who appear at the hearing. In addition to testimony and evidence presented at the hearing, the court shall consider the relevant portions of the record of the criminal case which resulted in the order of forfeiture.
(6) If, after the hearing, the court determines that the petitioner has established by a preponderance of the evidence that—
(A) the petitioner has a legal right, title, or interest in the property, and such right, title, or interest renders the order of forfeiture invalid in whole or in part because the right, title, or interest was vested in the petitioner rather than the defendant or was superior to any right, title, or interest of the defendant at the time of the commission of the acts which gave rise to the forfeiture of the property under this section; or
(B) the petitioner is a bona fide purchaser for value of the right, title, or interest in the property and was at the time of purchase reasonably without cause to believe that the property was subject to forfeiture under this section;
the court shall amend the order of forfeiture in accordance with its determination.
(7) Following the court’s disposition of all petitions filed under this subsection, or if no such petitions are filed following the expiration of the period provided in paragraph (2) for the filing of such petitions, the United States shall have clear title to property that is the subject of the order of forfeiture and may warrant good title to any subsequent purchaser or transferee.
(o) Construction The provisions of this section shall be liberally construed to effectuate its remedial purposes.
(p) Forfeiture of substitute property (1) In general Paragraph (2) of this subsection shall apply, if any property described in subsection (a), as a result of any act or omission of the defendant—
(A) cannot be located upon the exercise of due diligence;
(B) has been transferred or sold to, or deposited with, a third party;
(C) has been placed beyond the jurisdiction of the court;
(D) has been substantially diminished in value; or
(E) has been commingled with other property which cannot be divided without difficulty.
(2) Substitute property In any case described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (E) of paragraph (1), the court shall order the forfeiture of any other property of the defendant, up to the value of any property described in subparagraphs (A) through (E) of paragraph (1), as applicable.
(3) Return of property to jurisdiction In the case of property described in paragraph (1)(C), the court may, in addition to any other action authorized by this subsection, order the defendant to return the property to the jurisdiction of the court so that the property may be seized and forfeited.
(q) Restitution for cleanup of clandestine laboratory sites The court, when sentencing a defendant convicted of an offense under this subchapter or subchapter II involving the manufacture, the possession, or the possession with intent to distribute, of amphetamine or methamphetamine, shall—
(1) order restitution as provided in sections 3612 and 3664 of title 18;
(2) order the defendant to reimburse the United States, the State or local government concerned, or both the United States and the State or local government concerned for the costs incurred by the United States or the State or local government concerned, as the case may be, for the cleanup associated with the manufacture of amphetamine or methamphetamine by the defendant, or on premises or in property that the defendant owns, resides, or does business in; and
(3) order restitution to any person injured as a result of the offense as provided in section 3663A of title 18.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 413, as added and amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 303, 2301(d)–(f), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2044, 2192, 2193; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, §§ 1153(b), 1864, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–13, 3207–54; Pub. L. 104–237, title II, § 207, Oct. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 3104; Pub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXVI, § 3613(a), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1229; Pub. L. 107–56, title III, § 319(d), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 314; Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 743(a), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 272; Pub. L. 111–16, § 5, May 7, 2009, 123 Stat. 1608.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Federal Rules of Evidence, referred to in subsec. (e)(3), are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, referred to in subsec. (m), are set out in the Appendix to Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Amendments2009—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 111–16 substituted “fourteen days” for “ten days”. 2006—Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 109–177, § 743(a)(1), inserted “, the possession, or the possession with intent to distribute,” after “manufacture” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (q)(2). Pub. L. 109–177, § 743(a)(2), inserted “, or on premises or in property that the defendant owns, resides, or does business in” after “by the defendant”. 2001—Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 107–56, § 319(d)(2), added par. (4). Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 107–56, § 319(d)(1), inserted heading and amended text of subsec. (p) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “If any of the property described in subsection (a) of this section, as a result of any act or omission of the defendant— “(1) cannot be located upon the exercise of due diligence; “(2) has been transferred or sold to, or deposited with, a third party; “(3) has been placed beyond the jurisdiction of the court; “(4) has been substantially diminished in value; or “(5) has been commingled with other property which cannot be divided without difficulty; the court shall order the forfeiture of any other property of the defendant up to the value of any property described in paragraphs (1) through (5).” 2000—Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 106–310, § 3613(a)(1), (2), in introductory provisions, inserted “amphetamine or” before “methamphetamine” and substituted “shall” for “may”. Subsec. (q)(2). Pub. L. 106–310, § 3613(a)(2), (3), inserted “, the State or local government concerned, or both the United States and the State or local government concerned” after “to reimburse the United States”, “or the State or local government concerned, as the case may be,” after “costs incurred by the United States”, and “amphetamine or” before “methamphetamine”. Subsec. (q)(3). Pub. L. 106–310, § 3613(a)(4), substituted “section 3663A of title 18” for “section 3663 of title 18”. 1996—Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 104–237 added subsec. (q). 1986—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1864(1), substituted “subsection (n)” for “subsection (o)”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1864(2), substituted “subsection (e)” for “subsection (f)”. Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1864(3), substituted “this subchapter” for “this chapter”. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1864(1), (4), which directed the substitution of “subsection (n)” for “subsection (o)” in “the second subsection (h)”, and directed the redesignation of “the second subsection (h)” as subsection (k), were executed to this subsection because the “second subsection (h)” had been editorially redesignated subsec. (k) to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 1984 Amendment note below. Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1153(b), which directed that “section 413 of title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1975” be amended “by redesignating subsection ‘(p)’ as subsection ‘(q)’ ” and adding subsec. (p) was executed to this section, which is section 413 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, as the probable intent of Congress, by adding a subsec. (p) in view of the prior redesignation of subsec. (p) as (o) by Pub. L. 98–473, § 2301(e)(2). See 1984 Amendment note below. 1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–473, § 2301(d), inserted “In lieu of a fine otherwise authorized by this part, a defendant who derives profits or other proceeds from an offense may be fined not more than twice the gross profits or other proceeds.” Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–473, § 2301(e), struck out subsec. (d) which related to forfeiture of property other than that described in subsec. (a) and the conditions therefor, and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (d). Subsecs. (e) to (p). Pub. L. 98–473, § 2301(e)(2), which directed that this section be amended by redesignating subsecs. (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (l), (m), (n), (o), and (p) as subsecs. (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), (h), (l), (m), (n), and (o), respectively, was executed by redesignating subsecs. (e) to (p) as (d) to (o), respectively, to give effect to the probable intent of Congress. Subsec. (n)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, § 2301(f), struck out “for at least seven successive court days” after “to dispose of the property”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2009 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 111–16 effective Dec. 1, 2009, see section 7 of Pub. L. 111–16, set out as a note under section 109 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.
Savings ClausePub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 743(b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 273, provided that: “Nothing in this section [amending this section] shall be interpreted or construed to amend, alter, or otherwise affect the obligations, liabilities and other responsibilities of any person under any Federal or State environmental laws.”
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title_name: "FOOD AND DRUGS"
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---
# 21 U.S.C. § 853a - Transferred
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section, Pub. L. 100–690, title V, § 5301, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4310, which related to denial of Federal benefits to drug traffickers and possessors, was renumbered section 421 of the Controlled Substances Act by Pub. L. 101–647, title X, § 1002(d)(1), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4827, and is classified to section 862 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 854 - Investment of illicit drug profits
## Text
(a) Prohibition It shall be unlawful for any person who has received any income derived, directly or indirectly, from a violation of this subchapter or subchapter II punishable by imprisonment for more than one year in which such person has participated as a principal within the meaning of section 2 of title 18, to use or invest, directly or indirectly, any part of such income, or the proceeds of such income, in acquisition of any interest in, or the establishment or operation of, any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect interstate or foreign commerce. A purchase of securities on the open market for purposes of investment, and without the intention of controlling or participating in the control of the issuer, or of assisting another to do so, shall not be unlawful under this section if the securities of the issuer held by the purchaser, the members of his immediate family, and his or their accomplices in any violation of this subchapter or subchapter II after such purchase do not amount in the aggregate to 1 per centum of the outstanding securities of any one class, and do not confer, either in law or in fact, the power to elect one or more directors of the issuer.
(b) Penalty Whoever violates this section shall be fined not more than $50,000 or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.
(c) “Enterprise” defined As used in this section, the term “enterprise” includes any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity.
(d) Construction The provisions of this section shall be liberally construed to effectuate its remedial purposes.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 414, as added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 303, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2049.)
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# 21 U.S.C. § 855 - Alternative fine
## Text
In lieu of a fine otherwise authorized by this part, a defendant who derives profits or other proceeds from an offense may be fined not more than twice the gross profits or other proceeds.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 415, as added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 2302, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2193.)
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---
# 21 U.S.C. § 856 - Maintaining drug-involved premises
## Text
(a) Unlawful acts Except as authorized by this subchapter, it shall be unlawful to—
(1) knowingly open, lease, rent, use, or maintain any place, whether permanently or temporarily, for the purpose of manufacturing, distributing, or using any controlled substance;
(2) manage or control any place, whether permanently or temporarily, either as an owner, lessee, agent, employee, occupant, or mortgagee, and knowingly and intentionally rent, lease, profit from, or make available for use, with or without compensation, the place for the purpose of unlawfully manufacturing, storing, distributing, or using a controlled substance.
(b) Criminal penalties Any person who violates subsection (a) of this section shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than 20 years or a fine of not more than $500,000, or both, or a fine of $2,000,000 for a person other than an individual.
(c) Violation as offense against property A violation of subsection (a) shall be considered an offense against property for purposes of section 3663A(c)(1)(A)(ii) of title 18.
(d) Civil penalties (1) Any person who violates subsection (a) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than the greater of—
(A) $250,000; or
(B) 2 times the gross receipts, either known or estimated, that were derived from each violation that is attributable to the person.
(2) If a civil penalty is calculated under paragraph (1)(B), and there is more than 1 defendant, the court may apportion the penalty between multiple violators, but each violator shall be jointly and severally liable for the civil penalty under this subsection.
(e) Declaratory and injunctive remedies Any person who violates subsection (a) shall be subject to declaratory and injunctive remedies as set forth in section 843(f) of this title.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 416, as added Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1841(a), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–52; amended Pub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXVI, § 3613(e), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1230; Pub. L. 108–21, title VI, § 608(b)(1), (2), (c), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 691.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments2003—Pub. L. 108–21, § 608(b)(2), substituted “Maintaining drug-involved premises” for “Establishment of manufacturing operations” in section catchline. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 108–21, § 608(b)(1)(A), substituted “open, lease, rent, use, or maintain any place, whether permanently or temporarily,” for “open or maintain any place”. Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 108–21, § 608(b)(1)(B), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “manage or control any building, room, or enclosure, either as an owner, lessee, agent, employee, or mortgagee, and knowingly and intentionally rent, lease, or make available for use, with or without compensation, the building, room, or enclosure for the purpose of unlawfully manufacturing, storing, distributing, or using a controlled substance.” Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 108–21, § 608(c), added subsecs. (d) and (e). 2000—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–310 added subsec. (c).
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---
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title: "21 U.S.C. § 857"
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---
# 21 U.S.C. § 857 - Repealed. Pub. L. 101–647, title XXIV, § 2401(d), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4859
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1822, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–51; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6485, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4384; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXIV, § 2401(b), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4859, related to interstate and foreign sale and transportation of drug paraphernalia.
Subsec. (a), which related to unlawful acts, was repealed.
Subsecs. (b) to (f) were redesignated as subsecs. (b) to (f) of section 422 of the Controlled Substances Act by section 2401(b) of Pub. L. 101–647 and transferred to section 863(b) to (f) of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DatePub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1823, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–52, which provided that subtitle O (§§ 1821–1823) of title I of Pub. L. 99–570, enacting this section and provisions set out as a note under section 801 of this title, was to become effective 90 days after Oct. 27, 1986, was repealed by Pub. L. 101–647, title XXIV, § 2401(d), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4859.
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title: "21 U.S.C. § 858"
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---
# 21 U.S.C. § 858 - Endangering human life while illegally manufacturing controlled substance
## Text
Whoever, while manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of this subchapter, or attempting to do so, or transporting or causing to be transported materials, including chemicals, to do so, creates a substantial risk of harm to human life shall be fined in accordance with title 18 or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 417, as added Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6301(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4370.)
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title_number: 21
title_name: "FOOD AND DRUGS"
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---
# 21 U.S.C. § 859 - Distribution to persons under age twenty-one
## Text
(a) First offense Except as provided in section 860 of this title, any person at least eighteen years of age who violates section 841(a)(1) of this title by distributing a controlled substance to a person under twenty-one years of age is (except as provided in subsection (b)) subject to (1) twice the maximum punishment authorized by section 841(b) of this title, and (2) at least twice any term of supervised release authorized by section 841(b) of this title, for a first offense involving the same controlled substance and schedule. Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by section 841(b) of this title, a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than one year. The mandatory minimum sentencing provisions of this subsection shall not apply to offenses involving 5 grams or less of marihuana.
(b) Second offense Except as provided in section 860 of this title, any person at least eighteen years of age who violates section 841(a)(1) of this title by distributing a controlled substance to a person under twenty-one years of age after a prior conviction under subsection (a) of this section (or under section 333(b) of this title as in effect prior to May 1, 1971) has become final, is subject to (1) three times the maximum punishment authorized by section 841(b) of this title, and (2) at least three times any term of supervised release authorized by section 841(b) of this title, for a second or subsequent offense involving the same controlled substance and schedule. Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by section 841(b) of this title, a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than one year. Penalties for third and subsequent convictions shall be governed by section 841(b)(1)(A) of this title.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 418, formerly § 405, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1265; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 224(b), 503(b)(3), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2030, 2070; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, §§ 1004(a), 1005(b)(1), 1105(a), (b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–6, 3207–11; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, §§ 6452(b), 6455, 6456, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4371, 4372; renumbered § 418 and amended Pub. L. 101–647, title X, §§ 1002(a), 1003(a), title XXXV, § 3599L, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4827, 4828, 4932.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was classified to section 845 of this title prior to renumbering by Pub. L. 101–647.
Amendments1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–647, § 1003(a)(1), substituted “subject to (1) twice the maximum punishment authorized by section 841(b) of this title” for “punishable by (1) a term of imprisonment, or a fine, or both, up to twice that authorized by section 841(b) of this title”. Pub. L. 101–647, § 1002(a)(2)(A), substituted “section 860” for “section 845a”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–647, § 3599L, substituted “has become final” for “have become final”. Pub. L. 101–647, § 1003(a)(2), substituted “subject to (1) three times the maximum punishment authorized by section 841(b) of this title” for “punishable by (1) a term of imprisonment, or a fine, or both, up to three times that authorized by section 841(b) of this title”. Pub. L. 101–647, § 1002(a)(2)(B), substituted “section 860” for “section 845a”. 1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6455, inserted at end “The mandatory minimum sentencing provisions of this subsection shall not apply to offenses involving 5 grams or less of marihuana.” Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6452(b), struck out “or subsequent” after “Second” in heading, and in text struck out “or convictions” after “a prior conviction”, and inserted at end “Penalties for third and subsequent convictions shall be governed by section 841(b)(1)(A) of this title.” Pub. L. 100–690, § 6456, struck out “The mandatory minimum sentencing provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to offenses involving 5 grams or less of marihuana.” 1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1105(a), inserted “Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by section 841(b) of this title, a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than one year.” Pub. L. 99–570, § 1004(a), substituted “term of supervised release” for “special parole term”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1105(b), inserted “Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by section 841(b) of this title, a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than one year. The mandatory minimum sentencing provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to offenses involving 5 grams or less of marihuana.” Pub. L. 99–570, § 1004(a), substituted “term of supervised release” for “special parole term”. 1984—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 98–473, § 503(b)(3), substituted “Except as provided in section 845a of this title, any” for “Any”. Pub. L. 98–473, § 224(b), which directed amendment of this section effective Nov. 1, 1987 (see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473 set out as an Effective Date note under section 3551 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure) was repealed by Pub. L. 99–570, § 1005(b)(1).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentAmendment by section 1004(a) of Pub. L. 99–570 effective on date of taking effect of section 3583 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure (Nov. 1, 1987), see section 1004(b) of Pub. L. 99–570 set out as a note under section 841 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of this title.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "21 U.S.C. § 860a"
description: "Consecutive sentence for manufacturing or distributing, or possessing with intent to manufacture or distribute, methamphetamine on premises where children are present or reside"
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title_number: 21
title_name: "FOOD AND DRUGS"
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chapter_name: "DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL"
section: "860a"
citation: "21 U.S.C. § 860a"
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# 21 U.S.C. § 860a - Consecutive sentence for manufacturing or distributing, or possessing with intent to manufacture or distribute, methamphetamine on premises where children are present or reside
## Text
Whoever violates section 841(a)(1) of this title by manufacturing or distributing, or possessing with intent to manufacture or distribute, methamphetamine or its salts, isomers or salts of isomers on premises in which an individual who is under the age of 18 years is present or resides, shall, in addition to any other sentence imposed, be imprisoned for a period of any term of years but not more than 20 years, subject to a fine, or both.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 419a, as added Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 734(a), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 270.)
