Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2451.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2451"
+description: "Congressional statement of purpose"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2451"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2451"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2451"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "c9e05fb3184e816426f4129de0a4ca957bb1a6ff2ceca612bf151ce69ceb7fa4"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "eb09ac3e49f9a360a9ede45b7e020377f7bd418a3680bafbdf19f6a2345b5e7f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2451 - Congressional statement of purpose
+
+## Text
+
+The purpose of this chapter is to enable the Government of the United States to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations by demonstrating the educational and cultural interests, developments, and achievements of the people of the United States and other nations, and the contributions being made toward a peaceful and more fruitful life for people throughout the world; to promote international cooperation for educational and cultural advancement; and thus to assist in the development of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations between the United States and the other countries of the world.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 101, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out below and Tables.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Short TitlePub. L. 87–256, § 1, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, provided: “That this Act [enacting this chapter, amending sections 1101, 1182 and 1258 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, sections 117, 871, 872, 1441, 3121, 3306, 3401 and 3402 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and section 410 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing sections 1431(2), 1434, 1439, 1440, 1446, 1448, 1466 to 1468 and 1991 to 2001 of this title, sections 222 to 224 of Title 20, Education, and former section 1641(b)(2) of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and under sections 117, 1441, 3121 and 3401 of Title 26] may be cited as the ‘Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961’.” Pub. L. 87–256 is also popularly known as the “Fulbright-Hays Act”.
+
+Transfer of Functions Functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof under this chapter transferred to Director of International Communication Agency by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, § 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, except (A) for such functions as are vested by sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by sections 2454(b), 2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State. International Communication Agency, and Director thereof, redesignated United States Information Agency, and Director thereof, by section 303 of Pub. L. 97–241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. References to United States Information Agency or International Communication Agency deemed to refer to Department of State, see section 6551 of this title.
+
+Expansion of United States Scholarship and Exchange Programs in the Islamic WorldPub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7112, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3796, provided that: “(a) Findings.—Consistent with the report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Congress makes the following findings:“(1) Exchange, scholarship, and library programs are effective ways for the United States Government to promote internationally the values and ideals of the United States. “(2) Exchange, scholarship, and library programs can expose young people from other countries to United States values and offer them knowledge and hope. “(b) Declaration of Policy.—Consistent with the report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Congress declares that—“(1) the United States should commit to a long-term and sustainable investment in promoting engagement with people of all levels of society in countries with predominantly Muslim populations, particularly with youth and those who influence youth; “(2) such an investment should make use of the talents and resources in the private sector and should include programs to increase the number of people who can be exposed to the United States and its fundamental ideas and values in order to dispel misconceptions; and “(3) such programs should include youth exchange programs, young ambassadors programs, international visitor programs, academic and cultural exchange programs, American Corner programs, library programs, journalist exchange programs, sister city programs, and other programs related to people-to-people diplomacy. “(c) Sense of Congress.—It is the sense of Congress that the United States should significantly increase its investment in the people-to-people programs described in subsection (b). “(d) Authority To Expand Educational and Cultural Exchanges.—The President is authorized to substantially expand the exchange, scholarship, and library programs of the United States, especially such programs that benefit people in the Muslim world. “(e) Availability of Funds.—Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated in each of the fiscal years 2005 and 2006 for educational and cultural exchange programs, there shall be available to the Secretary of State such sums as may be necessary to carry out programs under this section, unless otherwise authorized by Congress.”
+
+Advisory Committee on Cultural DiplomacyPub. L. 107–228, div. A, title II, § 224, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1368, provided for the establishment of an advisory committee on cultural diplomacy to advise the Secretary of State on programs and policies to advance the use of cultural diplomacy in United States foreign policy and for the termination of the committee on Sept. 30, 2005.
+
+Continuation of Certain Executive Orders, Agreements, Determinations, Regulations, Contracts, Appointments, and Other ActionsPub. L. 87–256, § 111(b), Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 538, provided that: “All Executive orders, agreements, determinations, regulations, contracts, appointments, and other actions issued, concluded, or taken under authority of any provisions of law repealed by subsection (a) of this section [repealing sections 1431(2), 1434, 1439, 1440, 1446, 1448, 1466 to 1468, and 1991 to 2001 of this title, sections 222 to 224 of Title 20, Education, and former section 1641(b)(2) of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense] shall continue in full force and effect, and shall be applicable to the appropriate provisions of this Act [this chapter] until modified or superseded by appropriate authority.”
+
+References in Other Laws to Repealed ProvisionsPub. L. 87–256, § 111(c), Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 538, provided that: “Any reference in any other Act to the provisions of law listed in subsection (a) [repealing sections 1431(2), 1434, 1439, 1440, 1446, 1448, 1466 to 1468, and 1991 to 2001 of this title, sections 222 to 224 of Title 20, Education, and former section 1641(b)(2) of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense] shall hereafter be considered to be references to the appropriate provisions of this Act [this chapter].”

