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Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Browse Source 
Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
Fabio
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00
parent 511d65f9a0
commit 76b8ec33a7
48603 changed files with 3677193 additions and 4 deletions
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legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-1-to-7.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 1 to 7"
description: "Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(32)–(37), (49), (66), 60 Stat. 1037"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "1 to 7"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 1 to 7"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s1...7"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "f325b822d734880344bd5c6505021e33c7d65f923ef915e3bc3adacb5e656774"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "106baba0d9f7b6cadd451adc281f113a1dd99e4a180ac720ece2066ba0b38ed5"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 1 to 7 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(32)–(37), (49), (66), 60 Stat. 1037
## Notes
Section 1, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 8, formerly § 1, 43 Stat. 140; renumbered § 8 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1207, related to establishment of Foreign Service.
Section 1a, act May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 1, 59 Stat. 102, related to Congressional declaration of purpose.
Section 2, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 9, formerly § 2, 43 Stat. 140; renumbered § 9 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1207, related to definition of a Foreign Service officer and assignment to duty generally.
Section 3, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 10, formerly § 3, 43 Stat. 140; renumbered § 10 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1207; Apr. 24, 1939, ch. 84, § 2, 53 Stat. 583; May 3, 1945, ch. 105, §§ 4, 5, 59 Stat. 102, 103, related to grading, classification, and compensation of officers.
Section 3a, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 33, as added Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1215; amended Apr. 24, 1939, ch. 84, § 4, 53 Stat. 588, related to salary increases.
Section 4, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 11, formerly § 4, 43 Stat. 140; renumbered § 11 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1215; June 29, 1935, ch. 337, 49 Stat. 436, related to appointment and commission of officers.
Section 5, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 12, formerly § 5, 43 Stat. 141; renumbered § 12 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1208, related to examination and appointment on probation of officers.
Section 6, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 12, formerly § 5, 43 Stat. 141; renumbered § 12 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1208, related to appointment to a class and not to a particular post.
Section 7, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 14, as added Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1208; amended May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 6, 59 Stat. 103, related to reports and recommendations for promotions.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-10.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 10"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 89–554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 645"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "10"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 10"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s10"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "20900894497a04858e6be52632fd7ee4b0d5c1a44ce002e1c189ec71eb05dae1"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "deaa6fef23f01d2cbc61129ccd694f0a01ad5c9ef7d370991975d14db7995c0e"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 10 - Repealed. Pub. L. 89–554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 645
## Notes
Section, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 14, formerly § 8, 43 Stat. 142; renumbered § 14 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1208, abolished grade of consular assistant and provided against reduction of salaries of certain consuls.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-105.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 105"
description: "Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(12), 60 Stat. 1036"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "105"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 105"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s105"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "f58e7b66b1f9b700b0c90da4a56702b0e1776b08dc0b454684b4942ac9275256"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "a515ac7f191517c2575167fea111ca93d049945c850b24b97a123f5011fe22e6"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 105 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(12), 60 Stat. 1036
## Notes
Section, R.S. § 1738, related to restriction of diplomatic functions by consular officers.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-106-to-108.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 106 to 108"
description: "Repealed. May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 11, 59 Stat. 105"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "106 to 108"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 106 to 108"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s106...108"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "9d6f700e03d82521e4fab4c6fddc489f44a6d9b0b5bab862d41a11b77eb0d6c0"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "140723749e0c5d2f1302d19e2c5972eff72cc3965731f036ae526312467eb34a"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 106 to 108 - Repealed. May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 11, 59 Stat. 105
## Notes
Section 106, R.S. § 1699; act Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 6, 34 Stat. 101, related to restriction of transaction of private business by consular officer.
Section 107, R.S. § 1700; act Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 6, 34 Stat. 101, related to extension of restriction as to transaction of business.
Section 108, R.S. § 1701; act Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 3, 34 Stat. 100, related to penalty for violation of restriction and action on bond.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-109.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 109"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 89–554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 632, 640"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "109"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 109"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s109"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "d77d301b73b5bf22723f234483b2f9962451d8487857306dcc89a47fa66e637e"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "38e1220bbf655730a05acb22aa01e4b65f078a552719562c9267ba3e3a03fb4e"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 109 - Repealed. Pub. L. 89–554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 632, 640
## Notes
Section, R.S. § 1706; act Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 3, 34 Stat. 100, related to allowance for office rent of consulates.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-123.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 123"
description: "Repealed. Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 22, 46 Stat. 1210, eff. July 1, 1931"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "123"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 123"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s123"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "c245f84a467bc254f7b4135779dc1f5fdb694f8f7c2af01ce4d64a10900a4793"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "d60a28236793bf81710eeb938f103995d21e0ec0aec45ee9d142ff2de151ec28"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 123 - Repealed. Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 22, 46 Stat. 1210, eff. July 1, 1931
## Notes
Section, R.S. § 1742, related to salary during absence.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-124-to-126.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 124 to 126"
description: "Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(14), (21), 60 Stat. 1036"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "124 to 126"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 124 to 126"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s124...126"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "8c47ecbfba382b50bceb8fc1463f56c78e9d7702d45478661e5c3f36cd208311"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "7ced65a2cefd9edc174b133f77a1ce4f5104f832275c949502f4a25d5ce1abfd"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 124 to 126 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(14), (21), 60 Stat. 1036
## Notes
Section 124, R.S. § 1741; acts June 17, 1874, ch. 294, 18 Stat. 77; Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 3, 34 Stat. 100, related to absence without leave.
Section 125, R.S. § 1743, related to extra compensation.
Section 126, R.S. § 1751; act June 17, 1874, ch. 294, 18 Stat. 77, related to private correspondence on affairs of foreign governments.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-129-to-130b.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 129 to 130b"
description: "Repealed Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, §§ 1131(16), (17), 1132, 60 Stat. 1036, 1040"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "129 to 130b"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 129 to 130b"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s129...130b"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "226cffaad61c4af448fc0706c5c75a83d86ff4587a18630358ff6d7dd0c6cf3c"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "027ee1b3f7eec0004bbd527bdca511274a5c8c472524746454b9236819857fe9"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 129 to 130b - Repealed Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, §§ 1131(16), (17), 1132, 60 Stat. 1036, 1040
## Notes
Section 129, R.S. § 1748; act Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 3, 34 Stat. 100, related to office paraphernalia.
Section 130, R.S. 1749, related to allowances of widows. See section 1082 of this title.
Section 130a, acts Apr. 27, 1938, ch. 180, title I, 52 Stat. 250; June 29, 1939, ch. 248, title I, 53 Stat. 887; May 14, 1940, ch. 189, title I, 54 Stat. 183; June 28, 1941, ch. 258, title I, 55 Stat. 268; July 2, 1942, ch. 472, title I, 56 Stat. 471; July 1, 1943, ch. 182, title I, 57 Stat. 273; June 28, 1944, ch. 294, title I, 58 Stat. 398; May 21, 1945, ch. 129, title I, 59 Stat. 172; July 5, 1946, ch. 541, title I, 60 Stat. 449, related to expenses of bringing home remains of personnel dying abroad.
Section 130b, acts Apr. 27, 1938, ch. 180, title I, 52 Stat. 250; June 29, 1939, ch. 248, title I, 53 Stat. 887; May 14, 1940, ch. 189, title I, 54 Stat. 183; June 28, 1941, ch. 258, title I, 55 Stat. 267; July 2, 1942, ch. 472, title I, 56 Stat. 470; July 1, 1943, ch. 182, title I, 57 Stat. 273; June 28, 1944, ch. 294, title I, 58 Stat. 398; May 21, 1945, ch. 129, title I, 59 Stat. 171; July 5, 1946, ch. 541, title I, 60 Stat. 449, related to expenses of transporting personnel, families, and their effects to and from posts.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-13.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 13"
description: "Transferred"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "13"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 13"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s13"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "cc16101dcc2686de8e23a035eda977a721719f9b56c4390c4a5dd178b3b2baf0"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "b461d639bf0d3e604236c9465a13b45480db6530a9608caead328ff53f3e421c"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 13 - Transferred
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 18, formerly § 11, 43 Stat. 142; renumbered § 18 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1209, which related to receipt of official fees and method of accounting therefor, was transferred to section 4224 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-131.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 131"
description: "Transferred"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "131"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 131"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s131"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "48ce0335f67b0aed56c2bd0d50d6574917049a7477281095294714c3993ad3e0"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "47495bf0a6a618f92da0bbb22b40acb2b7a785e675c0232b4f7d0cf28aebe3f6"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 131 - Transferred
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section, R.S. § 1750, which related to depositions and notarial acts, was transferred to section 4221 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-132.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 132"
description: "Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(18), 60 Stat. 1036"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "132"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 132"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s132"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "08b2cb749c12df09d47fd63f31defd352f2ba62202f283a78e1f31d36ba31459"
raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
text_hash: "b3d37b915b7016ea083bab6ced8ab5bb8deaa4cb6b135d38582425ecda090054"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 132 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(18), 60 Stat. 1036
## Notes
Section, R.S. § 1752, related to general regulations by President.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-133.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 133"
description: "Repealed. May 7, 1926, ch. 250, § 7, 44 Stat. 405"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "133"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 133"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s133"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 133 - Repealed. May 7, 1926, ch. 250, § 7, 44 Stat. 405
## Notes
Section, act Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 105, 36 Stat. 917, provided for purchase of buildings for Diplomatic and Consular Service.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 134"
description: "Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1132, 60 Stat. 1040"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "134"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 134"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s134"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "f11b45b74456f30787a62be4c92f6ee09b011b5b93782e81a99b1be910d2d835"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 134 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1132, 60 Stat. 1040
## Notes
Section, act Mar. 2, 1921, ch. 113, 41 Stat. 1215, related to acceptance of gifts of lands, buildings, etc., for use of the Service.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-14-to-23j.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 14 to 23j"
description: "Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(4), (29), (40)–(50), (53), (59)–(63), 60 Stat. 1035"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "14 to 23j"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 14 to 23j"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s14...23j"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 14 to 23j - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(4), (29), (40)–(50), (53), (59)–(63), 60 Stat. 1035
## Notes
Section 14, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 20, formerly § 13, 43 Stat. 143; renumbered § 20 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1209, related to private secretaries to ambassadors.
Section 15, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 21, formerly § 14, 43 Stat. 143; renumbered § 21 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1209; May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 9, 59 Stat. 104, related to assignment of officers for duty in Department of State or any other department or agency of the Government.
Section 16, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 21, formerly § 14, 43 Stat. 143; renumbered § 21 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1209; May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 9, 59 Stat. 104, related to assignment to special details.
Section 17, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 22, formerly § 15, 43 Stat. 143; renumbered § 22 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1210; Mar. 17, 1941, ch. 20, 55 Stat. 44, related to ordering of personnel to United States on statutory leave.
Section 17a, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 22, as added Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1210, related to leave of absence and sick leave.
Section 18, acts July 1, 1916, ch. 208, 39 Stat. 252; May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 23, formerly § 16, 43 Stat. 143; renumbered § 23 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1210, related to appointment of Foreign Service officer as counselor of embassy or legation.
Section 19, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 24, formerly § 17, 43 Stat. 143; renumbered § 24 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1210, related to Foreign Service officers acting as commissioner, chargé d’affaires, etc.
Section 20, R.S. § 1685; acts Mar. 2, 1909, ch. 235, 35 Stat. 673; Feb. 5, 1915, ch. 23, § 3, 38 Stat. 805; May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 17(25), 43 Stat. 143; Feb. 27, 1925, ch. 364, title I, 43 Stat. 1016; Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1210, related to compensation of officer acting as chargé d’affaires ad interim.
Section 21, acts May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 26, formerly § 18, 43 Stat. 144; July 3, 1926, ch. 798, § 1, 44 Stat. 902; renumbered § 26 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1211; Apr. 24, 1939, ch. 84, § 3, 53 Stat. 584; July 19, 1939, ch. 330, 53 Stat. 1067; Aug. 5, 1939, ch. 441, 53 Stat. 1208; Apr. 20, 1940, ch. 118, § 1, 54 Stat. 143; Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 859, § 4, 54 Stat. 1118; May 13, 1941, ch. 115, § 1, 55 Stat. 189, eff. Aug. 1, 1941, related to retirement and disability system.
Section 21a, act July 3, 1926, ch. 798, § 2, 44 Stat. 903, related to retirement and disability rights of Chief of Division of Western European Affairs.
Section 22, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 27, formerly § 19, 43 Stat. 146; renumbered § 27 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1213, related to recall to active duty of retired officers.
Section 23, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 28, formerly § 20, 43 Stat. 146; renumbered § 28 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1213, related to making other laws applicable to Foreign Service officers.
Section 23a, acts Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 1, 46 Stat. 1207; May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 2, 59 Stat. 102, related to administrative, fiscal, and clerical personnel of Foreign Service.
Section 23b, act Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 2, 46 Stat. 1207, related to appointment to grade of senior clerk.
Section 23c, acts Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 3, 46 Stat. 1207; Apr. 24, 1939, ch. 84, § 1, 53 Stat. 583; May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 3, 59 Stat. 102, related to allowances at all posts to clerks to meet excessive costs of living.
Section 23d, act Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 4, 46 Stat. 1207, related to appointment of clerks to serve in a diplomatic mission.
Section 23e, act Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 5, 46 Stat. 1207, related to regulations governing clerks.
Section 23f, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 31, as added Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1214; amended May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 10, 59 Stat. 105, related to Board of Foreign Personnel.
Section 23g, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 31, as added Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1214; amended May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 10, 59 Stat. 105, related to Chief of Division of Foreign Service personnel and Director of Office of Foreign Service.
Section 23h, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 32, as added Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1214; amended July 3, 1946, ch. 539, § 5, 60 Stat. 427, related to Division of Foreign Service Personnel, efficiency ratings, etc.
Section 23i, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 33, as added Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1215; amended Apr. 24, 1939, ch. 84, § 4, 53 Stat. 588, related to separation of officers from Service, retirement pay, and annuities.
Section 23j, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 34, as added Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1216, related to reduction of salary upon promotion to a higher grade.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 24"
description: "Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(67), 60 Stat. 1040"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "24"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 24"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s24"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 24 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(67), 60 Stat. 1040
## Notes
Section, act May 3, 1945, ch. 105, § 12, 59 Stat. 105, related to restriction on transaction of business by officers and employees.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-31-to-40.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 31 to 40"
description: "Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(2), (3), (5), (6), (15), (19), (27), (28), (30), (31), (52), (55), (57), (58), 60 Stat. 1035"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "31 to 40"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 31 to 40"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s31...40"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 31 to 40 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(2), (3), (5), (6), (15), (19), (27), (28), (30), (31), (52), (55), (57), (58), 60 Stat. 1035
## Notes
Section 31, act Mar. 2, 1909, ch. 235, 35 Stat. 672, related to restriction against creation of new ambassadorships.
Section 32, R.S. § 1675; acts Mar. 3, 1875, ch. 153, 18 Stat. 483; Feb. 27, 1925, ch. 364, 43 Stat. 1015; Jan. 21, 1931, ch. 42, 46 Stat. 1040, related to appointment and salaries of ambassadors, ministers, etc.
Section 32a, act Jan. 21, 1931, ch. 42, 46 Stat. 1040, related to salary of minister to Liberia.
Section 33, R.S. § 1744, related to citizenship as prerequisite to payment of compensation.
Section 34, act Sept. 29, 1919, ch. 72, 41 Stat. 291, related to appointment of an ambassador to Belgium.
Section 34a, act Jan. 22, 1930, ch. 22, 46 Stat. 57, related to appointment of an ambassador to Poland.
Section 34b, act June 5, 1930, ch. 404, 46 Stat. 502, related to appointment of a minister to Union of South Africa.
Section 34c, act June 1, 1922, ch. 204, title I, 42 Stat. 600, related to appointment of a minister to Egypt.
Section 35, acts Feb. 27, 1925, ch. 364, title I, 43 Stat. 1016; Apr. 29, 1926, ch. 195, title I, 44 Stat. 331; Feb. 24, 1927, ch. 189, title I, 44 Stat. 1180; Feb. 15, 1928, ch. 57, title I, 45 Stat. 65; Jan. 25, 1929, ch. 102, title I, 45 Stat. 1096; Apr. 18, 1930, ch. 184, title I, 46 Stat. 175, related to clerks at embassies and legations.
Section 36, R.S. § 1686, related to compensation of persons filling two offices.
Section 37, act June 11, 1874, ch. 275, § 1, 18 Stat. 67, related to special allowance to embassy messenger in Paris.
Section 38, act Feb. 5, 1915, ch. 23, § 7, 38 Stat. 807, related to transaction of business by diplomatic officers.
Section 39, R.S. § 1688, related to prohibition against uniforms and official costumes.
Section 40, R.S. § 1674; acts Feb. 5, 1915, ch. 23, § 6, 38 Stat. 806; July 1, 1916, ch. 208, 39 Stat. 252; May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 2, 43 Stat. 140, related to definition of diplomatic offices.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-41.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 41"
description: "Transferred"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "41"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 41"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s41"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 41 - Transferred
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section, act July 5, 1946, ch. 541, title I, 60 Stat. 448, which related to ambassadors or ministers unable to serve because of emergent conditions abroad, was transferred and set out as a note under section 901 of this title and subsequently omitted from the Code.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 52"
description: "Omitted"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "52"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 52"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s52"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 52 - Omitted
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section, act Feb. 5, 1915, ch. 23, § 6, 38 Stat. 806, abolished offices of vice consul general, deputy consul general, and deputy consul.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-53.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 53"
description: "Transferred"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
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title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "53"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 53"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s53"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 53 - Transferred
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section, R.S. § 1689, which related to various provisions applicable to particular classes of consular officers, was transferred to section 4191 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-54.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "22 U.S.C. § 54"
description: "Omitted"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY"
section: "54"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 54"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s54"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
source_hash: "39f8f9c9e73c430554f20e406305252cb26b4714bb1410414acfcc39b615c789"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 22 U.S.C. § 54 - Omitted
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section, act Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 3, 34 Stat. 100, abolished grade of commercial agent.
legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-1/section-57.md
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 57 - Repealed. Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 6, 46 Stat. 1207, eff. July 1, 1931
## Notes
Section, act Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 5, 34 Stat. 101, related to citizenship requirements of consular clerks.
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title_number: 22
title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
chapter_number: "1"
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section: "58"
citation: "22 U.S.C. § 58"
status: "current"
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 58 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(8), 60 Stat. 1036
## Notes
Section, R.S. § 1696, related to expenses of vice consulate or consular agency.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
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title: "22 U.S.C. § 71"
description: "Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(11), 60 Stat. 1036"
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title_number: 22
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citation: "22 U.S.C. § 71"
status: "current"
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source: "official"
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 71 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(11), 60 Stat. 1036
## Notes
Section, R.S. § 1714, related to construction of powers and duties of consular officers.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 72 to 79 - Transferred
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section 72, R.S. § 4082, which related to solemnization of marriages, was transferred to section 4192 of this title and subsequently repealed. Section 73, R.S. § 1707, which related to receipt of protests and declarations by consuls and vice-consuls, was transferred to section 4193 of this title. Section 74, R.S. § 1708, which related to lists and returns of seamen and vessels, was transferred to section 4194 of this title. Section 75, R.S. § 1709, which related to handling of estates of decedents by consular officers, was transferred to section 4195 of this title and subsequently repealed. Section 76, R.S. § 1710, which related to notification of death of a decedent by a consular officer, was transferred to section 4196 of this title. Section 77, R.S. § 1711, which related to following testamentary directions by a consular officer, was transferred to section 4197 of this title. Section 78, act June 30, 1902, ch. 1331, § 1, 32 Stat. 546, which related to appointment of a consular officer as a trust officer for settlement or conservation of an estate, was transferred to section 4198 of this title. Section 79, act June 30, 1902, ch. 1331, § 2, 32 Stat. 547, which related to failure of a consular officer to post bond prior to appointment as an administrator, was transferred to section 4199 of this title.
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title: "22 U.S.C. § 8"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 89–554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 645"
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 8 - Repealed. Pub. L. 89–554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 645
## Notes
Section, act May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 7, 43 Stat. 141, related to recommissioning diplomatic and consular officers on July 1, 1924.
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 80 to 82 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(9), (10), (22), 60 Stat. 1036
## Notes
Section 80, R.S. § 1712; acts June 18, 1888, ch. 393, 25 Stat. 186; Feb. 9, 1889, ch. 122, §§ 1, 4, 25 Stat. 659; July 14, 1890, ch. 707, 26 Stat. 288; Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 3, 34 Stat. 100, related to commercial and agricultural reports.
Section 81, acts Jan. 27, 1879, ch. 28, § 1, 20 Stat. 273; Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 3, 34 Stat. 100, related to reports on exports, imports, and wages.
Section 82, R.S. § 1713; acts June 18, 1888, ch. 393, 25 Stat. 186; Feb. 9, 1889, ch. 122, §§ 1, 4, 25 Stat. 659, related to reports on current prices of merchandise, etc.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 83 to 104 - Transferred
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section 83, R.S. § 1715, which related to certification of invoices, was transferred to section 4200 of this title. Section 84, act Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 9, 34 Stat. 101, which related to fees for certification of invoices, was transferred to section 4201 of this title. Section 85, R.S. § 1716, which related to exaction of excessive fees for verification of invoices, was transferred to section 4202 of this title. Section 86, act Feb. 24, 1903, ch. 753, 32 Stat. 854, which related to destruction of old invoices, was transferred to section 4203 of this title. Section 87, R.S. § 1717, which related to granting of a certificate for goods shipped from countries adjacent to the United States, was transferred to section 4204 of this title. Section 88, R.S. § 1718, which related to retention of papers of American vessels until payment of demands and wages, was transferred to section 4205 of this title. Section 89, act June 26, 1884, ch. 121, § 12, 23 Stat. 56, which related to fees for official services to American vessels or seamen, was transferred to section 4206 of this title. Section 90, R.S. § 1719, which related to profits from dealings with discharged seamen, was transferred to section 4207 of this title. Section 91, R.S. § 1722, which related to valuation of foreign coins in payment of fees, was transferred to section 4208 of this title. Section 92, R.S. § 1723, which related to exaction of excessive fees generally, was transferred to section 4209 of this title. Section 93, R.S. § 1724, which related to liability for uncollected fees, was transferred to section 4210 of this title. Section 94, R.S. § 1725, which related to returns as to fees by officers compensated by fees, was transferred to section 4211 of this title. Section 95, R.S. §§ 1726, 1727, which related to receipt for fees, was transferred to section 4212 of this title. Section 96, R.S. § 1727, which related to registry of fees, was transferred to section 4213 of this title. Section 97, R.S. § 1728, which related to account of fees, was transferred to section 4214 of this title. Section 98, act Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 7, 34 Stat. 101, which related to notarial acts, oaths, affirmations, affidavits, and depositions, was transferred to section 4215 of this title. Section 99, acts Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 8, 34 Stat. 101; Feb. 5, 1915, ch. 23, §§ 3, 6, 38 Stat. 805, 806; May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 11, 43 Stat. 142; Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(26), 60 Stat. 1037, which related to general duty to account for fees, was transferred to section 4223 of this title. Section 100, act Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 10, 34 Stat. 102, which related to use of official fee stamps on documents involved in performance of any consular or notarial act, was transferred to section 1196 of this title and was subsequently repealed by act June 28, 1955, ch. 196, 69 Stat. 187. Section 101, R.S. § 1731, which related to posting rates of fees, was transferred to section 4216 of this title. Section 102, R.S. § 1734, which related to embezzlement of fees or of effects of American citizens, was transferred to section 4217 of this title. Section 103, R.S. §§ 1735, 1736, which related to liability for neglect of duty or malfeasance, was transferred to section 1199 of this title. Section 104, R.S. § 1737, which related to false certificates as to ownership of property, was transferred to section 4218 of this title.
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 9 - Repealed. Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1131(25), 60 Stat. 1037
## Notes
Section, acts Apr. 5, 1906, ch. 1366, § 4, 34 Stat. 100; May 24, 1924, ch. 182, § 17, formerly § 10, 43 Stat. 142, renumbered § 17 and amended Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 276, § 7, 46 Stat. 1209, related to inspection of diplomatic and consular offices.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective three months after Aug. 13, 1946, see act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title XI, § 1141, 60 Stat. 1040.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 501 - Utilization of services of Government agencies to promote inter-American relations
## Text
In order to render closer and more effective the relationship between the American republics the President of the United States is authorized, subject to such appropriations as are made available for the purpose, to utilize the services of the departments, agencies, and independent establishments of the Government in carrying out the reciprocal undertakings and cooperative purposes enunciated in the treaties, resolutions, declarations, and recommendations signed by all of the twenty-one American republics at the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace held at Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1936, and at the Eighth International Conference of American States held at Lima, Peru, in 1938.
(Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 616, § 1, 53 Stat. 1290.)
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# 22 U.S.C. § 502 - Creation of advisory committees
## Text
The President is authorized to create such advisory committees as in his judgment may be of assistance in carrying out the undertakings of this Government under the treaties, resolutions, declarations, and recommendations referred to, but no committee or member thereof shall be allowed any salary or other compensation for services: Provided, however, That they may, within the limits of appropriations made available therefor by the Congress, which appropriations are authorized, be paid their actual transportation expenses and not to exceed $10 per diem in lieu of subsistence and other expenses while away from their homes in attendance upon meetings within the United States under instructions from the Secretary of State.
(Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 616, § 2, 53 Stat. 1290.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Termination of Advisory CommitteesAdvisory committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, and advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. See section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 503 - Facilitating work of foreign traveling salesmen; licenses and certificates of identification
## Text
Whereas the United States has entered into conventions with the Governments of Uruguay, Guatemala, Salvador, Panama, and Venezuela which were signed on August 27, 1918, December 3, 1918, January 28, 1919, February 8, 1919, and July 3, 1919, respectively, for facilitating the work of traveling salesmen; and Whereas Articles I and II of each of said conventions read as follows: “Article I. Manufacturers, merchants, and traders domiciled within the jurisdiction of one of the high contracting parties may operate as commercial travelers either personally or by means of agents or employees within the jurisdiction of the other high contracting party on obtaining from the latter, upon payment of a single fee, a license which shall be valid throughout its entire territorial jurisdiction. “In case either of the high contracting parties shall be engaged in war, it reserves to itself the right to prevent from operating within its jurisdiction under the provisions of this treaty, or otherwise, enemy nationals or other aliens whose presence it may consider prejudicial to public order and national safety. “Art. II. In order to secure the license above mentioned the applicant must obtain from the country of domicile of the manufacturers, merchants, and traders represented a certificate attesting his character as commercial traveler. This certificate, which shall be issued by the authority to be designated in each country for the purpose, shall be visaed by the consul of the country in which the applicant proposes to operate, and the authorities of the latter shall, upon the presentation of such certificate, issue to the applicant the national license as provided in Article I.” Now, therefore, the Secretary of Commerce, or any person in the Department of Commerce designated by him, is authorized to issue the licenses and certificates of identification which are provided for by the said Articles I and II, respectively, of the said conventions, or which may be provided for by similar articles in any convention or treaty that may, on and after September 22, 1922, be concluded by the United States with a foreign government, and is further authorized to collect a reasonable fee for each license and certificate of identification issued. The amount of such fee shall be fixed by regulations made by the Secretary of Commerce and shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States quarterly.
(Sept. 22, 1922, ch. 414, 42 Stat. 1028.)
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# 22 U.S.C. § 504 - Transfer of hemisphere territory from one non-American power to another; recognition; consultation with American Republics
## Text
(1) The United States would not recognize any transfer, and would not acquiesce in any attempt to transfer, any geographic region of this hemisphere from one non-American power to another non-American power; and
(2) If such transfer or attempt to transfer should appear likely, the United States shall, in addition to other measures, immediately consult with the other American republics to determine upon the steps which should be taken to safeguard their common interests.
(Apr. 10, 1941, ch. 49, 55 Stat. 133.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Purpose of EnactmentThe “whereas” clauses preceding the resolving words in Joint Res. Apr. 10, 1941, provided as follows: “Whereas our traditional policy has been to consider any attempt on the part of non-American powers to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to the peace and safety not only of this country but of the other American republics; and “Whereas the American republics agreed at the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace held in Buenos Aires in 1936 and at the Eighth International Conference of American States held in Lima in 1938 to consult with one another in the event that the peace, security, or territorial integrity of any American republic should be threatened; and “Whereas the Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the American Republics at Panama October 3, 1939, resolved ‘That in case any geographic region of America subject to the jurisdiction of any non-American state should be obliged to change its sovereignty and there should result therefrom a danger to the security of the American Continent, a consultative meeting such as the one now being held will be convoked with the urgency that the case may require’:”.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 521 - Military and naval assistance to governments of American Republics
## Text
(a) Coast-defense and antiaircraft matériel; ammunition The President may, in his discretion, authorize the Secretary of the Army to manufacture in factories and arsenals under his jurisdiction, or otherwise procure, coast-defense and antiaircraft matériel, including ammunition therefor, on behalf of the government of any American republic; to sell such matériel and ammunition to any such government; to test or prove such matériel and ammunition prior to sale or delivery to any such government; to repair such matériel on behalf of any such government; and to communicate to any such government plans, specifications, or other information relating to such matériel and ammunition as may be sold to any such government.
(b) Vessels of war; armament, artillery, equipment, and ammunition The President may, in his discretion, authorize the Secretary of the Navy to construct vessels of war on behalf of the government of any American republic in shipyards under his jurisdiction; to manufacture armament and equipment for such vessels on behalf of any such government in arsenals under his jurisdiction; to sell armament and equipment for such vessels to any such government; to manufacture antiaircraft artillery and ammunition therefor, on behalf of any such government in factories and arsenals under his jurisdiction; to sell antiaircraft artillery and ammunition therefor to any such government; to test or prove such vessels, armament, artillery, ammunition, or equipment prior to sale or delivery to any such government; to repair such vessels, armament, artillery, or equipment on behalf of any such government; and to communicate to any such government plans, specifications, and other information relating to such vessels of war and their armament and equipment or antiaircraft artillery and ammunition therefor, as may be sold to any such government or relating to any vessels of war which any such government may propose to construct or manufacture within its own jurisdiction: Provided, That nothing contained herein shall be construed as authorizing the violation of any of the provisions of any treaty to which the United States is or may become a party or of any established principles or precedents of international law: And provided further, That no transaction authorized herein shall result in expense to the United States, nor involve the extension of credits by the United States: And provided further, That no contract shall be entered into under the terms of this subchapter which shall interfere with or delay the United States in the full use of its shipyards, arsenals, munition plants, and other equipment for its own purposes.
(June 15, 1940, ch. 365, § 1, 54 Stat. 396; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, § 205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted “Title 10, Armed Forces” which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.
Executive Documents
Secretary of the Air Force For transfer of certain procurement and related functions and property, insofar as they pertain to Air Force, from Secretary of the Army and Department of the Army to Secretary of the Air Force and Department of the Air Force, see Secretary of Defense Transfer Order Nos. 6 [§ 1(a)(41)], eff. Jan. 15, 1948; 39 [§ 2zz], May 18, 1949.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 522 - Transmission of information pertaining to implements of war, vessels, etc.
## Text
In carrying out transactions authorized by section 521 of this title, the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of the Navy are authorized, in their discretion and provided that it be not inconsistent with any defense requirements of the United States or of its possessions, to communicate or transmit to the government of any American republic or to any duly authorized person for the use of such government information pertaining to the arms, ammunition, or implements of war sold under the terms of that section or to any vessels of war constructed within the jurisdiction of any such government, and to export for the use of any such government coast defense and antiaircraft matériel and ammunition therefor, and vessels of war and their armament and equipment involving such information: Provided, That any information thus communicated or transmitted or involved in any such arms, ammunition, implements of war, or equipment when exported shall cease to be considered restricted after one year from the date that such communication or transmission has been authorized or such exportation made.
(June 15, 1940, ch. 365, § 2, 54 Stat. 396; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, § 205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 510. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted “Title 10, Armed Forces” which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.
Executive Documents
Secretary of the Air Force For transfer of certain procurement and related functions and property, insofar as they pertain to Air Force, from Secretary of the Army and Department of the Army to Secretary of the Air Force and Department of the Air Force, see Secretary of Defense Transfer Order Nos. 6 [§ 1(a)(41)], eff. Jan. 15, 1948, 39 [§ 2zz], May 18, 1949.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 523 - Restriction in contracts against disposal of implements of war, vessels, etc., or information
## Text
All contracts or agreements made by the Secretary of the Army or the Secretary of the Navy for the sale to the government of any American republic of any of the arms, ammunition, or implements of war, the sale of which is authorized by this subchapter, shall contain a clause by which the purchaser undertakes not to dispose of such arms, ammunition, or implements of war, or any plans, specifications, or information pertaining thereto, by gift, sale, or any mode of transfer in such manner that such arms, ammunition, implements of war, or plans, specifications, or information pertaining thereto, may become a part of the armament of any state other than an American republic.
(June 15, 1940, ch. 365, § 3, 54 Stat. 397; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, § 205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted “Title 10, Armed Forces” which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.
Executive Documents
Secretary of the Air Force For transfer of certain procurement and related functions and property, insofar as they pertain to Air Force, from Secretary of the Army and Department of the Army to Secretary of the Air Force and Department of the Air Force, see Secretary of Defense Transfer Order Nos. 6 [§ 1(a)(41)], eff. Jan. 15, 1948, 39 [§ 2zz], May 18, 1949.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 524 - Information on shipments to be given Chairman of National Munitions Control Board
## Text
The Secretary of the Army or the Secretary of the Navy, as the case may be, shall, when any arms, ammunition, implements of war, or equipment are exported pursuant to the provisions of this subchapter, immediately inform the Secretary of State, Chairman of the National Munitions Control Board, of the quantities, character, value, terms of sale, and destination of the arms, ammunition, implements of war, or equipment so exported. Such information shall be included in the annual report of the Board.
(June 15, 1940, ch. 365, § 4, 54 Stat. 397; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, § 205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextNational Munitions Control Board, referred to in text, was established under section 452 of this title, which was repealed by act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, § 542(a)(12), 68 Stat. 861. See section 2778 of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted “Title 10, Armed Forces” which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.
Executive Documents
Secretary of the Air Force For transfer of certain procurement and related functions and property, insofar as they pertain to Air Force, from Secretary of the Army and Department of the Army to Secretary of the Air Force and Department of the Air Force, see Secretary of Defense Transfer Order Nos. 6 [§ 1(a)(41)], eff. Jan. 15, 1948; 39 [§ 2zz], May 18, 1949.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 525 - Appropriations and disposition of receipts
## Text
(a) There is hereby authorized to be appropriated from time to time, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such amounts as may be necessary to carry out the provisions and accomplish the purposes of this subchapter.
(b) All moneys which may be received from the government of any American republic, in payment for any article delivered or service rendered in compliance with the provisions of this subchapter, shall revert to the respective appropriation or appropriations out of which funds were expended in carrying out the transaction for which money is received, and such moneys shall be available for expenditure for the purpose for which such expended funds were appropriated by law, during the fiscal year in which such funds are received and the ensuing fiscal year.
(June 15, 1940, ch. 365, § 5, 54 Stat. 397.)
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type: "LegalText"
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 526 - Protection of patent rights
## Text
The Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of the Navy shall in all contracts or agreements for the sale of such matériel fully protect the rights of all citizens of the United States who have patent rights in and to any such matériel which is authorized to be sold and the funds collected for royalties on such patents shall be paid to the owners and holders of such patents.
(June 15, 1940, ch. 365, § 6, 54 Stat. 397; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, § 205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted “Title 10, Armed Forces” which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.
Executive Documents
Secretary of the Air Force For transfer of certain procurement and related functions and property, insofar as they pertain to Air Force, from Secretary of the Army and Department of the Army to Secretary of the Air Force and Department of the Air Force, see Secretary of Defense Transfer Order Nos. 6 [§ 1(a)(41)], eff. Jan. 15, 1948; 39 [§ 2zz], May 18, 1949.
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 527 - Purchases of implements of war, etc., from American Republics
## Text
The Secretaries of the Army and of the Navy are authorized to purchase arms, ammunition, and implements of war produced within the jurisdiction of any American republic if such arms, ammunition, or implements of war cannot be produced in the United States.
(June 15, 1940, ch. 365, § 7, 54 Stat. 397; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, § 205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted “Title 10, Armed Forces” which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.
Executive Documents
Secretary of the Air Force For transfer of certain procurement and related functions and property, insofar as they pertain to Air Force, from Secretary of the Army and Department of the Army to Secretary of the Air Force and Department of the Air Force, see Secretary of Defense Transfer Order Nos. 6 [§ 1(a)(41)], eff. Jan. 15, 1948; 39 [§ 2zz], May 18, 1949.
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chapter_name: "GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY"
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9302 - Statement of policy objectives; sense of Congress
## Text
(a) Statement of policy objectives It is in the national interest of the United States to promote global food security, resilience, and nutrition, consistent with national food security investment plans, which is reinforced through comprehensive, multi-sectoral programs, activities, and initiatives that consider agriculture and food systems in their totality and that—
(1) place food insecure countries on a path toward self-sufficiency, economic freedom, and security through the phasing, sequencing, and coordination of United States foreign assistance programs;
(2) accelerate inclusive, agricultural-led economic growth that reduces global poverty, hunger, and malnutrition, particularly among women and children;
(3) increase the productivity, incomes, and livelihoods of small-scale producers and artisanal fishing communities, especially women in these communities, by working across terrestrial and aquatic food systems and agricultural value chains, including by—
(A) enhancing local capacity to manage agricultural resources and food systems effectively and expanding producer access to, and participation in, local, regional, and international markets;
(B) increasing the availability and affordability of high quality nutritious and safe foods and clean water;
(C) creating entrepreneurship opportunities and improving access to business development related to agriculture and food systems, including among youth populations, linked to local, regional, and international markets; and
(D) enabling partnerships to facilitate the development of and investment in new agricultural technologies to support more resilient and productive agricultural practices;
(4) build resilience to agriculture and food systems shocks and stresses, including global food catastrophes in which conventional methods of agriculture are unable to provide sufficient food and nutrition to sustain the global population, among vulnerable populations and households through inclusive growth, while reducing reliance upon emergency food and economic assistance;
(5) create an enabling environment for agricultural growth and investment, including through the promotion of secure and transparent property rights;
(6) improve the nutritional status of women, adolescent girls, and children, with a focus on reducing child stunting and incidence of wasting, including through the promotion of highly nutritious foods, diet diversification, large-scale food fortification, and nutritional behaviors that improve maternal and child health and nutrition, especially during the first 1,000-day window until a child reaches 2 years of age;
(7) demonstrably meet, align with and leverage broader United States strategies and investments in trade, economic growth, national security, combating fragility, resilience, science and technology, natural resource management 11 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma. agriculture research and extension, maternal and child health, nutrition,,22 So in original. including deworming, and water, sanitation, and hygiene;
(8) continue to strengthen partnerships between United States-based universities, including land-grant colleges, and universities and institutions in target countries and communities that build agricultural capacity; and
(9) ensure the effective use of United States taxpayer dollars to further these objectives.
(b) Sense of Congress It is the sense of the Congress that the President, in providing assistance to implement the Global Food Security Strategy, should—
(1) coordinate, through a whole-of-government approach, the efforts of relevant Federal departments and agencies to implement the Global Food Security Strategy;
(2) seek to fully utilize the unique capabilities of each relevant Federal department and agency while collaborating with and leveraging the contributions of other key stakeholders; and
(3) utilize open and streamlined solicitations to allow for the participation of a wide range of implementing partners through the most appropriate procurement mechanisms, which may include grants, contracts, cooperative agreements, and other instruments as necessary and appropriate.
(Pub. L. 114–195, § 3, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 676; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5588(b), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3375.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments2022—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(b)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “comprehensive, multi-sectoral programs, activities, and initiatives that consider agriculture and food systems in their totality and that” for “programs, activities, and initiatives that”. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(b)(2), substituted “, economic freedom, and security through the phasing, sequencing, and coordination” for “and economic freedom through the coordination”. Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(b)(3), added pars. (3) and (4) and struck out former pars. (3) and (4) which read as follows: “(3) increase the productivity, incomes, and livelihoods of small-scale producers, especially women, by working across agricultural value chains, enhancing local capacity to manage agricultural resources effectively and expanding producer access to local and international markets; “(4) build resilience to food shocks among vulnerable populations and households while reducing reliance upon emergency food assistance;”. Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(b)(4), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: “improve the nutritional status of women and children, with a focus on reducing child stunting, including through the promotion of highly nutritious foods, diet diversification, and nutritional behaviors that improve maternal and child health;”. Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(b)(5), substituted “combating fragility, resilience, science and technology, natural resource management” for “science and technology,” and inserted “, including deworming,” after “nutrition,”.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9303 - Definitions
## Text
In this chapter:
(1) Appropriate congressional committees The term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;
(B) the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate;
(C) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;
(D) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives;
(E) the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives; and
(F) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.
(2) Feed the Future Innovation Labs The term “Feed the Future Innovation Labs” means research partnerships led by United States universities that advance solutions to reduce global hunger, poverty, and malnutrition, including in response to shocks and stresses to food and nutrition security.
(3) Food and nutrition security The term “food and nutrition security” means access to, and availability, utilization, and stability of, sufficient food to meet caloric and nutritional needs for an active and healthy life.
(4) Food system The term “food system” means the intact or whole unit made up of interrelated components of people, behaviors, relationships, and material goods that interact in the production, processing, packaging, transporting, trade, marketing, consumption, and use of food, feed, and fiber through aquaculture, farming, wild fisheries, forestry, and pastoralism that operates within and is influenced by social, political, economic, and environmental contexts.
(5) Global Food Security Strategy The term “Global Food Security Strategy” means the strategy developed and implemented pursuant to section 9304(a) of this title.
(6) Key stakeholders The term “key stakeholders” means actors engaged in efforts to advance global food security programs and objectives, including—
(A) relevant Federal departments and agencies;
(B) national and local governments in target countries;
(C) other bilateral donors;
(D) international and regional organizations;
(E) international, regional, and local financial institutions;
(F) international, regional, and local private voluntary, nongovernmental, faith-based, and civil society organizations;
(G) the private sector, including agribusinesses and relevant commodities groups;
(H) local agricultural producers, including farmer and fisher organizations, cooperatives, small-scale producers, youth, and women; and
(I) agricultural research and academic institutions, including land-grant universities and extension services.
(7) Malnutrition The term “malnutrition” means poor nutritional status caused by nutritional deficiency or excess.
(8) Relevant Federal departments and agencies The term “relevant Federal departments and agencies” means the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, the Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the United States International Development Finance Corporation, the Peace Corps, the Office of the United States Trade Representative, the United States African Development Foundation, the Inter-American Foundation, the United States Geological Survey, and any other department or agency specified by the President for purposes of this section.
(9) Resilience The term “resilience” means the ability of people, households, communities, countries, and agriculture and food systems to mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shocks and stresses to food security, including global food catastrophes, in a manner that reduces chronic vulnerability and facilitates inclusive growth.
(10) Small-scale producer The term “small-scale producer” means farmers, pastoralists, foresters, and artisanal fishing communities that have a low asset base and limited resources, including land, capital, skills and labor, and, in the case of farmers, typically farm on fewer than 5 hectares of land.
(11) Stunting The term “stunting” refers to a condition that—
(A) is measured by a height-to-age ratio that is more than 2 standard deviations below the median for the population;
(B) manifests in children who are younger than 2 years of age;
(C) is a process that can continue in children after they reach 2 years of age, resulting in an individual being “stunted”;
(D) is a marker of an environment deficient in the various needs that allow for a child’s healthy growth, including nutrition; and
(E) is associated with long-term poor health, delayed motor development, impaired cognitive function, and decreased immunity.
(12) Sustainable The term “sustainable” means the ability of a target country, community, implementing partner, or intended beneficiary to maintain, over time, the programs authorized and outcomes achieved pursuant to this chapter.
(13) Target country The term “target country” means a developing country that is selected to participate in food and nutrition security and agriculture-led economic growth programs under the Global Food Security Strategy pursuant to the selection criteria described in section 9304(a)(2) of this title, including criteria such as the potential for agriculture-led economic growth, government commitment to agricultural investment and policy reform, opportunities for partnerships and regional synergies, the level of need, and resource availability.
(14) Wasting The term “wasting” means—
(A) a life-threatening condition attributable to poor nutrient intake or disease that is characterized by a rapid deterioration in nutritional status over a short period of time; and
(B) in the case of children, is characterized by low weight for height and weakened immunity, increasing their risk of death due to greater frequency and severity of common infection, particularly when severe.
(Pub. L. 114–195, § 4, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 676; Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, § 1470(s), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3519; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5588(c), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3376.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments2022—Par. (2). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(1), inserted “, including in response to shocks and stresses to food and nutrition security” before period at end. Pars. (4) to (6). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(2), (3), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) and (5) as (5) and (6), respectively. Former par. (6) redesignated (7). Par. (6)(H). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(4), amended subpar. (H) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (H) read as follows: “agricultural producers, including farmer organizations, cooperatives, small-scale producers, and women; and”. Par. (7). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (6) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (8). Par. (8). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(5), which directed amendment of “paragraph (7), as redesignated” by inserting “the Inter-American Foundation,” after “United States African Development Foundation,” was executed by making the amendment in par. (8), as redesignated, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Par. (7), as redesignated by Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(2), does not contain the words “United States African Development Foundation,”. Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (7) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (9). Par. (9). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(2), (6), redesignated par. (8) as (9) and inserted “agriculture and food” before “systems” and “, including global food catastrophes,” after “food security”. Former par. (9) redesignated (10). Par. (10). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(2), (7), redesignated par. (9) as (10) and substituted “artisanal fishing communities” for “fishers”. Former par. (10) redesignated (11). Par. (11). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (10) as (11). Former par. (11) redesignated (12). Par. (11)(D), (E). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(8), amended subpars. (D) and (E) generally. Prior to amendment, subpars. (D) and (E) read as follows: “(D) is a sign of chronic malnutrition; and “(E) can lead to long-term poor health, delayed motor development, impaired cognitive function, and decreased immunity.” Par. (12). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (11) as (12). Former par. (12) redesignated (13). Par. (13). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(2), (9), redesignated par. (12) as (13) and substituted “food and nutrition security and agriculture-led economic growth” for “agriculture and nutrition security”. Par. (14). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(c)(10), added par. (14). 2018—Par. (7). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted “United States International Development Finance Corporation” for “Overseas Private Investment Corporation”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2018 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 115–254 effective at the end of the transition period, as defined in section 9681 of this title, see section 1470(w) of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note under section 905 of Title 2, The Congress.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9304 - Comprehensive Global Food Security Strategy
## Text
(a) Strategy The President shall coordinate the development and implementation of a United States whole-of-government strategy to accomplish the policy objectives set forth in section 9302(a) of this title, which shall—
(1) set specific and measurable goals, benchmarks, timetables, performance metrics, and monitoring and evaluation plans that reflect international best practices relating to transparency, accountability, food and nutrition security, and agriculture-led economic growth, consistent with the policy objectives described in section 9302(a) of this title;
(2) establish clear and transparent selection criteria for target countries, communities, regions, and intended beneficiaries of assistance;
(3) describe the methodology and criteria for the selection of target countries;
(4) support and be aligned with partner country-led agriculture, nutrition, regulatory, food security, and water resources management policy and investment plans and governance systems developed with input from key stakeholders, as appropriate;
(5) support the locally-led and inclusive development of agriculture and food systems, including by enhancing the extent to which small-scale food producers, especially women, have access to and control over the inputs, skills, resource management capacity, networking, bargaining power, financing, market linkages, technology, and information needed to sustainably increase productivity and incomes, reduce poverty and malnutrition, and promote long-term economic prosperity;
(6) support improvement of the nutritional status of women, adolescent girls, and children, particularly during the critical first 1,000-day window until a child reaches 2 years of age and with a focus on reducing child stunting and preventing incidence of wasting, through nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive programs, including related water, sanitation, and hygiene programs;
(7) facilitate communication and collaboration, as appropriate, among local stakeholders in support of a multi-sectoral approach to food and nutrition security, to include analysis of the multiple underlying causes of malnutrition, including poor water resource management and lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene;
(8) support long-term impact by building the capacity of local organizations and institutions, including agricultural research capacity, in target countries and communities;
(9) coordinate with and complement relevant strategies to ensure that chronically vulnerable populations are better able to adapt, build safety nets, secure livelihoods, access markets, and access opportunities for longer-term economic growth;
(10) develop community and producer resilience and adaptation strategies to disasters, emergencies, and other shocks and stresses to food and nutrition security, including conflicts, droughts, flooding, pests, and diseases, that adversely impact agricultural yield and livelihoods;
(11) harness science, technology, and innovation, including the research and extension activities supported by the private sector, relevant Federal departments and agencies, Feed the Future Innovation Labs or any successor entities, and international and local researchers and innovators, recognizing that significant investments in research and technological advances will be necessary to reduce global poverty, hunger, and malnutrition;
(12) use evidenced-based best practices, including scientific and forecasting data, and improved planning and coordination by, with, and among key partners and relevant Federal departments and agencies to identify, analyze, measure, and mitigate risks, and strengthen resilience capacities;
(13) ensure scientific and forecasting data is accessible and usable by affected communities and facilitate communication and collaboration among local stakeholders in support of adaptation planning and implementation, including scenario planning and preparedness using seasonal forecasting and scientific and local knowledge;
(14) integrate agricultural development activities among food insecure populations living in proximity to designated national parks or wildlife areas into wildlife conservation efforts, as necessary and appropriate;
(15) leverage resources and expertise through partnerships with the private sector, farm organizations, cooperatives, civil society, nongovernmental organizations, including faith-based organizations, and agricultural research and academic institutions;
(16) strengthen and expand collaboration and coordination, as appropriate, between United States universities, including public, private, and land-grant universities, with higher education institutions in target countries to increase their effectiveness and relevance to promote agricultural development and innovation through the creation of human capital, innovation, and cutting edge science in the agricultural sector;
(17) seek to ensure that target countries and communities respect and promote land tenure rights of local communities, particularly those of women and small-scale producers;
(18) include criteria and methodologies for graduating target countries and communities from assistance provided to implement the Global Food Security Strategy as such countries and communities meet the progress benchmarks identified pursuant to section 9307(a)(4) of this title;
(19) improve the efficiency and resilience of agricultural production, including management of crops, rangelands, pastures, livestock, fisheries, and aquacultures;
(20) ensure investments in food and nutrition security consider and integrate best practices in the management and governance of natural resources and conservation, especially among food insecure populations living in or near biodiverse ecosystems;
(21) be periodically updated in a manner that reflects learning and best practices; and
(22) demonstrably support the United States national security and economic interest in the countries where assistance is being provided.