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---
# 21 U.S.C. § 861 - Employment or use of persons under 18 years of age in drug operations
## Text
(a) Unlawful acts It shall be unlawful for any person at least eighteen years of age to knowingly and intentionally—
(1) employ, hire, use, persuade, induce, entice, or coerce, a person under eighteen years of age to violate any provision of this subchapter or subchapter II;
(2) employ, hire, use, persuade, induce, entice, or coerce, a person under eighteen years of age to assist in avoiding detection or apprehension for any offense of this subchapter or subchapter II by any Federal, State, or local law enforcement official; or
(3) receive a controlled substance from a person under 18 years of age, other than an immediate family member, in violation of this subchapter or subchapter II.
(b) Penalty for first offense Any person who violates subsection (a) is subject to twice the maximum punishment otherwise authorized and at least twice any term of supervised release otherwise authorized for a first offense. Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided, a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall not be less than one year.
(c) Penalty for subsequent offenses Any person who violates subsection (a) after a prior conviction under subsection (a) of this section has become final, is subject to three times the maximum punishment otherwise authorized and at least three times any term of supervised release otherwise authorized for a first offense. Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided, a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall not be less than one year. Penalties for third and subsequent convictions shall be governed by section 841(b)(1)(A) of this title.
(d) Penalty for providing or distributing controlled substance to underage person Any person who violates subsection (a)(1) or (2) 11 So in original. Probably should be followed by a dash.
(1) by knowingly providing or distributing a controlled substance or a controlled substance analogue to any person under eighteen years of age; or
(2) if the person employed, hired, or used is fourteen years of age or younger,
shall be subject to a term of imprisonment for not more than five years or a fine of not more than $50,000, or both, in addition to any other punishment authorized by this section.
(e) Suspension of sentence; probation; parole In any case of any sentence imposed under this section, imposition or execution of such sentence shall not be suspended and probation shall not be granted. An individual convicted under this section of an offense for which a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment is applicable shall not be eligible for parole under section 4202 of title 18 22 See References in Text note below. until the individual has served the mandatory term of imprisonment as enhanced by this section.
(f) Distribution of controlled substance to pregnant individual Except as authorized by this subchapter, it shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly or intentionally provide or distribute any controlled substance to a pregnant individual in violation of any provision of this subchapter. Any person who violates this subsection shall be subject to the provisions of subsections (b), (c), and (e).
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 420, formerly § 405B, as added Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1102, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–10; amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, §§ 6452(b)(1), 6459, 6470(d), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4371, 4373, 4378; renumbered § 420 and amended Pub. L. 101–647, title X, §§ 1002(c), 1003(c), title XXXV, § 3599L, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4827, 4829, 4932.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 4202 of title 18, referred to in subsec. (e), which, as originally enacted in Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, related to eligibility of prisoners for parole, was repealed and a new section 4202 enacted as part of the repeal and enactment of a new chapter 311 (§ 4201 et seq.) of Title 18, by Pub. L. 94–233, § 2, Mar. 15, 1976, 90 Stat. 219. For provisions relating to the eligibility of prisoners for parole, see section 4205 of Title 18. Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 218(a)(5), 235(a)(1), (b)(1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027, 2031, 2032, as amended, provided that, effective on the first day of the first calendar month beginning 36 months after Oct. 12, 1984 (Nov. 1, 1987), chapter 311 of Title 18 is repealed, subject to remaining effective for five years after Nov. 1, 1987, in certain circumstances. See Effective Date note set out under section 3551 of Title 18.
Codification Section was classified to section 845b of this title prior to renumbering by Pub. L. 101–647.
Amendments1990—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–647, § 1003(c)(1), which directed the substitution of “is subject to twice the maximum punishment otherwise authorized” for “is punishable by a term of imprisonment up to twice that authorized, or up to twice the fine authorized, or both,” was executed by making the substitution for “is punishable by a term of imprisonment up to twice that otherwise authorized, or up to twice the fine otherwise authorized, or both,” to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–647, § 3599L, substituted “has become final” for “have become final”. Pub. L. 101–647, § 1003(c)(2), which directed the substitution of “is subject to three times the maximum punishment otherwise authorized” for “is punishable by a term of imprisonment up to three times that authorized, or up to three times the fine authorized, or both,” was executed by making the substitution for “is punishable by a term of imprisonment up to three times that otherwise authorized, or up to three times the fine otherwise authorized, or both,” to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 1988—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6459, added par. (3). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6452(b)(1), struck out “or convictions” after “a prior conviction” and inserted at end “Penalties for third and subsequent convictions shall be governed by section 841(b)(1)(A) of this title.” Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–690, § 6470(d), struck out “required by section 841(b) of this title” after “mandatory term of imprisonment”.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 862 - Denial of Federal benefits to drug traffickers and possessors
## Text
(a) Drug traffickers (1) Any individual who is convicted of any Federal or State offense consisting of the distribution of controlled substances shall—
(A) at the discretion of the court, upon the first conviction for such an offense be ineligible for any or all Federal benefits for up to 5 years after such conviction;
(B) at the discretion of the court, upon a second conviction for such an offense be ineligible for any or all Federal benefits for up to 10 years after such conviction; and
(C) upon a third or subsequent conviction for such an offense be permanently ineligible for all Federal benefits.
(2) The benefits which are denied under this subsection shall not include benefits relating to long-term drug treatment programs for addiction for any person who, if there is a reasonable body of evidence to substantiate such declaration, declares himself to be an addict and submits himself to a long-term treatment program for addiction, or is deemed to be rehabilitated pursuant to rules established by the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
(b) Drug possessors (1) Any individual who is convicted of any Federal or State offense involving the possession of a controlled substance (as such term is defined for purposes of this subchapter) shall—
(A) upon the first conviction for such an offense and at the discretion of the court—
(i) be ineligible for any or all Federal benefits for up to one year;
(ii) be required to successfully complete an approved drug treatment program which includes periodic testing to insure that the individual remains drug free;
(iii) be required to perform appropriate community service; or
(iv) any combination of clause (i), (ii), or (iii); and
(B) upon a second or subsequent conviction for such an offense be ineligible for all Federal benefits for up to 5 years after such conviction as determined by the court. The court shall continue to have the discretion in subparagraph (A) above. In imposing penalties and conditions under subparagraph (A), the court may require that the completion of the conditions imposed by clause (ii) or (iii) be a requirement for the reinstatement of benefits under clause (i).
(2) The penalties and conditions which may be imposed under this subsection shall be waived in the case of a person who, if there is a reasonable body of evidence to substantiate such declaration, declares himself to be an addict and submits himself to a long-term treatment program for addiction, or is deemed to be rehabilitated pursuant to rules established by the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
(c) Suspension of period of ineligibility The period of ineligibility referred to in subsections (a) and (b) shall be suspended if the individual—
(A) completes a supervised drug rehabilitation program after becoming ineligible under this section;
(B) has otherwise been rehabilitated; or
(C) has made a good faith effort to gain admission to a supervised drug rehabilitation program, but is unable to do so because of inaccessibility or unavailability of such a program, or the inability of the individual to pay for such a program.
(d) Definitions As used in this section—
(1) the term “Federal benefit”—
(A) means the issuance of any grant, contract, loan, professional license, or commercial license provided by an agency of the United States or by appropriated funds of the United States; and
(B) does not include any retirement, welfare, Social Security, health, disability, veterans benefit, public housing, or other similar benefit, or any other benefit for which payments or services are required for eligibility; and
(2) the term “veterans benefit” means all benefits provided to veterans, their families, or survivors by virtue of the service of a veteran in the Armed Forces of the United States.
(e) Inapplicability of this section to Government witnesses The penalties provided by this section shall not apply to any individual who cooperates or testifies with the Government in the prosecution of a Federal or State offense or who is in a Government witness protection program.
(f) Indian provision Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect the obligation of the United States to any Indian or Indian tribe arising out of any treaty, statute, Executive order, or the trust responsibility of the United States owing to such Indian or Indian tribe. Nothing in this subsection shall exempt any individual Indian from the sanctions provided for in this section, provided that no individual Indian shall be denied any benefit under Federal Indian programs comparable to those described in subsection (d)(1)(B) or (d)(2).
(g) Presidential report (1) On or before May 1, 1989, the President shall transmit to the Congress a report—
(A) delineating the role of State courts in implementing this section;
(B) describing the manner in which Federal agencies will implement and enforce the requirements of this section;
(C) detailing the means by which Federal and State agencies, courts, and law enforcement agencies will exchange and share the data and information necessary to implement and enforce the withholding of Federal benefits; and
(D) recommending any modifications to improve the administration of this section or otherwise achieve the goal of discouraging the trafficking and possession of controlled substances.
(2) No later than September 1, 1989, the Congress shall consider the report of the President and enact such changes as it deems appropriate to further the goals of this section.
(h) Effective date The denial of Federal benefits set forth in this section shall take effect for convictions occurring after September 1, 1989.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 421, formerly Pub. L. 100–690, title V, § 5301, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4310; renumbered § 421 of Pub. L. 91–513 and amended Pub. L. 101–647, title X, § 1002(d), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4827.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was classified to section 853a of this title prior to renumbering by Pub. L. 101–647.
Amendments1990—Pub. L. 101–647, § 1002(d)(1), renumbered section 853a of this title as this section. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101–647, § 1002(d)(2), struck out “(as such terms are defined for purposes of the Controlled Substances Act)” after “controlled substances” in introductory provisions.
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---
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---
# 21 U.S.C. § 862a - Denial of assistance and benefits for certain drug-related convictions
## Text
(a) In general An individual convicted (under Federal or State law) of any offense which is classified as a felony by the law of the jurisdiction involved and which has as an element the possession, use, or distribution of a controlled substance (as defined in section 802(6) of this title) shall not be eligible for—
(1) assistance under any State program funded under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 601 et seq.], or
(2) benefits under the supplemental nutrition assistance program (as defined in section 3 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 U.S.C. 2012)) or any State program carried out under that Act [7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.].
(b) Effects on assistance and benefits for others (1) Program of temporary assistance for needy families The amount of assistance otherwise required to be provided under a State program funded under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 601 et seq.] to the family members of an individual to whom subsection (a) applies shall be reduced by the amount which would have otherwise been made available to the individual under such part.
(2) Benefits under the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 The amount of benefits otherwise required to be provided to a household under the supplemental nutrition assistance program (as defined in section 3 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 U.S.C. 2012)), or any State program carried out under that Act [7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.], shall be determined by considering the individual to whom subsection (a) applies not to be a member of such household, except that the income and resources of the individual shall be considered to be income and resources of the household.
(c) Enforcement A State that has not exercised its authority under subsection (d)(1)(A) shall require each individual applying for assistance or benefits referred to in subsection (a), during the application process, to state, in writing, whether the individual, or any member of the household of the individual, has been convicted of a crime described in subsection (a).
(d) Limitations (1) State elections (A) Opt out A State may, by specific reference in a law enacted after August 22, 1996, exempt any or all individuals domiciled in the State from the application of subsection (a).
(B) Limit period of prohibition A State may, by law enacted after August 22, 1996, limit the period for which subsection (a) shall apply to any or all individuals domiciled in the State.
(2) Inapplicability to convictions occurring on or before August 22, 1996 Subsection (a) shall not apply to a conviction if the conviction is for conduct occurring on or before August 22, 1996.
(e) “State” defined For purposes of this section, the term “State” has the meaning given it—
(1) in section 419(5) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 619(5)], when referring to assistance provided under a State program funded under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 601 et seq.], and
(2) in section 3 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 U.S.C. 2012), when referring to the supplemental nutrition assistance program (as defined in that section) or any State program carried out under that Act [7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.].
(f) Rule of interpretation Nothing in this section shall be construed to deny the following Federal benefits:
(1) Emergency medical services under title XIX of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.].
(2) Short-term, noncash, in-kind emergency disaster relief.
(3) (A) Public health assistance for immunizations.
(B) Public health assistance for testing and treatment of communicable diseases if the Secretary of Health and Human Services determines that it is necessary to prevent the spread of such disease.
(4) Prenatal care.
(5) Job training programs.
(6) Drug treatment programs.
(Pub. L. 104–193, title I, § 115, Aug. 22, 1996, 110 Stat. 2180; Pub. L. 105–33, title V, § 5516(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 620; Pub. L. 110–234, title IV, § 4115(c)(2)(C), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 110–246, § 4(a), title IV, § 4115(c)(2)(C), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 1871; Pub. L. 113–79, title IV, § 4030(n), Feb. 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 814.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Social Security Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (b)(1), (e)(1), and (f)(1), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620. Part A of title IV of the Act is classified generally to part A (§ 601 et seq.) of subchapter IV of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Title XIX of the Act is classified generally to subchapter XIX (§ 1396 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. The Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2), (b)(2), and (e)(2), is Pub. L. 88–525, Aug. 31, 1964, 78 Stat. 703, which is classified generally to chapter 51 (§ 2011 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of Title 7 and Tables.
Codification Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 made identical amendments to this section. The amendments by Pub. L. 110–234 were repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246. Section was enacted as part of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, and not as part of the Controlled Substances Act which comprises this subchapter.
Amendments2014—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 113–79, § 4030(n)(1), substituted “supplemental nutrition assistance program (as defined in section 3 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 U.S.C. 2012)) or any State program carried out under that Act” for “food stamp program (as defined in section 3(l) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977) or any State program carried out under the Food Stamp Act of 1977”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 113–79, § 4030(n)(2), substituted “supplemental nutrition assistance program (as defined in section 3 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 U.S.C. 2012)), or any State program carried out under that Act” for “food stamp program (as defined in section 3(l) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977), or any State program carried out under the Food Stamp Act of 1977”. Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 113–79, § 4030(n)(3), substituted “section 3 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 U.S.C. 2012), when referring to the supplemental nutrition assistance program (as defined in that section) or any State program carried out under that Act” for “section 3(s) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977, when referring to the food stamp program (as defined in section 3(l) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977) or any State program carried out under the Food Stamp Act of 1977”. 2008—Subsecs. (a)(2), (b)(2). Pub. L. 110–246, § 4115(c)(2)(C)(i), substituted “section 3(l)” for “section 3(h)”. Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 110–246, § 4115(c)(2)(C), substituted “section 3(s)” for “section 3(m)” and “section 3(l)” for “section 3(h)”. 1997—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 105–33 substituted “a conviction if the conviction is for conduct” for “convictions”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name References to the food stamp program established under the Food Stamp Act of 1977, now known as the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, considered to refer to the supplemental nutrition assistance program established under that Act, see section 4002(c) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 2012 of Title 7, Agriculture.
Effective Date of 2008 AmendmentAmendment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, except as otherwise provided, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture. Amendment by section 4115(c)(2)(C) of Pub. L. 110–246 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 4407 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 1161 of Title 2, The Congress.
Effective Date of 1997 AmendmentPub. L. 105–33, title V, § 5518(d), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 621, provided that: “The amendments made by this chapter to a provision of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 [Pub. L. 104–193] that have not become part of another statute [chapter 1 (§§ 5501–5518) of subtitle F of title V of Pub. L. 105–33, amending this section, sections 601 to 603, 604 to 608, 609 to 611, and 612 to 617 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and provisions set out as notes under section 612c of Title 7, Agriculture, and sections 601 and 613 of Title 42] shall take effect as if the amendments had been included in the provision at the time the provision became law.”
Effective DateSection effective July 1, 1997, with transition rules relating to State options to accelerate such date, rules relating to claims, actions, and proceedings commenced before such date, rules relating to closing out of accounts for terminated or substantially modified programs and continuance in office of Assistant Secretary for Family Support, and provisions relating to termination of entitlement under AFDC program, see section 116 of Pub. L. 104–193, as amended, set out as an Effective Date note under section 601 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 862b - Sanctioning for testing positive for controlled substances
## Text
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, States shall not be prohibited by the Federal Government from testing welfare recipients for use of controlled substances nor from sanctioning welfare recipients who test positive for use of controlled substances.
(Pub. L. 104–193, title IX, § 902, Aug. 22, 1996, 110 Stat. 2347.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was enacted as part of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, and not as part of the Controlled Substances Act which comprises this subchapter.
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---
# 21 U.S.C. § 863 - Drug paraphernalia
## Text
(a) In general It is unlawful for any person—
(1) to sell or offer for sale drug paraphernalia;
(2) to use the mails or any other facility of interstate commerce to transport drug paraphernalia; or
(3) to import or export drug paraphernalia.
(b) Penalties Anyone convicted of an offense under subsection (a) of this section shall be imprisoned for not more than three years and fined under title 18.
(c) Seizure and forfeiture Any drug paraphernalia involved in any violation of subsection (a) of this section shall be subject to seizure and forfeiture upon the conviction of a person for such violation. Any such paraphernalia shall be delivered to the Administrator of General Services, General Services Administration, who may order such paraphernalia destroyed or may authorize its use for law enforcement or educational purposes by Federal, State, or local authorities.