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2451a.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2451a"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 91–269, § 7, May 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 272"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2451a"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2451a"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2451a"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "6f61ec994948581081029a12c372f6b9086df90e208331aa5b71f5f8a6071c72"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "bae705a916722bc1e7c51dc3f096876a34888337ab753a498f8ac9fa86b6eb26"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2451a - Repealed. Pub. L. 91–269, § 7, May 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 272
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 89–685, § 8, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 974, required registration of international fair, exposition, celebration or other international exhibition with an international organization for participation by the United States. See section 2801 et seq. of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2452a.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2452a"
+description: "Exchange program with countries in transition from totalitarianism to democracy"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2452a"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2452a"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2452a"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "402d6334006b2b5328899a98af84ced9e06090312767f762c6b59591fc1f449d"
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+text_hash: "d52e8bda1ff4bd52f636e943cd435546d288ec818476343f770abbee6615af64"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2452a - Exchange program with countries in transition from totalitarianism to democracy
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Authorization of activities; grants or contracts for exchanges with foreign countries Pursuant to the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.] and using the authorities contained therein, the President is authorized, when the President considers that it would strengthen international cooperative relations, to provide, by grant, contract, or otherwise, for exchanges with countries that are in transition from totalitarianism to democracy, which include, but are not limited to Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania—
+
+(1) by financing studies, research, instruction, and related activities—
+
+(A) of or for American citizens and nationals in foreign countries; and
+
+(B) of or for citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American private businesses, trade associations, unions, chambers of commerce, and local, State, and Federal Government agencies, located in or outside the United States; and
+
+(2) by financing visits and interchanges between the United States and countries in transition from totalitarianism to democracy.
+
+The program under this section shall be coordinated by the Department of State.
+
+(b) Transfer of funds The President is authorized to transfer to the appropriate appropriations account of the Department of State such sums as the President shall determine to be necessary out of the travel accounts of the departments and agencies of the United States, except for the Department of State, as the President shall designate. Such transfers shall be subject to the approval of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. In addition, the President is authorized to accept such gifts or cost-sharing arrangements as may be proffered to sustain the program under this section.
+
+(Pub. L. 101–610, title VI, § 602, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3186; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, § 1335(c), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–787.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables.
+
+Codification Section was enacted as part of the National and Community Service Act of 1990, and not as part of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter.
+
+Amendments1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277, § 1335(c)(1), substituted “Department of State” for “United States Information Agency” before period at end. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–277, § 1335(c)(2), in first sentence, substituted “appropriate appropriations account of the Department of State” for “appropriations account of the United States Information Agency” and struck out “and the United States Information Agency” before “, as the President”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective Oct. 1, 1999, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6531 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2452b.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2452b"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 119–60, div. E, title IV, § 5405, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1599"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2452b"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2452b"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2452b"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "73d4bcc1d6320aa83bcd6325679684fab0b0006e5782e220c6d82a9d5f2017c5"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "d260066da8cf76106a4ad92bb8f9e31a4aa58ea2d3328f119efbf7fa01070f84"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2452b - Repealed. Pub. L. 119–60, div. E, title IV, § 5405, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1599
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, § 204], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–420; Pub. L. 115–32, § 5(b), May 8, 2017, 131 Stat. 844, related to use of funds appropriated to the Department of State for international expositions.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+United States Competition for a World ExpoPub. L. 115–32, May 8, 2017, 131 Stat. 843, provided that: “SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.“This Act may be cited as the ‘U.S. Wants to Compete for a World Expo Act’. “SEC. 2. FINDINGS.“Congress finds the following:“(1) The Bureau of International Expositions (BIE) is the organization responsible for governing World Fairs and International Expositions. “(2) Section 1(a) of Public Law 91–269 (22 U.S.C. 2801(a)) found that ‘international expositions . . . have a significant impact on the economic growth of the region surrounding the exposition and . . . are important instruments of national policy’. “(3) The United States has not been an active member of the BIE since 2001. “(4) State and local governments and private entities in the United States have continued to participate in international expositions held in foreign countries as a means of promoting United States exports and creating jobs, but face significantly higher costs for such participation because the United States is not an active member. “(5) State and local governments and private entities in the United States have expressed interest in an international exposition being hosted in the United States, but the bid of a United States city, region, or State to host an international exposition is unlikely to be successful if the United States is not a member of the BIE. “SEC. 3. SENSE OF CONGRESS.“It is the sense of Congress that—“(1) the United States should rejoin the BIE immediately to promote domestic job creation, global branding, and tourism to the United States; and “(2) the Secretary of State, in partnership with the Secretary of Commerce, State and local governments, and private and non-profit entities, should take all necessary steps to facilitate the timely submission of a request to rejoin the BIE. “SEC. 4. AUTHORIZATION.“(a) In General.—The Secretary of State is authorized to take such actions as the Secretary determines necessary for the United States to rejoin and maintain membership in the BIE. “(b) Authorization To Accept Private Contributions.—In addition to funds otherwise available to the Secretary to carry out this section, the Secretary is authorized to accept contributions for such purpose. “(c) Notification.—The Secretary of State shall notify the Committees on Foreign Affairs and Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Foreign Relations and Appropriations of the Senate upon taking any action under subsection (a). “SEC. 5. CONTINUATION OF PROHIBITION ON USE OF FEDERAL FUNDS FOR WORLD’S FAIR PAVILIONS AND EXHIBITS.“(a) Continuation of Prohibition.—Nothing in this Act may be construed to authorize any obligation or expenditure prohibited by section 204 of the Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001 (22 U.S.C. 2452b) (relating to limitations on the obligation or expenditure of funds by the Department of State for a United States pavilion or exhibit at an international exposition or world’s fair registered by the BIE). “(b) Prohibition on Solicitation of Funds.— [Amended this section.]”
+
+[Amended this section.]”