(b) Coordination The President shall coordinate, through a whole-of-government approach, the efforts of relevant Federal departments and agencies in the implementation of the Global Food Security Strategy by—
(1) establishing monitoring and evaluation systems, coherence, and coordination across relevant Federal departments and agencies;
(2) establishing linkages with other initiatives and strategies of relevant Federal departments and agencies; and
(3) establishing platforms for regular consultation and collaboration with key stakeholders and the appropriate congressional committees.
(c) Strategy submission (1) In general Not later than October 1, 2016, the President, in consultation with the head of each relevant Federal department and agency, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees the Global Food Security Strategy required under this section, including a detailed description of how the United States intends to advance the objectives set forth in section 9302(a) of this title and the agency-specific plans described in paragraph (2).
(2) Agency-specific plans The Global Food Security Strategy shall include specific implementation plans from each relevant Federal department and agency that describes—
(A) the anticipated contributions of the department or agency, including technical, financial, and in-kind contributions, to implement the Global Food Security Strategy; and
(B) the efforts of the department or agency to ensure that the activities and programs carried out pursuant to the strategy are designed to achieve maximum impact and long-term sustainability.
(d) Periodic updates Not less frequently than quinquennially through fiscal year 2030, the President, in consultation with the head of each relevant Federal department and agency, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees updates to the Global Food Security Strategy required under subsection (a) and the agency-specific plans described in subsection (c)(2).
(Pub. L. 114–195, § 5, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 678; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5588(d), (e), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3377, 3378.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments2022—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(1), substituted “partner country-led agriculture, nutrition, regulatory, food security, and water resources management policy and investment plans and governance systems” for “country-owned agriculture, nutrition, and food security policy and investment plans”. Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(2), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: “support inclusive agricultural value chain development, with small-scale producers, especially women, gaining greater access to the inputs, skills, resource management capacity, networking, bargaining power, financing, and market linkages needed to sustain their long-term economic prosperity;”. Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(3), inserted “, adolescent girls,” after “women” and “and preventing incidence of wasting” after “reducing child stunting”. Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(4), inserted “poor water resource management and” after “including”. Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(5), substituted “long-term impact” for “the long-term success of programs” and inserted “, including agricultural research capacity,” after “institutions”. Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(6), substituted “coordinate with and complement relevant strategies to ensure that chronically vulnerable populations are better able to adapt,” for “integrate resilience and nutrition strategies into food security programs, such that chronically vulnerable populations are better able to”. Subsec. (a)(10), (11). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(9), added pars. (10) and (11) and struck out former pars. (10) and (11) which read as follows: “(10) develop community and producer resilience to natural disasters, emergencies, and natural occurrences that adversely impact agricultural yield; “(11) harness science, technology, and innovation, including the research and extension activities supported by relevant Federal Departments and agencies and Feed the Future Innovation Labs, or any successor entities;”. Subsec. (a)(12), (13). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(9), added pars. (12) and (13). Former pars. (12) and (13) redesignated (14) and (15), respectively. Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(8), redesignated par. (12) as (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (16). Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(8), (10), redesignated par. (13) as (15) and inserted “nongovernmental organizations, including” after “civil society,”. Former par. (15) redesignated (17). Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(8), (11), redesignated par. (14) as (16) and inserted “and coordination, as appropriate,” after “collaboration”. Former par. (16) redesignated (18). Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(8), redesignated par. (15) as (17). Former par. (17) redesignated (22). Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(8), (12), redesignated par. (16) as (18) and substituted “section 9307(a)(4) of this title;” for “section 9307(b)(4) of this title; and”. Subsec. (a)(19) to (21). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(13), added pars. (19) to (21). Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(d)(7), redesignated par. (17) as (22). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(e), added subsec. (d).
Executive Documents
Delegation of Authority Pursuant to Sections 5, 6(a) and 6(c), and 8(a) of the Global Food Security Act of 2016 Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 30, 2016, 81 F.R. 76483, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby order as follows: I hereby delegate to the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 5, 6(c), and 8(a) of the Global Food Security Act of 2016 (the “Act”). I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 6(a) of the Act. These functions shall be exercised consistent with the Secretary of State’s responsibility for the continuous supervision and general direction of assistance programs under section 2382 of title 22, United States Code, and lead role in coordinating U.S. assistance under section 6593 of title 22, United States Code. Any reference in this memorandum to the Act shall be deemed to be a reference to any future act that is the same or substantially the same as such provisions. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. Barack Obama.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9305 - Assistance to implement the Global Food Security Strategy
## Text
(a) Food shortages The President is authorized to carry out activities pursuant to section 103, section 103A, title XII of chapter 2 of part I, and chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151a, 2151a–1, 2220a et seq., and 2346 et seq.) to prevent or address food shortages notwithstanding any other provision of law.
(b) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development $1,200,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out those portions of the Global Food Security Strategy that relate to the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development, respectively. Amounts authorized to appropriated under this subsection should be prioritized to carry out programs and activities in target countries.
(c) Monitoring and evaluation The President shall seek to ensure that assistance to implement the Global Food Security Strategy is provided under established parameters for a rigorous accountability system to monitor and evaluate progress and impact of the strategy, including by reporting to the appropriate congressional committees and the public on an annual basis.
(Pub. L. 114–195, § 6, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 680; Pub. L. 115–266, § 2(a), Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3755; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5588(f), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3378.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Title XII of chapter 2 of part I of the Act is classified generally to subpart XII (§ 2220a et seq.) of part II of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title. Chapter 4 of part II of the Act is classified generally to part IV (§ 2346 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.
Amendments2022—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–263 substituted “$1,200,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2024 through 2028” for “$1,000,600,000 for each of fiscal years 2017 through 2023” and inserted at end “Amounts authorized to appropriated under this subsection should be prioritized to carry out programs and activities in target countries.” 2018—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–266 substituted “fiscal years 2017 through 2023” for “fiscal years 2017 and 2018”.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions Functions of President under subsec. (a) of this section delegated to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and under subsec. (c) of this section to the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, by Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 30, 2016, 81 F.R. 76483, set out as a note under section 9304 of this title.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9306 - Emergency Food Security Program
## Text
It shall be the policy of the United States, in coordination with other donors, regional governments, international organizations, and international financial institutions, to fully leverage, enhance, and expand the impact and reach of available United States humanitarian resources, including for food assistance, to mitigate the effects of manmade and natural disasters by utilizing innovative new approaches to delivering aid that support affected persons and the communities hosting them, build resilience and early recovery, and reduce opportunities for waste, fraud, and abuse.
(Pub. L. 114–195, § 7, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 680; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5588(g)(1), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3378.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section is comprised of section 7 of Pub. L. 114–195. Subsec. (c)(1) of section 7 of Pub. L. 114–195 amended section 2292 of this title and subsec. (c)(2) of section 7 of Pub. L. 114–195 amended section 2292a of this title.
Amendments2022—Pub. L. 117–263 struck out subsec. (b) designation and heading before “It shall be” and struck out subsec. (a) which related to sense of Congress regarding challenges of providing international disaster assistance, especially in Syria.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9307 - Reports
## Text
(a) Global Food Security Strategy implementation reports For each of the fiscal years through 2028, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that describes the status of the implementation of the Global Food Security Strategy during the preceding year, which shall—
(1) contain a summary of the Global Food Security Strategy as an appendix;
(2) identify any substantial changes made in the Global Food Security Strategy during the preceding calendar year, including any changes to the target countries selected pursuant to the selection criteria described in section 9304(a)(2) of this title and justifications for any such changes;
(3) identify and describe the progress made in implementing the Global Food Security Strategy;
(4) identify and describe the priority quantitative metrics used to establish baselines and performance targets at the initiative, country, and zone of influence levels;
(5) identify such established baselines and performance targets at the country and zone of influence levels;
(6) identify the output and outcome benchmarks and indicators used to measure results annually, and report the annual measurement of results for each of the priority metrics identified pursuant to paragraph (4), disaggregated by age, gender, and disability, to the extent practicable and appropriate, in an open and transparent manner that is accessible to the people of the United States;
(7) describe related strategies and benchmarks for graduating target countries and communities from assistance provided under the Global Food Security Strategy over time, including by building resilience, reducing risk, and enhancing the sustainability of outcomes from United States investments in food and nutrition security;
(8) indicate how quantitative and qualitative findings from monitoring and evaluation were incorporated into program design and budget decisions at the initiative, country, and zone of influence levels, including longitudinal data and key uncertainties;
(9) contain a transparent, open, and detailed accounting of spending by relevant Federal departments and agencies to implement the Global Food Security Strategy, including, for each Federal department and agency, the statutory source of spending, amounts spent within target countries, amounts and justification for any spending outside of target countries, implementing partners and targeted beneficiaries, and activities supported to the extent practicable and appropriate;
(10) describe how the Global Food Security Strategy leverages other United States food security and development assistance programs on the continuum from emergency food aid through sustainable, agriculture-led economic growth and eventual self-sufficiency;
(11) describe the contributions of the Global Food Security Strategy to, and assess the impact of, broader international food and nutrition security assistance programs, including progress in the promotion of land tenure rights, creating economic opportunities for women and small-scale producers, and stimulating agriculture-led economic growth in target countries and communities;
(12) assess efforts to coordinate United States international food security and nutrition programs, activities, and initiatives with key stakeholders;
(13) assess United States Government-facilitated private investment in related sectors and efforts to encourage financial donor burden sharing and the impact of such investment and efforts in target countries and communities;
(14) describe how agriculture research is prioritized within the Global Food Security Strategy to support agriculture-led growth and eventual self-sufficiency and assess efforts to coordinate research programs within the Global Food Security Strategy with key stakeholders;
(15) identify any United States legal or regulatory impediments that could obstruct the effective implementation of the programming referred to in paragraphs (8) and (9); 11 See References in Text note below.
(16) contain a clear gender analysis of programming, to inform project-level activities, that includes established disaggregated gender indicators to better analyze outcomes for food productivity, income growth, control of assets, equity in access to inputs, jobs and markets, and nutrition;
(17) incorporate a plan for regularly reviewing and updating strategies, partnerships, and programs and sharing lessons learned, including key challenges or missteps, with a wide range of stakeholders in an open, transparent manner; and
(18) during the final year of each strategy required under section 9304 of this title, complete country graduation reports to determine whether a country should remain a target country based on quantitative and qualitative analysis.
(b) Global food security crosscut report Not later than 120 days after the President submits the budget to Congress under section 1105(a) of title 31, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report including—
(1) an interagency budget crosscut report that—
(A) displays the budget proposed, including any planned interagency or intra-agency transfer, for each of the principal Federal agencies that carries out global food security activities in the upcoming fiscal year, separately reporting the amount of planned funding to be provided under existing laws pertaining to the global food security strategy to the extent available; and
(B) to the extent available, identifies all assistance and research expenditures at the account level in each of the five prior fiscal years by the Federal Government and United States multilateral commitments using Federal funds for global food security strategy activities;
(2) to the extent available, a detailed accounting of all assistance funding received and obligated by the principal Federal agencies identified in the report and United States multilateral commitments using Federal funds, for global food security activities during the current fiscal year; and
(3) a breakout of the proposed budget for the current and budget years by agency, categorizing expenditures by type of funding, including research, resiliency, and other food security activities to the extent that such information is available.
(c) Public availability of information The information referred to in subsections (a) and (b) shall be made available on the public website of the United States Agency for International Development in an open, machine readable format, in a timely manner.
(Pub. L. 114–195, § 8, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 682; Pub. L. 115–266, § 3, Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3755; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5588(h), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3379.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextParagraphs (8) and (9), referred to in subsec. (a)(15), were redesignated as pars. (10) and (11), respectively, of subsec. (a) of this section by Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5588(h)(5), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3379.
Amendments2022—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “For each of the fiscal years through 2028,” for “During each of the first 7 years after the date of the submission of the strategy required under section 9304(c) of this title,”, “a report that describes” for “reports that describe”, and “during the preceding year” for “at the end of the reporting period”. Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(2), inserted “, including any changes to the target countries selected pursuant to the selection criteria described in section 9304(a)(2) of this title and justifications for any such changes” before semicolon at end. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(3), inserted “identify and” before “describe”. Subsec. (a)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(6), added pars. (4) to (6) and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows: “identify the indicators used to establish benchmarks and measure results over time, as well as the mechanisms for reporting such results in an open and transparent manner;”. Former pars. (5) and (6) redesignated (7) and (8), respectively. Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(5), (7), redesignated par. (5) as (7) and substituted “food” for “agriculture”. Former par. (7) redesignated (9). Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(5), (8), redesignated par. (6) as (8) and inserted “quantitative and qualitative” after “how” and “at the initiative, country, and zone of influence levels, including longitudinal data and key uncertainties” before semicolon at end. Former par. (8) redesignated (10). Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(5), (9), redesignated par. (7) as (9) and inserted “within target countries, amounts and justification for any spending outside of target countries” after “amounts spent”. Former par. (9) redesignated (11). Subsec. (a)(10) to (12). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(5), redesignated pars. (8), (9), and (10) as (10), (11), and (12), respectively. Former pars. (10), (11), and (12) redesignated (12), (13), and (15), respectively. Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(5), (10), redesignated par. (11) as (13) and substituted “and efforts to encourage financial donor burden sharing and the impact of such investment and efforts” for “and the impact of private sector investment”. Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(11), added par. (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (17). Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(4), redesignated par. (12) as (15). Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(4), (12), redesignated par. (13) as (16) and struck out “and” at end. Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(4), (13), redesignated par. (14) as (17) and inserted “, including key challenges or missteps,” after “lessons learned” and substituted “; and” for period at end. Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5588(h)(14), added par. (18). 2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–266 substituted, in introductory provisions, “During each of the first 7 years” for “Not later than 1 year and 2 years” and “at the end of the reporting period” for “for 2017 and 2018”.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions Functions of President under subsec. (a) of this section delegated to the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development by Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 30, 2016, 81 F.R. 76483, set out as a note under section 9304 of this title.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9308 - Rule of construction
## Text
(a) Effect on other programs Nothing in the Global Food Security Strategy or this chapter or the amendments made by this Act shall be construed to supersede or otherwise affect the authority of the relevant Federal departments and agencies to carry out programs specified in subsection (b), in the manner provided, and subject to the terms and conditions, of those programs, including, but not limited to, the terms, conditions, and requirements relating to the procurement and transportation of food assistance furnished pursuant to such programs.
(b) Programs described The programs referred to in subsection (a) are the following:
(1) The Food for Peace Act (7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.).
(2) The Food for Progress Act of 1985 (7 U.S.C. 1736o).
(3) Section 416(b) of the Agriculture 11 So in original. Probably should be “Agricultural”. Act of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1431).22 So in original. Probably should be “1431(b)).”
(4) McGovern-Dole Food for Education Program (7 U.S.C. 1736o–1).
(5) Local and Regional Procurement Program (7 U.S.C. 1726c).
(6) Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act (7 U.S.C. 1736f–1).
(7) Any other food and nutrition security and emergency and non-emergency food assistance program of the Department of Agriculture.
(Pub. L. 114–195, § 9, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 684.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe amendments made by this Act, referred to in subsec. (a), are the amendments made by Pub. L. 114–195, section 7(c) of which amended sections 2292 and 2292a of this title. The Food for Peace Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, 68 Stat. 454, which is classified generally to chapter 41 (§ 1691 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1691 of Title 7 and Tables. The Food for Progress Act of 1985, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, § 1110, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1472, which is classified to section 1736o of Title 7, Agriculture. The Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(6), is title III of Pub. L. 96–494, as added by Pub. L. 104–127, title II, § 225(a), Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 959, which is classified to section 1736f–1 of Title 7, Agriculture.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9401 - Definitions
## Text
In this chapter:
(1) Act of international terrorism The term “act of international terrorism” has the meaning given that term in section 14 of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note).
(2) Appropriate congressional committees The term “appropriate congressional committees” has the meaning given that term in section 14 of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note).
(3) Foreign person The term “foreign person” means a person that is not a United States person.
(4) Iranian person The term “Iranian person” means—
(A) an individual who is a citizen or national of Iran; or
(B) an entity organized under the laws of Iran or otherwise subject to the jurisdiction of the Government of Iran.
(5) IRGC The term “IRGC” means Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
(6) Knowingly The term “knowingly” has the meaning given that term in section 14 of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note).
(7) United States person The term “United States person” means—
(A) a United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence to the United States; or
(B) an entity organized under the laws of the United States or of any jurisdiction within the United States, including a foreign branch of such an entity.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 102, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 888.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short TitlePub. L. 115–44, § 1(a), Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 886, provided that: “This Act [enacting this chapter, chapter 102 of this title, sections 8909, 8910, 9221a, 9225, 9241a, and 9241b of this title, and section 1232c of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, amending sections 2708, 8901, 8907, 8908, 8923, 8924, 9202, 9214, 9223, 9228, and 9241 of this title, section 5326 of Title 31, Money and Finance, sections 1223 and 1232 of Title 33, and section 3021 of Title 50, War and National Defense, repealing section 9225 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 9201, 9202, 9214, 9241, and 9501 of this title, and section 3021 of Title 50] may be cited as the ‘Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act’.” Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 101, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 888, provided that: “This title [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Countering Iran’s Destabilizing Activities Act of 2017’.”
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9402 - Regional strategy for countering conventional and asymmetric Iranian threats in the Middle East and North Africa
## Text
(a) In general Not later than 180 days after August 2, 2017, and every 2 years thereafter, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Director of National Intelligence shall jointly develop and submit to the appropriate congressional committees and leadership a strategy for deterring conventional and asymmetric Iranian activities and threats that directly threaten the United States and key allies in the Middle East, North Africa, and beyond.
(b) Elements The strategy required by subsection (a) shall include at a minimum the following:
(1) A summary of the near- and long-term United States objectives, plans, and means for countering Iran’s destabilizing activities, including identification of countries that share the objective of countering Iran’s destabilizing activities.
(2) A summary of the capabilities and contributions of individual countries to shared efforts to counter Iran’s destabilizing activities, and a summary of additional actions or contributions that each country could take to further contribute.
(3) An assessment of Iran’s conventional force capabilities and an assessment of Iran’s plans to upgrade its conventional force capabilities, including its acquisition, development, and deployment of ballistic and cruise missile capabilities, unmanned aerial vehicles, and maritime offensive and anti-access or area denial capabilities.
(4) An assessment of Iran’s chemical and biological weapons capabilities and an assessment of Iranian plans to upgrade its chemical or biological weapons capabilities.
(5) An assessment of Iran’s asymmetric activities in the region, including—
(A) the size, capabilities, and activities of the IRGC, including the Quds Force;
(B) the size, capabilities, and activities of Iran’s cyber operations;
(C) the types and amount of support, including funding, lethal and nonlethal contributions, and training, provided to Hezbollah, Hamas, special groups in Iraq, the regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria, Houthi fighters in Yemen, and other violent groups across the Middle East; and
(D) the scope and objectives of Iran’s information operations and use of propaganda.
(6) A summary of United States actions, unilaterally and in cooperation with foreign governments, to counter destabilizing Iranian activities, including—
(A) interdiction of Iranian lethal arms bound for groups designated as foreign terrorist organizations under section 1189 of title 8;
(B) Iran’s interference in international commercial shipping lanes;
(C) attempts by Iran to undermine or subvert internationally recognized governments in the Middle East region; and
(D) Iran’s support for the regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria, including—
(i) financial assistance, military equipment and personnel, and other support provided to that regime; and
(ii) support and direction to other armed actors that are not Syrian or Iranian and are acting on behalf of that regime.
(c) Form of strategy The strategy required by subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
(d) Appropriate congressional committees and leadership defined In this section, the term “appropriate congressional committees and leadership” means—
(1) the Committee on Finance, the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the majority and minority leaders of the Senate; and
(2) the Committee on Ways and Means, the Committee on Financial Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Speaker, the majority leader, and the minority leader of the House of Representatives.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 103, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 889.)
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title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
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chapter_name: "COUNTERING IRAN’S DESTABILIZING ACTIVITIES"
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 9403 - Imposition of additional sanctions in response to Iran’s ballistic missile program
## Text
(a) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of State should continue to implement Executive Order No. 13382 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note; relating to blocking property of weapons of mass destruction delivery system proliferators and their supporters).
(b) Imposition of sanctions The President shall impose the sanctions described in subsection (c) with respect to any person that the President determines, on or after August 2, 2017—
(1) knowingly engages in any activity that materially contributes to the activities of the Government of Iran with respect to its ballistic missile program, or any other program in Iran for developing, deploying, or maintaining systems capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction, including any efforts to manufacture, acquire, possess, develop, transport, transfer, or use such capabilities;
(2) is a successor entity to a person referred to in paragraph (1);
(3) owns or controls or is owned or controlled by a person referred to in paragraph (1);
(4) forms an entity with the purpose of evading sanctions that would otherwise be imposed pursuant to paragraph (3);
(5) is acting for or on behalf of a person referred to in paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4); or
(6) knowingly provides or attempts to provide financial, material, technological, or other support for, or goods or services in support of, a person referred to in paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4) or (5).
(c) Sanctions described The sanctions described in this subsection are the following:
(1) Blocking of property The President shall block, in accordance with the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), all transactions in all property and interests in property of any person subject to subsection (b) if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person.
(2) Exclusion from United States The Secretary of State shall deny a visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall exclude from the United States, any person subject to subsection (b) that is an alien.
(d) Penalties A person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of subsection (c)(1) or any regulation, license, or order issued to carry out that subsection shall be subject to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) to the same extent as a person that commits an unlawful act described in subsection (a) of that section.
(e) Report on contributions to Iran’s ballistic missile program (1) In general Not later than 180 days after August 2, 2017, and every 180 days thereafter, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing each person that—
(A) has, during the period specified in paragraph (2), conducted any activity that has materially contributed to the activities of the Government of Iran with respect to its ballistic missile program, or any other program in Iran for developing, deploying, or maintaining systems capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction, including any efforts to manufacture, acquire, possess, develop, transport, transfer, or use such capabilities;
(B) is a successor entity to a person referred to in subparagraph (A);
(C) owns or controls or is owned or controlled by a person referred to in subparagraph (A);
(D) forms an entity with the purpose of evading sanctions that could be imposed as a result of a relationship described in subparagraph (C);
(E) is acting for or on behalf of a person referred to in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D); or
(F) is known or believed to have provided, or attempted to provide, during the period specified in paragraph (2), financial, material, technological, or other support for, or goods or services in support of, any material contribution to a program described in subparagraph (A) carried out by a person described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E).
(2) Period specified The period specified in this paragraph is—
(A) in the case of the first report submitted under paragraph (1), the period beginning January 1, 2016, and ending on the date the report is submitted; and
(B) in the case of a subsequent such report, the 180-day period preceding the submission of the report.
(3) Form of report Each report required by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include a classified annex.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 104, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 890.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextExecutive Order No. 13382, referred to in subsec. (a), is Ex. Ord. No. 13382, June 28, 2005, 70 F.R. 38567, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Certain Functions and Authorities Under the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act of 2017 Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 11, 2017, 82 F.R. 50051, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of the Treasury[, and] the Secretary of Homeland Security By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby order as follows: Section 1. (a) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 110 of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act of 2017 (Public Law 115–44) (the “Act”)[.] (b) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the functions and authorities vested in the President by the following provisions of the Act: (i) section 104(b) [22 U.S.C. 9403(b)], with respect to a determination under the standard set forth in section 104(b)(1); (ii) section 107(a) [22 U.S.C. 9406(a)], with respect to a determination under the standards set forth in section 107(a)(1) and (a)(2); (iii) section 107(d) [22 U.S.C. 9406(d)], with respect to making the certification described therein; (iv) section 108(b)(2) [22 U.S.C. 9407(b)(2)]; (v) section 109 [22 U.S.C. 9408]; and (vi) section 112 [22 U.S.C. 9411]. (c) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury the functions and authorities vested in the President by the following provisions of the Act: (i) section 104(c)(1) [22 U.S.C. 9403(c)(1)]; and (ii) section 107(b)(1) [22 U.S.C. 9406(b)(1)]. (d) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the functions and authorities vested in the President by the following provisions of the Act: (i) section 104(b), with respect to a determination under the standards set forth under section 104(b)(2) through (b)(6); (ii) section 104(e) [22 U.S.C. 9403(e)]; (iii) section 106(b)(1) [22 U.S.C. 9405(b)(1)]; (iv) section 108(a)(1) [22 U.S.C. 9407(a)(1)]; and (v) section 108(b)(1) [22 U.S.C. 9407(b)(1)]. (e) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury the functions and authorities vested in the President by the following sections of the Act: (i) section 105(b) [22 U.S.C. 9404(b)], to be exercised in consultation with each other and commensurate with their respective areas of responsibility set forth in previous Presidential actions under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), including Executive Order 13224 of September 23, 2001 (Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Persons Who Commit, Threaten To Commit, or Support Terrorism); (ii) section 108(a)(2) [22 U.S.C. 9407(a)(2)], to be exercised in consultation with each other and commensurate with their respective areas of responsibility set forth in Executive Order 13382 of June 28, 2005 (Blocking Property of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferators and Their Supporters) and Executive Order 13224; and (iii) section 111(b) [22 U.S.C. 9410(b)], to be exercised commensurate with their respective areas of responsibility set forth in this memorandum. (f) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of Homeland Security the functions and authorities vested in the President by the following sections of the Act: (i) section 104(b), to be exercised commensurate with their respective areas of responsibility or delegated authority under section 104(c), with respect to the imposition of sanctions following a determination under section 104(b); and (ii) section 107(a), to be exercised commensurate with their respective areas of responsibility or delegated authority under section 107(b), with respect to the imposition of sanctions following a determination under section 107(a). Sec. 2. The delegations in this memorandum shall apply to any provisions of any future public laws that are the same or substantially the same as those provisions referenced in this memorandum. Sec. 3. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. Donald J. Trump.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9404 - Imposition of terrorism-related sanctions with respect to the IRGC
## Text
(a) Findings Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The IRGC is subject to sanctions pursuant to Executive Order No. 13382 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note; relating to blocking property of weapons of mass destruction delivery system proliferators and their supporters), the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (22 U.S.C. 8501 et seq.), Executive Order No. 13553 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note; relating to blocking property of certain persons with respect to serious human rights abuses by the Government of Iran), and Executive Order No. 13606 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note; relating to blocking the property and suspending entry into the United States of certain persons with respect to grave human rights abuses by the Governments of Iran and Syria via information technology).