(d) “Drug paraphernalia” defined The term “drug paraphernalia” means any equipment, product, or material of any kind which is primarily intended or designed for use in manufacturing, compounding, converting, concealing, producing, processing, preparing, injecting, ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing into the human body a controlled substance, possession of which is unlawful under this subchapter. It includes items primarily intended or designed for use in ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing marijuana,11 So in original. Probably should be “marihuana,”. cocaine, hashish, hashish oil, PCP, methamphetamine, or amphetamines into the human body, such as—
(1) metal, wooden, acrylic, glass, stone, plastic, or ceramic pipes with or without screens, permanent screens, hashish heads, or punctured metal bowls;
(2) water pipes;
(3) carburetion tubes and devices;
(4) smoking and carburetion masks;
(5) roach clips: meaning objects used to hold burning material, such as a marihuana cigarette, that has become too small or too short to be held in the hand;
(6) miniature spoons with level capacities of one-tenth cubic centimeter or less;
(7) chamber pipes;
(8) carburetor pipes;
(9) electric pipes;
(10) air-driven pipes;
(11) chillums;
(12) bongs;
(13) ice pipes or chillers;
(14) wired cigarette papers; or
(15) cocaine freebase kits.
(e) Matters considered in determination of what constitutes drug paraphernalia In determining whether an item constitutes drug paraphernalia, in addition to all other logically relevant factors, the following may be considered:
(1) instructions, oral or written, provided with the item concerning its use;
(2) descriptive materials accompanying the item which explain or depict its use;
(3) national and local advertising concerning its use;
(4) the manner in which the item is displayed for sale;
(5) whether the owner, or anyone in control of the item, is a legitimate supplier of like or related items to the community, such as a licensed distributor or dealer of tobacco products;
(6) direct or circumstantial evidence of the ratio of sales of the item(s) to the total sales of the business enterprise;
(7) the existence and scope of legitimate uses of the item in the community; and
(8) expert testimony concerning its use.
(f) Exemptions This section shall not apply to—
(1) any person authorized by local, State, or Federal law to manufacture, possess, or distribute such items; or
(2) any item that, in the normal lawful course of business, is imported, exported, transported, or sold through the mail or by any other means, and traditionally intended for use with tobacco products, including any pipe, paper, or accessory.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 422, as added and amended Pub. L. 101–647, title XXIV, § 2401(a)–(c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4858, 4859; Pub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXVI, § 3614, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1230.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification The text of section 857(b) to (f) of this title, which was transferred to subsecs. (b) to (f) of this section by Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(b), was based on Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1822(b)–(f), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–51; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6485, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4384.
Amendments2000—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–310 inserted “methamphetamine,” after “PCP,” in introductory provisions. 1990—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(c)(1), substituted “fined under title 18” for “fined not more than $100,000”. Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(b), redesignated subsec. (b) of section 857 of this title as subsec. (b) of this section. See Codification note above. Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(b), redesignated subsecs. (c) to (e) of section 857 of this title as subsecs. (c) to (e) of this section. See Codification note above. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(c)(2), made technical amendment to reference to “This section” to correct reference to corresponding provision of original act. Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(b), redesignated subsec. (f) of section 857 of this title as subsec. (f) of this section. See Codification note above.
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type: "LegalText"
title: "21 U.S.C. § 864"
description: "Anhydrous ammonia"
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# 21 U.S.C. § 864 - Anhydrous ammonia
## Text
(a) It is unlawful for any person—
(1) to steal anhydrous ammonia, or
(2) to transport stolen anhydrous ammonia across State lines,
knowing, intending, or having reasonable cause to believe that such anhydrous ammonia will be used to manufacture a controlled substance in violation of this part.
(b) Any person who violates subsection (a) shall be imprisoned or fined, or both, in accordance with section 843(d) of this title as if such violation were a violation of a provision of section 843 of this title.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 423, as added Pub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXVI, § 3653(a), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1240.)
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type: "LegalText"
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# 21 U.S.C. § 864a - Grants to reduce production of methamphetamines from anhydrous ammonia
## Text
(a) Definitions In this section:
(1) Eligible entity The term “eligible entity” means—
(A) a producer of agricultural commodities;
(B) a cooperative association, a majority of the members of which produce or process agricultural commodities; or
(C) a person in the trade or business of—
(i) selling an agricultural product (including an agricultural chemical) at retail, predominantly to farmers and ranchers; or
(ii) aerial and ground application of an agricultural chemical.
(2) Nurse tank The term “nurse tank” shall be considered to be a cargo tank (within the meaning of section 173.315(m) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect as of the date of the enactment of this Act).
(b) Grant authority The Secretary may make a grant to an eligible entity to enable the eligible entity to obtain and add to an anhydrous ammonia fertilizer nurse tank a physical lock or a substance to reduce the amount of methamphetamine that can be produced from any anhydrous ammonia removed from the nurse tank.
(c) Grant amount The amount of a grant made under this section to an eligible entity shall be the product obtained by multiplying—
(1) an amount not less than $40 and not more than $60, as determined by the Secretary; and
(2) the number of fertilizer nurse tanks of the eligible entity.
(d) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to make grants under this section $15,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2008 through 2012.
(Pub. L. 110–234, title XIV, § 14203, May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 110–246, § 4(a), title XIV, § 14203, June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 2220.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe date of the enactment of this Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–246, which was approved June 18, 2008.
Codification Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 enacted identical sections. Pub. L. 110–234 was repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246. Section was enacted as part of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, and not as part of the Controlled Substances Act which comprises this subchapter.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateEnactment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.
Definition of “Secretary” “Secretary” as meaning the Secretary of Agriculture, see section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 865 - Smuggling methamphetamine or methamphetamine precursor chemicals into the United States while using facilitated entry programs
## Text
(a) Enhanced prison sentence The sentence of imprisonment imposed on a person convicted of an offense under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) or the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 951 et seq.), involving methamphetamine or any listed chemical that is defined in section 102(33) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(33),11 So in original. A second closing parenthesis probably should precede the comma. shall, if the offense is committed under the circumstance described in subsection (b), be increased by a consecutive term of imprisonment of not more than 15 years.
(b) Circumstances For purposes of subsection (a), the circumstance described in this subsection is that the offense described in subsection (a) was committed by a person who—
(1) was enrolled in, or who was acting on behalf of any person or entity enrolled in, any dedicated commuter lane, alternative or accelerated inspection system, or other facilitated entry program administered or approved by the Federal Government for use in entering the United States; and
(2) committed the offense while entering the United States, using such lane, system, or program.
(c) Permanent ineligibility Any person whose term of imprisonment is increased under subsection (a) shall be permanently and irrevocably barred from being eligible for or using any lane, system, or program described in subsection (b)(1).
(Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 731, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 270.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Controlled Substances Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, which is classified principally to this subchapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. The Controlled Substances Import and Export Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is title III of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1285, which is classified principally to subchapter II (§ 951 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 951 of this title and Tables.
Codification Section was enacted as part of the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 and also as part of the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, and not as part of the Controlled Substances Act which comprises this subchapter.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 871 - Attorney General
## Text
(a) Delegation of functions The Attorney General may delegate any of his functions under this subchapter to any officer or employee of the Department of Justice.
(b) Rules and regulations The Attorney General may promulgate and enforce any rules, regulations, and procedures which he may deem necessary and appropriate for the efficient execution of his functions under this subchapter.
(c) Acceptance of devises, bequests, gifts, and donations The Attorney General may accept in the name of the Department of Justice any form of devise, bequest, gift, or donation where the donor intends to donate property for the purpose of preventing or controlling the abuse of controlled substances. He may take all appropriate steps to secure possession of such property and may sell, assign, transfer, or convey any such property other than moneys.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 501, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1270.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, and is popularly known as the “Controlled Substances Act”. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see second paragraph of Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 871a - Semiannual reports to Congress
## Text
(a) In general The Attorney General shall, on a semiannual basis, submit to the congressional committees and organizations specified in subsection (b) reports that—
(1) describe the allocation of the resources of the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Federal Bureau of Investigation for the investigation and prosecution of alleged violations of the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.] involving methamphetamine; and
(2) the measures being taken to give priority in the allocation of such resources to such violations involving—
(A) persons alleged to have imported into the United States substantial quantities of methamphetamine or scheduled listed chemicals (as defined pursuant to the amendment made by section 711(a)(1)); 11 See References in Text note below.
(B) persons alleged to have manufactured methamphetamine; and
(C) circumstances in which the violations have endangered children.
(b) Congressional committees The congressional committees and organizations referred to in subsection (a) are—
(1) in the House of Representatives, the Committee on the Judiciary, the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and the Committee on Government Reform; and
(2) in the Senate, the Committee on the Judiciary, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, and the Caucus on International Narcotics Control.
(Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 736, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 271.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Controlled Substances Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, which is classified principally to this subchapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. Section 711(a)(1), referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), is section 711(a)(1) of Pub. L. 109–177, which amended section 802 of this title.
Codification Section was enacted as part of the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 and also as part of the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, and not as part of the Controlled Substances Act which comprises this subchapter.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name Committee on Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007. Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Reform of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2019. Committee on Oversight and Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Accountability of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Eighteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2023.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 872 - Education and research programs of Attorney General
## Text
(a) Authorization The Attorney General is authorized to carry out educational and research programs directly related to enforcement of the laws under his jurisdiction concerning drugs or other substances which are or may be subject to control under this subchapter. Such programs may include—
(1) educational and training programs on drug abuse and controlled substances law enforcement for local, State, tribal, and Federal personnel;
(2) studies or special projects designed to compare the deterrent effects of various enforcement strategies on drug use and abuse;
(3) studies or special projects designed to assess and detect accurately the presence in the human body of drugs or other substances which are or may be subject to control under this subchapter, including the development of rapid field identification methods which would enable agents to detect microquantities of such drugs or other substances;
(4) studies or special projects designed to evaluate the nature and sources of the supply of illegal drugs throughout the country;
(5) studies or special projects to develop more effective methods to prevent diversion of controlled substances into illegal channels; and
(6) studies or special projects to develop information necessary to carry out his functions under section 811 of this title.
(b) Contracts The Attorney General may enter into contracts for such educational and research activities without performance bonds and without regard to section 6101 of title 41.
(c) Identification of research populations; authorization to withhold The Attorney General may authorize persons engaged in research to withhold the names and other identifying characteristics of persons who are the subjects of such research. Persons who obtain this authorization may not be compelled in any Federal, State, tribal, or local civil, criminal, administrative, legislative, or other proceeding to identify the subjects of research for which such authorization was obtained.
(d) Affect of treaties and other international agreements on confidentiality Nothing in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, or other treaties or international agreements shall be construed to limit, modify, or prevent the protection of the confidentiality of patient records or of the names and other identifying characteristics of research subjects as provided by any Federal, State, or local law or regulation.
(e) Use of controlled substances in research The Attorney General, on his own motion or at the request of the Secretary, may authorize the possession, distribution, and dispensing of controlled substances by persons engaged in research. Persons who obtain this authorization shall be exempt from State or Federal prosecution for possession, distribution, and dispensing of controlled substances to the extent authorized by the Attorney General.
(f) Program to curtail diversion of precursor and essential chemicals The Attorney General shall maintain an active program, both domestic and international, to curtail the diversion of precursor chemicals and essential chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of controlled substances.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 502, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1271; Pub. L. 95–633, title I, § 108(a), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3773; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6060, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4320; Pub. L. 111–211, title II, § 232(a), July 29, 2010, 124 Stat. 2278.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification In subsec. (b), “section 6101 of title 41” substituted for “section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5)” on authority of Pub. L. 111–350, § 6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.
Amendments2010—Subsecs. (a)(1), (c). Pub. L. 111–211 inserted “tribal,” after “State,”. 1988—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–690 added subsec. (f). 1978—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 95–633 added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective 120 days after Nov. 18, 1988, see section 6061 of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–633 effective on date the Convention on Psychotropic Substances enters into force in the United States [July 15, 1980], see section 112 of Pub. L. 95–633, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801a of this title.
Effect of GrantsPub. L. 111–211, title II, § 232(e), July 29, 2010, 124 Stat. 2279, provided that: “Nothing in this section [amending this section and sections 872a, 873, and 878 of this title] or any amendment made by this section— “(1) allows the grant to be made to, or used by, an entity for law enforcement activities that the entity lacks jurisdiction to perform; or “(2) has any effect other than to authorize, award, or deny a grant of funds to a federally recognized Indian tribe for the purposes described in the relevant grant program.” [For definition of “Indian tribe” as used in section 232(e) of Pub. L. 111–211, set out above, see section 203(a) of Pub. L. 111–211, set out as a note under section 2801 of Title 25, Indians.]
Training for Drug Enforcement Administration and State and Local Law Enforcement Personnel Relating to Clandestine LaboratoriesPub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXVI, § 3623, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1231, provided that: “(a) In General.—“(1) Requirement.—The Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration shall carry out the programs described in subsection (b) with respect to the law enforcement personnel of States and localities determined by the Administrator to have significant levels of methamphetamine-related or amphetamine-related crime or projected by the Administrator to have the potential for such levels of crime in the future. “(2) Duration.—The duration of any program under that subsection may not exceed 3 years. “(b) Covered Programs.—The programs described in this subsection are as follows:“(1) Advanced mobile clandestine laboratory training teams.—A program of advanced mobile clandestine laboratory training teams, which shall provide information and training to State and local law enforcement personnel in techniques utilized in conducting undercover investigations and conspiracy cases, and other information designed to assist in the investigation of the illegal manufacturing and trafficking of amphetamine and methamphetamine. “(2) Basic clandestine laboratory certification training.—A program of basic clandestine laboratory certification training, which shall provide information and training—“(A) to Drug Enforcement Administration personnel and State and local law enforcement personnel for purposes of enabling such personnel to meet any certification requirements under law with respect to the handling of wastes created by illegal amphetamine and methamphetamine laboratories; and “(B) to State and local law enforcement personnel for purposes of enabling such personnel to provide the information and training covered by subparagraph (A) to other State and local law enforcement personnel. “(3) Clandestine laboratory recertification and awareness training.—A program of clandestine laboratory recertification and awareness training, which shall provide information and training to State and local law enforcement personnel for purposes of enabling such personnel to provide recertification and awareness training relating to clandestine laboratories to additional State and local law enforcement personnel. “(c) Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 2000, 2001, and 2002 amounts as follows:“(1) $1,500,000 to carry out the program described in subsection (b)(1). “(2) $3,000,000 to carry out the program described in subsection (b)(2). “(3) $1,000,000 to carry out the program described in subsection (b)(3).”
Educational Program for Police DepartmentsPub. L. 104–305, § 4, Oct. 13, 1996, 110 Stat. 3809, provided that: “The Attorney General may— “(1) create educational materials regarding the use of controlled substances (as that term is defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 802]) in the furtherance of rapes and sexual assaults; and “(2) disseminate those materials to police departments throughout the United States.”
Study and Report on Measures To Prevent Sales of Agents Used in Methamphetamine ProductionPub. L. 104–237, title II, § 202, Oct. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 3101, required the Attorney General of the United States to conduct a study on measures to effectively prevent the diversion of red phosphorous, iodine, hydrochloric gas, and other agents for use in the production of methamphetamine, and to submit to Congress no later than Jan. 1, 1998, a report of the findings pursuant to the study on the need for and advisability of preventive measures.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 872a - Public-private education program
## Text
(a) Advisory panel The Attorney General shall establish an advisory panel consisting of an appropriate number of representatives from Federal, State, tribal, and local law enforcement and regulatory agencies with experience in investigating and prosecuting illegal transactions of precursor chemicals. The Attorney General shall convene the panel as often as necessary to develop and coordinate educational programs for wholesale and retail distributors of precursor chemicals and supplies.
(b) Continuation of current efforts The Attorney General shall continue to—
(1) maintain an active program of seminars and training to educate wholesale and retail distributors of precursor chemicals and supplies regarding the identification of suspicious transactions and their responsibility to report such transactions; and
(2) provide assistance to State, tribal, and local law enforcement and regulatory agencies to facilitate the establishment and maintenance of educational programs for distributors of precursor chemicals and supplies.
(Pub. L. 104–237, title V, § 503, Oct. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 3112; Pub. L. 111–211, title II, § 232(b), July 29, 2010, 124 Stat. 2278.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was enacted as part of the Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996, and not as part of the Controlled Substances Act which comprises this subchapter.
Amendments2010—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–211, § 232(b)(1), inserted “tribal,” after “State,”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 111–211, § 232(b)(2), inserted “, tribal,” after “State”.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 873 - Cooperative arrangements
## Text
(a) Cooperation of Attorney General with local, State, tribal, and Federal agencies The Attorney General shall cooperate with local, State, tribal, and Federal agencies concerning traffic in controlled substances and in suppressing the abuse of controlled substances. To this end, he is authorized to—
(1) arrange for the exchange of information between governmental officials concerning the use and abuse of controlled substances;
(2) cooperate in the institution and prosecution of cases in the courts of the United States and before the licensing boards and courts of the several States;
(3) conduct training programs on controlled substance law enforcement for local, State, tribal, and Federal personnel;
(4) maintain in the Department of Justice a unit which will accept, catalog, file, and otherwise utilize all information and statistics, including records of controlled substance abusers and other controlled substance law offenders, which may be received from Federal, State, tribal, and local agencies, and make such information available for Federal, State, tribal, and local law enforcement purposes;
(5) conduct programs of eradication aimed at destroying wild or illicit growth of plant species from which controlled substances may be extracted;
(6) assist State, tribal, and local governments in suppressing the diversion of controlled substances from legitimate medical, scientific, and commercial channels by—
(A) making periodic assessments of the capabilities of State, tribal, and local governments to adequately control the diversion of controlled substances;
(B) providing advice and counsel to State, tribal, and local governments on the methods by which such governments may strengthen their controls against diversion; and
(C) establishing cooperative investigative efforts to control diversion; and
(7) notwithstanding any other provision of law, enter into contractual agreements with State, tribal, and local law enforcement agencies to provide for cooperative enforcement and regulatory activities under this chapter.11 See References in Text note below.