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2452c.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2452c"
+description: "Program to provide grants to American-sponsored schools in predominantly Muslim countries to provide scholarships"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2452c"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2452c"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2452c"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "1de65f04f9f762fd5322f181e69fb897f52a162b31a37d4f7d7a8ed053047905"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "c5701bdb7a714fbfeb8ca6bd3ca43e63a4aba44211f06bffbb5c5e2568fd05d3"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2452c - Program to provide grants to American-sponsored schools in predominantly Muslim countries to provide scholarships
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Findings Congress makes the following findings:
+
+(1) During the 2003–2004 school year, the Office of Overseas Schools of the Department of State is financially assisting 189 elementary and secondary schools in foreign countries.
+
+(2) United States-sponsored elementary and secondary schools are located in more than 20 countries with predominantly Muslim populations in the Near East, Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, and East Asia.
+
+(3) United States-sponsored elementary and secondary schools provide an American-style education in English, with curricula that typically include an emphasis on the development of critical thinking and analytical skills.
+
+(b) Statement of policy The United States has an interest in increasing the level of financial support provided to United States-sponsored elementary and secondary schools in countries with predominantly Muslim populations in order to—
+
+(1) increase the number of students in such countries who attend such schools;
+
+(2) increase the number of young people who may thereby gain at any early age an appreciation for the culture, society, and history of the United States; and
+
+(3) increase the number of young people who may thereby improve their proficiency in the English language.
+
+(c) Program The Secretary of State, acting through the Director of the Office of Overseas Schools of the Department of State, may conduct a program to make grants to United States-sponsored elementary and secondary schools in countries with predominantly Muslim populations for the purpose of providing full or partial merit-based scholarships to students from lower-income and middle-income families of such countries to attend such schools.
+
+(d) Determination of eligible students For purposes of the program, a United States-sponsored elementary and secondary school that receives a grant under the program may establish criteria to be implemented by such school to determine what constitutes lower-income and middle-income families in the country (or region of the country, if regional variations in income levels in the country are significant) in which such school is located.
+
+(e) Restriction on use of funds Amounts appropriated to the Secretary of State pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in subsection (h) shall be used for the sole purpose of making grants under this section, and may not be used for the administration of the Office of Overseas Schools of the Department of State or for any other activity of the Office.
+
+(f) Voluntary participation Nothing in this section shall be construed to require participation in the program by a United States-sponsored elementary or secondary school in a predominantly Muslim country.
+
+(g) Report Not later than April 15, 2006, and April 15, 2008, the Secretary of State shall submit to the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report on the program. The report shall assess the success of the program, examine any obstacles encountered in its implementation, and address whether it should be continued, and if so, provide recommendations to increase its effectiveness.
+
+(h) Funding There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State for each of the fiscal years 2007 and 2008, unless otherwise authorized by Congress, such sums as necessary to implement the program under this section.
+
+(Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7113, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3797; Pub. L. 110–53, title XX, § 2014(b)(1), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 512.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Codification Section was formerly set out as a note under section 2452 of this title. Section was enacted as part of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, and also as part of the 9/11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004, and not as part of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter.
+
+Amendments2007—Pub. L. 110–53, § 2014(b)(1)(A), struck out “Pilot” before “Program” in section catchline. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–53, § 2014(b)(1)(B), struck out “Pilot” before “Program” in heading and “pilot” before “program” in text. Subsecs. (d), (f). Pub. L. 110–53, § 2014(b)(1)(C), (D), struck out “pilot” before “program” wherever appearing. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 110–53, § 2014(b)(1)(E), inserted “and April 15, 2008,” before “the Secretary” and struck out “pilot” before “program”. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 110–53, § 2014(b)(1)(F), substituted “2007 and 2008” for “2005 and 2006” and struck out “pilot” before “program”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Change of Name Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.
+
+FindingsPub. L. 110–53, title XX, § 2014(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 512, provided that: “Congress finds the following: “(1) Section 7113 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458; 22 U.S.C. 2452 note [now 22 U.S.C. 2452c]) authorized the establishment of a pilot program to provide grants to American-sponsored schools in predominantly Muslim countries so that such schools could provide scholarships to young people from lower-income and middle-income families in such countries to attend such schools, where they could improve their English and be exposed to a modern education. “(2) Since the date of the enactment of that section [Dec. 17, 2004], the Middle East Partnership Initiative has pursued implementation of that program.”

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2453.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2453"
+description: "Agreements with foreign governments and international organizations"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2453"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2453"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2453"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "e1cba1e6f5f250b71a12773146eec14da499537028b17d9868e2e5ff74f32211"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "c824d5940e65aaec5446b659e6476d8a7f06bae091b3dc3bb5b64a158916117e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2453 - Agreements with foreign governments and international organizations
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Authorization The Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized to enter into agreements with foreign governments and international organizations, in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter. In such agreements the Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized, when he deems it in the public interest, to seek the agreement of the other governments concerned to cooperate and assist, including making use of funds placed in special accounts pursuant to agreements concluded in accordance with section 1513(b)(6) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title, or any similar agreements, in providing for the activities authorized in section 2452 of this title, and particularly those authorized in subsection (a)(1) of said section 2452, with respect to the expenses of international transportation of their own citizens and nationals and of activities in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter carried on within the borders of such other nations.
+
+(b) Creation or continuation of binational or multinational educational and cultural foundations and commissions Such agreements may also provide for the creation or continuation of binational or multinational educational and cultural foundations and commissions for the purpose of administering programs in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter.