(2) The Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps–Quds Force (in this section referred to as the “IRGC–QF”) is the primary arm of the Government of Iran for executing its policy of supporting terrorist and insurgent groups. The IRGC–QF provides material, logistical assistance, training, and financial support to militants and terrorist operatives throughout the Middle East and South Asia and was designated for the imposition of sanctions by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to Executive Order No. 13224 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note; relating to blocking property and prohibiting transactions with persons who commit, threaten to commit, or support terrorism) in October 2007 for its support of terrorism.
(3) The IRGC, not just the IRGC–QF, is responsible for implementing Iran’s international program of destabilizing activities, support for acts of international terrorism, and ballistic missile program.
(b) In general Beginning on the date that is 90 days after August 2, 2017, the President shall impose the sanctions described in subsection (c) with respect to the IRGC and foreign persons that are officials, agents, or affiliates of the IRGC.
(c) Sanctions described The sanctions described in this subsection are sanctions applicable with respect to a foreign person pursuant to Executive Order No. 13224 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note; relating to blocking property and prohibiting transactions with persons who commit, threaten to commit, or support terrorism).
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 105, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 892.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextExecutive Order No. 13382, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is Ex. Ord. No. 13382, June 28, 2005, 70 F.R. 38567, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. The Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is Pub. L. 111–195, July 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 1312, which is classified principally to chapter 92 (§ 8501 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8501 of this title and Tables. Executive Order No. 13553, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is Ex. Ord. No. 13553, Sept. 28, 2010, 75 F.R. 60567, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Executive Order No. 13606, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is Ex. Ord. No. 13606, Apr. 22, 2012, 77 F.R. 24571, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Executive Order No. 13224, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2) and (c), is Ex. Ord. No. 13224, Sept. 23, 2001, 66 F.R. 49079, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions For delegation of functions of President under subsec. (b) of this section to the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury, see section 1(e)(i) of Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 11, 2017, 82 F.R. 50051, set out in a note under section 9403 of this title.
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title: "22 U.S.C. § 9405"
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9405 - Imposition of additional sanctions with respect to persons responsible for human rights abuses
## Text
(a) In general Not later than 90 days after August 2, 2017, and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a list of each person the Secretary determines, based on credible evidence, on or after August 2, 2017—
(1) is responsible for extrajudicial killings, torture, or other gross violations of internationally recognized human rights committed against individuals in Iran who seek—
(A) to expose illegal activity carried out by officials of the Government of Iran; or
(B) to obtain, exercise, defend, or promote internationally recognized human rights and freedoms, such as the freedoms of religion, expression, association, and assembly, and the rights to a fair trial and democratic elections; or
(2) acts as an agent of or on behalf of a foreign person in a matter relating to an activity described in paragraph (1).
(b) Sanctions described (1) In general The President may, in accordance with the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), block all transactions in all property and interests in property of a person on the list required by subsection (a) if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person.
(2) Penalties A person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of paragraph (1) or any regulation, license, or order issued to carry out paragraph (1) shall be subject to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) to the same extent as a person that commits an unlawful act described in subsection (a) of that section.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 106, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 893.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9406 - Enforcement of arms embargos
## Text
(a) In general Except as provided in subsection (d), the President shall impose the sanctions described in subsection (b) with respect to any person that the President determines—
(1) knowingly engages in any activity that materially contributes to the supply, sale, or transfer directly or indirectly to or from Iran, or for the use in or benefit of Iran, of any battle tanks, armored combat vehicles, large caliber artillery systems, combat aircraft, attack helicopters, warships, missiles or missile systems, as defined for the purpose of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, or related materiel, including spare parts; or
(2) knowingly provides to Iran any technical training, financial resources or services, advice, other services or assistance related to the supply, sale, transfer, manufacture, maintenance, or use of arms and related materiel described in paragraph (1).
(b) Sanctions described (1) Blocking of property The President shall block, in accordance with the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), all transactions in all property and interests in property of any person subject to subsection (a) if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person.
(2) Exclusion from United States The Secretary of State shall deny a visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall exclude from the United States, any person subject to subsection (a) that is an alien.
(c) Penalties A person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of subsection (b)(1) or any regulation, license, or order issued to carry out that subsection shall be subject to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) to the same extent as a person that commits an unlawful act described in subsection (a) of that section.
(d) Exception The President is not required to impose sanctions under subsection (a) with respect to a person for engaging in an activity described in that subsection if the President certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that—
(1) permitting the activity is in the national security interest of the United States;
(2) Iran no longer presents a significant threat to the national security of the United States and to the allies of the United States; and
(3) the Government of Iran has ceased providing operational or financial support for acts of international terrorism and no longer satisfies the requirements for designation as a state sponsor of terrorism.
(e) State sponsor of terrorism defined In this section, the term “state sponsor of terrorism” means a country the government of which the Secretary of State has determined to be a government that has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism for purposes of—
(1) section 4605(j)(1)(A) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 50 (as continued in effect pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.));
(2) section 2371(a) of this title;
(3) section 2780(d) of this title; or
(4) any other provision of law.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 107, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 893.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(1) and (e)(1), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables. Section 4605(j)(1)(A) of title 50, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, § 1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 11, 2017, 82 F.R. 50051, set out as a note under section 9403 of this title.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9407 - Review of applicability of sanctions relating to Iran’s support for terrorism and its ballistic missile program
## Text
(a) In general Not later than 5 years after August 2, 2017, the President shall conduct a review of all persons on the list of specially designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury for activities relating to Iran—
(1) to assess the conduct of such persons as that conduct relates to—
(A) any activity that materially contributes to the activities of the Government of Iran with respect to its ballistic missile program; or
(B) support by the Government of Iran for acts of international terrorism; and
(2) to determine the applicability of sanctions with respect to such persons under—
(A) Executive Order No. 13382 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note; relating to blocking property of weapons of mass destruction delivery system proliferators and their supporters); or
(B) Executive Order No. 13224 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note; relating to blocking property and prohibiting transactions with persons who commit, threaten to commit, or support terrorism).
(b) Implementation of sanctions If the President determines under subsection (a) that sanctions under an Executive order specified in paragraph (2) of that subsection are applicable with respect to a person, the President shall—
(1) impose sanctions with respect to that person pursuant to that Executive order; or
(2) exercise the waiver authority provided under section 9411 of this title.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 108, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 894.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextExecutive Order No. 13382, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2)(A) and (b), is Ex. Ord. No. 13382, June 28, 2005, 70 F.R. 38567, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Executive Order No. 13224, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2)(B) and (b), is Ex. Ord. No. 13224, Sept. 23, 2001, 66 F.R. 49079, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 11, 2017, 82 F.R. 50051, set out as a note under section 9403 of this title.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9408 - Report on coordination of sanctions between the United States and the European Union
## Text
(a) In general Not later than 180 days after August 2, 2017, and every 180 days thereafter, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that includes the following:
(1) A description of each instance, during the period specified in subsection (b)—
(A) in which the United States has imposed sanctions with respect to a person for activity related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or delivery systems for such weapons to or by Iran, support for acts of international terrorism by Iran, or human rights abuses in Iran, but in which the European Union has not imposed corresponding sanctions; and
(B) in which the European Union has imposed sanctions with respect to a person for activity related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or delivery systems for such weapons to or by Iran, support for acts of international terrorism by Iran, or human rights abuses in Iran, but in which the United States has not imposed corresponding sanctions.
(2) An explanation for the reason for each discrepancy between sanctions imposed by the European Union and sanctions imposed by the United States described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1).
(b) Period specified The period specified in this subsection is—
(1) in the case of the first report submitted under subsection (a), the period beginning on August 2, 2017, and ending on the date the report is submitted; and
(2) in the case of a subsequent such report, the 180-day period preceding the submission of the report.
(c) Form of report The report required by subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include a classified annex.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 109, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 895.)
## Notes
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions For delegation of functions of President under this section to the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, see section 1(b)(v) of Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 11, 2017, 82 F.R. 50051, set out in a note under section 9403 of this title.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9409 - Report on United States citizens detained by Iran
## Text
(a) In general Not later than 90 days after August 2, 2017, and every 180 days thereafter, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and leadership a report on United States citizens, including United States citizens who are also citizens of other countries, detained by Iran or groups supported by Iran that includes—
(1) information regarding any officials of the Government of Iran involved in any way in the detentions; and
(2) a summary of efforts the United States Government has taken to secure the swift release of those United States citizens.
(b) Form of report The report required by subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
(c) Appropriate congressional committees and leadership defined In this section, the term “appropriate congressional committees and leadership” means—
(1) the Committee on Finance, the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the majority and minority leaders of the Senate; and
(2) the Committee on Ways and Means, the Committee on Financial Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Speaker, the majority leader, and the minority leader of the House of Representatives.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 110, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 896.)
## Notes
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions For delegation of functions of President under this section to the Secretary of State, see section 1(a) of Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 11, 2017, 82 F.R. 50051, set out in a note under section 9403 of this title.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9410 - Exceptions for national security and humanitarian assistance; rule of construction
## Text
(a) In general The following activities shall be exempt from sanctions under sections 9403, 9404, 9405, and 9406 of this title:
(1) Any activity subject to the reporting requirements under title V of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3091 et seq.), or to any authorized intelligence activities of the United States.
(2) The admission of an alien to the United States if such admission is necessary to comply with United States obligations under the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed at Lake Success June 26, 1947, and entered into force November 21, 1947, or under the Convention on Consular Relations, done at Vienna April 24, 1963, and entered into force March 19, 1967, or other applicable international obligations of the United States.
(3) The conduct or facilitation of a transaction for the sale of agricultural commodities, food, medicine, or medical devices to Iran or for the provision of humanitarian assistance to the people of Iran, including engaging in a financial transaction relating to humanitarian assistance or for humanitarian purposes or transporting goods or services that are necessary to carry out operations relating to humanitarian assistance or humanitarian purposes.
(b) Implementation The President may exercise all authorities provided under sections 203 and 205 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702 and 1704) to carry out this chapter.
(c) Rule of construction Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to limit the authority of the President under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.).
(d) Definitions In this section:
(1) Agricultural commodity The term “agricultural commodity” has the meaning given that term in section 5602 of title 7.
(2) Good The term “good” has the meaning given that term in section 4618 11 See References in Text note below. of title 50 (as continued in effect pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.)).
(3) Medical device The term “medical device” has the meaning given the term “device” in section 321 of title 21.
(4) Medicine The term “medicine” has the meaning given the term “drug” in section 321 of title 21.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 111, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 896.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe National Security Act of 1947, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495. Title V of the Act is classified generally to subchapter III (§ 3091 et seq.) of chapter 44 of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b) and (c), was in the original “this Act”, and was translated as reading “this title”, meaning title I of Pub. L. 115–44, known as the Countering Iran’s Destabilizing Activities Act of 2017, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsecs. (c) and (d)(2), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables. Section 4618 of title 50, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, § 1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions For delegation of functions of President under subsec. (b) of this section to the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury, see section 1(e)(iii) of Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 11, 2017, 82 F.R. 50052, set out in a note under section 9403 of this title.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9411 - Presidential waiver authority
## Text
(a) Case-by-case waiver authority (1) In general The President may waive, on a case-by-case basis and for a period of not more than 180 days, a requirement under section 9403, 9404, 9405, 9406, or 9407 of this title to impose or maintain sanctions with respect to a person, and may waive the continued imposition of such sanctions, not less than 30 days after the President determines and reports to the appropriate congressional committees that it is vital to the national security interests of the United States to waive such sanctions.
(2) Renewal of waivers The President may, on a case-by-case basis, renew a waiver under paragraph (1) for an additional period of not more than 180 days if, not later than 15 days before that waiver expires, the President makes the determination and submits to the appropriate congressional committees a report described in paragraph (1).
(3) Successive renewal The renewal authority provided under paragraph (2) may be exercised for additional successive periods of not more than 180 days if the President follows the procedures set forth in paragraph (2), and submits the report described in paragraph (1), for each such renewal.
(b) Contents of waiver reports Each report submitted under subsection (a) in connection with a waiver of sanctions under section 9403, 9404, 9405, 9406, or 9407 of this title with respect to a person, or the renewal of such a waiver, shall include—
(1) a specific and detailed rationale for the determination that the waiver is vital to the national security interests of the United States;
(2) a description of the activity that resulted in the person being subject to sanctions;
(3) an explanation of any efforts made by the United States, as applicable, to secure the cooperation of the government with primary jurisdiction over the person or the location where the activity described in paragraph (2) occurred in terminating or, as appropriate, penalizing the activity; and
(4) an assessment of the significance of the activity described in paragraph (2) in contributing to the ability of Iran to threaten the interests of the United States or allies of the United States, develop systems capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction, support acts of international terrorism, or violate the human rights of any person in Iran.
(c) Effect of report on waiver If the President submits a report under subsection (a) in connection with a waiver of sanctions under section 9403, 9404, 9405, 9406, or 9407 of this title with respect to a person, or the renewal of such a waiver, the President shall not be required to impose or maintain sanctions under section 9403, 9404, 9405, 9406, or 9407 of this title, as applicable, with respect to the person described in the report during the 30-day period referred to in subsection (a).
(Pub. L. 115–44, title I, § 112, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 897.)
## Notes
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions For delegation of functions of President under this section to the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, see section 1(b)(vi) of Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 11, 2017, 82 F.R. 50051, set out in a note under section 9403 of this title.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9412 - Report on Iranian expenditures supporting foreign military and terrorist activities
## Text
(a) 11 So in original. There is no subsec. (b). Report (1) Report required Not later than 90 days after December 20, 2019, the Director of National Intelligence shall submit to the congressional intelligence committees a report describing Iranian expenditures in the previous calendar year on military and terrorist activities outside the country, including each of the following:
(A) The amount spent in such calendar year on activities by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, including activities providing support for—
(i) Hizballah;
(ii) Houthi rebels in Yemen;
(iii) Hamas;
(iv) proxy forces in Iraq and Syria; or
(v) any other entity or country the Director determines to be relevant.
(B) The amount spent in such calendar year for ballistic missile research and testing or other activities that the Director determines are destabilizing to the Middle East region.
(2) Form The report required under subsection (a) 11 So in original. Probably should be “paragraph (1)”. shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
(Pub. L. 116–92, div. E, title LXVII, § 6705, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2224; Pub. L. 118–159, div. F, title LXIX, § 6901(a), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2516; Pub. L. 119–60, div. F, title LXVIII, § 6801(b)(4), Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1653.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was enacted as part of the Damon Paul Nelson and Matthew Young Pollard Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 2018, 2019, and 2020, and also as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, and not as part of the Countering Iran’s Destabilizing Activities Act of 2017 which comprises this chapter.
Amendments2025—Pub. L. 119–60, § 6801(b)(4)(A), struck out “and annual briefing” before “on Iranian expenditures” in section catchline. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 119–60, § 6801(b)(4)(B), struck out subsec. (b). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (b) read as follows: “Following the submission of the report under subsection (a), the Director shall annually provide a briefing to the congressional intelligence committees on the information described in such subsection.” 2024—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 118–159 struck out “, and not less frequently than once each year thereafter provide a briefing to Congress,” after “a report” in introductory provisions.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Continued Congressional Oversight of Iranian Expenditures Supporting Foreign Military and Terrorist ActivitiesPub. L. 118–159, div. F, title LXIV, § 6436, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2492, provided that: “(a) Definition of Appropriate Committees of Congress.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate committees of Congress’ means—“(1) the congressional intelligence committees [Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives]; “(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on the Judiciary, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and “(3) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on the Judiciary, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. “(b) Update Required.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024], the Director of National Intelligence shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress an update to the report submitted under section 6705 of the Damon Paul Nelson and Matthew Young Pollard Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 2018, 2019, and 2020 (22 U.S.C. 9412) to reflect current occurrences, circumstances, and expenditures. “(c) Form.—The update submitted pursuant to subsection (b) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.”
Definitions “Congressional intelligence committees” means the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives, see section 5003 of Pub. L. 116–92, set out as a note under section 3003 of Title 50, War and National Defense.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9421 - Findings
## Text
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Annex B to United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015) restricts certain missile-related activities and transfers to and from Iran, including all items, materials, equipment, goods, and technology set out in the Missile Technology Control Regime Annex, absent advance, case-by-case approval from the United Nations Security Council.
(2) Iran has transferred Shahed and Mohajer drones, covered under the Missile Technology Control Regime Annex, to the Russian Federation, the Government of Ethiopia, and other Iran-aligned entities, including the Houthis in Yemen and militia units in Iraq, without prior authorization from the United Nations Security Council, in violation of the restrictions set forth in Annex B to United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231.
(3) Certain missile-related restrictions in Annex B to United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 expired in October 2023, removing international legal restrictions on missile-related activities and transfers to and from Iran.
(Pub. L. 118–50, div. K, § 2, Apr. 24, 2024, 138 Stat. 970.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short TitlePub. L. 118–50, div. K, § 1, Apr. 24, 2024, 138 Stat. 970, provided that: “This division [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Fight and Combat Rampant Iranian Missile Exports Act’ or the ‘Fight CRIME Act’.”
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9422 - Statement of policy
## Text
It is the policy of the United States—
(1) to urgently seek the extension of missile-related restrictions set forth in Annex B to United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015);
(2) to use all available authorities to constrain Iran’s domestic ballistic missile production capabilities;
(3) to combat and deter the transfer of conventional and non-conventional arms, equipment, material, and technology to, or from Iran, or involving the Government of Iran; and
(4) to ensure countries, individuals, and entities engaged in, or attempting to engage in, the acquisition, facilitation, or development of arms and related components and technology subject to restrictions under Annex B to United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 are held to account under United States and international law, including through the application and enforcement of sanctions and use of export controls, regardless of whether the restrictions under Annex B to United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 remain in effect following their anticipated expiration in October 2023.
(Pub. L. 118–50, div. K, § 3, Apr. 24, 2024, 138 Stat. 970.)
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9423 - Sanctions to combat the proliferation of Iranian missiles
## Text
(a) In general The sanctions described in subsection (b) shall apply to any foreign person the President determines, on or after April 24, 2024—
(1) knowingly engages in any effort to acquire, possess, develop, transport, transfer, or deploy covered technology to, from, or involving the Government of Iran or Iran-aligned entities, regardless of whether the restrictions set forth in Annex B to United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015) remain in effect after October 2023;
(2) knowingly provides entities owned or controlled by the Government of Iran or Iran-aligned entities with goods, technology, parts, or components, that may contribute to the development of covered technology;
(3) knowingly participates in joint missile or drone development, including development of covered technology, with the Government of Iran or Iran-aligned entities, including technical training, storage, and transport;
(4) knowingly imports, exports, or re-exports to, into, or from Iran, whether directly or indirectly, any significant arms or related materiel prohibited under paragraph (5) or (6) to Annex B of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015) as of April 1, 2023;
(5) knowingly provides significant financial, material, or technological support to, or knowingly engages in a significant transaction with, a foreign person subject to sanctions for conduct described in paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4); or
(6) is an adult family member of a person subject to sanctions for conduct described in paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4).
(b) Sanctions described The sanctions described in this subsection are the following:
(1) Blocking of property The President shall exercise all authorities granted under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to the extent necessary to block and prohibit all transactions in property and interests in property of the foreign person if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or come within the possession or control of a United States person.
(2) Ineligibility for visas, admission, or parole (A) Visas, admission, or parole An alien described in subsection (a) shall be—
(i) inadmissible to the United States;
(ii) ineligible to receive a visa or other documentation to enter the United States; and
(iii) otherwise ineligible to be admitted or paroled into the United States or to receive any other benefit under the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et 16 11 So in original. The number “16” probably should not appear. seq.).
(B) Current visas revoked (i) In general The visa or other entry documentation of any alien described in subsection (a) is subject to revocation regardless of the issue date of the visa or other entry documentation.
(ii) Immediate effect A revocation under clause (i) shall, in accordance with section 221(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1201(i))—
(I) take effect immediately; and
(II) cancel any other valid visa or entry documentation that is in the possession of the alien.
(c) Penalties Any person that violates, or attempts to violate, subsection (b) or any regulation, license, or order issued pursuant to that subsection, shall be subject to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Economic 22 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “Emergency”. Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) to the same extent as a person that commits an unlawful act described in subsection (a) of that section.
(d) Waiver The President may waive the application of sanctions under this section with respect to a foreign person for renewable periods not to exceed 180 days only if, not later than 15 days after the date on which the waiver is to take effect, the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees a written determination and justification that the waiver is in the vital national security interests of the United States.
(e) Implementation The President may exercise all authorities provided under sections 203 and 205 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702 and 1704) to carry out any amendments made by this section.
(f) Regulations (1) In general The President shall, not later than 120 days after April 24, 2024, promulgate regulations as necessary for the implementation of this division and the amendments made by this division.
(2) Notification to Congress Not less than 10 days before the promulgation of regulations under subsection (a), the President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of the proposed regulations and the provisions of this division and the amendments made by this division that the regulations are implementing.
(g) Exceptions (1) Exception for intelligence activities Sanctions under this section shall not apply to any activity subject to the reporting requirements under title V of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3091 et seq.) or any authorized intelligence activities of the United States.
(2) Exception to comply with international obligations and for law enforcement activities Sanctions under this section shall not apply with respect to an alien if admitting or paroling the alien into the United States is necessary—
(A) to permit the United States to comply with the Agreement regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed at Lake Success June 26, 1947, and entered into force November 21, 1947, between the United Nations and the United States, or other applicable international obligations; or
(B) to carry out or assist authorized law enforcement activity in the United States.
(h) Termination of sanctions This section shall cease to be effective beginning on the date that is 30 days after the date on which the President certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that—
(1) the Government of Iran no longer repeatedly provides support for international terrorism as determined by the Secretary of State pursuant to—
(A) section 4813(c)(1)(A) of title 50;
(B) section 2371 of this title;
(C) section 2780 of this title; or
(D) any other provision of law; and
(2) Iran has ceased the pursuit, acquisition, and development of, and verifiably dismantled its, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and ballistic missiles and ballistic missile launch technology.
(Pub. L. 118–50, div. K, § 5, Apr. 24, 2024, 138 Stat. 972.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables. The Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(iii), is act June 27, 1952, ch. 477, 66 Stat. 163, which is classified principally to chapter 12 (§ 1101 et seq.) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1101 of Title 8 and Tables. This division, referred to in subsec. (f), is div. K of Pub. L. 118–50, Apr. 24, 2024, 138 Stat. 970, known as the Fight and Combat Rampant Iranian Missile Exports Act and also as the Fight CRIME Act, which enacted this chapter. Division K did not make any amendments. The National Security Act of 1947, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), is act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495. Title V of the Act is classified generally to subchapter III (§ 3091 et seq.) of chapter 44 of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions Memorandum of President of the United States, § 2, Sept. 13, 2024, 89 F.R. 77757, provided: (a) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 5(a)(1), 5(a)(2), 5(a)(3), and 5(a)(4) of the Fight and Combat Rampant Iranian Missile Exports Act (Division K of Public Law 118–50) (the “Fight CRIME Act”) [22 U.S.C. 9423(a)(1) to (4)]. (b) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 5(a)(5), 5(a)(6), 5(e), and 5(f) of the Fight CRIME Act. (c) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 5(b)(1) of the Fight CRIME Act. (d) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 5(d), 5(h), and 6(c) of the Fight CRIME Act. J.R. Biden, Jr.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9424 - Definitions
## Text
In this chapter:
(1) Appropriate congressional committees The term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
(A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Financial Services, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives; and
(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on the Judiciary, and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate.
(2) Foreign person The term “foreign person”—
(A) means an individual or entity that is not a United States person; and
(B) includes a foreign state (as such term is defined in section 1603 of title 28).
(3) Government of Iran The term “Government of Iran” has the meaning given such term in section 560.304 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations, as such section was in effect on January 1, 2021.
(4) United States person The terms “United States person” means—
(A) a United States citizen;
(B) a permanent resident alien of the United States;
(C) an entity organized under the laws of the United States or of any jurisdiction within the United States, including a foreign branch of such an entity; or
(D) a person in the United States.
(5) Iran-aligned entity The term “Iran-aligned entity” means a foreign person that—
(A) is controlled or significantly influenced by the Government of Iran; and
(B) knowingly receives material or financial support from the Government of Iran, including Hezbollah, the Houthis, or any other proxy group that furthers Iran’s national security objectives.
(6) Covered technology The term “covered technology” means—
(A) any goods, technology, software, or related material specified in the Missile Technology Control Regime Annex, as in effect on the day before April 24, 2024; and
(B) any additional goods, technology, software, or related material added to the Missile Technology Control Regime Annex after the day before April 24, 2024.
(7) Family member The term “family member” means—
(A) a child, grandchild, parent, grandparent, sibling, or spouse; and
(B) any spouse, widow, or widower of an individual described in subparagraph (A).