(b) Requests by Attorney General for assistance from Federal agencies or instrumentalities When requested by the Attorney General, it shall be the duty of any agency or instrumentality of the Federal Government to furnish assistance, including technical advice, to him for carrying out his functions under this subchapter; except that no such agency or instrumentality shall be required to furnish the name of, or other identifying information about, a patient or research subject whose identity it has undertaken to keep confidential.
(c) Descriptive and analytic reports; limitation on court challenges (1) The Attorney General shall, once every 6 months, prepare and make available to regulatory, licensing, attorneys general, and law enforcement agencies of States a standardized report containing descriptive and analytic information on the actual distribution patterns, as gathered through the Automated Reports and Consolidated Orders System, or any subsequent automated system, pursuant to section 827 of this title and which includes detailed amounts, outliers, and trends of distributor and pharmacy registrants, in such States for the controlled substances contained in schedule II, which, in the discretion of the Attorney General, are determined to have the highest abuse.
(2) If the Attorney General publishes the report described in paragraph (1) once every 6 months as required under paragraph (1), nothing in this subsection shall be construed to bring an action in any court to challenge the sufficiency of the information or to compel the Attorney General to produce any documents or reports referred to in this subsection.
(d) Grants by Attorney General (1) The Attorney General may make grants, in accordance with paragraph (2), to State, tribal, and local governments to assist in meeting the costs of—
(A) collecting and analyzing data on the diversion of controlled substances,
(B) conducting investigations and prosecutions of such diversions,
(C) improving regulatory controls and other authorities to control such diversions,
(D) programs to prevent such diversions,
(E) preventing and detecting forged prescriptions, and
(F) training law enforcement and regulatory personnel to improve the control of such diversions.
(2) No grant may be made under paragraph (1) unless an application therefor is submitted to the Attorney General in such form and manner as the Attorney General may prescribe. No grant may exceed 80 per centum of the costs for which the grant is made, and no grant may be made unless the recipient of the grant provides assurances satisfactory to the Attorney General that it will obligate funds to meet the remaining 20 per centum of such costs. The Attorney General shall review the activities carried out with grants under paragraph (1) and shall report annually to Congress on such activities.
(3) To carry out this subsection there is authorized to be appropriated $6,000,000 for fiscal year 1985 and $6,000,000 for fiscal year 1986.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 503, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1271; Pub. L. 96–359, § 8(a) Sept. 26, 1980, 94 Stat. 1194; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 517, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2074; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1868, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–55; Pub. L. 99–646, § 85, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3620; Pub. L. 111–211, title II, § 232(c), July 29, 2010, 124 Stat. 2278; Pub. L. 115–271, title III, § 3273(b), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 3953.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(7), was in the original as added by Pub. L. 99–646 “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1236. In the subsec. (a)(7) added by Pub. L. 99–570, the reference was “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 91–513 which is popularly known as the “Controlled Substances Act” and is classified principally to this subchapter. For complete classification of this Act and title II to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. Schedule II, referred to in subsec. (c), is set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments2018—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–271 added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Attorney General shall annually (1) select the controlled substance (or controlled substances) contained in schedule II which, in the Attorney General’s discretion, is determined to have the highest rate of abuse, and (2) prepare and make available to regulatory, licensing, and law enforcement agencies of States descriptive and analytic reports on the actual distribution patterns in such States of each such controlled substance.” 2010—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–211, § 232(c)(1)(A), inserted “tribal,” after “State,” wherever appearing in introductory provisions and pars. (3) and (4). Subsec. (a)(6), (7). Pub. L. 111–211, § 232(c)(1)(B), inserted “, tribal,” after “State” wherever appearing. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 111–211, § 232(c)(2), inserted “, tribal,” after “State” in introductory provisions. 1986—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 99–570 and Pub. L. 99–646 made substantially identical amendment, adding par. (7). 1984—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 98–473, § 517(a), added par. (6). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–473, § 517(b), added subsec. (d). 1980—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–359 added subsec. (c).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Annual Report on Counterdrug Intelligence MattersPub. L. 107–306, title VIII, § 826, Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2429, which required the Counterdrug Intelligence Coordinating Group to submit to certain committees of Congress an annual report on counterdrug intelligence matters, was repealed by Pub. L. 111–259, title III, § 347(g), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2699.
Combating Amphetamine and Methamphetamine Manufacturing and TraffickingPub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXVI, § 3625, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1233, provided that: “(a) Activities.—In order to combat the illegal manufacturing and trafficking in amphetamine and methamphetamine, the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration may—“(1) assist State and local law enforcement in small and mid-sized communities in all phases of investigations related to such manufacturing and trafficking, including assistance with foreign-language interpretation; “(2) staff additional regional enforcement and mobile enforcement teams related to such manufacturing and trafficking; “(3) establish additional resident offices and posts of duty to assist State and local law enforcement in rural areas in combating such manufacturing and trafficking; “(4) provide the Special Operations Division of the Administration with additional agents and staff to collect, evaluate, interpret, and disseminate critical intelligence targeting the command and control operations of major amphetamine and methamphetamine manufacturing and trafficking organizations; “(5) enhance the investigative and related functions of the Chemical Control Program of the Administration to implement more fully the provisions of the Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–237) [see Short Title of 1996 Amendments note set out under section 801 of this title]; “(6) design an effective means of requiring an accurate accounting of the import and export of list I chemicals, and coordinate investigations relating to the diversion of such chemicals; “(7) develop a computer infrastructure sufficient to receive, process, analyze, and redistribute time-sensitive enforcement information from suspicious order reporting to field offices of the Administration and other law enforcement and regulatory agencies, including the continuing development of the Suspicious Order Reporting and Tracking System (SORTS) and the Chemical Transaction Database (CTRANS) of the Administration; “(8) establish an education, training, and communication process in order to alert the industry to current trends and emerging patterns in the illegal manufacturing of amphetamine and methamphetamine; and “(9) carry out such other activities as the Administrator considers appropriate. “(b) Additional Positions and Personnel.—“(1) In general.—In carrying out activities under subsection (a), the Administrator may establish in the Administration not more than 50 full-time positions, including not more than 31 special-agent positions, and may appoint personnel to such positions. “(2) Particular positions.—In carrying out activities under paragraphs (5) through (8) of subsection (a), the Administrator may establish in the Administration not more than 15 full-time positions, including not more than 10 diversion investigator positions, and may appoint personnel to such positions. Any positions established under this paragraph are in addition to any positions established under paragraph (1). “(c) Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated for the Drug Enforcement Administration for each fiscal year after fiscal year 1999, $9,500,000 for purposes of carrying out the activities authorized by subsection (a) and employing personnel in positions established under subsection (b), of which $3,000,000 shall be available for activities under paragraphs (5) through (8) of subsection (a) and for employing personnel in positions established under subsection (b)(2).”
National Drug Intelligence CenterPub. L. 108–487, title I, § 104(e), Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3942, provided that: “(1) In general.—Of the amount authorized to be appropriated in subsection (a) [118 Stat. 3941], $42,322,000 shall be available for the National Drug Intelligence Center. Within such amount, funds provided for research, development, testing, and evaluation purposes shall remain available until September 30, 2006, and funds provided for procurement purposes shall remain available until September 30, 2007. “(2) Transfer of funds.—The Director of National Intelligence shall transfer to the Attorney General funds available for the National Drug Intelligence Center under paragraph (1). The Attorney General shall utilize funds so transferred for the activities of the National Drug Intelligence Center. “(3) Limitation.—Amounts available for the National Drug Intelligence Center may not be used in contravention of the provisions of section 103(d)(1) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 403–3(d)(1)) [now 50 U.S.C. 3025(d)(1)]. “(4) Authority.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Attorney General shall retain full authority over the operations of the National Drug Intelligence Center.” Similar provisions were contained in the following prior authorization acts: Pub. L. 108–177, title I, § 104(e), Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2602. Pub. L. 107–306, title I, § 104(e), Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2387. Pub. L. 107–108, title I, § 104(e), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1396. Pub. L. 106–567, title I, § 104(e), Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 2834. Pub. L. 106–120, title I, § 104(e), Dec. 3, 1999, 113 Stat. 1609. Pub. L. 105–272, title I, § 104(e), Oct. 20, 1998, 112 Stat. 2398. Pub. L. 105–107, title I, § 104(e), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2250. Pub. L. 104–293, title I, § 104(d), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3464. Pub. L. 103–139, title VIII, § 8056, Nov. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 1452, provided that: “During the current fiscal year and thereafter, there is established, under the direction and control of the Attorney General, the National Drug Intelligence Center, whose mission it shall be to coordinate and consolidate drug intelligence from all national security and law enforcement agencies, and produce information regarding the structure, membership, finances, communications, and activities of drug trafficking organizations: Provided, That funding for the operation of the National Drug Intelligence Center, including personnel costs associated therewith, shall be provided from the funds appropriated to the Department of Defense.” Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act: Pub. L. 102–396, title IX, § 9078, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1919.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 874 - Advisory committees
## Text
The Attorney General may from time to time appoint committees to advise him with respect to preventing and controlling the abuse of controlled substances. Members of the committees may be entitled to receive compensation at the rate of $100 for each day (including traveltime) during which they are engaged in the actual performance of duties. While traveling on official business in the performance of duties for the committees, members of the committees shall be allowed expenses of travel, including per diem instead of subsistence, in accordance with subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 504, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1272.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Termination of Advisory CommitteesAdvisory committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, and advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. See section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 875 - Administrative hearings
## Text
(a) Power of Attorney General In carrying out his functions under this subchapter, the Attorney General may hold hearings, sign and issue subpenas, administer oaths, examine witnesses, and receive evidence at any place in the United States.
(b) Procedures applicable Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, notice shall be given and hearings shall be conducted under appropriate procedures of subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 505, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1272.)
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# 21 U.S.C. § 876 - Subpenas
## Text
(a) Authorization of use by Attorney General In any investigation relating to his functions under this subchapter with respect to controlled substances, listed chemicals, tableting machines, or encapsulating machines, the Attorney General may subpena witnesses, compel the attendance and testimony of witnesses, and require the production of any records (including books, papers, documents, and other tangible things which constitute or contain evidence) which the Attorney General finds relevant or material to the investigation. The attendance of witnesses and the production of records may be required from any place in any State or in any territory or other place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States at any designated place of hearing; except that a witness shall not be required to appear at any hearing more than 500 miles distant from the place where he was served with a subpena. Witnesses summoned under this section shall be paid the same fees and mileage that are paid witnesses in the courts of the United States.
(b) Service A subpena issued under this section may be served by any person designated in the subpena to serve it. Service upon a natural person may be made by personal delivery of the subpena to him. Service may be made upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association which is subject to suit under a common name, by delivering the subpena to an officer, to a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process. The affidavit of the person serving the subpena entered on a true copy thereof by the person serving it shall be proof of service.
(c) Enforcement In the case of contumacy by or refusal to obey a subpena issued to any person, the Attorney General may invoke the aid of any court of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the investigation is carried on or of which the subpenaed person is an inhabitant, or in which he carries on business or may be found, to compel compliance with the subpena. The court may issue an order requiring the subpenaed person to appear before the Attorney General to produce records, if so ordered, or to give testimony touching the matter under investigation. Any failure to obey the order of the court may be punished by the court as a contempt thereof. All process in any such case may be served in any judicial district in which such person may be found.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 506, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1272; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6058, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4319.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–690 inserted “listed chemicals, tableting machines, or encapsulating machines,” after “with respect to controlled substances,”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective 120 days after Nov. 18, 1988, see section 6061 of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 877 - Judicial review
## Text
All final determinations, findings, and conclusions of the Attorney General under this subchapter shall be final and conclusive decisions of the matters involved, except that any person aggrieved by a final decision of the Attorney General may obtain review of the decision in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia or for the circuit in which his principal place of business is located upon petition filed with the court and delivered to the Attorney General within thirty days after notice of the decision. Findings of fact by the Attorney General, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 507, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1273.)
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# 21 U.S.C. § 878 - Powers of enforcement personnel
## Text
(a) Any officer or employee of the Drug Enforcement Administration or any State, tribal, or local law enforcement officer designated by the Attorney General may—
(1) carry firearms;
(2) execute and serve search warrants, arrest warrants, administrative inspection warrants, subpenas, and summonses issued under the authority of the United States;
(3) make arrests without warrant (A) for any offense against the United States committed in his presence, or (B) for any felony, cognizable under the laws of the United States, if he has probable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing a felony;
(4) make seizures of property pursuant to the provisions of this subchapter; and
(5) perform such other law enforcement duties as the Attorney General may designate.
(b) State and local law enforcement officers performing functions under this section shall not be deemed Federal employees and shall not be subject to provisions of law relating to Federal employees, except that such officers shall be subject to section 3374(c) of title 5.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 508, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1273; Pub. L. 96–132, § 16(b), Nov. 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 1049; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1869, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–55; Pub. L. 99–646, § 86, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3620; Pub. L. 111–211, title II, § 232(d), July 29, 2010, 124 Stat. 2278.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments2010—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–211 inserted “, tribal,” after “State” in introductory provisions. 1986—Pub. L. 99–570 and Pub. L. 99–646 amended section substantially identically designating existing provisions as subsec. (a) and adding subsec. (b), with the exception of the amendment of subsec. (a) for which Pub. L. 99–570 directed the insertion of “or (with respect to offenses under this subchapter or subchapter II of this chapter) any State or local law enforcement officer” and Pub. L. 99–646 directed the insertion of “or any State or local law enforcement officer”, the latter of which was executed to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 1979—Pub. L. 96–132 substituted “Drug Enforcement Administration” for “Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs”.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 879 - Search warrants
## Text
A search warrant relating to offenses involving controlled substances may be served at any time of the day or night if the judge or United States magistrate judge issuing the warrant is satisfied that there is probable cause to believe that grounds exist for the warrant and for its service at such time.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 509, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1274; Pub. L. 93–481, § 3, Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1455; Pub. L. 101–650, title III, § 321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5117.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1974—Pub. L. 93–481 struck out designation “(a)” before “A search warrant”, and struck out subsec. (b) which permitted officers authorized to execute search warrants to break open and enter premises under certain circumstances and which required that such officers identify themselves and give reasons and authority for their entry after such entry.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name “United States magistrate judge” substituted in text for “United States magistrate” pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 880 - Administrative inspections and warrants
## Text
(a) “Controlled premises” defined As used in this section, the term “controlled premises” means—
(1) places where original or other records or documents required under this subchapter are kept or required to be kept, and
(2) places, including factories, warehouses, and other establishments, and conveyances, where persons registered under section 823 of this title (or exempt from registration under section 822(d) of this title or by regulation of the Attorney General) or regulated persons may lawfully hold, manufacture, distribute, dispense, administer, or otherwise dispose of controlled substances or listed chemicals or where records relating to those activities are maintained.
(b) Grant of authority; scope of inspections (1) For the purpose of inspecting, copying, and verifying the correctness of records, reports, or other documents required to be kept or made under this subchapter and otherwise facilitating the carrying out of his functions under this subchapter, the Attorney General is authorized, in accordance with this section, to enter controlled premises and to conduct administrative inspections thereof, and of the things specified in this section, relevant to those functions.
(2) Such entries and inspections shall be carried out through officers or employees (hereinafter referred to as “inspectors”) designated by the Attorney General. Any such inspector, upon stating his purpose and presenting to the owner, operator, or agent in charge of such premises (A) appropriate credentials and (B) a written notice of his inspection authority (which notice in the case of an inspection requiring, or in fact supported by, an administrative inspection warrant shall consist of such warrant), shall have the right to enter such premises and conduct such inspection at reasonable times.
(3) Except as may otherwise be indicated in an applicable inspection warrant, the inspector shall have the right—
(A) to inspect and copy records, reports, and other documents required to be kept or made under this subchapter;
(B) to inspect, within reasonable limits and in a reasonable manner, controlled premises and all pertinent equipment, finished and unfinished drugs, listed chemicals, and other substances or materials, containers, and labeling found therein, and, except as provided in paragraph (4) of this subsection, all other things therein (including records, files, papers, processes, controls, and facilities) appropriate for verification of the records, reports, and documents referred to in clause (A) or otherwise bearing on the provisions of this subchapter; and
(C) to inventory any stock of any controlled substance or listed chemical therein and obtain samples of any such substance or chemical.