+
+(c) United States participation in programs In such agreements with international organizations, the Director of the United States Information Agency may provide for equitable United States participation in and support for, including a reasonable share of the cost of, educational and cultural programs to be administered by such organizations.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 103, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 529; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 97–241, title III, § 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. Section 1513(b)(6) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, § 542(a), 68 Stat. 861.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Transfer of Functions United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. “Director of the United States Information Agency” substituted for “Director of the International Communication Agency” in subsecs. (a) and (c), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97–241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. Previously, “Director of the International Communication Agency” substituted for “President” in subsecs. (a) and (c), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, § 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, which transferred functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof, under this chapter, to Director of International Communication Agency, except (A) for such functions as are vested by sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by sections 2454(b), 2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Delegation of Functions Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2455.md

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2455"
+description: "Appropriations"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2455"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2455"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2455"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "47eff55a0f7d08e38bdd43dae93e3fff3611fdf02c0943d3780dc769010952bf"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2455 - Appropriations
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Availability Amounts appropriated to carry out the purposes of this chapter are authorized to be made available until expended.
+
+(b) Acquisition of foreign currencies Funds appropriated for programs under this chapter may, without regard to section 3651 11 See References in Text note below. of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 543), be used for the acquisition from any source of foreign currencies in such amounts as may be necessary for current expenditures and for grants, including grants to foundations and commissions in accordance with international agreements providing for the accomplishment of the purposes of this chapter.
+
+(c) Transfer of funds Moneys appropriated to any department or agency of the Government in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter for research, technical aid, and educational and cultural programs, may be transferred by the President to any other appropriation available for like purposes, but no appropriation authorized by this chapter shall be increased or decreased by more than 10 per centum by reason of transfers pursuant to this subsection.
+
+(d) Reserve and use of certain funds The President is authorized—
+
+(1) to reserve in such amounts and for such periods as he shall determine to be necessary to provide for the programs authorized by subsections (a)(1), (2)(i) of section 2452 of this title, and
+
+(2) notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, to use in such amounts as may from time to time be specified in appropriation Acts, to the extent that such use is not restricted by agreement with the foreign nations concerned, for any programs authorized by this chapter,
+
+any currencies of foreign nations received or to be received by the United States or any agency thereof—
+
+(i) under agreements disposing of surplus property or settling lend-lease and other war accounts concluded after World War II;
+
+(ii) as the proceeds of sales or loan repayments, including interest, for transactions heretofore or hereafter effected under the Food for Peace Act, as amended [7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.];
+
+(iii) in repayment of principal or interest on any other credit extended or loan heretofore or hereafter made by the United States or any agency thereof; or
+
+(iv) as deposits to the account of the United States pursuant to section 1513(b)(6) 1 or section 1513(h) 1 of this title, or any similar provision of any other law.
+
+(e) Reservation and use of sums due or paid by the Republic of Finland The Director of the United States Information Agency is further authorized to reserve and use for educational and cultural exchange programs and other activities authorized in subsections (a) and (b) of section 2452 of this title, in relation to Finland and the people of Finland, all sums due or paid on and after August 24, 1949, by the Republic of Finland to the United States as interest on or in retirement of the principal of the debt incurred under the Act of February 25, 1919, as refunded by the agreement dated May 1, 1923, pursuant to the authority contained in the Act of February 9, 1922, or of any other indebtedness incurred by that Republic and owing to the United States as a result of World War I.
+
+(f) Contribution of funds, property, and services by foreign governments, international organizations, and private individuals, firms, associations, and agencies Foreign governments, international organizations and private individuals, firms, associations, agencies, and other groups shall be encouraged to participate to the maximum extent feasible in carrying out this chapter and to make contributions of funds, property, and services which the President is authorized to accept, to be utilized to carry out the purposes of this chapter. Funds made available for the purposes of this chapter may be used to contribute toward meeting the expenses of activities carried out through normal private channels, by private means, and through foreign governments and international organizations.
+
+(g) Currency exchanges Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, there are authorized to be appropriated for the purposes of making currency exchanges under section 2452(b)(10) of this title, not to exceed $10,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1968, and not to exceed $15,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1969.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 105, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 531; Pub. L. 89–698, title II, § 203(c), Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1072; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 97–241, title III, § 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291; Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 227, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 423; Pub. L. 110–246, title III, § 3001(b)(1)(A), (2)(S), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1820, 1821.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) to (d), (f), and (g), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. Section 3651 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 543), referred to in subsec. (b), was repealed by Pub. L. 97–258, § 5(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1068, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance. The Food for Peace Act, as amended, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(ii), is act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, 68 Stat. 454, which is classified principally to chapter 41 (§ 1691 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1691 of Title 7 and Tables. Sections 1513(b)(6) and 1513(h) of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(iv), were repealed by act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, § 542(a), 68 Stat. 861. The acts of February 25, 1919, and February 9, 1922, referred to in subsec. (e), are not classified to the Code.
+
+Amendments2008—Subsec. (d)(2)(ii). Pub. L. 110–246 substituted “Food for Peace Act” for “Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954”. 1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–236 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: “Appropriations to carry out the purposes of this chapter, to remain available until expended, are authorized, and this authorization includes the authority to grant, in any appropriation Act, the authority to enter into contracts, within the amounts so authorized, creating obligations in advance of appropriations.” 1966—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89–698 added subsec. (g).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2008 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, see section 4(b) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.