(8) Knowingly The term “knowingly” has the meaning given that term in section 14 of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note).
(9) Missile Technology Control Regime The term “Missile Technology Control Regime” means the policy statement, between the United States, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Canada, and Japan, announced on April 16, 1987, to restrict sensitive missile-relevant transfers based on the Missile Technology Control Regime Annex, and any amendments thereto or expansions thereof, as in effect on the day before April 24, 2024.
(10) Missile Technology Control Regime Annex The term “Missile Technology Control Regime Annex” means the Guidelines and Equipment and Technology Annex of the Missile Technology Control Regime, and any amendments thereto or updates thereof, as in effect on the day before April 24, 2024.
(Pub. L. 118–50, div. K, § 7, Apr. 24, 2024, 138 Stat. 975.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, referred to in par. (8), is Pub. L. 104–172, Aug. 5, 1996, 110 Stat. 1541, which is set out as a note under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9501 - Findings
## Text
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) On March 6, 2014, President Barack Obama issued Executive Order No. 13660 (79 Fed. Reg. 13493; relating to blocking property of certain persons contributing to the situation in Ukraine), which authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to impose sanctions on those determined to be undermining democratic processes and institutions in Ukraine or threatening the peace, security, stability, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of Ukraine. President Obama subsequently issued Executive Order No. 13661 (79 Fed. Reg. 15535; relating to blocking property of additional persons contributing to the situation in Ukraine) and Executive Order No. 13662 (79 Fed. Reg. 16169; relating to blocking property of additional persons contributing to the situation in Ukraine) to expand sanctions on certain persons contributing to the situation in Ukraine.
(2) On December 18, 2014, the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 was enacted (Public Law 113–272; 22 U.S.C. 8921 et seq.), which includes provisions directing the President to impose sanctions on foreign persons that the President determines to be entities owned or controlled by the Government of the Russian Federation or nationals of the Russian Federation that manufacture, sell, transfer, or otherwise provide certain defense articles into Syria.
(3) On April 1, 2015, President Obama issued Executive Order No. 13694 (80 Fed. Reg. 18077; relating to blocking the property of certain persons engaging in significant malicious cyber-enabled activities), which authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of State, to impose sanctions on persons determined to be engaged in malicious cyber-hacking.
(4) On July 26, 2016, President Obama approved a Presidential Policy Directive on United States Cyber Incident Coordination, which states, “certain cyber incidents that have significant impacts on an entity, our national security, or the broader economy require a unique approach to response efforts”.
(5) On December 29, 2016, President Obama issued an annex to Executive Order No. 13694,11 See References in Text note below. which authorized sanctions on the following entities and individuals:
(A) The Main Intelligence Directorate (also known as Glavnoe Razvedyvatel’noe Upravlenie or the GRU) in Moscow, Russian Federation.
(B) The Federal Security Service (also known as Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti or the FSB) in Moscow, Russian Federation.
(C) The Special Technology Center (also known as STLC, Ltd. Special Technology Center St. Petersburg) in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
(D) Zorsecurity (also known as Esage Lab) in Moscow, Russian Federation.
(E) The autonomous noncommercial organization known as the Professional Association of Designers of Data Processing Systems (also known as ANO PO KSI) in Moscow, Russian Federation.
(F) Igor Valentinovich Korobov.
(G) Sergey Aleksandrovich Gizunov.
(H) Igor Olegovich Kostyukov.
(I) Vladimir Stepanovich Alexseyev.
(6) On January 6, 2017, an assessment of the United States intelligence community entitled, “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent U.S. Elections” stated, “Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the United States presidential election.” The assessment warns that “Moscow will apply lessons learned from its Putin-ordered campaign aimed at the U.S. Presidential election to future influence efforts worldwide, including against U.S. allies and their election processes”.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 211, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 898.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextExecutive Order No. 13660, referred to in par. (1), is Ex. Ord. No. 13660, Mar. 6, 2014, 79 F.R. 13493, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Executive Order No. 13661, referred to in par. (1), is Ex. Ord. No. 13661, Mar. 16, 2014, 79 F.R. 15535, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Executive Order No. 13662, referred to in par. (1), is Ex. Ord. No. 13662, Mar. 20, 2014, 79 F.R. 16169, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. The Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014, referred to in par. (2), is Pub. L. 113–272, Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2952, which is classified generally to chapter 96A (§ 8921 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8921 of this title and Tables. Executive Order No. 13694, referred to in par. (3), is Ex. Ord. No. 13694, Apr. 1, 2015, 80 F.R. 18077, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. The annex to Executive Order No. 13694, referred to in par. (5), probably means Ex. Ord. No. 13757, §§ 1–3, Dec. 28, 2016, 82 F.R. 1, 2, which amended Ex. Ord. No. 13694.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short TitlePub. L. 116–94, div. P, title XX, § 2001, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3222, provided that: “This title [enacting subchapter III of this chapter and amending sections 2421 and 9543 of this title] may be cited as the ‘European Energy Security and Diversification Act of 2019’.” Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 201, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 898, provided that: “This title [enacting this chapter and sections 8909 and 8910 of this title, amending sections 8901, 8907, 8908, 8923, and 8924 of this title, section 5326 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and section 3021 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 3021 of Title 50] may be cited as the ‘Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017’.” Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 215, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 900, provided that: “This part [part 1 (§§ 215, 216) of subtitle A of title II of Pub. L. 115–44, enacting part A of this subchapter] may be cited as the ‘Russia Sanctions Review Act of 2017’.”
Rule of ConstructionPub. L. 115–44, title II, § 291, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 939, provided that: “Nothing in this title [see section 201 of Pub. L. 115–44, set out as a Short Title note above] or the amendments made by this title (other than sections 216 and 236(b) [enacting sections 9511 and 9530(b) of this title, respectively]) shall be construed to limit the authority of the President under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.).”
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9502 - Sense of Congress
## Text
It is the sense of Congress that the President—
(1) should continue to uphold and seek unity with European and other key partners on sanctions implemented against the Russian Federation, which have been effective and instrumental in countering Russian aggression in Ukraine;
(2) should engage to the fullest extent possible with partner governments with regard to closing loopholes, including the allowance of extended prepayment for the delivery of goods and commodities and other loopholes, in multilateral and unilateral restrictive measures against the Russian Federation, with the aim of maximizing alignment of those measures; and
(3) should increase efforts to vigorously enforce compliance with sanctions in place as of August 2, 2017, with respect to the Russian Federation in response to the crisis in eastern Ukraine, cyber intrusions and attacks, and human rights violators in the Russian Federation.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 212, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 899.)
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9511 - Congressional review of certain actions relating to sanctions imposed with respect to the Russian Federation
## Text
(a) Submission to Congress of proposed action (1) In general Notwithstanding any other provision of law, before taking any action described in paragraph (2), the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and leadership a report that describes the proposed action and the reasons for that action.
(2) Actions described (A) In general An action described in this paragraph is—
(i) an action to terminate the application of any sanctions described in subparagraph (B);
(ii) with respect to sanctions described in subparagraph (B) imposed by the President with respect to a person, an action to waive the application of those sanctions with respect to that person; or
(iii) a licensing action that significantly alters United States’ 11 So in original. Probably should be “United States”. foreign policy with regard to the Russian Federation.
(B) Sanctions described The sanctions described in this subparagraph are—
(i) sanctions provided for under—
(I) this chapter or any provision of law amended by this title, including the Executive orders codified under section 9522 of this title;
(II) the Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014 (22 U.S.C. 8901 et seq.); or
(III) the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 (22 U.S.C. 8921 et seq.); and
(ii) the prohibition on access to the properties of the Government of the Russian Federation located in Maryland and New York that the President ordered vacated on December 29, 2016.
(3) Description of type of action Each report submitted under paragraph (1) with respect to an action described in paragraph (2) shall include a description of whether the action—
(A) is not intended to significantly alter United States foreign policy with regard to the Russian Federation; or
(B) is intended to significantly alter United States foreign policy with regard to the Russian Federation.
(4) Inclusion of additional matter (A) In general Each report submitted under paragraph (1) that relates to an action that is intended to significantly alter United States foreign policy with regard to the Russian Federation shall include a description of—
(i) the significant alteration to United States foreign policy with regard to the Russian Federation;
(ii) the anticipated effect of the action on the national security interests of the United States; and
(iii) the policy objectives for which the sanctions affected by the action were initially imposed.
(B) Requests from banking and financial services committees The Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate or the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives may request the submission to the Committee of the matter described in clauses (ii) and (iii) of subparagraph (A) with respect to a report submitted under paragraph (1) that relates to an action that is not intended to significantly alter United States foreign policy with regard to the Russian Federation.
(5) Confidentiality of proprietary information Proprietary information that can be associated with a particular person with respect to an action described in paragraph (2) may be included in a report submitted under paragraph (1) only if the appropriate congressional committees and leadership provide assurances of confidentiality, unless such person otherwise consents in writing to such disclosure.
(6) Rule of construction Paragraph (2)(A)(iii) shall not be construed to require the submission of a report under paragraph (1) with respect to the routine issuance of a license that does not significantly alter United States foreign policy with regard to the Russian Federation.
(b) Period for review by Congress (1) In general During the period of 30 calendar days beginning on the date on which the President submits a report under subsection (a)(1)—
(A) in the case of a report that relates to an action that is not intended to significantly alter United States foreign policy with regard to the Russian Federation, the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives should, as appropriate, hold hearings and briefings and otherwise obtain information in order to fully review the report; and
(B) in the case of a report that relates to an action that is intended to significantly alter United States foreign policy with regard to the Russian Federation, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives should, as appropriate, hold hearings and briefings and otherwise obtain information in order to fully review the report.
(2) Exception The period for congressional review under paragraph (1) of a report required to be submitted under subsection (a)(1) shall be 60 calendar days if the report is submitted on or after July 10 and on or before September 7 in any calendar year.
(3) Limitation on actions during initial congressional review period Notwithstanding any other provision of law, during the period for congressional review provided for under paragraph (1) of a report submitted under subsection (a)(1) proposing an action described in subsection (a)(2), including any additional period for such review as applicable under the exception provided in paragraph (2), the President may not take that action unless a joint resolution of approval with respect to that action is enacted in accordance with subsection (c).
(4) Limitation on actions during presidential consideration of a joint resolution of disapproval Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if a joint resolution of disapproval relating to a report submitted under subsection (a)(1) proposing an action described in subsection (a)(2) passes both Houses of Congress in accordance with subsection (c), the President may not take that action for a period of 12 calendar days after the date of passage of the joint resolution of disapproval.
(5) Limitation on actions during congressional reconsideration of a joint resolution of disapproval Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if a joint resolution of disapproval relating to a report submitted under subsection (a)(1) proposing an action described in subsection (a)(2) passes both Houses of Congress in accordance with subsection (c), and the President vetoes the joint resolution, the President may not take that action for a period of 10 calendar days after the date of the President’s veto.
(6) Effect of enactment of a joint resolution of disapproval Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if a joint resolution of disapproval relating to a report submitted under subsection (a)(1) proposing an action described in subsection (a)(2) is enacted in accordance with subsection (c), the President may not take that action.
(c) Joint resolutions of disapproval or approval defined In this subsection:
(1) Joint resolution of approval The term “joint resolution of approval” means only a joint resolution of either House of Congress—
(A) the title of which is as follows: “A joint resolution approving the President’s proposal to take an action relating to the application of certain sanctions with respect to the Russian Federation.”; and
(B) the sole matter after the resolving clause of which is the following: “Congress approves of the action relating to the application of sanctions imposed with respect to the Russian Federation proposed by the President in the report submitted to Congress under section 216(a)(1) of the Russia Sanctions Review Act of 2017 22 See References in Text note below. on ___ relating to ___.”, with the first blank space being filled with the appropriate date and the second blank space being filled with a short description of the proposed action.
(2) Joint resolution of disapproval The term “joint resolution of disapproval” means only a joint resolution of either House of Congress—
(A) the title of which is as follows: “A joint resolution disapproving the President’s proposal to take an action relating to the application of certain sanctions with respect to the Russian Federation.”; and
(B) the sole matter after the resolving clause of which is the following: “Congress disapproves of the action relating to the application of sanctions imposed with respect to the Russian Federation proposed by the President in the report submitted to Congress under section 216(a)(1) of the Russia Sanctions Review Act of 2017 2 on ___ relating to ___.”, with the first blank space being filled with the appropriate date and the second blank space being filled with a short description of the proposed action.
(3) Introduction During the period of 30 calendar days provided for under subsection (b)(1), including any additional period as applicable under the exception provided in subsection (b)(2), a joint resolution of approval or joint resolution of disapproval may be introduced—
(A) in the House of Representatives, by the majority leader or the minority leader; and
(B) in the Senate, by the majority leader (or the majority leader’s designee) or the minority leader (or the minority leader’s designee).
(4) Floor consideration in House of Representatives If a committee of the House of Representatives to which a joint resolution of approval or joint resolution of disapproval has been referred has not reported the joint resolution within 10 calendar days after the date of referral, that committee shall be discharged from further consideration of the joint resolution.
(5) Consideration in the Senate (A) Committee referral A joint resolution of approval or joint resolution of disapproval introduced in the Senate shall be—
(i) referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs if the joint resolution relates to a report under subsection (a)(3)(A) that relates to an action that is not intended to significantly alter United States foreign policy with regard to the Russian Federation; and
(ii) referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations if the joint resolution relates to a report under subsection (a)(3)(B) that relates to an action that is intended to significantly alter United States foreign policy with respect to the Russian Federation.
(B) Reporting and discharge If the committee to which a joint resolution of approval or joint resolution of disapproval was referred has not reported the joint resolution within 10 calendar days after the date of referral of the joint resolution, that committee shall be discharged from further consideration of the joint resolution and the joint resolution shall be placed on the appropriate calendar.
(C) Proceeding to consideration Notwithstanding Rule XXII of the Standing Rules of the Senate, it is in order at any time after the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs or the Committee on Foreign Relations, as the case may be, reports a joint resolution of approval or joint resolution of disapproval to the Senate or has been discharged from consideration of such a joint resolution (even though a previous motion to the same effect has been disagreed to) to move to proceed to the consideration of the joint resolution, and all points of order against the joint resolution (and against consideration of the joint resolution) are waived. The motion to proceed is not debatable. The motion is not subject to a motion to postpone. A motion to reconsider the vote by which the motion is agreed to or disagreed to shall not be in order.
(D) Rulings of the chair on procedure Appeals from the decisions of the Chair relating to the application of the rules of the Senate, as the case may be, to the procedure relating to a joint resolution of approval or joint resolution of disapproval shall be decided without debate.
(E) Consideration of veto messages Debate in the Senate of any veto message with respect to a joint resolution of approval or joint resolution of disapproval, including all debatable motions and appeals in connection with the joint resolution, shall be limited to 10 hours, to be equally divided between, and controlled by, the majority leader and the minority leader or their designees.
(6) Rules relating to Senate and House of Representatives (A) Treatment of Senate joint resolution in House In the House of Representatives, the following procedures shall apply to a joint resolution of approval or a joint resolution of disapproval received from the Senate (unless the House has already passed a joint resolution relating to the same proposed action):
(i) The joint resolution shall be referred to the appropriate committees.
(ii) If a committee to which a joint resolution has been referred has not reported the joint resolution within 2 calendar days after the date of referral, that committee shall be discharged from further consideration of the joint resolution.
(iii) Beginning on the third legislative day after each committee to which a joint resolution has been referred reports the joint resolution to the House or has been discharged from further consideration thereof, it shall be in order to move to proceed to consider the joint resolution in the House. All points of order against the motion are waived. Such a motion shall not be in order after the House has disposed of a motion to proceed on the joint resolution. The previous question shall be considered as ordered on the motion to its adoption without intervening motion. The motion shall not be debatable. A motion to reconsider the vote by which the motion is disposed of shall not be in order.
(iv) The joint resolution shall be considered as read. All points of order against the joint resolution and against its consideration are waived. The previous question shall be considered as ordered on the joint resolution to final passage without intervening motion except 2 hours of debate equally divided and controlled by the sponsor of the joint resolution (or a designee) and an opponent. A motion to reconsider the vote on passage of the joint resolution shall not be in order.
(B) Treatment of House joint resolution in Senate (i) If, before the passage by the Senate of a joint resolution of approval or joint resolution of disapproval, the Senate receives an identical joint resolution from the House of Representatives, the following procedures shall apply:
(I) That joint resolution shall not be referred to a committee.
(II) With respect to that joint resolution—
(aa) the procedure in the Senate shall be the same as if no joint resolution had been received from the House of Representatives; but
(bb) the vote on passage shall be on the joint resolution from the House of Representatives.
(ii) If, following passage of a joint resolution of approval or joint resolution of disapproval in the Senate, the Senate receives an identical joint resolution from the House of Representatives, that joint resolution shall be placed on the appropriate Senate calendar.
(iii) If a joint resolution of approval or a joint resolution of disapproval is received from the House, and no companion joint resolution has been introduced in the Senate, the Senate procedures under this subsection shall apply to the House joint resolution.
(C) Application to revenue measures The provisions of this paragraph shall not apply in the House of Representatives to a joint resolution of approval or joint resolution of disapproval that is a revenue measure.
(7) Rules of House of Representatives and Senate This subsection is enacted by Congress—
(A) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively, and as such is deemed a part of the rules of each House, respectively, and supersedes other rules only to the extent that it is inconsistent with such rules; and
(B) with full recognition of the constitutional right of either House to change the rules (so far as relating to the procedure of that House) at any time, in the same manner, and to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of that House.
(d) Appropriate congressional committees and leadership defined In this section, the term “appropriate congressional committees and leadership” means—
(1) the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the majority and minority leaders of the Senate; and
(2) the Committee on Financial Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Speaker, the majority leader, and the minority leader of the House of Representatives.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 216, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 900.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B)(i)(I), was in the original “this title”. See below. This title, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B)(i)(I), is title II of Pub. L. 115–44, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 898, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see section 201 of Pub. L. 115–44, set out as a Short Title note under section 9501 of this title and Tables. The Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B)(i)(II), is Pub. L. 113–95, Apr. 3, 2014, 128 Stat. 1088, which is classified generally to chapter 96 (§ 8901 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8901 of this title and Tables. The Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B)(i)(III), is Pub. L. 113–272, Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2952, which is classified generally to chapter 96A (§ 8921 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8921 of this title and Tables. Section 216(a)(1) of the Russia Sanctions Review Act of 2017, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(B), (2)(B), is subsec. (a)(1) of this section.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9522 - Codification of sanctions relating to the Russian Federation
## Text
(a) Codification United States sanctions provided for in Executive Order No. 13660 (79 Fed. Reg. 13493; relating to blocking property of certain persons contributing to the situation in Ukraine), Executive Order No. 13661 (79 Fed. Reg. 15535; relating to blocking property of additional persons contributing to the situation in Ukraine), Executive Order No. 13662 (79 Fed. Reg. 16169; relating to blocking property of additional persons contributing to the situation in Ukraine), Executive Order No. 13685 (79 Fed. Reg. 77357; relating to blocking property of certain persons and prohibiting certain transactions with respect to the Crimea region of Ukraine), Executive Order No. 13694 (80 Fed. Reg. 18077; relating to blocking the property of certain persons engaging in significant malicious cyber-enabled activities), and Executive Order No. 13757 (82 Fed. Reg. 1; relating to taking additional steps to address the national emergency with respect to significant malicious cyber-enabled activities), as in effect on the day before August 2, 2017, including with respect to all persons sanctioned under such Executive orders, shall remain in effect except as provided in subsection (b).
(b) Termination of certain sanctions Subject to section 9511 of this title, the President may terminate the application of sanctions described in subsection (a) that are imposed on a person in connection with activity conducted by the person if the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees a notice that—
(1) the person is not engaging in the activity that was the basis for the sanctions or has taken significant verifiable steps toward stopping the activity; and
(2) the President has received reliable assurances that the person will not knowingly engage in activity subject to sanctions described in subsection (a) in the future.
(c) Application of new cyber sanctions The President may waive the initial application under subsection (a) of sanctions with respect to a person under Executive Order No. 13694 or 13757 only if the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees—
(1) a written determination that the waiver—
(A) is in the vital national security interests of the United States; or
(B) will further the enforcement of this chapter; and
(2) a certification that the Government of the Russian Federation has made significant efforts to reduce the number and intensity of cyber intrusions conducted by that Government.
(d) Application of new Ukraine-related sanctions The President may waive the initial application under subsection (a) of sanctions with respect to a person under Executive Order No. 13660, 13661, 13662, or 13685 only if the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees—
(1) a written determination that the waiver—
(A) is in the vital national security interests of the United States; or
(B) will further the enforcement of this chapter; and
(2) a certification that the Government of the Russian Federation is taking steps to implement the Minsk Agreement to address the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine, signed in Minsk, Belarus, on February 11, 2015, by the leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany, the Minsk Protocol, which was agreed to on September 5, 2014, and any successor agreements that are agreed to by the Government of Ukraine.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 222, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 906.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextExecutive Order No. 13660, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d), is Ex. Ord. No. 13660, Mar. 6, 2014, 79 F.R. 13493, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Executive Order No. 13661, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d), is Ex. Ord. No. 13661, Mar. 16, 2014, 79 F.R. 15535, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Executive Order No. 13662, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d), is Ex. Ord. No. 13662, Mar. 20, 2014, 79 F.R. 16169, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Executive Order No. 13685, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d), is Ex. Ord. No. 13685, Dec. 19, 2014, 79 F.R. 77357, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Executive Order No. 13694, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c), is Ex. Ord. No. 13694, Apr. 1, 2015, 80 F.R. 18077, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Executive Order No. 13757, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c), is Ex. Ord. No. 13757, Dec. 28, 2016, 82 F.R. 1. Sections 1 to 3 of the Order amended Ex. Ord. No. 13694, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense. This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (c)(1)(B) and (d)(1)(B), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 115–44, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 898, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see section 201 Pub. L. 115–44, set out as a Short Title note under section 9501 of this title and Tables.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Isolate Russian Government Officials Act of 2022Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LVII, § 5704, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3411, provided that: “(a) Statement of Policy.—It is the policy of the United States to seek to exclude government officials of the Russian Federation, to the maximum extent practicable, from participation in meetings, proceedings, and other activities of the following organizations:“(1) Group of 20. “(2) Bank for International Settlements. “(3) Basel Committee for Banking Standards. “(4) Financial Stability Board. “(5) International Association of Insurance Supervisors. “(6) International Organization of Securities Commissions. “(b) Implementation.—The Secretary of the Treasury, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Securities and Exchange Commission, as the case may be, shall take all necessary steps to advance the policy set forth in subsection (a). “(c) Termination.—This section shall have no force or effect on the earlier of—“(1) the date that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2022]; or “(2) the date that is 30 days after the date on which the President reports to Congress that the Government of the Russian Federation has ceased its destabilizing activities with respect to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. “(d) Waiver.—The President may waive the application of this section if the President reports to the Congress that the waiver is in the national interest of the United States and includes an explanation of the reasons therefor.”
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9523 - Modification of implementation of Executive Order No. 13662
## Text
(a) Determination that certain entities are subject to sanctions The Secretary of the Treasury may determine that a person meets one or more of the criteria in section 1(a) of Executive Order No. 13662 if that person is a state-owned entity operating in the railway or metals and mining sector of the economy of the Russian Federation.
(b) Modification of Directive 1 with respect to the financial services sector of the Russian Federation economy Not later than 60 days after August 2, 2017, the Secretary of the Treasury shall modify Directive 1 (as amended), dated September 12, 2014, issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control under Executive Order No. 13662, or any successor directive (which shall be effective beginning on the date that is 60 days after the date of such modification), to ensure that the directive prohibits the conduct by United States persons or persons within the United States of all transactions in, provision of financing for, and other dealings in new debt of longer than 14 days maturity or new equity of persons determined to be subject to the directive, their property, or their interests in property.
(c) Modification of Directive 2 with respect to the energy sector of the Russian Federation economy Not later than 60 days after August 2, 2017, the Secretary of the Treasury shall modify Directive 2 (as amended), dated September 12, 2014, issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control under Executive Order No. 13662, or any successor directive (which shall be effective beginning on the date that is 60 days after the date of such modification), to ensure that the directive prohibits the conduct by United States persons or persons within the United States of all transactions in, provision of financing for, and other dealings in new debt of longer than 60 days maturity of persons determined to be subject to the directive, their property, or their interests in property.
(d) Modification of Directive 4 Not later than 90 days after August 2, 2017, the Secretary of the Treasury shall modify Directive 4, dated September 12, 2014, issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control under Executive Order No. 13662, or any successor directive (which shall be effective beginning on the date that is 90 days after the date of such modification), to ensure that the directive prohibits the provision, exportation, or reexportation, directly or indirectly, by United States persons or persons within the United States, of goods, services (except for financial services), or technology in support of exploration or production for new deepwater, Arctic offshore, or shale projects—
(1) that have the potential to produce oil; and
(2) that involve any person determined to be subject to the directive or the property or interests in property of such a person who has a controlling interest or a substantial non-controlling ownership interest in such a project defined as not less than a 33 percent interest.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 223, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 907.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextExecutive Order No. 13662, referred to in section catchline and text, is Ex. Ord. No. 13662, Mar. 20, 2014, 79 F.R. 16169, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9524 - Imposition of sanctions with respect to activities of the Russian Federation undermining cybersecurity
## Text
(a) In general On and after the date that is 60 days after August 2, 2017, the President shall—
(1) impose the sanctions described in subsection (b) with respect to any person that the President determines—
(A) knowingly engages in significant activities undermining cybersecurity against any person, including a democratic institution, or government on behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation; or
(B) is owned or controlled by, or acts or purports to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, a person described in subparagraph (A);
(2) impose five or more of the sanctions described in section 9529 of this title with respect to any person that the President determines knowingly materially assists, sponsors, or provides financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services (except financial services) in support of, an activity described in paragraph (1)(A); and
(3) impose three or more of the sanctions described in section 8923(c) of this title with respect to any person that the President determines knowingly provides financial services in support of an activity described in paragraph (1)(A).