(4) Except when the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the controlled premises so consents in writing, no inspection authorized by this section shall extend to—
(A) financial data;
(B) sales data other than shipment data; or
(C) pricing data.
(c) Situations not requiring warrants A warrant under this section shall not be required for the inspection of books and records pursuant to an administrative subpena issued in accordance with section 876 of this title, nor for entries and administrative inspections (including seizures of property)—
(1) with the consent of the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the controlled premises;
(2) in situations presenting imminent danger to health or safety;
(3) in situations involving inspection of conveyances where there is reasonable cause to believe that the mobility of the conveyance makes it impracticable to obtain a warrant;
(4) in any other exceptional or emergency circumstance where time or opportunity to apply for a warrant is lacking; or
(5) in any other situations where a warrant is not constitutionally required.
(d) Administrative inspection warrants; issuance; execution; probable cause Issuance and execution of administrative inspection warrants shall be as follows:
(1) Any judge of the United States or of a State court of record, or any United States magistrate judge, may, within his territorial jurisdiction, and upon proper oath or affirmation showing probable cause, issue warrants for the purpose of conducting administrative inspections authorized by this subchapter or regulations thereunder, and seizures of property appropriate to such inspections. For the purposes of this section, the term “probable cause” means a valid public interest in the effective enforcement of this subchapter or regulations thereunder sufficient to justify administrative inspections of the area, premises, building, or conveyance, or contents thereof, in the circumstances specified in the application for the warrant.
(2) A warrant shall issue only upon an affidavit of an officer or employee having knowledge of the facts alleged, sworn to before the judge or magistrate judge and establishing the grounds for issuing the warrant. If the judge or magistrate judge is satisfied that grounds for the application exist or that there is probable cause to believe they exist, he shall issue a warrant identifying the area, premises, building, or conveyance to be inspected, the purpose of such inspection, and, where appropriate, the type of property to be inspected, if any. The warrant shall identify the items or types of property to be seized, if any. The warrant shall be directed to a person authorized under subsection (b)(2) to execute it. The warrant shall state the grounds for its issuance and the name of the person or persons whose affidavit has been taken in support thereof. It shall command the person to whom it is directed to inspect the area, premises, building, or conveyance identified for the purpose specified, and, where appropriate, shall direct the seizure of the property specified. The warrant shall direct that it be served during normal business hours. It shall designate the judge or magistrate judge to whom it shall be returned.
(3) A warrant issued pursuant to this section must be executed and returned within ten days of its date unless, upon a showing by the United States of a need therefor, the judge or magistrate judge allows additional time in the warrant. If property is seized pursuant to a warrant, the person executing the warrant shall give to the person from whom or from whose premises the property was taken a copy of the warrant and a receipt for the property taken or shall leave the copy and receipt at the place from which the property was taken. The return of the warrant shall be made promptly and shall be accompanied by a written inventory of any property taken. The inventory shall be made in the presence of the person executing the warrant and of the person from whose possession or premises the property was taken, if they are present, or in the presence of at least one credible person other than the person making such inventory, and shall be verified by the person executing the warrant. The judge or magistrate judge, upon request, shall deliver a copy of the inventory to the person from whom or from whose premises the property was taken and to the applicant for the warrant.
(4) The judge or magistrate judge who has issued a warrant under this section shall attach to the warrant a copy of the return and all papers filed in connection therewith and shall file them with the clerk of the district court of the United States for the judicial district in which the inspection was made.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 510, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1274; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, § 3599M, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4932; Pub. L. 101–650, title III, § 321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5117; Pub. L. 103–200, § 6, Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2339.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1993—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–200, § 6(1), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “places, including factories, warehouses, or other establishments, and conveyances, where persons registered under section 823 of this title (or exempted from registration under section 822(d) of this title) may lawfully hold, manufacture, or distribute, dispense, administer, or otherwise dispose of controlled substances.” Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 103–200, § 6(2)(A), inserted “, listed chemicals,” after “unfinished drugs”. Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 103–200, § 6(2)(B), inserted “or listed chemical” after “controlled substance” and “or chemical” after “such substance”. 1990—Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “paragraph (4)” for “paragraph (5)”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name “United States magistrate judge” and “magistrate judge” substituted for “United States magistrate” and “magistrate”, respectively, wherever appearing in subsec. (d) pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
Effective Date of 1993 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–200 effective on date that is 120 days after Dec. 17, 1993, see section 11 of Pub. L. 103–200, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 882 - Injunctions
## Text
(a) Jurisdiction The district courts of the United States and all courts exercising general jurisdiction in the territories and possessions of the United States shall have jurisdiction in proceedings in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to enjoin violations of this subchapter.
(b) Jury trial In case of an alleged violation of an injunction or restraining order issued under this section, trial shall, upon demand of the accused, be by a jury in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
(c) State cause of action pertaining to online pharmacies (1) In general In any case in which the State has reason to believe that an interest of the residents of that State has been or is being threatened or adversely affected by the action of a person, entity, or Internet site that violates the provisions of section 823(g), 829(e), or 831 of this title, the State may bring a civil action on behalf of such residents in a district court of the United States with appropriate jurisdiction—
(A) to enjoin the conduct which violates this section;
(B) to enforce compliance with this section;
(C) to obtain damages, restitution, or other compensation, including civil penalties under section 842(b) of this title; and
(D) to obtain such other legal or equitable relief as the court may find appropriate.
(2) Service; intervention (A) Prior to filing a complaint under paragraph (1), the State shall serve a copy of the complaint upon the Attorney General and upon the United States Attorney for the judicial district in which the complaint is to be filed. In any case where such prior service is not feasible, the State shall serve the complaint on the Attorney General and the appropriate United States Attorney on the same day that the State’s complaint is filed in Federal district court of the United States. Such proceedings shall be independent of, and not in lieu of, criminal prosecutions or any other proceedings under this subchapter or any other laws of the United States.
(B) Upon receiving notice respecting a civil action pursuant to this section, the United States shall have the right to intervene in such action and, upon so intervening, to be heard on all matters arising therein, and to file petitions for appeal.
(C) Service of a State’s complaint on the United States as required in this paragraph shall be made in accord with the requirements of rule 4(i)(1) of the Federal Rule 11 So in original. Probably should be “Rules”. of Civil Procedure.
(3) Powers conferred by State law For purposes of bringing any civil action under paragraph (1), nothing in this chapter shall prevent an attorney general of a State from exercising the powers conferred on the attorney general of a State by the laws of such State to conduct investigations or to administer oaths or affirmations or to compel the attendance of witnesses of or the production of documentary or other evidence.
(4) Venue Any civil action brought under paragraph (1) in a district court of the United States may be brought in the district in which the defendant is found, is an inhabitant, or transacts business or wherever venue is proper under section 1391 of title 28. Process in such action may be served in any district in which the defendant is an inhabitant or in which the defendant may be found.
(5) No private right of action No private right of action is created under this subsection.
(6) Limitation No civil action may be brought under paragraph (1) against—
(A) the United States;
(B) an Indian Tribe or tribal organization, to the extent such tribe or tribal organization is lawfully carrying out a contract or compact under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act [25 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.]; or
(C) any employee of the United States or such Indian tribe or tribal organization, provided such agent or employee is acting in the usual course of business or employment, and within the scope of the official duties of such agent or employee therewith.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 512, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1278; Pub. L. 110–425, § 3(h), Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4830; Pub. L. 117–215, title I, § 103(b)(1)(I), Dec. 2, 2022, 136 Stat. 2263.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), and (c)(2)(C), are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. This subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c)(2)(A), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, and is popularly known as the “Controlled Substances Act”. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see second paragraph of Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. This chapter, referred to in subsec. (c)(3), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1236. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(6)(B), is Pub. L. 93–638, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2203, which is classified principally to chapter 46 (§ 5301 et seq.) of Title 25, Indians. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5301 of Title 25 and Tables.
Amendments2022—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 117–215 substituted “823(g)” for “823(f)” in introductory provisions. 2008—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–425 added subsec. (c).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2008 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 110–425 effective 180 days after Oct. 15, 2008, except as otherwise provided, see section 3(j) of Pub. L. 110–425, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 883 - Enforcement proceedings
## Text
Before any violation of this subchapter is reported by the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration to any United States attorney for institution of a criminal proceeding, the Administrator may require that the person against whom such proceeding is contemplated is given appropriate notice and an opportunity to present his views, either orally or in writing, with regard to such contemplated proceeding.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1278; Pub. L. 96–132, § 16(c), Nov. 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 1049.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1979—Pub. L. 96–132 substituted “Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration” for “Director of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs” and “Administrator may” for “Director may”.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 884 - Immunity and privilege
## Text
(a) Refusal to testify Whenever a witness refuses, on the basis of his privilege against self-incrimination, to testify or provide other information in a proceeding before a court or grand jury of the United States, involving a violation of this subchapter, and the person presiding over the proceeding communicates to the witness an order issued under this section, the witness may not refuse to comply with the order on the basis of his privilege against self-incrimination. But no testimony or other information compelled under the order issued under subsection (b) of this section or any information obtained by the exploitation of such testimony or other information, may be used against the witness in any criminal case, including any criminal case brought in a court of a State, except a prosecution for perjury, giving a false statement, or otherwise failing to comply with the order.
(b) Order of United States district court In the case of any individual who has been or may be called to testify or provide other information at any proceeding before a court or grand jury of the United States, the United States district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding is or may be held shall issue, upon the request of the United States attorney for such district, an order requiring such individual to give any testimony or provide any other information which he refuses to give or provide on the basis of his privilege against self-incrimination.
(c) Request by United States attorney A United States attorney may, with the approval of the Attorney General or the Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney General, or any Assistant Attorney General designated by the Attorney General, request an order under subsection (b) when in his judgment—
(1) the testimony or other information from such individual may be necessary to the public interest; and
(2) such individual has refused or is likely to refuse to testify or provide other information on the basis of his privilege against self-incrimination.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 514, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1278; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7020(f), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4396.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1988—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–690 inserted reference to Associate Attorney General.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 885 - Burden of proof; liabilities
## Text
(a) Exemptions and exceptions; presumption in simple possession offenses (1) It shall not be necessary for the United States to negative any exemption or exception set forth in this subchapter in any complaint, information, indictment, or other pleading or in any trial, hearing, or other proceeding under this subchapter, and the burden of going forward with the evidence with respect to any such exemption or exception shall be upon the person claiming its benefit.
(2) In the case of a person charged under section 844(a) of this title with the possession of a controlled substance, any label identifying such substance for purposes of section 353(b)(2) of this title shall be admissible in evidence and shall be prima facie evidence that such substance was obtained pursuant to a valid prescription from a practitioner while acting in the course of his professional practice.
(b) Registration and order forms In the absence of proof that a person is the duly authorized holder of an appropriate registration or order form issued under this subchapter, he shall be presumed not to be the holder of such registration or form, and the burden of going forward with the evidence with respect to such registration or form shall be upon him.
(c) Use of vehicles, vessels, and aircraft The burden of going forward with the evidence to establish that a vehicle, vessel, or aircraft used in connection with controlled substances in schedule I was used in accordance with the provisions of this subchapter shall be on the persons engaged in such use.
(d) Immunity of Federal, State, local and other officials Except as provided in sections 2234 and 2235 of title 18, no civil or criminal liability shall be imposed by virtue of this subchapter upon any duly authorized Federal officer lawfully engaged in the enforcement of this subchapter, or upon any duly authorized officer of any State, territory, political subdivision thereof, the District of Columbia, or any possession of the United States, who shall be lawfully engaged in the enforcement of any law or municipal ordinance relating to controlled substances.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 515, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1279.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedule I, referred to in subsec. (c), is set out in section 812(c) of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 886 - Payments and advances
## Text
(a) Payment to informers The Attorney General is authorized to pay any person, from funds appropriated for the Drug Enforcement Administration, for information concerning a violation of this subchapter, such sum or sums of money as he may deem appropriate, without reference to any moieties or rewards to which such person may otherwise be entitled by law.
(b) Reimbursement for purchase of controlled substances Moneys expended from appropriations of the Drug Enforcement Administration for purchase of controlled substances and subsequently recovered shall be reimbursed to the current appropriation for the Administration.11 See Codification note below.
(c) Advance of funds for enforcement purposes The Attorney General is authorized to direct the advance of funds by the Treasury Department in connection with the enforcement of this subchapter.
(d) Drug Pollution Fund (1) There is established in the Treasury a trust fund to be known as the “Drug Pollution Fund” (hereinafter referred to in this subsection as the “Fund”), consisting of amounts appropriated or credited to such Fund under section 841(b)(6) of this title.
(2) There are hereby appropriated to the Fund amounts equivalent to the fines imposed under section 841(b)(6) of this title.
(3) Amounts in the Fund shall be available, as provided in appropriations Acts, for the purpose of making payments in accordance with paragraph (4) for the clean up of certain pollution resulting from the actions referred to in section 841(b)(6) of this title.
(4) (A) The Secretary of the Treasury, after consultation with the Attorney General, shall make payments under paragraph (3), in such amounts as the Secretary determines appropriate, to the heads of executive agencies or departments that meet the requirements of subparagraph (B).
(B) In order to receive a payment under paragraph (3), the head of an executive agency or department shall submit an application in such form and containing such information as the Secretary of the Treasury shall by regulation require. Such application shall contain a description of the fine imposed under section 841(b)(6) of this title, the circumstances surrounding the imposition of such fine, and the type and severity of pollution that resulted from the actions to which such fine applies.
(5) For purposes of subchapter B of chapter 98 of title 26, the Fund established under this paragraph shall be treated in the same manner as a trust fund established under subchapter A of such chapter.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 516, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1279; Pub. L. 96–132, § 16(b), Nov. 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 1049; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6254(i), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4367.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification In subsec. (b), “Administration” substituted for “Bureau” as the probable intent of Congress in view of amendment by Pub. L. 96–132, which substituted references to the Drug Enforcement Administration for references to the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs wherever appearing in text.
Amendments1988—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–690 added subsec. (d). 1979—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 96–132 substituted “Drug Enforcement Administration” for “Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Reimbursement by Drug Enforcement Administration of Expenses Incurred To Remediate Methamphetamine LaboratoriesPub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXVI, § 3672, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1246, provided that: “(a) Reimbursement Authorized.—The Attorney General, acting through the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, may reimburse States, units of local government, Indian tribal governments, other public entities, and multi-jurisdictional or regional consortia thereof for expenses incurred to clean up and safely dispose of substances associated with clandestine methamphetamine laboratories which may present a danger to public health or the environment. “(b) Additional DEA Personnel.—From amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to carry out this section, the Attorney General may hire not more than five additional Drug Enforcement Administration personnel to administer this section. “(c) Authorization of Appropriations.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the Attorney General to carry out this section $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2001.”
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# 21 U.S.C. § 886a - Diversion Control Fee Account
## Text
(1) In general There is established in the general fund of the Treasury a separate account which shall be known as the Diversion Control Fee Account. For fiscal year 1993 and thereafter:
(A) There shall be deposited as offsetting receipts into that account all fees collected by the Drug Enforcement Administration, in excess of $15,000,000, for the operation of its diversion control program.
(B) Such amounts as are deposited into the Diversion Control Fee Account shall remain available until expended and shall be refunded out of that account by the Secretary of the Treasury, at least on a quarterly basis, to reimburse the Drug Enforcement Administration for expenses incurred in the operation of the diversion control program. Such reimbursements shall be made without distinguishing between expenses related to controlled substance activities and expenses related to chemical activities.
(C) Fees charged by the Drug Enforcement Administration under its diversion control program shall be set at a level that ensures the recovery of the full costs of operating the various aspects of that program.
(D) The amount required to be refunded from the Diversion Control Fee Account for fiscal year 1994 and thereafter shall be refunded in accordance with estimates made in the budget request of the Attorney General for those fiscal years. Any proposed changes in the amounts designated in said budget requests shall only be made after notification to the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Senate fifteen days in advance.
(2) Definitions In this section:
(A) Diversion control program The term “diversion control program” means the controlled substance and chemical diversion control activities of the Drug Enforcement Administration.
(B) Controlled substance and chemical diversion control activities The term “controlled substance and chemical diversion control activities” means those activities related to the registration and control of the manufacture, distribution, dispensing, importation, and exportation of controlled substances and listed chemicals.
(Pub. L. 102–395, title I, § 111(b), Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1843; Pub. L. 105–362, title X, § 1001(b), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3291; Pub. L. 108–447, div. B, title VI, § 633(a), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2921.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was enacted as part of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1993, and not as part of the Controlled Substances Act which comprises this subchapter.
Amendments2004—Pub. L. 108–447, § 633(a)(2) to (4), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and inserted heading, substituted “program. Such reimbursements shall be made without distinguishing between expenses related to controlled substance activities and expenses related to chemical activities” for “program” in par. (1)(B), and added par. (2). Pub. L. 108–447, § 633(a)(1), which directed redesignation of pars. (1) to (5) as subpars. (A) to (E) and adjustment of margins, was executed by redesignating pars. (1) to (4) as (A) to (D), respectively, to reflect the probable intent of Congress, because Pub. L. 105–362 struck out par. (5). See 1998 Amendment note below. 1998—Par. (5). Pub. L. 105–362 struck out par. (5) which read as follows: “The Attorney General shall prepare and submit annually to the Congress, statements of financial condition of the account, including the beginning balance, receipts, refunds to appropriations, transfers to the general fund, and the ending balance.”