+
+Transfer of Functions United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. “Director of the United States Information Agency” substituted for “Director of the International Communication Agency” in subsec. (e), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97–241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. Previously, “Director of the International Communication Agency” substituted for “President” in subsec. (e), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, § 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, which transferred functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof, under this chapter, to Director of International Communication Agency, except (A) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (a), (b), and (c) of this section, sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2456(a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (d)(2) and (f) of this section, sections 2454(b) and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State.
+
+Increase in Grants for Exchange-of-Persons Activities; Funds for Specific Programs, Reductions, Other Use of Funds, Report to Congressional CommitteesPub. L. 97–241, title III, § 305(c), (d), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 294, provided that the amount obligated by United States Information Agency each fiscal year for grants for exchange-of-persons activities should be increased, through regular annual increases, so that by fiscal year 1986 the amount obligated for such grants would at least double (in terms of constant dollars) the amount obligated for such grants for fiscal year 1982 and in furtherance of this purpose provided for appropriations for the United States Information Agency for fiscal year 1983.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Delegation of Functions Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, Director of United States Information Agency, Secretary of Commerce, and Secretary of Education, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2456.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2456"
+description: "J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2456"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2456"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2456"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "6eabb95e4d164bd7ee3d8bb2d3f44c8b8d0fb1a940bc67991b4d4f5a1ce51a64"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2456 - J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Appointment; members; considerations for selection (1) For the purpose of selecting students, scholars, teachers, trainees, and other persons to participate in the programs authorized under section 2452(a)(1) of this title, and of supervising such programs and the programs authorized under section 2452(b)(4) and (6) of this title, there is continued the authority of the President to appoint a board of foreign scholarships which shall be known as the “J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board” (hereinafter referred to as the “Board”) consisting of twelve members. In connection with appointments to such Board, due consideration shall be given to the selection of distinguished representatives of cultural, educational, student advisory, and war veterans groups, and representatives of the United States Department of Education, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, public and private nonprofit educational institutions.
+
+(2) In the selection of American citizens for participation in programs under this chapter, preference shall be given to those who have served in the Armed Forces of the United States, and due consideration shall be given to applicants from all geographical areas of the United States.
+
+(b) Omitted
+
+(c) Repealed. Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, § 1336(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–790
+
+(d) Creation of interagency and other advisory committees; conferences of persons The President is authorized to create such interagency and other advisory committees as in his judgment may be of assistance in carrying out the purposes of this chapter, and from time to time to convene conferences of persons interested in educational and cultural affairs to consider matters relating to the purposes of this chapter.
+
+(e) Availability of appropriations for expenses; transportation expenses and per diem; compensation of members of Board and Committees The provisions of section 1346(b) of title 31 shall be applicable to any interagency committee created pursuant to the provisions of this chapter. Members of the committees provided for in this section shall be entitled (i) to transportation expenses and per diem in lieu of subsistence at the rate prescribed by or established pursuant to section 5703 of title 5 while away from home in connection with attendance at meetings or in consultation with officials of the Government or otherwise carrying out duties as authorized, and (ii) if not otherwise in the employ of the United States Government, to compensation at rates not in excess of $50 per diem while performing services for such committees. Members of the Board shall be entitled to such expenses and per diem in lieu of subsistence as provided for under clause (i) of the preceding sentence and, while performing services for the Board, to compensation at a rate, prescribed by the Director of the United States Information Agency, not in excess of the daily rate for the first step of GS–15 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of title 5.
+
+(f) Secretarial and staff assistance The President is authorized to provide for necessary secretarial and staff assistance for the Board and such committees as may be created under this section.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 106, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 532; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, §§ 8(b), 9(a)(3), (6), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1638, 1639; Pub. L. 96–60, title II, § 205(a), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 401; Pub. L. 96–88, title III, § 301(b)(2), title V, § 507, Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 678, 692; Pub. L. 97–241, title III, § 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291; Pub. L. 101–246, title II, § 204(a)(1), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 49; Pub. L. 102–54, § 13(h)(1), June 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 275; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, § 1336(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–790.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (d), and (e), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables.
+
+Codification Subsec. (b), which established the United States Advisory Commission on International Educational and Cultural Affairs to replace the United States Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange, and provided for its functions and the appointment and terms of its members, and the provisions of subsecs. (e) and (f) referring to the “Commission”, were omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, § 9(a)(3), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1639, set out under section 1461 of this title, which abolished that Commission effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by the President. In subsec. (e), “section 1346(b) of title 31” substituted for “section 214 of the Act of May 3, 1945 (59 Stat. 134; 31 U.S.C. 691)” on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, § 4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance. In subsec. (e), “section 5703 of title 5” substituted for “section 5 of the Administrative Expense Act of 1946, as amended (5 U.S.C. 73b-2)” on authority of Pub. L. 89–554, § 7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Amendments1998—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–277 repealed subsec. (c), which related to the continuation of the Advisory Committee on the Arts and the appointment, qualifications, and terms of office of its members. 1991—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–54 substituted “Department of Veterans Affairs” for “Veterans’ Administration”. 1990—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101–246 substituted “board of foreign scholarships which shall be known as the ‘J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board’ ” for “Board of Foreign Scholarships”. 1979—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–60 struck from second sentence “the Board,” before “the Commission” and from cl. (ii) thereof “such Board,” before “Commission” and provided for entitlement of members of the Board to expenses and per diem in lieu of subsistence and to compensation for services not exceeding a daily rate for first step, GS–15 of General Schedule.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective Oct. 1, 1999, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6531 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1979 AmendmentPub. L. 96–60, title II, § 205(b), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 401, provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) [to subsec. (e) of this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1979.”