(b) Sanctions described The sanctions described in this subsection are the following:
(1) Asset blocking The exercise of all powers granted to the President by the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to the extent necessary to block and prohibit all transactions in all property and interests in property of a person determined by the President to be subject to subsection (a)(1) if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person.
(2) Exclusion from the United States and revocation of visa or other documentation In the case of an alien determined by the President to be subject to subsection (a)(1), denial of a visa to, and exclusion from the United States of, the alien, and revocation in accordance with section 1201(i) of title 8, of any visa or other documentation of the alien.
(c) Application of new cyber sanctions The President may waive the initial application under subsection (a) of sanctions with respect to a person only if the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees—
(1) a written determination that the waiver—
(A) is in the vital national security interests of the United States; or
(B) will further the enforcement of this chapter; and
(2) a certification that the Government of the Russian Federation has made significant efforts to reduce the number and intensity of cyber intrusions conducted by that Government.
(d) Significant activities undermining cybersecurity defined In this section, the term “significant activities undermining cybersecurity” includes—
(1) significant efforts—
(A) to deny access to or degrade, disrupt, or destroy an information and communications technology system or network; or
(B) to exfiltrate, degrade, corrupt, destroy, or release information from such a system or network without authorization for purposes of—
(i) conducting influence operations; or
(ii) causing a significant misappropriation of funds, economic resources, trade secrets, personal identifications, or financial information for commercial or competitive advantage or private financial gain;
(2) significant destructive malware attacks; and
(3) significant denial of service activities.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 224, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 908.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables. This chapter, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(B), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 115–44, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 898, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see section 201 of Pub. L. 115–44, set out as a Short Title note under section 9501 of this title and Tables.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9525 - Imposition of sanctions with respect to persons engaging in transactions with the intelligence or defense sectors of the Government of the Russian Federation
## Text
(a) In general On and after the date that is 180 days after August 2, 2017, the President shall impose five or more of the sanctions described in section 9529 of this title with respect to a person the President determines knowingly, on or after August 2, 2017, engages in a significant transaction with a person that is part of, or operates for or on behalf of, the defense or intelligence sectors of the Government of the Russian Federation, including the Main Intelligence Agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation or the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.
(b) Application of new sanctions The President may waive the initial application of sanctions under subsection (a) with respect to a person only if the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees—
(1) a written determination that the waiver—
(A) is in the vital national security interests of the United States; or
(B) will further the enforcement of this chapter; and
(2) a certification that the Government of the Russian Federation has made significant efforts to reduce the number and intensity of cyber intrusions conducted by that Government.
(c) Delay of imposition of sanctions The President may delay the imposition of sanctions under subsection (a) with respect to a person if the President certifies to the appropriate congressional committees, not less frequently than every 180 days while the delay is in effect, that the person is substantially reducing the number of significant transactions described in subsection (a) in which that person engages.
(d) Modified waiver authority for certain sanctionable transactions under this section (1) In general The President may use the authority under section 9530(b) of this title to waive the application of sanctions with respect to a person under this section without regard to section 9511 of this title if, not later than 30 days prior to the waiver taking effect, the President certifies in writing to the appropriate congressional committees and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives that—
(A) the waiver is in the national security interests of the United States;
(B) the significant transaction described in subsection (a) that the person engaged in with respect to which the waiver is being exercised—
(i) is not a significant transaction with—
(I) the Main Intelligence Agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;
(II) the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation;
(III) the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation;
(IV) Autonomous Noncommercial Professional Organization/Professional Association of Designers of Data Processing (ANO PO KSI);
(V) the Special Technology Center;
(VI) Zorsecurity; or
(VII) any person that the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Director of National Intelligence, determines—
(aa) to be part of, or operating for or on behalf of, the defense or intelligence sector of the Government of the Russian Federation; and
(bb) has directly participated in or facilitated cyber intrusions by the Government of the Russian Federation; and
(ii) would not—
(I) endanger the integrity of any multilateral alliance of which the United States is a part;
(II) adversely affect ongoing operations of the Armed Forces of the United States, including coalition operations in which the Armed Forces of the United States participate;
(III) result in a significant negative impact to defense cooperation between the United States and the country whose government has primary jurisdiction over the person; and
(IV) significantly increase the risk of compromising United States defense systems and operational capabilities; and
(C) the government with primary jurisdiction over the person—
(i) is taking or will take steps to reduce its inventory of major defense equipment and advanced conventional weapons produced by the defense sector of the Russian Federation as a share of its total inventory of major defense equipment and advanced conventional weapons over a specified period; or
(ii) is cooperating with the United States Government on other security matters that are critical to United States strategic interests.
(2) Form The certification described in paragraph (1) shall be transmitted in an unclassified form, and may contain a classified annex.
(3) Report (A) In general Not later than 120 days after the date on which the President submits a certification described in paragraph (1) with respect to the waiver of the application of sanctions with respect to a person under this section, and annually thereafter for two years, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense shall jointly submit to the appropriate congressional committees and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives a report on the waiver.
(B) Matters to be included The report required by subparagraph (A) shall include—
(i) the extent to which such waiver has or has not resulted in the compromise of United States systems and operational capabilities, including through the diversion of United States sensitive technology to a person that is part of, or operates for or on behalf of, the defense or intelligence sectors of the Government of the Russian Federation; and
(ii) the extent to which the government with primary jurisdiction over the person is taking specific actions to further the enforcement of this title.
(e) Requirement to issue guidance Not later than 60 days after August 2, 2017, the President shall issue regulations or other guidance to specify the persons that are part of, or operate for or on behalf of, the defense and intelligence sectors of the Government of the Russian Federation.
(f) Penalties A person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of subsection (a) or any regulation, license, or order issued to carry out subsection (a) shall be subject to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of section 1705 of title 50 to the same extent as a person that commits an unlawful act described in subsection (a) of that section.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 231, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 916; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, § 1294(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2085.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(B), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 115–44, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 898, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see section 201 of Pub. L. 115–44, set out as a Short Title note under section 9501 of this title and Tables.
Amendments2018—Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 115–232 added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsecs. (d) and (e) as (e) and (f), respectively.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
ConstructionPub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, § 1294(b), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2087, provided that: “Nothing in subsection (d) of section 231 of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (Public Law 115–44; 22 U.S.C. 9525), as added by subsection (a) of this section, shall be construed to modify, waive, or terminate any existing sanctions with respect to the Russian Federation, including any Russian person or entity, that are in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 2018].”
Determination and Imposition of Sanctions With Respect to Turkey’s Acquisition of the S–400 Air Defense SystemPub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1241, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3944, provided that: “(a) Sense of Congress.—It is the sense of Congress that it is in the national security interest of the United States—“(1) to deter aggression against North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies by the Russian Federation or any other adversary; “(2) to continue to work with NATO allies to ensure they meet their alliance defense commitments, including through adequate and efficient investments in national defense; “(3) to work to maintain and strengthen the democratic institutions and practices of all NATO allies, in accordance with the goals of Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty; “(4) to ensure that Turkey remains a critical NATO ally and important military partner for the United States, contributing to key NATO and United States missions and providing support for United States military operations and logistics needs; “(5) to assist NATO allies in acquiring and deploying modern, NATO-interoperable military equipment and reducing their dependence on Russian or former Soviet-era defense articles; “(6) to promote opportunities to strengthen the capacity of NATO member states to counter Russian malign influence; and “(7) to enforce fully the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (22 U.S.C. 9401 et seq.), including by imposing sanctions with respect to any person that the President determines knowingly engages in a significant transaction with a person that is part of, or operates for or on behalf of, the defense or intelligence sectors of the Government of the Russian Federation, as described in section 231 of that Act (22 U.S.C. 9525). “(b) Determination.—The acquisition by the Government of Turkey of the S–400 air defense system from the Russian Federation beginning on July 12, 2019, constitutes a significant transaction as described in section 231 of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (22 U.S.C. 9525). “(c) Imposition of Sanctions.—Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 1, 2021], the President shall impose five or more of the sanctions described in section 235 of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (22 U.S.C. 9529) with respect to each person that knowingly engaged in the acquisition of the S-400 air defense system referred to in subsection (b). “(d) Exception Relating to Importation of Goods.—“(1) In general.—Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the authorities and requirements to impose sanctions under this section shall not include the authority or a requirement to impose sanctions on the importation of goods. “(2) Good defined.—In this subsection, the term ‘good’ means any article, natural or man-made substance, material, supply or manufactured product, including inspection and test equipment, and excluding technical data. “(e) Termination.—On and after the date that is one year after the date on which the President imposes sanctions under subsection (c) with respect to a person, the President may terminate the application of such sanctions with respect to that person if the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees a certification that—“(1) the Government of Turkey and any person acting on its behalf no longer possesses the S–400 air defense system or a successor system; “(2) no S-400 air defense system or successor system is operated or maintained inside Turkey by nationals of the Russian Federation or persons acting on behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation or the defense sector of the Russian Federation; and “(3) the President has received reliable assurances from the Government of Turkey that the Government of Turkey will not knowingly engage, or allow any foreign person to engage on its behalf, in pursuing any activity subject to sanctions under section 231 of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (22 U.S.C. 9525) to reacquire the S-400 air defense system or a successor system. “(f) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means—“(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate; and “(2) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives.”
Exception Relating to Importation of GoodsPub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, § 1294(d), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2088, provided that: “No provision affecting sanctions under this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] or an amendment made by this section shall apply to any portion of a sanction that affects the importation of goods.”
Executive Documents
Delegation of Authorities Under Section 1294 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 26, 2018, 83 F.R. 57671, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of the Treasury[,] the Secretary of Defense[, and] the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 1294 of the [John S. McCain] National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (Public Law 115–232) [probably means 22 U.S.C. 9525(d), as added by section 1294(a) of Pub. L. 115–232]. The delegation in this memorandum shall apply to any provision of any future public law that is the same or substantially the same as the provision referenced in this memorandum. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. Donald J. Trump.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9527 - Sanctions with respect to investment in or facilitation of privatization of State-owned assets by the Russian Federation
## Text
(a) In general The President shall impose five or more of the sanctions described in section 9529 of this title if the President determines that a person, with actual knowledge, on or after August 2, 2017, makes an investment of $10,000,000 or more (or any combination of investments of not less than $1,000,000 each, which in the aggregate equals or exceeds $10,000,000 in any 12-month period), or facilitates such an investment, if the investment directly and significantly contributes to the ability of the Russian Federation to privatize state-owned assets in a manner that unjustly benefits—
(1) officials of the Government of the Russian Federation; or
(2) close associates or family members of those officials.
(b) Application of new sanctions The President may waive the initial application of sanctions under subsection (a) with respect to a person only if the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees—
(1) a written determination that the waiver—
(A) is in the vital national security interests of the United States; or
(B) will further the enforcement of this chapter; and
(2) a certification that the Government of the Russian Federation is taking steps to implement the Minsk Agreement to address the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine, signed in Minsk, Belarus, on February 11, 2015, by the leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany, the Minsk Protocol, which was agreed to on September 5, 2014, and any successor agreements that are agreed to by the Government of Ukraine.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 233, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 917.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(B), was in the original “this title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 115–44, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 898, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see section 201 of Pub. L. 115–44, set out as a Short Title note under section 9501 of this title and Tables.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9528 - Sanctions with respect to the transfer of arms and related materiel to Syria
## Text
(a) Imposition of sanctions (1) In general The President shall impose on a foreign person the sanctions described in subsection (b) if the President determines that such foreign person has, on or after August 2, 2017, knowingly exported, transferred, or otherwise provided to Syria significant financial, material, or technological support that contributes materially to the ability of the Government of Syria to—
(A) acquire or develop chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons or related technologies;
(B) acquire or develop ballistic or cruise missile capabilities;
(C) acquire or develop destabilizing numbers and types of advanced conventional weapons;
(D) acquire significant defense articles, defense services, or defense information (as such terms are defined under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.)); or
(E) acquire items designated by the President for purposes of the United States Munitions List under section 38(a)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778(a)(1)).
(2) Applicability to other foreign persons The sanctions described in subsection (b) shall also be imposed on any foreign person that—
(A) is a successor entity to a foreign person described in paragraph (1); or
(B) is owned or controlled by, or has acted for or on behalf of, a foreign person described in paragraph (1).
(b) Sanctions described The sanctions to be imposed on a foreign person described in subsection (a) are the following:
(1) Blocking of property The President shall exercise all powers granted by the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (except that the requirements of section 202 of such Act (50 U.S.C. 1701) shall not apply) to the extent necessary to block and prohibit all transactions in all property and interests in property of the foreign person if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person.
(2) Aliens ineligible for visas, admission, or parole (A) Exclusion from the United States If the foreign person is an individual, the Secretary of State shall deny a visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall exclude from the United States, the foreign person.
(B) Current visas revoked (i) In general The issuing consular officer, the Secretary of State, or the Secretary of Homeland Security (or a designee of one of such Secretaries) shall revoke any visa or other entry documentation issued to the foreign person regardless of when issued.
(ii) Effect of revocation A revocation under clause (i) shall take effect immediately and shall automatically cancel any other valid visa or entry documentation that is in the possession of the foreign person.
(c) Waiver Subject to section 9511 of this title, the President may waive the application of sanctions under subsection (b) with respect to a person if the President determines that such a waiver is in the national security interest of the United States.
(d) Definitions In this section:
(1) Financial, material, or technological support The term “financial, material, or technological support” has the meaning given such term in section 542.304 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations (or any corresponding similar regulation or ruling).
(2) Foreign person The term “foreign person” has the meaning given such term in section 594.304 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations (or any corresponding similar regulation or ruling).
(3) Syria The term “Syria” has the meaning given such term in section 542.316 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations (or any corresponding similar regulation or ruling).
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 234, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 918.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(D), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, which is classified principally to chapter 39 (§ 2751 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables. The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9529 - Sanctions described
## Text
(a) Sanctions described The sanctions to be imposed with respect to a person under section 9524(a)(2), 9525(b), 9526(a), or 9527(a) of this title are the following:
(1) Export-Import Bank assistance for exports to sanctioned persons The President may direct the Export-Import Bank of the United States not to give approval to the issuance of any guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or participation in the extension of credit in connection with the export of any goods or services to the sanctioned person.
(2) Export sanction The President may order the United States Government not to issue any specific license and not to grant any other specific permission or authority to export any goods or technology to the sanctioned person under—
(A) the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.) (as continued in effect pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.));
(B) the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.);
(C) the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.); or
(D) any other statute that requires the prior review and approval of the United States Government as a condition for the export or reexport of goods or services.
(3) Loans from United States financial institutions The President may prohibit any United States financial institution from making loans or providing credits to the sanctioned person totaling more than $10,000,000 in any 12-month period unless the person is engaged in activities to relieve human suffering and the loans or credits are provided for such activities.
(4) Loans from international financial institutions The President may direct the United States executive director to each international financial institution to use the voice and vote of the United States to oppose any loan from the international financial institution that would benefit the sanctioned person.
(5) Prohibitions on financial institutions The following prohibitions may be imposed against the sanctioned person if that person is a financial institution:
(A) Prohibition on designation as primary dealer Neither the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System nor the Federal Reserve Bank of New York may designate, or permit the continuation of any prior designation of, the financial institution as a primary dealer in United States Government debt instruments.
(B) Prohibition on service as a repository of Government funds The financial institution may not serve as agent of the United States Government or serve as repository for United States Government funds.
The imposition of either sanction under subparagraph (A) or (B) shall be treated as one sanction for purposes of subsection (b), and the imposition of both such sanctions shall be treated as two sanctions for purposes of subsection (b).
(6) Procurement sanction The United States Government may not procure, or enter into any contract for the procurement of, any goods or services from the sanctioned person.
(7) Foreign exchange The President may, pursuant to such regulations as the President may prescribe, prohibit any transactions in foreign exchange that are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and in which the sanctioned person has any interest.
(8) Banking transactions The President may, pursuant to such regulations as the President may prescribe, prohibit any transfers of credit or payments between financial institutions or by, through, or to any financial institution, to the extent that such transfers or payments are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and involve any interest of the sanctioned person.
(9) Property transactions The President may, pursuant to such regulations as the President may prescribe, prohibit any person from—
(A) acquiring, holding, withholding, using, transferring, withdrawing, transporting, importing, or exporting any property that is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and with respect to which the sanctioned person has any interest;
(B) dealing in or exercising any right, power, or privilege with respect to such property; or
(C) conducting any transaction involving such property.
(10) Ban on investment in equity or debt of sanctioned person The President may, pursuant to such regulations or guidelines as the President may prescribe, prohibit any United States person from investing in or purchasing significant amounts of equity or debt instruments of the sanctioned person.
(11) Exclusion of corporate officers The President may direct the Secretary of State to deny a visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security to exclude from the United States, any alien that the President determines is a corporate officer or principal of, or a shareholder with a controlling interest in, the sanctioned person.
(12) Sanctions on principal executive officers The President may impose on the principal executive officer or officers of the sanctioned person, or on persons performing similar functions and with similar authorities as such officer or officers, any of the sanctions under this subsection.
(b) Sanctioned person defined In this section, the term “sanctioned person” means a person subject to sanctions under section 9524(a)(2), 9525(b), 9526(a), or 9527(a) of this title.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 235, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 919.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Export Administration Act of 1979, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), is Pub. L. 96–72, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 503, which was classified principally to chapter 56 (§ 4601 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, § 1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232, except for sections 11A, 11B, and 11C thereof (50 U.S.C. 4611, 4612, 4613). The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables. The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, which is classified principally to chapter 39 (§ 2751 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables. The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(C), is act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 919, which is classified principally to chapter 23 (§ 2011 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of Title 42 and Tables.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9530 - Exceptions, waiver, and termination
## Text
(a) Exceptions The provisions of this part and amendments made by this part shall not apply with respect to the following:
(1) Activities subject to the reporting requirements under title V of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3091 et seq.), or any authorized intelligence activities of the United States.
(2) The admission of an alien to the United States if such admission is necessary to comply with United States obligations under the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed at Lake Success June 26, 1947, and entered into force November 21, 1947, under the Convention on Consular Relations, done at Vienna April 24, 1963, and entered into force March 19, 1967, or under other international agreements.
(b) Waiver of sanctions that are imposed Subject to section 9511 of this title, if the President imposes sanctions with respect to a person under this part or the amendments made by this part, the President may waive the application of those sanctions if the President determines that such a waiver is in the national security interest of the United States.
(c) Termination Subject to section 9511 of this title, the President may terminate the application of sanctions under section 9524, 9525, 9526, 9527, or 9528 of this title with respect to a person if the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees—
(1) a notice of and justification for the termination; and
(2) a notice that—
(A) the person is not engaging in the activity that was the basis for the sanctions or has taken significant verifiable steps toward stopping the activity; and
(B) the President has received reliable assurances that the person will not knowingly engage in activity subject to sanctions under this part in the future.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 236, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 921.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis part, referred to in text, is part 2 (§§ 221–238) of subtitle A of title II of Pub. L. 115–44, which enacted this part and sections 8909 and 8910 of this title and amended sections 8901, 8907, 8908, 8923, 8924 of this title. For complete classification of part 2 to the Code, see Tables. The National Security Act of 1947, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495. Title V of the Act is classified generally to subchapter III (§ 3091 et seq.) of chapter 44 of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9531 - Exception relating to activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
## Text
(a) In general This chapter and the amendments made by this Act shall not apply with respect to activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
(b) Rule of construction Nothing in this chapter or the amendments made by this Act shall be construed to authorize the imposition of any sanction or other condition, limitation, restriction, or prohibition, that directly or indirectly impedes the supply by any entity of the Russian Federation of any product or service, or the procurement of such product or service by any contractor or subcontractor of the United States or any other entity, relating to or in connection with any space launch conducted for—
(1) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; or
(2) any other non-Department of Defense customer.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 237, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 922.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “This Act” and was translated as reading “This title”, meaning title II of Pub. L. 115–44, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 898, known as the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see section 201 of Pub. L. 115–44, set out as a Short Title note under section 9501 of this title and Tables.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9532 - Rule of construction
## Text
Nothing in this part or the amendments made by this part shall be construed—
(1) to supersede the limitations or exceptions on the use of rocket engines for national security purposes under section 1608 of the Carl Levin and Howard P. “Buck” McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (Public Law 113–291; 128 Stat. 3626; 10 U.S.C. 2271 note), as amended by section 1607 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 (Public Law 114–92; 129 Stat. 1100) and section 1602 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (Public Law 114–328; 130 Stat. 2582); or
(2) to prohibit a contractor or subcontractor of the Department of Defense from acquiring components referred to in such section 1608.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 238, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 922.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis part, referred to in text, is part 2 (§§ 221–238) of subtitle A of title II of Pub. L. 115–44, which enacted this part and sections 8909 and 8910 of this title and amended sections 8901, 8907, 8908, 8923, 8924 of this title. For complete classification of part 2 to the Code, see Tables.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9541 - Findings
## Text
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The Government of the Russian Federation has sought to exert influence throughout Europe and Eurasia, including in the former states of the Soviet Union, by providing resources to political parties, think tanks, and civil society groups that sow distrust in democratic institutions and actors, promote xenophobic and illiberal views, and otherwise undermine European unity. The Government of the Russian Federation has also engaged in well-documented corruption practices as a means toward undermining and buying influence in European and Eurasian countries.
(2) The Government of the Russian Federation has largely eliminated a once-vibrant Russian-language independent media sector and severely curtails free and independent media within the borders of the Russian Federation. Russian-language media organizations that are funded and controlled by the Government of the Russian Federation and disseminate information within and outside of the Russian Federation routinely traffic in anti-Western disinformation, while few independent, fact-based media sources provide objective reporting for Russian-speaking audiences inside or outside of the Russian Federation.
(3) The Government of the Russian Federation continues to violate its commitments under the Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with Ukraine’s Accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, done at Budapest December 5, 1994, and the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act, concluded at Helsinki August 1, 1975 (commonly referred to as the “Helsinki Final Act”), which laid the ground-work for the establishment of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, of which the Russian Federation is a member, by its illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014, its illegal occupation of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia in 2008, and its ongoing destabilizing activities in eastern Ukraine.
(4) The Government of the Russian Federation continues to ignore the terms of the August 2008 ceasefire agreement relating to Georgia, which requires the withdrawal of Russian Federation troops, free access by humanitarian groups to the regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and monitoring of the conflict areas by the European Union Monitoring Mission.
(5) The Government of the Russian Federation is failing to comply with the terms of the Minsk Agreement to address the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine, signed in Minsk, Belarus, on February 11, 2015, by the leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany, as well as the Minsk Protocol, which was agreed to on September 5, 2014.
(6) The Government of the Russian Federation is—
(A) in violation of the Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles, signed at Washington December 8, 1987, and entered into force June 1, 1988 (commonly known as the “INF Treaty”); and
(B) failing to meet its obligations under the Treaty on Open Skies, done at Helsinki March 24, 1992, and entered into force January 1, 2002 (commonly known as the “Open Skies Treaty”).
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 251, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 925.)
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9542 - Sense of Congress
## Text
It is the sense of Congress that—
(1) the Government of the Russian Federation bears responsibility for the continuing violence in Eastern Ukraine, including the death on April 24, 2017, of Joseph Stone, a citizen of the United States working as a monitor for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe;
(2) the President should call on the Government of the Russian Federation—
(A) to withdraw all of its forces from the territories of Georgia, Ukraine, and Moldova;
(B) to return control of the borders of those territories to their respective governments; and
(C) to cease all efforts to undermine the popularly elected governments of those countries;
(3) the Government of the Russian Federation has applied, and continues to apply, to the countries and peoples of Georgia and Ukraine, traditional uses of force, intelligence operations, and influence campaigns, which represent clear and present threats to the countries of Europe and Eurasia;
(4) in response, the countries of Europe and Eurasia should redouble efforts to build resilience within their institutions, political systems, and civil societies;
(5) the United States supports the institutions that the Government of the Russian Federation seeks to undermine, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union;
(6) a strong North Atlantic Treaty Organization is critical to maintaining peace and security in Europe and Eurasia;
(7) the United States should continue to work with the European Union as a partner against aggression by the Government of the Russian Federation, coordinating aid programs, development assistance, and other counter-Russian efforts;
(8) the United States should encourage the establishment of a commission for media freedom within the Council of Europe, modeled on the Venice Commission regarding rule of law issues, that would be chartered to provide governments with expert recommendations on maintaining legal and regulatory regimes supportive of free and independent media and an informed citizenry able to distinguish between fact-based reporting, opinion, and disinformation;
(9) in addition to working to strengthen the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union, the United States should work with the individual countries of Europe and Eurasia—
(A) to identify vulnerabilities to aggression, disinformation, corruption, and so-called hybrid warfare by the Government of the Russian Federation;
(B) to establish strategic and technical plans for addressing those vulnerabilities;
(C) to ensure that the financial systems of those countries are not being used to shield illicit financial activity by officials of the Government of the Russian Federation or individuals in President Vladimir Putin’s inner circle who have been enriched through corruption;
(D) to investigate and prosecute cases of corruption by Russian actors; and
(E) to work toward full compliance with the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (commonly referred to as the “Anti-Bribery Convention”) of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; and
(10) the President of the United States should use the authority of the President to impose sanctions under—
(A) the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (title IV of Public Law 112–208; 22 U.S.C. 5811 note); and
(B) the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act (subtitle F of title XII of Public Law 114–328; 22 U.S.C. 2656 note).11 See References in Text note below.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 252, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 926.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012, referred to in par. (10)(A), is title IV of Pub. L. 112–208, Dec. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 1502, which is set out as a note under section 5811 of this title. The Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, referred to in par. (10)(B), is subtitle F (§§ 1261–1264) of title XII of div. A of Pub. L. 114–328, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2533, which is classified generally to chapter 108 (§ 10101 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9544 - Report on media organizations controlled and funded by the Government of the Russian Federation
## Text
(a) In general Not later than 90 days after August 2, 2017, and annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that includes a description of media organizations that are controlled and funded by the Government of the Russian Federation, and any affiliated entities, whether operating within or outside the Russian Federation, including broadcast and satellite-based television, radio, Internet, and print media organizations.