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# 21 U.S.C. § 887 - Coordination and consolidation of post-seizure administration
## Text
The Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury shall take such action as may be necessary to develop and maintain a joint plan to coordinate and consolidate post-seizure administration of property seized under this subchapter, subchapter II, or provisions of the customs laws relating to controlled substances.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 517, as added Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6078(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4325.)
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# 21 U.S.C. § 888 - Repealed. Pub. L. 106–185, § 2(c)(3), Apr. 25, 2000, 114 Stat. 210
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 518, formerly § 511A, as added Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6080(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4326; renumbered § 518, Pub. L. 101–647, title X, § 1002(h)(1), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4828, related to expedited procedures for seized conveyances.
Section was classified to section 881–1 of this title prior to renumbering by Pub. L. 101–647.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal applicable to any forfeiture proceeding commenced on or after the date that is 120 days after Apr. 25, 2000, see section 21 of Pub. L. 106–185, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendment note under section 1324 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 889 - Production control of controlled substances
## Text
(a) Definitions As used in this section:
(1) The term “controlled substance” has the same meaning given such term in section 802(6) of this title.
(2) The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Agriculture.
(3) The term “State” means each of the fifty States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands of the United States, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
(b) Persons ineligible for Federal agricultural program benefits Notwithstanding any other provision of law, following December 23, 1985, any person who is convicted under Federal or State law of planting, cultivation, growing, producing, harvesting, or storing a controlled substance in any crop year shall be ineligible for—
(1) as to any commodity produced during that crop year, and the four succeeding crop years, by such person—
(A) any price support or payment made available under the Agricultural Act of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1421 et seq.), the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act (15 U.S.C. 714 et seq.), or any other Act;
(B) a farm storage facility loan made under section 4(h) of the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act (15 U.S.C. 714b(h));
(C) crop insurance under the Federal Crop Insurance Act (7 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.);
(D) a disaster payment made under the Agricultural Act of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1421 et seq.); or
(E) a loan made, insured or guaranteed under the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 1921 et seq.) or any other provision of law administered by the Farmers Home Administration; or
(2) a payment made under section 4 or 5 of the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act (15 U.S.C. 714b or 714c) for the storage of an agricultural commodity that is—
(A) produced during that crop year, or any of the four succeeding crop years, by such person; and
(B) acquired by the Commodity Credit Corporation.
(c) Regulations Not later than 180 days after December 23, 1985, the Secretary shall issue such regulations as the Secretary determines are necessary to carry out this section, including regulations that—
(1) define the term “person”;
(2) govern the determination of persons who shall be ineligible for program benefits under this section; and
(3) protect the interests of tenants and sharecroppers.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 519, formerly Pub. L. 99–198, title XVII, § 1764, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1652; renumbered § 519 of Pub. L. 91–513, Pub. L. 101–647, title X, § 1002(h)(2), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4828.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Agricultural Act of 1949, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(A), (D), is act Oct. 31, 1949, ch. 792, 63 Stat. 1051, which is classified principally to chapter 35A (§ 1421 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1421 of Title 7 and Tables. The Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(A), is act June 29, 1948, ch. 704, 62 Stat. 1070, and is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 714 et seq.) of chapter 15 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 714 of Title 15 and Tables. The Federal Crop Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(C), is subtitle A of title V of act Feb. 16, 1938, ch. 30, 52 Stat. 72, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 1501 et seq.) of chapter 36 of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1501 of Title 7 and Tables. The Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(E), is title III of Pub. L. 87–128, Aug. 8, 1961, 75 Stat. 307, which is classified principally to chapter 50 (§ 1921 et seq.) of Title 7. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1921 of Title 7 and Tables.
Codification Section was classified to section 881a of this title prior to renumbering by Pub. L. 101–647.
Amendments1990—Pub. L. 101–647 renumbered section 881a of this title as this section.
Executive Documents
Termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands For termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see note set out preceding section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 890 - Review of Federal sales of chemicals usable to manufacture controlled substances
## Text
A Federal department or agency may not sell from the stocks of the department or agency any chemical which, as determined by the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, could be used in the manufacture of a controlled substance unless the Administrator certifies in writing to the head of the department or agency that there is no reasonable cause to believe that the sale of the chemical would result in the illegal manufacture of a controlled substance.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 520, as added Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title X, § 1034(a), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2640.)
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# 21 U.S.C. § 901 - Severability
## Text
If a provision of this chapter is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable shall remain in effect. If a provision of this chapter is held invalid in one or more of its applications, the provision shall remain in effect in all its valid applications that are severable.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 706, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1284.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1236. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 902 - Savings provisions
## Text
Nothing in this chapter, except this part and, to the extent of any inconsistency, sections 827(e) and 829 of this title, shall be construed as in any way affecting, modifying, repealing, or superseding the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq.].
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 707, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1284.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, referred to in text, is act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, which is classified generally to chapter 9 (§ 301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 301 of this title and Tables.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 903 - Application of State law
## Text
No provision of this subchapter shall be construed as indicating an intent on the part of the Congress to occupy the field in which that provision operates, including criminal penalties, to the exclusion of any State law on the same subject matter which would otherwise be within the authority of the State, unless there is a positive conflict between that provision of this subchapter and that State law so that the two cannot consistently stand together.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 708, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1284.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis subchapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, and is popularly known as the “Controlled Substances Act”. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see second paragraph of Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 904 - Payment of tort claims
## Text
Notwithstanding section 2680(k) of title 28, the Attorney General, in carrying out the functions of the Department of Justice under this subchapter, is authorized to pay tort claims in the manner authorized by section 2672 of title 28, when such claims arise in a foreign country in connection with the operations of the Drug Enforcement Administration abroad.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 709, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1284; Pub. L. 93–481, § 1, Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1455; Pub. L. 95–137, § 1(a), Oct. 18, 1977, 91 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 96–132, §§ 13, 15, Nov. 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 1048; Pub. L. 97–414, § 9(g)(1), Jan. 4, 1983, 96 Stat. 2064.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1983—Pub. L. 97–414 struck out subsecs. (a) and (b) which had provided, respectively, that (a) there were authorized to be appropriated $105,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, $175,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976, $200,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1977, $188,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978, $215,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1979, and $198,336,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980, for the expenses of the Department of Justice in carrying out its functions under this subchapter, and that (b) no funds appropriated under any other provision of this chapter could be used for the expenses of the Department of Justice for which funds were authorized to be appropriated by former subsection (a) of this section, and removed the subsection designator (c) before “Notwithstanding”. 1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–132, § 15, inserted provisions authorizing appropriations of $198,336,000 for the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1980. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–132, § 13, added subsec. (c). 1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–137 substituted “September 30, 1977, $188,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978, and $215,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1979,” for “June 30, 1977,” and struck out “(other than its expenses incurred in connection with carrying out section 803(a) of this title)”. 1974—Pub. L. 93–481 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), substituted authorization of appropriations for fiscal years ending June 30, 1975, June 30, 1976, and June 30, 1977, for authorization of appropriations for fiscal years ending June 30, 1972, June 30, 1973, and June 30, 1974, and added subsec. (b).
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# 21 U.S.C. § 951 - Definitions
## Text
(a) For purposes of this subchapter—
(1) The term “import” means, with respect to any article, any bringing in or introduction of such article into any area (whether or not such bringing in or introduction constitutes an importation within the meaning of the tariff laws of the United States).
(2) The term “customs territory of the United States” has the meaning assigned to such term by general note 2 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States.
(b) Each term defined in section 802 of this title shall have the same meaning for purposes of this subchapter as such term has for purposes of subchapter I.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1001, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1285; Pub. L. 100–418, title I, § 1214(m), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1158.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is not set out in the Code. See Publication of Harmonized Tariff Schedule note set out under section 1202 of Title 19, Customs Duties. This subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), was in the original “this title”, meaning title III of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1285. Part A of title III comprises this subchapter. For classification of Part B, consisting of sections 1101 to 1105 of title III, see Tables.
Amendments1988—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–418 substituted “general note 2 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States” for “general headnote 2 to the Tariff Schedules of the United States”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–418 effective Jan. 1, 1989, and applicable with respect to articles entered on or after such date, see section 1217(b)(1) of Pub. L. 100–418, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3001 of Title 19, Customs Duties.
Effective DatePub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1105(a)–(c), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1295, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: “(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, this title [see Short Title note below] shall become effective on the first day of the seventh calendar month that begins after the day immediately preceding the date of enactment [Oct. 27, 1970]. “(b) Sections 1000, 1001, 1006, 1015, 1016, 1103, 1104 [see Short Title note below and sections 171 note, 951, 956, 957 note, 965, and 966 of this title], and this section shall become effective upon enactment [Oct. 27, 1970]. “(c)(1) If the Attorney General, pursuant to the authority of section 704(c) of title II [set out as a note under section 801 of this title], postpones the effective date of section 306 (relating to manufacturing quotas) [section 826 of this title] for any period beyond the date specified in section 704(a) [set out as a note under section 801 of this title], and such postponement applies to narcotic drugs, the repeal of the Narcotics Manufacturing Act of 1960 [sections 501 to 517 of this title] by paragraph (10) of section 1101(a) of this title is hereby postponed for the same period, except that the postponement made by this paragraph shall not apply to the repeal of sections 4, 5, 13, 15, and 16 of that Act [which were classified to sections 182, 503, 511, and 513 of this title and sections 4702, 4731, and 4731 note of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code]. “(2) Effective for any period of postponement, by paragraph (1) of this subsection, of the repeal of provisions of the Narcotics Manufacturing Act of 1960 [sections 501 to 517 of this title], that Act shall be applied subject to the following modifications:“(A) The term ‘narcotic drug’ shall mean a narcotic drug as defined in section 102(16) of title II [section 802(16) of this title], and all references, in the Narcotics Manufacturing Act of 1960 [sections 501 to 517 of this title], to a narcotic drug as defined by section 4731 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954, section 4731 of Title 26] are amended to refer to a narcotic drug as defined by such section 102(16) [section 802(16) of this title]. “(B) On and after the date prescribed by the Attorney General pursuant to clause (2) of section 703(c) of title II, [set out as a note under section 822 of this title], the requirements of a manufacturer’s license with respect to a basic class of narcotic drug under the Narcotics Manufacturing Act of 1960 [sections 501 to 517 of this title], and of a registration under section 4722 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954, section 4722 of Title 26] as a prerequisite to issuance of such a license, shall be superseded by a requirement of actual registration (as distinguished from provisional registration) as a manufacturer of that class of drug under section 303(a) of title II [section 823(a) of this title]. “(C) On and after the effective date of the repeal of such section 4722 [section 4722 of title 26] by section 1101(b)(3) of this title, but prior to the date specified in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the requirement of registration under such section 4722 [section 4722 of title 26] as a prerequisite of a manufacturer’s license under the Narcotics Manufacturing Act of 1960 [sections 501 to 517 of this title] shall be superseded by a requirement of either (i) actual registration as a manufacturer under section 303 of title II [section 823 of this title] or (ii) provisional registration (by virtue of a preexisting registration under such section 4722) under section 703 of title II [set out as a note under section 822 of this title].”
Short TitlePub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1000, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1285, provided that: “This title [enacting this subchapter, amending sections 162 and 967 of this title, section 4251 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 1584 of Title 19, Customs Duties, sections 4901, 4905, 6808, 7012, 7103, 7326, 7607, 7609, 7641, 7651, and 7655 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 2901 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, sections 529d, 529e, and 529f of former Title 31, Money and Finance, section 304m of former Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, section 3411 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, section 239a of former Title 46, Shipping, and section 787 of former Title 49, Transportation, repealing sections 171 to 174, 176 to 185, 188 to 188n, 191 to 193, 197, 198, 199, and 501 to 517 of this title, sections 1401 to 1407, and 3616 of Title 18, sections 4701 to 4707, 4711 to 4716, 4721 to 4726, 4731 to 4736, 4741 to 4746, 4751 to 4757, 4761, 4762, 4771 to 4776, 7237, 7238, and 7491 of Title 26, sections 529a and 529g of former Title 31, section 1421m of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 171 and 957 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Controlled Substances Import and Export Act’.”
Rules and RegulationsPub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1105(d), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1296, provided: “Any orders, rules and regulations which have been promulgated under any law affected by this title [see Short Title note above] and which are in effect on the day preceding enactment of this title [Oct. 27, 1970] shall continue in effect until modified, superseded, or repealed.”
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# 21 U.S.C. § 952 - Importation of controlled substances
## Text
(a) Controlled substances in schedule I or II and narcotic drugs in schedule III, IV, or V; exceptions It shall be unlawful to import into the customs territory of the United States from any place outside thereof (but within the United States), or to import into the United States from any place outside thereof, any controlled substance in schedule I or II of subchapter I, or any narcotic drug in schedule III, IV, or V of subchapter I, or ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine, except that—
(1) such amounts of crude opium, poppy straw, concentrate of poppy straw, and coca leaves, and of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, as the Attorney General finds to be necessary to provide for medical, scientific, or other legitimate purposes, and
(2) such amounts of any controlled substance in schedule I or II or any narcotic drug in schedule III, IV, or V that the Attorney General finds to be necessary to provide for the medical, scientific, or other legitimate needs of the United States—
(A) during an emergency in which domestic supplies of such substance or drug are found by the Attorney General to be inadequate,
(B) in any case in which the Attorney General finds that competition among domestic manufacturers of the controlled substance is inadequate and will not be rendered adequate by the registration of additional manufacturers under section 823 of this title, or
(C) in any case in which the Attorney General finds that such controlled substance is in limited quantities exclusively for scientific, analytical, or research uses,
may be so imported under such regulations as the Attorney General shall prescribe. No crude opium may be so imported for the purpose of manufacturing heroin or smoking opium.
(b) Nonnarcotic controlled substances in schedule III, IV, or V It shall be unlawful to import into the customs territory of the United States from any place outside thereof (but within the United States), or to import into the United States from any place outside thereof, any non­narcotic controlled substance in schedule III, IV, or V, unless such nonnarcotic controlled substance—
(1) is imported for medical, scientific, or other legitimate uses, and
(2) is imported pursuant to such notification, or declaration, or in the case of any nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule III, such import permit, notification, or declaration, as the Attorney General may by regulation prescribe, except that if a nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule IV or V is also listed in schedule I or II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances it shall be imported pursuant to such import permit requirements, prescribed by regulation of the Attorney General, as are required by the Convention.
(c) Coca leaves In addition to the amount of coca leaves authorized to be imported into the United States under subsection (a), the Attorney General may permit the importation of additional amounts of coca leaves. All cocaine and ecgonine (and all salts, derivatives, and preparations from which cocaine or ecgonine may be synthesized or made) contained in such additional amounts of coca leaves imported under this subsection shall be destroyed under the supervision of an authorized representative of the Attorney General.
(d) Application for increased importation of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine (1) With respect to a registrant under section 958 of this title who is authorized under subsection (a)(1) to import ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine, at any time during the year the registrant may apply for an increase in the amount of such chemical that the registrant is authorized to import, and the Attorney General may approve the application if the Attorney General determines that the approval is necessary to provide for medical, scientific, or other legitimate purposes regarding the chemical.
(2) With respect to the application under paragraph (1):
(A) Not later than 60 days after receiving the application, the Attorney General shall approve or deny the application.
(B) In approving the application, the Attorney General shall specify the period of time for which the approval is in effect, or shall provide that the approval is effective until the registrant involved is notified in writing by the Attorney General that the approval is terminated.
(C) If the Attorney General does not approve or deny the application before the expiration of the 60-day period under subparagraph (A), the application is deemed to be approved, and such approval remains in effect until the Attorney General notifies the registrant in writing that the approval is terminated.