+
+Transfer of Functions “Department of Education” substituted for “Office of Education” in subsec. (a), pursuant to sections 301(b)(2) and 507 of Pub. L. 96–88, which are classified to sections 3441(b)(2) and 3507 of Title 20, Education, and which transferred the Office of Education to the Department of Education. “Director of the United States Information Agency” substituted for “Director of the International Communication Agency” in subsec. (e), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97–241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title.
+
+Termination of Advisory Commissions and CommitteesAdvisory commissions or committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a commission or committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such commission or committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a commission or committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See sections 1001(2) and 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Continued Service of Board MembersPub. L. 101–246, title II, § 204(b), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 50, provided that: “Each member appointed to the Board of Foreign Scholarships before the date of the enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990] shall continue to serve for the remainder of the term to which each such member was appointed.”
+
+References to Board of Foreign ScholarshipsPub. L. 101–246, title II, § 204(c), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 50, provided that: “Any reference in any provision of law to the Board of Foreign Scholarships shall, on and after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990], be deemed to be a reference to the J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board.”
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Transfer of Functions Functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof under this chapter transferred to Director of International Communication Agency by section 7(a)(2) of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, except (A) for such functions as are vested by subsec. (a) of this section, sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (d) and (f) of this section, sections 2454(b) and 2455(d)(2), (f) of this title, to extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (b) and (c) of this section to extent that any function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State.
+
+Delegation of Functions Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, Director of United States Information Agency, Secretary of Commerce, and Secretary of Education, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2457.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2457"
+description: "Reports by Board"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2457"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2457"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2457"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "e4a82eb021c3038bfe92d115b0408fb16a0a47cdbf94de00948dbcb932a222a8"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2457 - Reports by Board
+
+## Text
+
+The Board shall submit annual reports to the Congress and such other reports to the Congress as it deems appropriate, and shall make reports to the public in the United States and abroad to develop a better understanding of and support for the programs authorized by this chapter.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 107, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 534; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 9(a)(3), (6), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1639.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables.
+
+Codification Provisions relating to the submission of reports to Congress by the United States Advisory Commission on International Educational and Cultural Affairs [which replaced the United States Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange], and the Advisory Committee on the Arts, were omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, § 9(a)(3), (6), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1639, set out under section 1461 of this title, which abolished the Commission and the Committee effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by the President.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Termination of Reporting RequirementsFor termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in this section relating to submitting annual reports to Congress, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and page 155 of House Document No. 103–7.
+
+Termination of Advisory Commissions and CommitteesAdvisory commissions or committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a commission or committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such commission or committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a commission or committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See sections 1001(2) and 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2458.md

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2458"
+description: "Authority of President"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2458"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2458"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2458"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2458 - Authority of President
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Performance of certain functions without regard to other laws; appropriation credits upon reimbursement for services in connection with exchange activities (1) Whenever the President determines it to be in furtherance of this chapter, the functions authorized in section 2452(a)(2) and (3) of this title may be performed without regard to such provisions of law or limitations of authority regulating or relating to the making, performance, amendment, or modification of contracts, the acquisition and disposition of property, and the expenditure of Government funds, as he may specify.
+
+(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Director of the United States Information Agency may provide, on a reimbursable basis, services within the United States in connection with exchange activities otherwise authorized by this chapter when such services are requested by a department or executive agency. Reimbursements under this paragraph shall be credited to the applicable appropriation of the Agency.
+
+(b) Periodic reports of activities and expenditures The President shall submit periodic reports to the Congress of activities carried on and expenditures made in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter and of the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, as amended [22 U.S.C. 1431 et seq.].
+
+(c) Expenditures in selection, purchase, rental, construction, or other acquisition of exhibits and materials and equipment therefor In connection with activities authorized by section 2452(a)(2) and (3) of this title, the President is authorized to provide for all necessary expenditures involved in the selection, purchase, rental, construction, or other acquisition of exhibits and materials and equipment therefor, and the actual display thereof, including but not limited to costs of transportation, insurance, installation, safekeeping and storage, maintenance and operation, rental of space, and dismantling.
+
+(d) Utilization of provisions of other laws The President is authorized to utilize the provisions of title VIII of the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, as amended [22 U.S.C. 1471 et seq.], to the extent he deems necessary in carrying out the provisions and purposes of this chapter.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 108, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 534; Pub. L. 96–60, title II, § 203(d), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 399; Pub. L. 96–470, title II, § 212(a), Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2246; Pub. L. 97–241, title III, § 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), and (d), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. The United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, as amended, referred to in subsecs. (b) and (d), is act Jan. 27, 1948, ch. 36, 62 Stat. 6, which is classified generally to chapter 18 (§ 1431 et seq.) of this title. Title VIII of the Act, referred to in subsec. (d), is classified generally to subchapter VII (§ 1471 et seq.) of chapter 18 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1431 of this title and Tables.
+
+Amendments1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–470 substituted provision requiring periodic reports on activities and expenditures made under this chapter and the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 for provision requiring an annual report be made on activities and expenditures under this chapter. 1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–60 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1979 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–60 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 209 of Pub. L. 96–60, set out as a note under section 1471 of this title.
+
+Transfer of Functions United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. “Director of the United States Information Agency” substituted for “Director of the International Communication Agency” in subsec. (a)(2), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97–241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title.