(b) Form of report The report required by subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include a classified annex.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 255, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 930.)
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9545 - Report on Russian Federation influence on elections in Europe and Eurasia
## Text
(a) In general Not later than 90 days after August 2, 2017, and annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and leadership a report on funds provided by, or funds the use of which was directed by, the Government of the Russian Federation or any Russian person with the intention of influencing the outcome of any election or campaign in any country in Europe or Eurasia during the preceding year, including through direct support to any political party, candidate, lobbying campaign, nongovernmental organization, or civic organization.
(b) Form of report Each report required by subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include a classified annex.
(c) Definitions In this section:
(1) Appropriate congressional committees and leadership The term “appropriate congressional committees and leadership” means—
(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Committee on Appropriations, the Select Committee on Intelligence, and the majority and minority leaders of the Senate; and
(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Financial Services, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security, the Committee on Appropriations, the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and the Speaker, the majority leader, and the minority leader of the House of Representatives.
(2) Russian person The term “Russian person” means—
(A) an individual who is a citizen or national of the Russian Federation; or
(B) an entity organized under the laws of the Russian Federation or otherwise subject to the jurisdiction of the Government of the Russian Federation.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 256, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 930.)
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9546 - Ukranian energy security
## Text
(a) Statement of policy It is the policy of the United States—
(1) to support the Government of Ukraine in restoring its sovereign and territorial integrity;
(2) to condemn and oppose all of the destabilizing efforts by the Government of the Russian Federation in Ukraine in violation of its obligations and international commitments;
(3) to never recognize the illegal annexation of Crimea by the Government of the Russian Federation or the separation of any portion of Ukrainian territory through the use of military force;
(4) to deter the Government of the Russian Federation from further destabilizing and invading Ukraine and other independent countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Caucuses; 11 So in original. Probably should be “Caucasus;”.
(5) to assist in promoting reform in regulatory oversight and operations in Ukraine’s energy sector, including the establishment and empowerment of an independent regulatory organization;
(6) to encourage and support fair competition, market liberalization, and reliability in Ukraine’s energy sector;
(7) to help Ukraine and United States allies and partners in Europe reduce their dependence on Russian energy resources, especially natural gas, which the Government of the Russian Federation uses as a weapon to coerce, intimidate, and influence other countries;
(8) to work with European Union member states and European Union institutions to promote energy security through developing diversified and liberalized energy markets that provide diversified sources, suppliers, and routes;
(9) to continue to oppose the NordStream 2 pipeline given its detrimental impacts on the European Union’s energy security, gas market development in Central and Eastern Europe, and energy reforms in Ukraine; and
(10) that the United States Government should prioritize the export of United States energy resources in order to create American jobs, help United States allies and partners, and strengthen United States foreign policy.
(b) Plan to promote energy security in Ukraine (1) In general The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and the Secretary of Energy, shall work with the Government of Ukraine to develop a plan to increase energy security in Ukraine, increase the amount of energy produced in Ukraine, and reduce Ukraine’s reliance on energy imports from the Russian Federation.
(2) Elements The plan developed under paragraph (1) shall include strategies for market liberalization, effective regulation and oversight, supply diversification, energy reliability, and energy efficiency, such as through supporting—
(A) the promotion of advanced technology and modern operating practices in Ukraine’s oil and gas sector;
(B) modern geophysical and meteorological survey work as needed followed by international tenders to help attract qualified investment into exploration and development of areas with untapped resources in Ukraine;
(C) a broadening of Ukraine’s electric power transmission interconnection with Europe;
(D) the strengthening of Ukraine’s capability to maintain electric power grid stability and reliability;
(E) independent regulatory oversight and operations of Ukraine’s gas market and electricity sector;
(F) the implementation of primary gas law including pricing, tariff structure, and legal regulatory implementation;
(G) privatization of government owned energy companies through credible legal frameworks and a transparent process compliant with international best practices;
(H) procurement and transport of emergency fuel supplies, including reverse pipeline flows from Europe;
(I) provision of technical assistance for crisis planning, crisis response, and public outreach;
(J) repair of infrastructure to enable the transport of fuel supplies;
(K) repair of power generating or power transmission equipment or facilities; and
(L) improved building energy efficiency and other measures designed to reduce energy demand in Ukraine.
(3) Reports (A) Implementation of Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 [22 U.S.C. 8921 et seq.] provisions Not later than 180 days after August 2, 2017, the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report detailing the status of implementing the provisions required under section 7(c) of the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 (22 U.S.C. 8926(c)), including detailing the plans required under that section, the level of funding that has been allocated to and expended for the strategies set forth under that section, and progress that has been made in implementing the strategies developed pursuant to that section.
(B) In general Not later than 180 days after August 2, 2017, and every 180 days thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report detailing the plan developed under paragraph (1), the level of funding that has been allocated to and expended for the strategies set forth in paragraph (2), and progress that has been made in implementing the strategies.
(C) Briefings The Secretary of State, or a designee of the Secretary, shall brief the appropriate congressional committees not later than 30 days after the submission of each report under subparagraph (B). In addition, the Department of State shall make relevant officials available upon request to brief the appropriate congressional committees on all available information that relates directly or indirectly to Ukraine or energy security in Eastern Europe.
(D) Appropriate congressional committees defined In this paragraph, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
(i) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and
(ii) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.
(c) Supporting efforts of countries in Europe and Eurasia to decrease their dependence on Russian sources of energy (1) Findings Congress makes the following findings:
(A) The Government of the Russian Federation uses its strong position in the energy sector as leverage to manipulate the internal politics and foreign relations of the countries of Europe and Eurasia.
(B) This influence is based not only on the Russian Federation’s oil and natural gas resources, but also on its state-owned nuclear power and electricity companies.
(2) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that—
(A) the United States should assist the efforts of the countries of Europe and Eurasia to enhance their energy security through diversification of energy supplies in order to lessen dependencies on Russian Federation energy resources and state-owned entities; and
(B) the Export-Import Bank of the United States and the United States International Development Finance Corporation should play key roles in supporting critical energy projects that contribute to that goal.
(3) Use of Countering Russian Influence Fund to provide technical assistance Amounts in the Countering Russian Influence Fund pursuant to section 9543 of this title shall be used to provide technical advice to countries described in subsection (b)(1) of such section designed to enhance energy security and lessen dependence on energy from Russian Federation sources.
(d) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated for the Department of State a total of $30,000,000 for fiscal years 2018 and 2019 to carry out the strategies set forth in subsection (b)(2) and other activities under this section related to the promotion of energy security in Ukraine.
(e) Rule of construction Nothing in this section shall be construed as affecting the responsibilities required and authorities provided under section 7 of the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 (22 U.S.C. 8926).
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 257, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 931; Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, § 1470(t), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3519.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(A), is Pub. L. 113–272, Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2952, which is classified generally to chapter 96A (§ 8921 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8921 of this title and Tables.
Amendments2018—Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted “United States International Development Finance Corporation” for “Overseas Private Investment Corporation”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2018 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 115–254 effective at the end of the transition period, as defined in section 9681 of this title, see section 1470(w) of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note under section 905 of Title 2, The Congress.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9547 - Termination
## Text
The provisions of this subchapter shall terminate on the date that is 5 years after August 2, 2017.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 258, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 934.)
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 9548 - Appropriate congressional committees defined
## Text
Except as otherwise provided, in this subchapter, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate; and
(2) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Financial Services, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives.
(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, § 259, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 934.)
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 9561 - Definitions
## Text
In this subchapter:
(1) Early-stage project support The term “early-stage project support” includes—
(A) feasibility studies;
(B) resource evaluations;
(C) project appraisal and costing;
(D) pilot projects;
(E) commercial support, such as trade missions, reverse trade missions, technical workshops, international buyer programs, and international partner searchers to link suppliers to projects;
(F) technical assistance and other guidance to improve the local regulatory environment and market frameworks to encourage transparent competition and enhance energy security; and
(G) long-term energy sector planning.
(2) Late-stage project support The term “late-stage project support” includes debt financing, insurance, and transaction advisory services.
(Pub. L. 116–94, div. P, title XX, § 2002, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3223.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis subchapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this title”, meaning title XX of div. P of Pub. L. 116–94, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3222, which is classified generally to this subchapter. For complete classification of title XX to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 9501 of this title and Tables.
Codification Section was enacted as part of the European Energy Security and Diversification Act of 2019, and also as part of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, and not as part of the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 which comprises this chapter.
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 9562 - Statement of policy
## Text
(a) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that the United States has economic and national security interests in assisting European and Eurasian countries achieve energy security through diversification of their energy sources and supply routes.
(b) Statement of policy It is the policy of the United States—
(1) to advance United States foreign policy and development goals by assisting European and Eurasian countries to reduce their dependence on energy resources from countries that use energy dependence for undue political influence, such as the Russian Federation, which has used natural gas to coerce, intimidate, and influence other countries;
(2) to promote the energy security of allies and partners of the United States by encouraging the development of accessible, transparent, and competitive energy markets that provide diversified sources, types, and routes of energy;
(3) to encourage United States public and private sector investment in European energy infrastructure projects to bridge the gap between energy security requirements and commercial demand in a way that is consistent with the region’s absorptive capacity; and
(4) to help facilitate the export of United States energy resources, technology, and expertise to global markets in a way that benefits the energy security of allies and partners of the United States, including in Europe and Eurasia.
(Pub. L. 116–94, div. P, title XX, § 2003, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3223.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was enacted as part of the European Energy Security and Diversification Act of 2019, and also as part of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, and not as part of the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 which comprises this chapter.
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---
# 22 U.S.C. § 9563 - Prioritization of efforts and assistance for energy infrastructure projects in Europe and Eurasia
## Text
(a) In general In pursuing the policy described in section 9562 of this title, the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the heads of other relevant United States agencies, shall, as appropriate, prioritize and expedite the efforts of the Department of State and those agencies in supporting the efforts of the European Commission and the governments of European and Eurasian countries to increase their energy security, including through—
(1) providing diplomatic and political support to the European Commission and those governments, as necessary—
(A) to facilitate international negotiations concerning cross-border infrastructure;
(B) to enhance Europe’s regulatory environment with respect to energy; and
(C) to develop accessible, transparent, and competitive energy markets supplied by diverse sources, types, and routes of energy; and
(2) providing support to improve European and Eurasian energy markets, including early-stage project support and late-stage project support for the construction or improvement of energy and related infrastructure, as necessary—
(A) to diversify the energy sources and supply routes of European and Eurasian countries;
(B) to enhance energy market integration across the region; and
(C) to increase competition within energy markets.
(b) Project selection (1) In general The agencies described in subsection (a) shall identify energy infrastructure projects that would be appropriate for United States assistance under this section.
(2) Project eligibility A project is eligible for United States assistance under this section if the project—
(A) (i) improves electricity transmission infrastructure, power generation through the use of a broad power mix (including fossil fuel and renewable energy), or energy efficiency; or
(ii) advances electricity storage projects, smart grid projects, distributed generation models, or other technological innovations, as appropriate; and
(B) is located in a European or Eurasian country.
(3) Preference In selecting among projects that are eligible under paragraph (2), the agencies described in subsection (a) shall give preference to projects that—
(A) link the energy systems of 2 or more European or Eurasian countries;
(B) have already been identified by the European Commission as being integral for the energy security of European countries;
(C) are expected to enhance energy market integration;
(D) can attract funding from the private sector, an international financial institution, the government of the country in which the project will be carried out, or the European Commission; or
(E) have the potential to use United States goods and services during project implementation.
(c) Types of assistance (1) Diplomatic and political support The Secretary of State shall provide diplomatic and political support to the European Commission and the governments of European and Eurasian countries, as necessary, including by using the diplomatic and political influence and expertise of the Department of State to build the capacity of those countries to resolve any impediments to the development of projects selected under subsection (b).
(2) Early-stage project support The Director of the Trade and Development Agency shall provide early-stage project support with respect to projects selected under subsection (b), as necessary.
(3) Late-stage project support Agencies described in subsection (a) that provide late-stage project support shall do so with respect to projects selected under subsection (b), as necessary.
(d) Omitted
(e) Exception from certain limitation under BUILD Act (1) In general For purposes of providing support for projects under this section—
(A) the United States International Development Finance Corporation may provide support for projects in countries with upper-middle-income economies or high-income economies (as those terms are defined by the World Bank);
(B) the restriction under section 9612(c)(2) of this title shall not apply; and
(C) the Corporation shall restrict the provision of such support in a country described in subparagraph (A) unless—
(i) the President certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that such support furthers the national economic or foreign policy interests of the United States; and
(ii) such support is—
(I) designed to produce significant developmental outcomes or provide developmental benefits to the poorest population of that country; or
(II) necessary to preempt or counter efforts by a strategic competitor of the United States to secure significant political or economic leverage or acquire national security-sensitive technologies or infrastructure in a country that is an ally or partner of the United States.
(2) Definitions In this subsection, the terms “appropriate congressional committees” and “less developed country” have the meanings given those terms in section 9601 of this title.
(Pub. L. 116–94, div. P, title XX, § 2004, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3223.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe BUILD Act, referred to in subsec. (e), probably means the BUILD Act of 2018, also known as the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018, which is classified principally to chapter 103 (§ 9601 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 9601 of this title and Tables.
Codification Section was enacted as part of the European Energy Security and Diversification Act of 2019, and also as part of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, and not as part of the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 which comprises this chapter. Section is comprised of section 2004 of Pub. L. 116–94. Subsec. (d) of section 2004 of Pub. L. 116–94 amended sections 2421 and 9543 of this title.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Authority Under the European Energy Security and Diversification Act of 2019 Memorandum of President of the United States, June 8, 2022, 87 F.R. 35853, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 2004(e)(1)(C) of the European Energy Security and Diversification Act of 2019 (22 U.S.C. 9563(e)(1)(C)) (the “Act”). The delegation in this memorandum shall apply to any provision of any future public law that is the same or substantially the same as the provision referenced in this memorandum. Any reference in this memorandum to the Act shall be deemed to be a reference to such Act as amended from time to time. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. J.R. Biden, Jr.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9564 - Progress reports
## Text
Not later than one year after December 20, 2019, and annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a report on progress made in providing assistance for projects under section 9563 of this title that includes—
(1) a description of the energy infrastructure projects the United States has identified for such assistance; and
(2) for each such project—
(A) a description of the role of the United States in the project, including in early-stage project support and late-stage project support;
(B) the amount and form of any debt financing and insurance provided by the United States Government for the project;
(C) the amount and form of any early-stage project support; and
(D) an update on the progress made on the project as of the date of the report.
(Pub. L. 116–94, div. P, title XX, § 2005, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3226.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was enacted as part of the European Energy Security and Diversification Act of 2019, and also as part of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, and not as part of the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 which comprises this chapter.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9601 - Definitions
## Text
In this chapter:
(1) Advancing income country The term “advancing income country”, with respect to a fiscal year for the Corporation, means a country the gross national income per capita of which at the start of such fiscal year is—
(A) greater than the World Bank threshold for initiating the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development graduation process; and
(B) is equal to or less than the per capita income threshold for classification as a high-income economy (as defined by the World Bank).
(2) Appropriate congressional committees The term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and
(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.
(3) Country of concern The term “country of concern” means any of the following countries:
(A) The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
(B) The Republic of Cuba.
(C) The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
(D) The Islamic Republic of Iran.
(E) The People’s Republic of China.
(F) The Russian Federation.
(G) The Republic of Belarus.
(4) High-income country The term “high-income country”, with respect to a fiscal year for the Corporation, means a country with a high-income economy (as defined by the World Bank) at the start of such fiscal year but does not include any wealthy country except to the extent investments in such wealthy country are permitted pursuant to section 9612(f) of this title.
(5) Less developed country The term “less developed country”, with respect to a fiscal year for the Corporation, means a country the gross national income per capita of which at the start of such fiscal year is equal to or less than the World Bank threshold for initiating the International Bank for Reconstruction Development graduation process.
(6) Predecessor authority The term “predecessor authority” means authorities repealed by subchapter VI of this chapter.
(7) Qualifying sovereign entity The term “qualifying sovereign entity” means—
(A) any agency or instrumentality of a foreign state (as defined in section 1603 of title 28) that has a purpose that is similar to the purpose of the Corporation as described in section 9612(b) of this title; or
(B) any international financial institution (as defined in section 262r(c) of this title).
(8) Wealthy country The term “wealthy country”, with respect to a fiscal year for the Corporation—
(A) means a country that is among the top 20 countries with the highest gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity, as calculated by the World Bank; and
(B) does not include members of the ‘Five Eyes’ alliance or the overseas territories of the 20 countries referred to in subparagraph (A).
(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, § 1402, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3485; Pub. L. 119–60, div. H, title LXXXVII, § 8711, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1946.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this division”, meaning division F of Pub. L. 115–254, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3485, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of division F to the Code, see Short Title note set out below and Tables. Subchapter VI of this chapter, referred to in par. (3), was in the original “title VI”, meaning title VI (§§ 1461–1470) of div. F of Pub. L. 115–254, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3510, which is classified principally to subchapter VI of this chapter and which repealed title IV of chapter 2 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2191 et seq.), other than subsections (g), (l), (m), and (n) of section 237 thereof (22 U.S.C. 2197(g), (l), (m), (n)), among other amendments. For complete classification of title VI to the Code, see Tables.
Amendments2025—Pars. (1), (2). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8711(1), (2), added par. (1) and redesignated former par. (1) as par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (5). Pars. (3), (4). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8711(3), added pars. (3) and (4). Par. (5). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8711(4), added par. (5) and struck out former par. (5), as so redesignated. Prior to amendment, text of par. (5) read as follows: “The term “less developed country” means a country with a low-income economy, lower-middle-income economy, or upper-middle-income economy, as defined by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association (collectively referred to as the “World Bank”).” Pub. L. 119–60, § 8711(1), redesignated par. (2) as (5). Pars. (6), (7). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8711(1), redesignated pars. (3) and (4) as (6) and (7), respectively. Par. (8). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8711(5), added par. (8).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short Title of 2025 AmendmentPub. L. 119–60, div. H, title LXXXVII, § 8701, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1946, provided that: “This title [amending sections 9601, 9612—9614, 9621, 9622, 9624, 9632, 9633, 9652—9654, 9656, and 9671 of this title] may be cited as the ‘DFC Modernization and Reauthorization Act of 2025’.”
Short TitlePub. L. 115–254, div. F, § 1401, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3485, provided that: “This division [enacting this chapter, amending sections 2151n, 2197, 2291, 2296b, 5401, 5421, 6062, 6445, 7102, 7902, 8926, 9303, and 9546 of this title, section 905 of Title 2, The Congress, sections 5313 to 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 8G of Pub. L. 95–452, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, sections 649, 4721, 4727, and 4902 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, section 709 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 4421 of Title 19, Customs Duties, section 1131c of Title 20, Education, section 9101 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 17334 and 17336 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing subpart iv of part II of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title, except for section 2197 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 905 of Title 2, amending provisions set out as notes under sections 2293 and 2394c of this title] may be cited as the ‘Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018’ or the ‘BUILD Act of 2018’.”
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9611 - Statement of policy
## Text
It is the policy of the United States to facilitate market-based private sector development and inclusive economic growth in less developed countries through the provision of credit, capital, and other financial support—
(1) to mobilize private capital in support of sustainable, broad-based economic growth, poverty reduction, and development through demand-driven partnerships with the private sector that further the foreign policy interests of the United States;
(2) to finance development that builds and strengthens civic institutions, promotes competition, and provides for public accountability and transparency;
(3) to help private sector actors overcome identifiable market gaps and inefficiencies without distorting markets;
(4) to achieve clearly defined economic and social development outcomes;
(5) to coordinate with institutions with purposes similar to the purposes of the Corporation to leverage resources of those institutions to produce the greatest impact;
(6) to provide countries a robust alternative to state-directed investments by authoritarian governments and United States strategic competitors using best practices with respect to transparency and environmental and social safeguards, and which take into account the debt sustainability of partner countries;
(7) to leverage private sector capabilities and innovative development tools to help countries transition from recipients of bilateral development assistance toward increased self-reliance; and
(8) to complement and be guided by overall United States foreign policy, development, and national security objectives, taking into account the priorities and needs of countries receiving support.
(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title I, § 1411, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3486.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Enhancement of Nongovernmental Sector in Poland and HungaryPub. L. 101–179, title III, § 302(b), Nov. 28, 1989, 103 Stat. 1311, provided that: “In accordance with its mandate to foster private initiative and competition and enhance the ability of private enterprise to make its full contribution to the development process, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation shall support projects in Poland and Hungary which will result in enhancement of the nongovernmental sector and reduction of state involvement in the economy.” [For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation to the United States International Development Finance Corporation and treatment of related references, see sections 9683 and 9686(d) of this title.] Pub. L. 101–179, title III, § 302(c), Nov. 28, 1989, 103 Stat. 1311, provided that: “If the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1990 [Pub. L. 101–167], contains the same amendment that is made by subsection (a) of this section [amending former section 2199(f) of this title by inserting “, Poland, Hungary,” after “Yugoslavia”], the amendment made by that Act shall not be effective.”
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9612 - United States International Development Finance Corporation
## Text
(a) Establishment There is established in the executive branch the United States International Development Finance Corporation (in this chapter referred to as the “Corporation”), which shall be a wholly owned Government corporation for purposes of chapter 91 of title 31 under the foreign policy guidance of the Secretary of State.
(b) Purpose The purpose of the Corporation shall be to mobilize and facilitate the participation of private sector capital and skills in the economic development of less developed countries, as described in subsection (c), countries in transition from nonmarket to market economies, and other eligible foreign countries, in order to complement the development assistance objectives, and advance the foreign policy and national security interests, of the United States. In carrying out its purpose, the Corporation, utilizing broad criteria, shall take into account in its financing operations the economic and financial soundness and development objectives of projects for which it provides support under subchapter II of this chapter.
(c) Eligible countries (1) Less developed country focus The Corporation shall prioritize the provision of support under subchapter II of this chapter in less developed countries.
(2) Advancing income countries The Corporation may provide support for a project under title II in an advancing income country if, before providing such support, the Chief Executive Officer certifies in writing to the appropriate congressional committees, that such support will be provided in accordance with the policy established pursuant to subsection (d)(2). Such certification may be included as an appendix to the report required by section 1446.
(3) High-income countries (A) In general The Corporation may provide support for a project under title II in a high-income country if, before providing such support, the Chief Executive Officer certifies in writing to the appropriate congressional committees that such support will be provided in accordance with the policy established pursuant to subsection (d)(3). Such certification may be included as an appendix to the report required by section 9656 of this title.
(B) Report Not later than 120 days after December 18, 2025, and annually thereafter, the Corporation shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report, which may be submitted in classified or confidential form, that includes—
(i) a list of all high-income countries in which the Corporation anticipates providing support in the subsequent fiscal year (and, with respect to the first such report, the then-current fiscal year); and
(ii) to the extent practicable, a description of the type of projects anticipated to receive such support.
(C) Projects in high-income countries not previously identified in report The Corporation may not provide support for a project in a high-income country in any year for which that high-income country is not included on the list required by subparagraph (B)(i), unless, not later than 15 days before commitment, the Corporation consults with and submits to the appropriate congressional committees a notification describing how the proposed project advances the foreign policy interests of the United States.
(4) Continuation of eligibility Projects previously approved by the Corporation shall remain eligible for support notwithstanding any change in the income classification of the country.
(d) Strategic investments policy (1) In general The Board shall establish policies, which shall be applied on a project-by-project basis, to evaluate and determine the strategic merits of providing support for projects and investments in advancing income countries and high-income countries.
(2) Investment policy for advancing income countries Any policy used to evaluate and determine the strategic merits of providing support for projects in an advancing income country shall require that such projects—
(A) advance—
(i) the national security interests of the United States in accordance with United States foreign policy, as determined by the Secretary of State; or
(ii) significant strategic economic competitiveness imperatives;
(B) are designed in a manner to produce significant developmental outcomes or provide developmental impacts to the poorest populations of such country; and
(C) are structured in a manner that maximizes private capital mobilization.