(e) Reference to ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine Each reference in this section to ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine includes each of the salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers of such chemical.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1002, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1285; Pub. L. 95–633, title I, § 105, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3772; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 519–521, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2075; Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 715, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 264.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I, II, III, IV, and V, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–177, § 715(1)(A), inserted “or ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine,” after “schedule III, IV, or V of subchapter I,” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–177, § 715(1)(B), inserted “, and of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine,” after “coca leaves”. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 109–177, § 715(2), added subsecs. (d) and (e). 1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, § 519, amended par. (1) generally, inserting references to poppy straw and concentrate of poppy straw. Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 98–473, § 520, added subpar. (C). Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98–473, § 521, substituted “is imported pursuant to such notification, or declaration, or in the case of any nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule III, such import permit, notification, or declaration, as the Attorney General may by regulation prescribe, except that if a nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule IV or V is also listed in schedule I or II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances it shall be imported pursuant to such import permit requirements, prescribed by regulation of the Attorney General, as are required by the Convention” for “is imported pursuant to such notification or declaration requirements as the Attorney General may by regulation prescribe, except that if a nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule III, IV, or V is also listed in schedule I or II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances it shall be imported pursuant to such import permit requirements, prescribed by regulation of the Attorney General, as are required by the Convention”. 1978—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 95–633 inserted provision relating to exception for nonnarcotic controlled substances listed in schedule I or II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–633 effective on date the Convention on Psychotropic Substances enters into force in the United States [July 15, 1980], see section 112 of Pub. L. 95–633, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801a of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 953 - Exportation of controlled substances
## Text
(a) Narcotic drugs in schedule I, II, III, or IV It shall be unlawful to export from the United States any narcotic drug in schedule I, II, III, or IV unless—
(1) it is exported to a country which is a party to—
(A) the International Opium Convention of 1912 for the Suppression of the Abuses of Opium, Morphine, Cocaine, and Derivative Drugs, or to the International Opium Convention signed at Geneva on February 19, 1925; or
(B) the Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs concluded at Geneva, July 13, 1931, as amended by the protocol signed at Lake Success on December 11, 1946, and the protocol bringing under international control drugs outside the scope of the convention of July 13, 1931, for limiting the manufacture and regulating the distribution of narcotic drugs (as amended by the protocol signed at Lake Success on December 11, 1946), signed at Paris, November 19, 1948; or
(C) the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, signed at New York, March 30, 1961;
(2) such country has instituted and maintains, in conformity with the conventions to which it is a party, a system for the control of imports of narcotic drugs which the Attorney General deems adequate;
(3) the narcotic drug is consigned to a holder of such permits or licenses as may be required under the laws of the country of import, and a permit or license to import such drug has been issued by the country of import;
(4) substantial evidence is furnished to the Attorney General by the exporter that (A) the narcotic drug is to be applied exclusively to medical or scientific uses within the country of import, and (B) there is an actual need for the narcotic drug for medical or scientific uses within such country; and
(5) a permit to export the narcotic drug in each instance has been issued by the Attorney General.
(b) Exception for exportation for special scientific purposes Notwithstanding subsection (a), the Attorney General may authorize any narcotic drug (including crude opium and coca leaves) in schedule I, II, III, or IV to be exported from the United States to a country which is a party to any of the international instruments mentioned in subsection (a) if the particular drug is to be applied to a special scientific purpose in the country of destination and the authorities of such country will permit the importation of the particular drug for such purpose.
(c) Nonnarcotic controlled substances in schedule I or II It shall be unlawful to export from the United States any nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule I or II unless—
(1) it is exported to a country which has instituted and maintains a system which the Attorney General deems adequate for the control of imports of such substances;
(2) the controlled substance is consigned to a holder of such permits or licenses as may be required under the laws of the country of import;
(3) substantial evidence is furnished to the Attorney General that (A) the controlled substance is to be applied exclusively to medical, scientific, or other legitimate uses within the country to which exported, (B) it will not be exported from such country, and (C) there is an actual need for the controlled substance for medical, scientific, or other legitimate uses within the country; and
(4) a permit to export the controlled substance in each instance has been issued by the Attorney General.
(d) Exception for exportation for special scientific purposes Notwithstanding subsection (c), the Attorney General may authorize any nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule I or II to be exported from the United States if the particular substance is to be applied to a special scientific purpose in the country of destination and the authorities of such country will permit the importation of the particular drug for such purpose.
(e) Nonnarcotic controlled substances in schedule III or IV; controlled substances in schedule V It shall be unlawful to export from the United States to any other country any nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule III or IV or any controlled substances in schedule V unless—
(1) there is furnished (before export) to the Attorney General documentary proof that importation is not contrary to the laws or regulations of the country of destination for consumption for medical, scientific, or other legitimate purposes;
(2) it is exported pursuant to such notification or declaration, or in the case of any nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule III, such export permit, notification, or declaration as the Attorney General may by regulation prescribe; and
(3) in the case of a nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule IV or V which is also listed in schedule I or II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, it is exported pursuant to such export permit requirements, prescribed by regulation of the Attorney General, as are required by the Convention.
(f) Exception for exportation for subsequent export Notwithstanding subsections (a)(4) and (c)(3), the Attorney General may authorize any controlled substance that is in schedule I or II, or is a narcotic drug in schedule III or IV, to be exported from the United States to a country for subsequent export from that country to another country, if each of the following conditions is met:
(1) Both the country to which the controlled substance is exported from the United States (referred to in this subsection as the “first country”) and the country to which the controlled substance is exported from the first country (referred to in this subsection as the “second country”) are parties to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971.
(2) The first country and the second country have each instituted and maintain, in conformity with such Conventions, a system of controls of imports of controlled substances which the Attorney General deems adequate.
(3) With respect to the first country, the controlled substance is consigned to a holder of such permits or licenses as may be required under the laws of such country, and a permit or license to import the controlled substance has been issued by the country.
(4) With respect to the second country, substantial evidence is furnished to the Attorney General by the person who will export the controlled substance from the United States that—
(A) the controlled substance is to be consigned to a holder of such permits or licenses as may be required under the laws of such country, and a permit or license to import the controlled substance is to be issued by the country; and
(B) the controlled substance is to be applied exclusively to medical, scientific, or other legitimate uses within the country.
(5) (A) The controlled substance will not be exported from the second country, except that the controlled substance may be exported from a second country that is a member of the European Economic Area to another country that is a member of the European Economic Area, provided that the first country is also a member of the European Economic Area.
(B) Subsequent to any re-exportation described in subparagraph (A), a controlled substance may continue to be exported from any country that is a member of the European Economic Area to any other such country, if—
(i) the conditions applicable with respect to the first country under paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (4), (6), and (7) are met by each subsequent country from which the controlled substance is exported pursuant to this paragraph; and
(ii) the conditions applicable with respect to the second country under paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (4), (6), and (7) are met by each subsequent country to which the controlled substance is exported pursuant to this paragraph.
(6) (A) Within 30 days after the controlled substance is exported from the first country to the second country, the person who exported the controlled substance from the United States delivers to the Attorney General documentation certifying that such export from the first country has occurred.
(B) In the case of re-exportation among members of the European Economic Area, within 30 days after each re-exportation, the person who exported the controlled substance from the United States delivers to the Attorney General—
(i) documentation certifying that such re-exportation has occurred; and
(ii) information concerning the consignee, country, and product.
(7) A permit to export the controlled substance from the United States has been issued by the Attorney General.
(g) Limitation Subject to paragraphs (5) and (6) of subsection (f) in the case of any controlled substance in schedule I or II or any narcotic drug in schedule III or IV, the Attorney General shall not promulgate nor enforce any regulation, subregulatory guidance, or enforcement policy which impedes re-exportation of any controlled substance among European Economic Area countries, including by promulgating or enforcing any requirement that—
(1) re-exportation from the first country to the second country or re-exportation from the second country to another country occur within a specified period of time; or
(2) information concerning the consignee, country, and product be provided prior to exportation of the controlled substance from the United States or prior to each re-exportation among members of the European Economic Area.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1003, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1286; Pub. L. 95–633, title I, § 106, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3772; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 522, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2076; Pub. L. 109–57, § 1(b), Aug. 2, 2005, 119 Stat. 592; Pub. L. 114–89, § 4, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 701.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I, II, III, IV and V, referred to in text, are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments2015—Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 114–89, § 4(1)(A), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted “, except that the controlled substance may be exported from a second country that is a member of the European Economic Area to another country that is a member of the European Economic Area, provided that the first country is also a member of the European Economic Area” before period at end, and added subpar. (B). Subsec. (f)(6). Pub. L. 114–89, § 4(1)(B), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B). Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–89, § 4(2), added subsec. (g). 2005—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–57 added subsec. (f). 1984—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–473 in cl. (1) inserted provisions for consumption for medical, etc., purposes, added cls. (2) and (3), and struck out former cls. (2) to (4), respectively, relating to a special controlled substance invoice, two additional copies of the invoice, and exportation of a nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule III, IV, or V, also listed in schedule I or II of the Convention. 1978—Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 95–633 added par. (4).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–633 effective on date the Convention on Psychotropic Substances enters into force in the United States [July 15, 1980], see section 112 of Pub. L. 95–633, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801a of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 954 - Transshipment and in-transit shipment of controlled substances
## Text
Notwithstanding sections 952, 953, and 957 of this title—
(1) A controlled substance in schedule I may—
(A) be imported into the United States for transshipment to another country, or
(B) be transferred or transshipped from one vessel, vehicle, or aircraft to another vessel, vehicle, or aircraft within the United States for immediate exportation,
if and only if it is so imported, transferred, or transshipped (i) for scientific, medical, or other legitimate purposes in the country of destination, and (ii) with the prior written approval of the Attorney General (which shall be granted or denied within 21 days of the request).
(2) A controlled substance in schedule II, III, or IV may be so imported, transferred, or transshipped if and only if advance notice is given to the Attorney General in accordance with regulations of the Attorney General.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1004, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1287.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I, II, III, and IV, referred to in text, are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 955 - Possession on board vessels, etc., arriving in or departing from United States
## Text
It shall be unlawful for any person to bring or possess on board any vessel or aircraft, or on board any vehicle of a carrier, arriving in or departing from the United States or the customs territory of the United States, a controlled substance in schedule I or II or a narcotic drug in schedule III or IV, unless such substance or drug is a part of the cargo entered in the manifest or part of the official supplies of the vessel, aircraft, or vehicle.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1005, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1287.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I, II, III, and IV, referred to in text, are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 955a to 955d - Transferred
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Sections, Pub. L. 96–350, §§ 1–4, Sept. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 1159, 1160, relating to maritime drug law enforcement, were transferred to sections 1901 to 1904 of the former Appendix to Title 46, Shipping. Sections 1901 to 1904 of the former Appendix to Title 46 were repealed and restated in chapter 705 of Title 46, Shipping, by Pub. L. 109–304, §§ 10(2), 19, Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1683, 1710. For disposition of sections of the former Appendix to Title 46, see Disposition Table preceding section 101 of Title 46.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 956 - Exemption authority
## Text
(a) Individual possessing controlled substance (1) Subject to paragraph (2), the Attorney General may by regulation exempt from sections 952(a) and (b), 953, 954, and 955 of this title any individual who has a controlled substance (except a substance in schedule I) in his possession for his personal medical use, or for administration to an animal accompanying him, if he lawfully obtained such substance and he makes such declaration (or gives such other notification) as the Attorney General may by regulation require.
(2) Notwithstanding any exemption under paragraph (1), a United States resident who enters the United States through an international land border with a controlled substance (except a substance in schedule I) for which the individual does not possess a valid prescription issued by a practitioner (as defined in section 802 of this title) in accordance with applicable Federal and State law (or documentation that verifies the issuance of such a prescription to that individual) may not import the controlled substance into the United States in an amount that exceeds 50 dosage units of the controlled substance.
(b) Compound, mixture, or preparation The Attorney General may by regulation except any compound, mixture, or preparation containing any depressant or stimulant substance listed in paragraph (a) or (b) of schedule III or in schedule IV or V from the application of all or any part of this subchapter if (1) the compound, mixture, or preparation contains one or more active medicinal ingredients not having a depressant or stimulant effect on the central nervous system, and (2) such ingredients are included therein in such combinations, quantity, proportion, or concentration as to vitiate the potential for abuse of the substances which do have a depressant or stimulant effect on the central nervous system.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1006, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1288; Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title VIII, § 872(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–707; Pub. L. 105–357, § 2(a), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3271.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I, III, IV, and V, referred to in text, are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277 and Pub. L. 105–357 amended subsec. (a) identically, designating existing provisions as par. (1), substituting “Subject to paragraph (2), the Attorney General” for “The Attorney General”, and adding par. (2).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Federal Minimum RequirementPub. L. 105–357, § 2(b), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3271, provided that: “Section 1006(a)(2) of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act [21 U.S.C. 956(a)(2)], as added by this section, is a minimum Federal requirement and shall not be construed to limit a State from imposing any additional requirement.” Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title VIII, § 872(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–707, enacted a provision substantially identical to that enacted by Pub. L. 105–357, § 2(b), set out above.
Jurisdiction of Secretary of Health and Human ServicesPub. L. 105–277, div. C, title VIII, § 872(c), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–707, and Pub. L. 105–357, § 2(c), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3271, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall not be construed to affect the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Health and Human Services under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.).”
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# 21 U.S.C. § 957 - Persons required to register
## Text
(a) Coverage No person may—
(1) import into the customs territory of the United States from any place outside thereof (but within the United States), or import into the United States from any place outside thereof, any controlled substance or list I chemical, or
(2) export from the United States any controlled substance or list I chemical,
unless there is in effect with respect to such person a registration issued by the Attorney General under section 958 of this title, or unless such person is exempt from registration under subsection (b).
(b) Exemptions (1) The following persons shall not be required to register under the provisions of this section and may lawfully possess a controlled substance or list I chemical:
(A) An agent or an employee of any importer or exporter registered under section 958 of this title if such agent or employee is acting in the usual course of his business or employment.
(B) A common or contract carrier or warehouseman, or an employee thereof, whose possession of any controlled substance or list I chemical is in the usual course of his business or employment.
(C) An ultimate user who possesses such substance for a purpose specified in section 802(25) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title and in conformity with an exemption granted under section 956(a) of this title.
(2) The Attorney General may, by regulation, waive the requirement for registration of certain importers and exporters if he finds it consistent with the public health and safety; and may authorize any such importer or exporter to possess controlled substances or list I chemicals for purposes of importation and exportation.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1007, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1288; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 523, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2076; Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(e), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2337.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 802(25) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(C), was redesignated section 802(26) of this title by Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 507(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2071, and was further redesignated section 802(27) of this title by Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1003(b)(2), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–6.
Amendments1993—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(e)(1)(A), inserted “or list I chemical” after “controlled substance”. Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(e)(1)(B), substituted “or list I chemical,” for “in schedule I, II, III, IV, or V,”. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(e)(2)(A), inserted “or list I chemical” after “controlled substance” in introductory provisions and subpar. (B). Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(e)(2)(B), inserted “or list I chemicals” after “controlled substances”. 1984—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–473 inserted reference to schedule V.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1993 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–200 effective on date that is 120 days after Dec. 17, 1993, see section 11 of Pub. L. 103–200, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
Provisional RegistrationPub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1104, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1294, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: “(a)(1) Any person—“(A) who is engaged in importing or exporting any controlled substance on the day before the effective date of section 1007 [May 1, 1971], “(B) who notifies the Attorney General that he is so engaged, and “(C) who is registered on such day under section 510 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [section 360 of this title] or under section 4722 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954, section 4722 of title 26], shall, with respect to each establishment for which such registration is in effect under any such section, be deemed to have a provisional registration under section 1008 [section 958 of this title] for the import or export (as the case may be) of controlled substances. “(2) During the period his provisional registration is in effect under this section, the registration number assigned such person under such section 510 or under such section 4722 (as the case may be) shall be his registration number for purposes of part A of this title [this subchapter]. “(b) The provisions of section 304 [section 824 of this title], relating to suspension and revocation of registration, shall apply to a provisional registration under this section. “(c) Unless sooner suspended or revoked under subsection (b), a provisional registration of a person under subsection (a)(1) of this section shall be in effect until—“(1) the date on which such person has registered with the Attorney General under section 1008 [section 958 of this title] or has had his registration denied under such section, or “(2) such date as may be prescribed by the Attorney General for registration of importers or exporters, as the case may be, whichever occurs first.”
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# 21 U.S.C. § 958 - Registration requirements
## Text
(a) Applicants to import or export controlled substances in schedule I or II The Attorney General shall register an applicant to import or export a controlled substance in schedule I or II if he determines that such registration is consistent with the public interest and with United States obligations under international treaties, conventions, or protocols in effect on May 1, 1971. In determining the public interest, the factors enumerated in paragraph (1) through (6) of section 823(a) of this title shall be considered.
(b) Activity limited to specified substances Registration granted under this section shall not entitle a registrant to import or export controlled substances other than specified in the registration.
(c) Applicants to import controlled substances in schedule III, IV, or V or to export controlled substances in schedule III or IV; applicants to import or export list I chemicals (1) The Attorney General shall register an applicant to import a controlled substance in schedule III, IV, or V or to export a controlled substance in schedule III or IV, unless he determines that the issuance of such registration is inconsistent with the public interest. In determining the public interest, the factors enumerated in paragraphs (1) through (6) of section 823(e) of this title shall be considered.
(2) (A) The Attorney General shall register an applicant to import or export a list I chemical unless the Attorney General determines that registration of the applicant is inconsistent with the public interest. Registration under this subsection shall not be required for the import or export of a drug product that is exempted under section 802(39)(A)(iv) of this title.
(B) In determining the public interest for the purposes of subparagraph (A), the Attorney General shall consider the factors specified in section 823(i) of this title.
(d) Denial of application (1) The Attorney General may deny an application for registration under subsection (a) if he is unable to determine that such registration is consistent with the public interest (as defined in subsection (a)) and with the United States obligations under international treaties, conventions, or protocols in effect on May 1, 1971.