+
+Soviet Nationals Participating in Exchange Programs; Topics and Location of Study; National Security Interests; Report to CongressPub. L. 97–241, title I, § 126(c), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 282, directed Secretary of State to submit annually to Congress a list of Soviet nationals participating during the upcoming academic year in the United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics graduate student/young faculty exchange or in the United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics senior scholar exchange, their topics of study, and where they were to study, such report to also include a determination by Secretary of State, in consultation with heads of other agencies involved in these exchange programs, that these exchange programs would not jeopardize United States national security interests, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–199, title III, § 306, Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2324.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Transfer of Functions Functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof under this chapter transferred to Director of International Communication Agency by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, § 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, except (A) for such functions as are vested by this section, and sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by sections 2454(b), 2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State.
+
+Delegation of Functions Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, Director of United States Information Agency, and Secretary of Commerce, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2458a.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2458a"
+description: "Federal employee participation in cultural exchange programs"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2458a"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2458a"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2458a"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "95997f7b8b3ad3a812e3120b4d110187486ff7c4a75b2358f6e5e6d34475252e"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "c69f81e52853fa1c2a8ec856295bbcc80b47898b52a8ce405e7ccd59ef928ae8"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2458a - Federal employee participation in cultural exchange programs
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Grants and other foreign government assistance; family or household expense assistance prohibited; “Federal employee” defined (1) Congress consents to the acceptance by a Federal employee of grants and other forms of assistance provided by a foreign government to facilitate the participation of such Federal employee in a cultural exchange—
+
+(A) which is of the type described in section 2452(a)(2)(i) of this title,
+
+(B) which is conducted for a purpose comparable to the purpose stated in section 2451 of this title, and
+
+(C) which is specifically approved by the Secretary of State for purposes of this section;
+
+but the Congress does not consent to the acceptance by any Federal employee of any portion of any such grant or other form of assistance which provides assistance with respect to any expenses incurred by or for any member of the family or household of such Federal employee.
+
+(2) For purposes of this section, the term “Federal employee” means any employee as defined in subparagraphs (A) through (F) of section 7342(a)(1) of title 5, but does not include a person described in subparagraph (G) of such section.
+
+(b) Foreign grants and other assistance not gifts for purposes of section 7342 of title 5 The grants and other forms of assistance with respect to which the consent of Congress is given in subsection (a) of this section shall not constitute gifts for purposes of section 7342 of title 5.
+
+(c) Regulations The Secretary of State is authorized to promulgate regulations for purposes of this section.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 108A, as added Pub. L. 94–350, title I, § 111, July 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 825; amended Pub. L. 96–60, title II, § 204(d), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 400.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1979—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 96–60 substituted “(F)” for “(E)” and “(G)” for “(F)”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1979 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–60 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 209 of Pub. L. 96–60, set out as a note under section 1471 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2459.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2459"
+description: "Immunity from seizure under judicial process of cultural objects imported for temporary exhibition or display"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2459"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2459"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2459"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "ae1a6cc7ac218a63b30b6bfb72e4c6b442626a6b99c1d7f88ec76f50db9bb148"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2459 - Immunity from seizure under judicial process of cultural objects imported for temporary exhibition or display
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Agreements; Presidential determination; publication in Federal Register Whenever any work of art or other object of cultural significance is imported into the United States from any foreign country, pursuant to an agreement entered into between the foreign owner or custodian thereof and the United States or one or more cultural, educational, or religious institutions with the capacity to appropriately curate such object within the United States providing for temporary storage, conservation, scientific research, exhibition, or display within the United States at any cultural exhibition, assembly, activity, or festival administered, operated, or sponsored, without profit, by any such cultural, educational, or religious institution with the capacity to appropriately curate such object, no court of the United States, any State, the District of Columbia, or any territory or possession of the United States may issue or enforce any judicial process, or enter any judgment, decree, or order, for the purpose or having the effect of depriving such institution, or any carrier engaged in transporting such work or object within the United States, of custody or control of such object if before the importation of such object the President or his designee has determined that such object is of cultural significance and that temporary storage, conservation, scientific research, exhibition, or display within the United States is in the national interest, and a notice to that effect has been published in the Federal Register.
+
+(b) Intervention of United States attorney in pending judicial proceedings If in any judicial proceeding in any such court any such process, judgment, decree, or order is sought, issued, or entered, the United States attorney for the judicial district within which such proceeding is pending shall be entitled as of right to intervene as a party to that proceeding, and upon request made by either the institution adversely affected, or upon direction by the Attorney General if the United States is adversely affected, shall apply to such court for the denial, quashing, or vacating thereof.
+
+(c) Enforcement of agreements and obligations of carriers under transportation contracts Nothing contained in this section shall preclude (1) any judicial action for or in aid of the enforcement of the terms of any such agreement or the enforcement of the obligation of any carrier under any contract for the transportation of any such object of cultural significance; or (2) the institution or prosecution by or on behalf of any such institution or the United States of any action for or in aid of the fulfillment of any obligation assumed by such institution or the United States pursuant to any such agreement.
+
+(d) Imported and importation defined For purposes of this section, the terms “imported” and “importation” include a transfer from a mission of a foreign country located within the United States to a cultural, educational, or religious institution located within the United States.
+
+(Pub. L. 89–259, Oct. 19, 1965, 79 Stat. 985; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1216(a) Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3922.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Codification Section was not enacted as a part of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, which comprises this chapter.