(3) Investment policy for high-income countries Any policy used to evaluate and determine the strategic merits of providing support for projects in high-income countries shall require that—
(A) each such project meets the requirements described in paragraph (2);
(B) with respect to each project in a high-income country—
(i) private sector entities have been afforded an opportunity to support the project on viable terms in place of support by the Corporation; and
(ii) such support by the Corporation does not exceed 25 percent of the total cost of the project;
(C) with respect to support for all projects in all high-income countries, the aggregate amount of such support does not exceed 10 percent of the total contingent liability authorized by section 9633 of this title; and
(D) the Chief Executive Officer submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report, which may be submitted as an appendix to a report required by section 9656 of this title, that—
(i) certifies that the Corporation has applied the policy to each supported project in a high-income country; and
(ii) describes whether such support—
(I) is a preferred alternative to state-directed investments by a foreign country of concern; or
(II) otherwise furthers the strategic interest of the United States to counter or limit the influence of foreign countries of concern.
(e) Ineligible countries The Corporation shall not provide support for a project in—
(1) a country of concern; or
(2) a wealthy country, except to the extent permitted pursuant to subsection (f).
(f) Sectoral exceptions Subject to the requirements in subsection (d)(3), the restriction in subsection (e)(2) shall not apply to projects in the following sectors:
(1) Energy.
(2) Critical minerals and rare earths.
(3) Information and communications technology, including undersea cables.
(g) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that—
(1) the Corporation should continuously operate in a manner that advances its core mission and purposes, as described in this title; and
(2) resources of the Corporation should not be diverted for domestic or other activities extending beyond the scope of such mission and purpose.
(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title I, § 1412, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3486; Pub. L. 119–60, div. H, title LXXXVII, § 8712, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1947.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original “this division”, meaning division F of Pub. L. 115–254, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3485, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of division F to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 9601 of this title and Tables.
Amendments2025—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8712(1), substituted “countries in transition from nonmarket to market economies, and other eligible foreign countries” for “and countries in transition from nonmarket to market economies” and inserted “and national security” after “foreign policy”. Subsecs. (c) to (g). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8712(2), added subsecs. (c) to (g) and struck out former subsec. (c), which related to private support in less developed and upper-middle-income countries.
Executive Documents
Delegation of Authority Under the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 Memorandum of President of the United States, July 7, 2020, 85 F.R. 45749, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State the authority vested in the President by section 1412(c)(2)(A) of the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (title I of division F of Public Law 115–254) (the “Act”) [22 U.S.C. 9612(c)(2)(A)] to certify to the appropriate congressional committees that the provision of support under title II of the Act [amending sections 9621 to 9624 of this title] in a less developed country with an upper-middle-income economy furthers the national economic or foreign policy interests of the United States. The delegation in this memorandum shall apply to any provision of any future public law that is the same or substantially the same as the provision referenced in this memorandum. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. Donald J. Trump.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9614 - Independent accountability mechanism
## Text
(a) In general The Board shall establish a transparent and independent accountability mechanism.
(b) Functions The independent accountability mechanism established pursuant to subsection (a) shall—
(1) annually evaluate and report to the Board and Congress regarding compliance with environmental, social, labor, human rights, and transparency standards, consistent with Corporation statutory mandates;
(2) provide a forum for resolving concerns regarding the impacts of specific Corporation-supported projects with respect to such standards; and
(3) provide advice regarding Corporation projects, policies, and practices.
(c) Consolidation of functions Not later than 90 days after December 18, 2025, the Board shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees describing any efficiencies that may be gained through the consolidation of functions of the independent accountability mechanism under the authorities of the Office of the Inspector General of the Corporation under section 1414. 11 See References in Text note below. The report shall include an outline as to how the Inspector General of the Corporation would develop an internal environmental, social, and governance expertise to adequately replace the independent accountability mechanism’s environmental, social, and governance expertise.
(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title I, § 1415, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3492; Pub. L. 119–60, div. H, title LXXXVII, § 8733, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1960.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in Text
Section 1414, referred to in subsec. (c), means section 1414 of Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title I, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3492, which amended section 8G of the Inspector General Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–452, formerly § 8E, as added Pub. L. 100–504, which was set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, prior to repeal and restatement as section 415 of Title 5.
Amendments2025—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 119–60 added subsec. (c).
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9621 - Authorities relating to provision of support
## Text
(a) In general The authorities in this subchapter shall only be exercised to—
(1) carry out of 11 So in original. The word “of” probably should not appear. the policy of the United States in section 9611 of this title and the purpose of the Corporation in section 9612 of this title;
(2) mitigate risks to United States taxpayers by sharing risks with the private sector and qualifying sovereign entities through co-financing and structuring of tools; and
(3) ensure that support provided under this subchapter is additional to private sector resources by mobilizing private capital that would otherwise not be deployed without such support.
(b) Lending and guaranties (1) In general The Corporation may make loans or guaranties upon such terms and conditions as the Corporation may determine.
(2) Denomination Loans and guaranties issued under paragraph (1) may be denominated and repayable in United States dollars or foreign currencies. Foreign currency denominated loans and guaranties should only be provided if the Board determines there is a substantive policy rationale for such loans and guaranties.
(3) Applicability of Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 Loans and guaranties issued under paragraph (1) shall be subject to the requirements of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (2 U.S.C. 661 et seq.).
(c) Equity investments (1) In general The Corporation may, as a minority investor, support projects with funds or use other mechanisms for the purpose of purchasing, and may make and fund commitments to purchase, invest in, make pledges in respect of, or otherwise acquire, equity or quasi-equity securities or shares or financial interests of any entity, including as a limited partner or other investor in investment funds, upon such terms and conditions as the Corporation may determine.
(2) Denomination Support provided under paragraph (1) may be denominated and repayable in United States dollars or foreign currency. Foreign currency denominated support provided by paragraph (1) should only be provided if the Board determines there is a substantive policy rationale for such support.
(3) Guidelines and criteria The Corporation shall develop guidelines and criteria to require that the use of the authority provided by paragraph (1) with respect to a project has a clearly defined development and foreign policy purpose, taking into account the following objectives:
(A) The support for the project would be more likely than not to substantially reduce or overcome the effect of an identified market failure in the country in which the project is carried out.
(B) The project would not have proceeded or would have been substantially delayed without the support.
(C) The support would meaningfully contribute to transforming local conditions to promote the development of markets, localized workforces, and partner country economic security.
(D) The support can be shown to be aligned with commercial partner incentives.
(E) The support can be shown to have significant developmental impact and will contribute to long-term commercial sustainability.
(F) The support furthers the policy of the United States described in section 9611 of this title.
(4) Limitations on equity investments (A) Per project limit The aggregate amount of support provided under this subsection with respect to any project shall not exceed 40 percent of the aggregate amount of all equity investment made to the project at the time that the Corporation approves support of the project.
(B) Total limit Support provided pursuant to this subsection shall be limited to not more than 35 percent of the Corporation’s aggregate exposure on the date that such support is provided.
(5) Sales and liquidation of position The Corporation shall seek to sell and liquidate any support for a project provided under this subsection as soon as commercially feasible, commensurate with other similar investors in the project and taking into consideration the national security interests of the United States.
(6) Timetable The Corporation shall create a project-specific timetable for support provided under paragraph (1).
(7) Corporate equity investment account (A) Establishment There is established in the Treasury of the United States a fund to be known as the “Development Finance Corporate Equity Investment Account” (referred to in this division as the “Equity Investment Account”), which shall be administered by the Corporation as a revolving account to carry out the purposes of this section.
(B) Purpose The Corporation shall—
(i) manage the Equity Investment Account in ways that demonstrate a commitment to pursuing catalytic investments in less developed countries in accordance with section 9612(c)(1) of this title and paragraph (1); and
(ii) collect data and information about the use of the Equity Investment Account to inform the Corporation’s record of returns on investments and reevaluation of equity investment subsidy rates prior to the termination of the authorities provided under this subchapter.
(C) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated to the Equity Investment Account $5,000,000,000 for fiscal years 2026 through 2031.
(D) Offsetting collections and funds Earnings and proceeds from the sale or redemption of, and fees, credits, and other collections from, the equity investments of the Corporation under the Equity Investment Account shall be retained and deposited into the Fund and shall remain available to carry out this subsection without fiscal year limitation without further appropriation.
(E) Impact quotient The Corporation shall ensure that at least 25 percent of its obligations from funds authorized to be appropriated under subparagraph (C) or otherwise made available for the Fund for Corporation projects are rated in the upper 20 percent on the Impact Quotient tier system, or any similar or successor assessment tool, developed pursuant to section 9652(b)(1) of this title.
(d) Insurance and reinsurance The Corporation may issue insurance or reinsurance, upon such terms and conditions as the Corporation may determine, to private sector entities and qualifying sovereign entities assuring protection of their investments in whole or in part against any or all political risks such as currency inconvertibility and transfer restrictions, expropriation, war, terrorism, civil disturbance, breach of contract, or nonhonoring of financial obligations.
(e) Promotion of and support for private investment opportunities (1) In general In order to carry out the purpose of the Corporation described in section 9612(b) of this title, the Corporation may initiate and support, through financial participation, incentive grant, or otherwise, and on such terms and conditions as the Corporation may determine, feasibility studies for the planning, development, and management of, and procurement for, potential bilateral and multilateral development projects eligible for support under this subchapter, including training activities undertaken in connection with such projects, for the purpose of promoting investment in such projects and the identification, assessment, surveying, and promotion of private investment opportunities, utilizing wherever feasible and effective, the facilities of private investors.
(2) Contributions to costs The Corporation shall, to the maximum extent practicable, require any person receiving funds under the authorities of this subsection to—
(A) share the costs of feasibility studies and other project planning services funded under this subsection; and
(B) reimburse the Corporation those funds provided under this section, if the person succeeds in project implementation.
(f) Special projects and programs The Corporation may administer and manage special projects and programs in support of specific transactions undertaken by the Corporation—
(1) for the provision of post-investment technical assistance for existing projects of the Corporation, including programs of financial and advisory support that provide private technical, professional, or managerial assistance in the development of human resources, skills, technology, or capital savings; or
(2) subject to the nondelegable review and approval of the Board, by creating companies, corporations, and partnerships that advance both the development objectives and foreign policy interests outlined in the purpose of this division if, not later than 30 days prior to entering into an agreement or other arrangement to provide support pursuant to this section, the Chief Executive Officer—
(A) notifies the appropriate congressional committees; and
(B) includes in the notification required by subparagraph (A) a certification that such support—
(i) is designed to meet an exigent need that is critical to the national security interests of the United States; and
(ii) could not otherwise be secured utilizing the authorities under this section.
(g) Enterprise funds (1) In general The Corporation may, following consultation with the Secretary of State, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and the heads of other relevant departments or agencies, establish and operate enterprise funds in accordance with this subsection.
(2) Private character of funds Nothing in this section shall be construed to make an enterprise fund an agency or establishment of the United States Government, or to make the officers, employees, or members of the Board of Directors of an enterprise fund officers or employees of the United States for purposes of title 5.
(3) Purposes for which support may be provided The Corporation, subject to the approval of the Board, may designate private, nonprofit organizations as eligible to receive support under this subchapter for the following purposes:
(A) To promote development of economic freedom and private sectors, including small- and medium-sized enterprises and joint ventures with the United States and host country participants.
(B) To facilitate access to credit to small- and medium-sized enterprises with sound business plans in countries where there is limited means of accessing credit on market terms.
(C) To promote policies and practices conducive to economic freedom and private sector development.
(D) To attract foreign direct investment capital to further promote private sector development and economic freedom.
(E) To complement the work of the United States Agency for International Development and other donors to improve the overall business-enabling environment, financing the creation and expansion of the private business sector.
(F) To make financially sustainable investments designed to generate measurable social benefits and build technical capacity in addition to financial returns.
(4) Operation of funds (A) Expenditures Funds made available to an enterprise fund shall be expended at the minimum rate necessary to make timely payments for projects and activities carried out under this subsection.
(B) Administrative expenses Not more than 3 percent per annum of the funds made available to an enterprise fund may be obligated or expended for the administrative expenses of the enterprise fund.
(5) Board of Directors Each enterprise fund established under this subsection should be governed by a Board of Directors comprised of private citizens of the United States or the host country, who—
(A) shall be appointed by the President after consultation with the chairmen and ranking members of the appropriate congressional committees; and
(B) have pursued careers in international business and have demonstrated expertise in international and emerging market investment activities.
(6) Majority member requirement The majority of the members of the Board of Directors shall be United States citizens who shall have relevant experience relating to the purposes described in paragraph (3).
(7) Reports Not later than one year after the date of the establishment of an enterprise fund under this subsection, and annually thereafter until the enterprise fund terminates in accordance with paragraph (10), the Board of Directors of the enterprise fund shall—
(A) submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report—
(i) detailing the administrative expenses of the enterprise fund during the year preceding the submission of the report;
(ii) describing the operations, activities, engagement with civil society and relevant local private sector entities, development objectives and outcomes, financial condition, and accomplishments of the enterprise fund during that year;
(iii) describing the results of any audit conducted under paragraph (8); and
(iv) describing how audits conducted under paragraph (8) are informing the operations and activities of the enterprise fund; and
(B) publish, on a publicly available internet website of the enterprise fund, each report required by subparagraph (A).
(8) Oversight (A) Inspector general performance audits (i) In general The Inspector General of the Corporation shall conduct periodic audits of the activities of each enterprise fund established under this subsection.
(ii) Consideration In conducting an audit under clause (i), the Inspector General shall assess whether the activities of the enterprise fund—
(I) support the purposes described in paragraph (3);
(II) result in profitable private sector investing; and
(III) generate measurable social benefits.
(B) Recordkeeping requirements The Corporation shall ensure that each enterprise fund receiving support under this subsection—
(i) keeps separate accounts with respect to such support; and
(ii) maintains such records as may be reasonably necessary to facilitate effective audits under this paragraph.
(9) Return of funds to Treasury Any funds resulting from any liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of an enterprise fund, in whole or in part, shall be returned to the Treasury of the United States.
(10) Termination The authority of an enterprise fund to provide support under this subsection shall terminate on the earlier of—
(A) the date that is 10 years after the date of the first expenditure of amounts from the enterprise fund; or
(B) the date on which the enterprise fund is liquidated.
(h) Supervision of support Support provided under this subchapter shall be subject to section 2382(c) of this title.
(i) Small business development (1) In general The Corporation shall undertake, in cooperation with appropriate departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States as well as private entities and others, to broaden the participation of United States small businesses and cooperatives and other small United States investors in the development of small private enterprise in less developed friendly countries or areas.
(2) Outreach to minority-owned and women-owned businesses (A) In general The Corporation shall collect data on the involvement of minority- and women-owned businesses in projects supported by the Corporation, including—
(i) the amount of insurance and financing provided by the Corporation to such businesses in connection with projects supported by the Corporation; and
(ii) to the extent such information is available, the involvement of such businesses in procurement activities conducted or supported by the Corporation.
(B) Inclusion in annual report The Corporation shall include, in its annual report submitted to Congress under section 9653 of this title, the aggregate data collected under this paragraph, in such form as to quantify the effectiveness of the Corporation’s outreach activities to minority- and women-owned businesses.
(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title II, § 1421, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3492; Pub. L. 119–60, div. H, title LXXXVII, §§ 8741, 8742, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1961, 1962.)
## Notes
Termination of SectionFor termination of section 7 years after Oct. 5, 2018, see section 9624 of this title.
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is title V of Pub. L. 93–344 as added by Pub. L. 101–508, title XIII, § 13201(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–609, which is classified generally to subchapter III (§ 661 et seq.) of chapter 17A of Title 2, The Congress. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 621 of Title 2 and Tables.
Amendments2025—Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8741(b), inserted “, localized workforces, and partner country economic security” after “markets”. Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8741(c), substituted “40” for “30”. Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8741(a), added par. (7). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8742, added subsec. (f) and struck out former subsec. (f). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Corporation may administer and manage special projects and programs in support of specific transactions undertaken by the Corporation, including programs of financial and advisory support that provide private technical, professional, or managerial assistance in the development of human resources, skills, technology, capital savings, or intermediate financial and investment institutions or cooperatives, and including the initiation of incentives, grants, or studies for energy, women’s economic empowerment, microenterprise households, or other small business activities.”
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9622 - Terms and conditions
## Text
(a) In general Except as provided in subsection (b), support provided by the Corporation under this subchapter shall be on such terms and conditions as the Corporation may prescribe.
(b) Requirements The following requirements apply to support provided by the Corporation under this subchapter:
(1) The Corporation shall provide support using authorities under this subchapter only if it is necessary—
(A) to alleviate a credit market imperfection; or
(B) to achieve specified development or foreign policy objectives of the United States Government by providing support in the most efficient way to meet those objectives on a case-by-case basis.
(2) The final maturity of a loan made or guaranteed by the Corporation shall not exceed the lesser of—
(A) 25 years; or
(B) debt servicing capabilities of the project to be financed by the loan (as determined by the Corporation).
(3) The Corporation shall, with respect to providing any loan guaranty to a project, require the parties to the project to bear a risk of loss on the project in an amount equal to at least 20 percent of the amount of such guaranty. The Corporation shall continue to work with the President to streamline the process for securing waivers that would enable the Corporation to guarantee up to 100 percent of the amount of a loan, provided that risk of loss in the project borne by the parties to the project is equal to at least 20 percent of the guaranty amount.
(4) The Corporation may not make or guarantee a loan unless the Corporation determines that the borrower or lender is responsible and that adequate provision is made for servicing the loan on reasonable terms and protecting the financial interest of the United States.
(5) The interest rate for direct loans and interest supplements on guaranteed loans shall be set by reference to a benchmark interest rate (yield) on marketable Treasury securities or other widely recognized or appropriate benchmarks with a similar maturity to the loans being made or guaranteed, as determined in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and the Secretary of the Treasury. The Corporation shall establish appropriate minimum interest rates for loans, guaranties, and other instruments as necessary.
(6) The minimum interest rate for new loans as established by the Corporation shall be adjusted periodically to take account of changes in the interest rate of the benchmark financial instrument.
(7) (A) The Corporation shall set fees or premiums for support provided under this subchapter at levels that minimize the cost to the Government while supporting achievement of the objectives of support.
(B) The Corporation shall review fees for loan guaranties periodically to ensure that the fees assessed on new loan guaranties are at a level sufficient to cover the Corporation’s most recent estimates of its costs.
(8) Any loan guaranty provided by the Corporation shall be conclusive evidence that—
(A) the guaranty has been properly obtained;
(B) the loan qualified for the guaranty; and
(C) but for fraud or material misrepresentation by the holder of the guaranty, the guaranty is presumed to be valid, legal, and enforceable.
(9) The Corporation shall prescribe explicit standards for use in periodically assessing the credit risk of new and existing direct loans or guaranteed loans.
(10) The Corporation may not make loans or loan guaranties except to the extent that budget authority to cover the costs of the loans or guaranties is provided in advance in an appropriations Act, as required by section 661c of title 2.
(11) The Corporation shall rely upon specific standards to assess the developmental and strategic value of projects for which it provides support and should only provide the minimum level of support necessary in order to support such projects.
(12) Any loan or loan guaranty made by the Corporation should be provided on a senior basis or pari passu with other senior debt unless there is a substantive policy rationale to provide such support otherwise.
(c) Best practices to prevent usurious or abusive lending by intermediaries (1) In general The Corporation shall ensure that terms, conditions, penalties, rules for collections practices, and other finance administration policies that govern Corporation-backed lending, guarantees and other financial instruments through intermediaries are consistent with industry best practices and the Corporation’s rules with respect to direct lending to its clients.
(2) Truth in lending policies The Corporation shall develop required truth in lending rules, guidelines, and related implementing policies and practices to govern secondary lending through intermediaries and shall report such policies and practices to the appropriate committees not later than 180 days of 11 So in original. The word “of” probably should be “after”. December 18, 2025, with annual updates, as needed, thereafter.
(3) Policy development requirements In developing such policies and practices required by paragraph (2), the Corporation shall—
(A) take into account any particular vulnerabilities generally faced by potential applicants or recipients of microlending and other forms of microfinance, such as lack of experience with lending or lack of financial literacy;
(B) develop and apply, generally, rules and terms to ensure Corporation-backed lending through an intermediary does not carry excessively punitive or disproportionate penalties for customers in default;
(C) ensure that such policies and practices include effective safeguards to prevent usurious or abusive lending by intermediaries, including in the provision of microfinance; and
(D) ensure the intermediary includes in any lending contract with microfinance borrowers that is supported by the Corporation an appropriate level of financial disclosure to the borrower, including—
(i) disclosures that explain in all material respects to the customer both lender and customer rights and obligations under the contract in language that is accessible to the customer;
(ii) the material loan terms and tenure of the contract;
(iii) the procedures and potential penalties or forfeitures in case of default;
(iv) information on privacy and personal data protection; and
(v) any other information that the Corporation determines is needed to inform the borrower of the material terms of the loan.
(4) Audit requirements The Corporation shall establish appropriate auditing mechanisms to oversee and monitor secondary lending provided through intermediaries in partner countries and include in each annual report to Congress required under paragraph (2) a summary of the results of such audits.
(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title II, § 1422, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3497; Pub. L. 119–60, div. H, title LXXXVII, § 8743, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1962.)
## Notes
Termination of SectionFor termination of section 7 years after Oct. 5, 2018, see section 9624 of this title.
Editorial Notes
Amendments2025—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8743(1), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: “The Corporation shall, with respect to providing any loan guaranty to a project, require the parties to the project to bear the risk of loss in an amount equal to at least 20 percent of the guaranteed support by the Corporation in the project.” Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 119–60, § 8743(2), added subsec. (c).
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9623 - Payment of losses
## Text
(a) Payments for defaults on guaranteed loans (1) In general If the Corporation determines that the holder of a loan guaranteed by the Corporation suffers a loss as a result of a default by a borrower on the loan, the Corporation shall pay to the holder the percent of the loss, as specified in the guaranty contract, after the holder of the loan has made such further collection efforts and instituted such enforcement proceedings as the Corporation may require.
(2) Subrogation Upon making a payment described in paragraph (1), the Corporation shall ensure the Corporation will be subrogated to all the rights of the recipient of the payment.
(3) Recovery efforts The Corporation shall pursue recovery from the borrower of the amount of any payment made under paragraph (1) with respect to the loan.
(b) Limitation on payments (1) In general Except as provided by paragraph (2), compensation for insurance, reinsurance, or a guaranty issued under this subchapter shall not exceed the dollar value of the tangible or intangible contributions or commitments made in the project, plus interest, earnings, or profits actually accrued on such contributions or commitments, to the extent provided by such insurance, reinsurance, or guaranty.
(2) Exception (A) In general The Corporation may provide that—
(i) appropriate adjustments in the insured dollar value be made to reflect the replacement cost of project assets; and
(ii) compensation for a claim of loss under insurance of an equity investment under section 9621 of this title may be computed on the basis of the net book value attributable to the equity investment on the date of loss.
(3) Additional limitation (A) In general Notwithstanding paragraph (2)(A)(ii) and except as provided in subparagraph (B), the Corporation shall limit the amount of direct insurance and reinsurance issued under section 9621 of this title with respect to a project so as to require that the insured and its affiliates bear the risk of loss for at least 10 percent of the amount of the Corporation’s exposure to that insured and its affiliates in the project.
(B) Exception The limitation under subparagraph (A) shall not apply to direct insurance or reinsurance of loans provided by banks or other financial institutions to unrelated parties.
(c) Actions by Attorney General The Attorney General shall take such action as may be appropriate to enforce any right accruing to the United States as a result of the issuance of any loan or guaranty under this subchapter.
(d) Rule of construction Nothing in this section shall be construed to preclude any forbearance for the benefit of a borrower that may be agreed upon by the parties to a loan guaranteed by the Corporation if budget authority for any resulting costs to the United States Government (as defined in section 661a of title 2) is available.
(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title II, § 1423, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3498.)
## Notes
Termination of SectionFor termination of section 7 years after Oct. 5, 2018, see section 9624 of this title.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9624 - Termination
## Text
(a) In general The authorities provided under this subchapter terminate on December 31, 2031.
(b) Termination of Corporation The Corporation shall terminate on the date on which the portfolio of the Corporation is liquidated.
(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title II, § 1424, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3499; Pub. L. 119–60, div. H, title LXXXVII, § 8744, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1963.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments2025—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 119–60 substituted “December 31, 2031” for “7 years after October 5, 2018”.
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# 22 U.S.C. § 9631 - Operations
## Text
(a) Bilateral agreements The Corporation may provide support under subchapter II of this chapter in connection with projects in any country the government of which has entered into an agreement with the United States authorizing the Corporation to provide such support in that country.
(b) Claims settlement (1) In general Claims arising as a result of support provided under subchapter II of this chapter or under predecessor authority may be settled, and disputes arising as a result thereof may be arbitrated with the consent of the parties, on such terms and conditions as the Corporation may determine.
(2) Settlements conclusive Payment made pursuant to any settlement pursuant to paragraph (1), or as a result of an arbitration award, shall be final and conclusive notwithstanding any other provision of law.
(c) Presumption of compliance Each contract executed by such officer or officers as may be designated by the Board shall be conclusively presumed to be issued in compliance with the requirements of this chapter.
(d) Electronic payments and documents The Corporation shall implement policies to accept electronic documents and electronic payments in all of its programs.
(e) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that—
(1) the Corporation is obligated to consult with and collect input from current employees on plans to substantially reorganize the Corporation prior to implementation of such plan; and
(2) the Corporation should consider preference, experience, and, when relevant, seniority when reassigning existing employees to new areas of work.
(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title III, § 1431, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3499; Pub. L. 119–60, div. H, title LXXXVII, § 8751, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1963.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (c), was in the original “this division”, meaning division F of Pub. L. 115–254, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3485, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of division F to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 9601 of this title and Tables.
Amendments2025—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 119–60 added subsec. (e).

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