(2) The Attorney General may deny an application for registration under subsection (c), or revoke or suspend a registration under subsection (a) or (c), if he determines that such registration is inconsistent with the public interest (as defined in subsection (a) or (c)) or with the United States obligations under international treaties, conventions, or protocols in effect on May 1, 1971.
(3) The Attorney General may limit the revocation or suspension of a registration to the particular controlled substance, or substances, or list I chemical or chemicals, with respect to which grounds for revocation or suspension exist.
(4) Before taking action pursuant to this subsection, the Attorney General shall serve upon the applicant or registrant an order to show cause as to why the registration should not be denied, revoked, or suspended. The order to show cause shall contain a statement of the basis thereof and shall call upon the applicant or registrant to appear before the Attorney General, or his designee, at a time and place stated in the order, but in no event less than thirty days after the date of receipt of the order. Proceedings to deny, revoke, or suspend shall be conducted pursuant to this subsection in accordance with subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5. Such proceedings shall be independent of, and not in lieu of, criminal prosecutions or other proceedings under this subchapter or any other law of the United States.
(5) The Attorney General may, in his discretion, suspend any registration simultaneously with the institution of proceedings under this subsection, in cases where he finds that there is an imminent danger to the public health and safety. Such suspension shall continue in effect until the conclusion of such proceedings, including judicial review thereof, unless sooner withdrawn by the Attorney General or dissolved by a court of competent jurisdiction.
(6) In the event that the Attorney General suspends or revokes a registration granted under this section, all controlled substances or list I chemicals owned or possessed by the registrant pursuant to such registration at the time of suspension or the effective date of the revocation order, as the case may be, may, in the discretion of the Attorney General, be seized or placed under seal. No disposition may be made of any controlled substances or list I chemicals under seal until the time for taking an appeal has elapsed or until all appeals have been concluded, except that a court, upon application therefor, may at any time order the sale of perishable controlled substances or list I chemicals. Any such order shall require the deposit of the proceeds of the sale with the court. Upon a revocation order becoming final, all such controlled substances or list I chemicals (or proceeds of the sale thereof which have been deposited with the court) shall be forfeited to the United States; and the Attorney General shall dispose of such controlled substances or list I chemicals in accordance with section 881(e) of this title.
(e) Registration period No registration shall be issued under this subchapter for a period in excess of one year. Unless the regulations of the Attorney General otherwise provide, sections 822(f), 825, 827, and 830 of this title shall apply to persons registered under this section to the same extent such sections apply to persons registered under section 823 of this title.
(f) Rules and regulations The Attorney General is authorized to promulgate rules and regulations and to charge reasonable fees relating to the registration and control of importers and exporters of controlled substances or listed chemicals.
(g) Scope of authorized activity Persons registered by the Attorney General under this section to import or export controlled substances or list I chemicals may import or export (and for the purpose of so importing or exporting, may possess) such substances to the extent authorized by their registration and in conformity with the other provisions of this subchapter and subchapter I.
(h) Separate registrations for each principal place of business A separate registration shall be required at each principal place of business where the applicant imports or exports controlled substances or list I chemicals.
(i) Emergency situations Except in emergency situations as described in section 952(a)(2)(A) of this title, prior to issuing a registration under this section to a bulk manufacturer of a controlled substance in schedule I or II, and prior to issuing a regulation under section 952(a) of this title authorizing the importation of such a substance, the Attorney General shall give manufacturers holding registrations for the bulk manufacture of the substance an opportunity for a hearing.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1008, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1289; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 524, 525, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2076; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1866(d), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–55; Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(f), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2337; Pub. L. 108–447, div. B, title VI, § 633(c), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2922; Pub. L. 117–215, title I, § 103(b)(2), Dec. 2, 2022, 136 Stat. 2263.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I, II, III, IV, and V, referred to in subsecs. (a), (c), and (i), are set out in section 812(c) of this title. This subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (d)(4) and (g), was in the original “this title”, meaning title III of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1285. Part A of title III comprises this subchapter. For classification of Part B, consisting of sections 1101 to 1105 of title III, see Tables.
Codification In subsecs. (a) and (d), “May 1, 1971” substituted for “the effective date of this section” and “the effective date of this part”, respectively.
Amendments2022—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 117–215, § 103(b)(2)(A), substituted “823(e)” for “823(d)”. Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 117–215, § 103(b)(2)(B), substituted “823(i)” for “823(h)”. 2004—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–447, which directed amendment of subsec. (f) of section 1088 of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act by inserting “and control” after “the registration” and substituting “listed chemicals” for “list I chemicals under this section”, was executed to subsec. (f) of this section, which is section 1008 of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 1993—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(f)(1), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(f)(2)(A), inserted “or list I chemical or chemicals,” after “substances,”. Subsec. (d)(6). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(f)(2)(B), inserted “or list I chemicals” after “controlled substances” wherever appearing. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(f)(3), inserted reference to section 830 of this title. Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 103–200, § 3(f)(4), inserted “or list I chemicals” after “controlled substances”. 1986—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–570 substituted “sections” for first reference to “section”. 1984—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–473, § 524, substituted “Registration granted under this section shall not entitle a registrant to import or export controlled substances other than specified in the registration” for “Registration granted under subsection (a) of this section shall not entitle a registrant to import or export controlled substances in schedule I or II other than those specified in the registration”. Subsecs. (d) to (i). Pub. L. 98–473, § 525, added subsec. (d), redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e) and struck out reference to section 824 of this title, and redesignated former subsecs. (e) to (h) as (f) to (i), respectively.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1993 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–200 effective on date that is 120 days after Dec. 17, 1993, see section 11 of Pub. L. 103–200, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 959 - Possession, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substance
## Text
(a) Manufacture or distribution for purpose of unlawful importation It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture or distribute a controlled substance in schedule I or II or flunitrazepam or a listed chemical intending, knowing, or having reasonable cause to believe that such substance or chemical will be unlawfully imported into the United States or into waters within a distance of 12 miles of the coast of the United States.
(b) Manufacture or distribution of listed chemical for purpose of manufacture or unlawful importation of controlled substance It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture or distribute a listed chemical—
(1) intending or knowing that the listed chemical will be used to manufacture a controlled substance; and
(2) intending, knowing, or having reasonable cause to believe that the controlled substance will be unlawfully imported into the United States.
(c) Possession, manufacture, or distribution by person on board aircraft It shall be unlawful for any United States citizen on board any aircraft, or any person on board an aircraft owned by a United States citizen or registered in the United States, to—
(1) manufacture or distribute a controlled substance or listed chemical; or
(2) possess a controlled substance or listed chemical with intent to distribute.
(d) Acts committed outside territorial jurisdiction of United States This section is intended to reach acts of manufacture or distribution committed outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1009, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1289; Pub. L. 99–570, title III, § 3161(a), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–94; Pub. L. 104–237, title I, § 102(a), (b), Oct. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 3100; Pub. L. 104–305, § 2(b)(2)(A), Oct. 13, 1996, 110 Stat. 3807; Pub. L. 114–154, § 2, May 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 387; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, § 1012(b), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1546.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSchedules I and II, referred to in subsec. (a), are set out in section 812(c) of this title.
Amendments2017—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–91 struck out “; venue” after “United States” in heading and “Any person who violates this section shall be tried in the United States district court at the point of entry where such person enters the United States, or in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.” after “United States.” in text. 2016—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–154, § 2(2), substituted “It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture or distribute a controlled substance in schedule I or II or flunitrazepam or a listed chemical intending, knowing, or having reasonable cause to believe that such substance or chemical will be unlawfully imported into the United States or into waters within a distance of 12 miles of the coast of the United States.” for “It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture or distribute a controlled substance in schedule I or II or flunitrazepam or listed chemical— “(1) intending that such substance or chemical will be unlawfully imported into the United States or into waters within a distance of 12 miles of the coast of the United States; or “(2) knowing that such substance or chemical will be unlawfully imported into the United States or into waters within a distance of 12 miles of the coast of the United States.” Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 114–154 added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (d), respectively. 1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–305 inserted “or flunitrazepam” after “schedule I or II” in introductory provisions. Pub. L. 104–237, § 102(a), inserted “or listed chemical” after “schedule I or II” in introductory provisions and “or chemical” after “substance” in pars. (1) and (2). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–237, § 102(b), inserted “or listed chemical” after “controlled substance” in pars. (1) and (2). 1986—Pub. L. 99–570 designated first sentence as subsec. (a) and inserted “or into waters within a distance of 12 miles of the coast of the United States” in pars. (1) and (2), added subsec. (b), and designated last two sentences as subsec. (c).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 960a - Foreign terrorist organizations, terrorist persons and groups
## Text
(a) Prohibited acts Whoever engages in conduct that would be punishable under section 841(a) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States, or attempts or conspires to do so, knowing or intending to provide, directly or indirectly, anything of pecuniary value to any person or organization that has engaged or engages in terrorist activity (as defined in section 1182(a)(3)(B) of title 8) or terrorism (as defined in section 2656f(d)(2) of title 22), shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than twice the minimum punishment under section 841(b)(1),1 and not more than life, a fine in accordance with the provisions of title 18, or both. Notwithstanding section 3583 of title 18, any sentence imposed under this subsection shall include a term of supervised release of at least 5 years in addition to such term of imprisonment.
(b) Jurisdiction There is jurisdiction over an offense under this section if—
(1) the prohibited drug activity or the terrorist offense is in violation of the criminal laws of the United States;
(2) the offense, the prohibited drug activity, or the terrorist offense occurs in or affects interstate or foreign commerce;
(3) an offender provides anything of pecuniary value for a terrorist offense that causes or is designed to cause death or serious bodily injury to a national of the United States while that national is outside the United States, or substantial damage to the property of a legal entity organized under the laws of the United States (including any of its States, districts, commonwealths, territories, or possessions) while that property is outside of the United States;
(4) the offense or the prohibited drug activity occurs in whole or in part outside of the United States (including on the high seas), and a perpetrator of the offense or the prohibited drug activity is a national of the United States or a legal entity organized under the laws of the United States (including any of its States, districts, commonwealths, territories, or possessions); or
(5) after the conduct required for the offense occurs an offender is brought into or found in the United States, even if the conduct required for the offense occurs outside the United States.
(c) Proof requirements To violate subsection (a), a person must have knowledge that the person or organization has engaged or engages in terrorist activity (as defined in section 1182(a)(3)(B) of title 8) or terrorism (as defined in section 2656f(d)(2) of title 22).
(d) Definition As used in this section, the term “anything of pecuniary value” has the meaning given the term in section 1958(b)(1) of title 18.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1010A, as added Pub. L. 109–177, title I, § 122, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 225.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 841, referred to in the original in subsec. (a), probably should have been a reference to section 401 of Pub. L. 91–513, which is classified to section 841 of this title. Pub. L. 91–513 does not contain a section 841.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 961 - Prohibited acts B
## Text
Any person who violates section 954 of this title or fails to notify the Attorney General of an importation or exportation under section 971 of this title shall be subject to the following penalties:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), any such person shall, with respect to any such violation, be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $25,000. Sections 842(c)(1) and (c)(3) of this title shall apply to any civil penalty assessed under this paragraph.
(2) If such a violation is prosecuted by an information or indictment which alleges that the violation was committed knowingly or intentionally and the trier of fact specifically finds that the violation was so committed, such person shall be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than one year or a fine of not more than $25,000 or both.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1011, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1290; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6053(d), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4316.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1988—Pub. L. 100–690 inserted “or fails to notify the Attorney General of an importation or exportation under section 971 of this title”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective 120 days after Nov. 18, 1988, see section 6061 of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 802 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 962 - Second or subsequent offenses
## Text
(a) Term of imprisonment and fine Any person convicted of any offense under this subchapter is, if the offense is a second or subsequent offense, punishable by a term of imprisonment twice that otherwise authorized, by twice the fine otherwise authorized, or by both. If the conviction is for an offense punishable under section 960(b) of this title, and if it is the offender’s second or subsequent offense, the court shall impose, in addition to any term of imprisonment and fine, twice the term of supervised release otherwise authorized.
(b) Determination of status For purposes of this section, a person shall be considered convicted of a second or subsequent offense if, prior to the commission of such offense, one or more prior convictions of such person for a felony drug offense have become final.
(c) Procedures applicable Section 851 of this title shall apply with respect to any proceeding to sentence a person under this section.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1012, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1290; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 225(b), 505, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2030, 2070; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, §§ 1004(a), 1005(c), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–6; Pub. L. 103–322, title IX, § 90105(b), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1988.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “one or more prior convictions of such person for a felony drug offense have become final” for “one or more prior convictions of him for a felony under any provision of this subchapter or subchapter I of this chapter or other law of a State, the United States, or a foreign country relating to narcotic drugs, marihuana, or depressant or stimulant drugs, have become final”. 1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1005(c), amended Pub. L. 98–473, § 225. See 1984 Amendment note below. Pub. L. 99–570, § 1004(a), substituted “term of supervised release” for “special parole term”. 1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–473, § 225(b), which directed amendment of this section effective Nov. 1, 1987 (see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473 set out as an Effective Date note under section 3551 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure) was omitted in the general amendment of section 225 of Pub. L. 98–473 by Pub. L. 99–570, § 1005(c). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–473, § 505, inserted references to laws of a State or of a foreign country.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentAmendment by section 1004(a) of Pub. L. 99–570 effective on date of taking effect of section 3583 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure (Nov. 1, 1987), see section 1004(b) of Pub. L. 99–570 set out as a note under section 841 of this title.
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 963 - Attempt and conspiracy
## Text
Any person who attempts or conspires to commit any offense defined in this subchapter shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense, the commission of which was the object of the attempt or conspiracy.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1013, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1291; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6470(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4377.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1988—Pub. L. 100–690 substituted “shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense” for “is punishable by imprisonment or fine or both which may not exceed the maximum punishment prescribed for the offense”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 964 - Additional penalties
## Text
Any penalty imposed for violation of this subchapter shall be in addition to, and not in lieu of, any civil or administrative penalty or sanction authorized by law.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1014, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1291.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a under section 951 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 965 - Applicability of part E of subchapter I
## Text
Part E of subchapter I shall apply with respect to functions of the Attorney General (and of officers and employees of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs) under this subchapter, to administrative and judicial proceedings under this subchapter, and to violations of this subchapter, to the same extent that such part applies to functions of the Attorney General (and such officers and employees) under subchapter I, to such proceedings under subchapter I, and to violations of subchapter I. For purposes of the application of this section to section 880 or 881 of this title, any reference in such section 880 or 881 of this title to “this subchapter” shall be deemed to be a reference to this subchapter, any reference to section 823 of this title shall be deemed to be a reference to section 958 of this title, and any reference to section 822(d) of this title shall be deemed to be a reference to section 957(b)(2) of this title.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1015, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1291; Pub. L. 95–633, title III, § 301(b), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3778.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1978—Pub. L. 95–633 inserted “or 881” after “880” wherever appearing.
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions For abolition of Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, including Office of Director thereof, and creation of a single comprehensive agency for enforcement of drug laws by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1973, eff. July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 15932, 87 Stat. 1091, see note set out under section 881 of this title.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 966 - Authority of Secretary of the Treasury
## Text
Nothing in this chapter shall derogate from the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury under the customs and related laws.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1016, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1291.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1236. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables.
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# 21 U.S.C. § 967 - Smuggling of controlled substances; investigations; oaths; subpenas; witnesses; evidence; production of records; territorial limits; fees and mileage of witnesses
## Text
For the purpose of any investigation which, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury, is necessary and proper to the enforcement of section 545 of title 18 (relating to smuggling goods into the United States) with respect to any controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of this title), the Secretary of the Treasury may administer oaths and affirmations, subpena witnesses, compel their attendance, take evidence, and require the production of records (including books, papers, documents and tangible things which constitute or contain evidence) relevant or material to the investigation. The attendance of witnesses and the production of records may be required from any place within the customs territory of the United States, except that a witness shall not be required to appear at any hearing distant more than 100 miles from the place where he was served with subpena. Witnesses summoned by the Secretary shall be paid the same fees and mileage that are paid witnesses in the courts of the United States. Oaths and affirmations may be made at any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
(Aug. 11, 1955, ch. 800, § 1, 69 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 91–513, title III, § 1102(t), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1294.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was not enacted as part of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 which comprises this chapter. Section was formerly classified to section 1034 of Title 31 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 31, Money and Finance, by Pub. L. 97–258, § 1, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 877. Section was also formerly classified to section 198a of this title.
Amendments1970—Pub. L. 91–513 substituted “section 545 of title 18 (relating to smuggling goods into the United States) with respect to any controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of this title)” for “the laws of the United States relating to narcotic drugs and marihuana” and substituted the customs territory of the United States for any State or any territory or other place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States is the defined area from within which the attendance of witnesses and the production of records may be required, and struck out provisions making the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury the determinative factor as to what is relevant or material to the investigation.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1970 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–513 effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 951 of this title.
Savings ProvisionProsecutions for any violation of law occurring, and civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced, prior to the effective date of amendment of this section by section 1102 of Pub. L. 91–513 not to be affected or abated by reason thereof, see section 1103 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under sections 171 to 174 of this title.

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