+
+Amendments2021—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–283, § 1216(a)(1), substituted “temporary storage, conservation, scientific research, exhibition, or display” for “temporary exhibition or display thereof” in two places, “cultural, educational, or religious institutions with the capacity to appropriately curate such object” for “cultural or educational institutions”, and “any such cultural, educational, or religious institution with the capacity to appropriately curate such object” for “any such cultural or educational institution”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 116–283, § 1216(a)(2), added subsec. (d).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+AfghanistanPub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1216(b), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3923, provided that: “(1) In general.—A work of art or other object of cultural significance that is imported into the United States for temporary storage, conservation, scientific research, exhibition, or display shall be deemed to be immune from seizure under such Act of October 19, 1965 (22 U.S.C. 2459) (as amended by subsection (a)), and the provisions of such Act shall apply in the same manner and to the same extent to such work or object, if—“(A) the work or object is exported from Afghanistan with an export permit or license duly issued by the Government of Afghanistan; and “(B)(i) an agreement is entered into between the Government of Afghanistan and the cultural, educational, or religious institution with the capacity to appropriately curate such object within the United States that specifies the conditions for such material to be returned to Afghanistan; or “(ii) the work or object is transferred to a cultural, educational, or religious institution with the capacity to appropriately curate such object in the United States in accordance with an agreement described in clause (i) that also includes an authorization to transfer such work or object to other such institutions in the United States.”
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Executive Order No. 11312 Ex. Ord. No. 11312, Oct. 14, 1966, 31 F.R. 13415, which related to the delegation of functions to the Secretary of State, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12047, Mar. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 13359, set out below.
+
+Ex. Ord. No. 12047. Imported Objects of Cultural Significance Ex. Ord. No. 12047, Mar. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 13359, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12388, Oct. 14, 1982, 47 F.R. 46245, provided: By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Act of October 19, 1965, entitled “An Act to render immune from seizure under judicial process certain objects of cultural significance imported into the United States for temporary display or exhibition, and for other purposes” (79 Stat. 985, 22 U.S.C. 2459), and as President of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. The Director of the United States Information Agency is designated and empowered to perform the functions conferred upon the President by the above-mentioned Act and shall be deemed to be authorized, without the approval, ratification, or other action of the President, (1) to determine that any work of art or other object to be imported into the United States within the meaning of the Act is of cultural significance, (2) to determine that the temporary exhibition or display of any such work of art or other object in the United States is in the national interest, and (3) to cause public notices of the determinations referred to above to be published in the Federal Register. Sec. 2. The Director of the United States Information Agency, in carrying out this Order, shall consult with the Secretary of State with respect to the determination of national interest, and may consult with the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the Director of the National Gallery of Art, and with such other officers and agencies of the Government as may be appropriate, with respect to the determination of cultural significance. Sec. 3. The Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized to delegate within the Agency the functions conferred upon him by this Order. Sec. 4. Executive Order No. 11312 of October 14, 1966 is revoked. Sec. 5. Any order, regulation, determination or other action which was in effect pursuant to the provisions of Executive Order No. 11312 shall remain in effect until changed pursuant to the authority provided in this Order. Sec. 6. This Order shall be effective on April 1, 1978. [For abolition of United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau), transfer of functions, and treatment of references thereto, see sections 6531, 6532, and 6551 of this title.]

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2460.md

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2460"
+description: "Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2460"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2460"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2460"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "ba3927c13c7f44a04e6eb1c0ee9d1b8a5d6e13bc6c37988cd4e96459a387b29f"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "5113d6b93044cc4cdb705e22930db01585c944f7a60a3cd22e6ee22e415d4c4c"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2460 - Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment; responsibilities In order to carry out the purposes of this chapter, there is established in the United States Information Agency, or in such appropriate agency of the United States as the President shall determine, a Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Bureau”). The Bureau shall be responsible for managing, coordinating, and overseeing programs established pursuant to this chapter, including but not limited to—
+
+(1) the J. William Fulbright Educational Exchange Program which, by promoting the exchange of scholars, researchers, students, trainees, teachers, instructors, and professors, between the United States and foreign countries, accomplishes the purposes of section 2452(a)(1) of this title;
+
+(2) the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program which finances (A) study at American universities and institutions of higher learning, including study in degree granting programs, and (B) participation in fellowships, internships, or other programs in American governmental and nongovernmental institutions for public managers and other individuals from developing countries;
+
+(3) the International Visitors Program which provides grants for short-term visits to the United States for foreign nationals who are, or have the potential to be, leaders in their respective fields in their own countries;
+
+(4) the American Cultural Centers and Libraries which make available at selected foreign locations, books, films, sound recordings, and other materials about the United States, its people and culture, and about other topics;
+
+(5) the American Overseas Schools Program which provides financial assistance to the operations of American-sponsored schools overseas;
+
+(6) the American Studies Program which fosters and supports the study of the United States, and its people and culture, in foreign countries;
+
+(7) a program of working with private, not-for-profit groups through contracts, grants, or cooperative agreements, as authorized by section 2452 of this title, so as to provide financial assistance to nongovernmental organizations engaged in implementing and enhancing exchange-of-persons programs;
+
+(8) the Samantha Smith Memorial Exchange Program which advances understanding between the United States and the independent states of the former Soviet Union and between the United States and Eastern European countries through the exchange of persons under the age of 21 years and of students at an institution of higher education (as defined in section 1001 of title 20) who have not received their initial baccalaureate degree or through other programs designed to promote contact between the young peoples of the United States, the independent states of the former Soviet Union, and Eastern European countries;
+
+(9) the Arts America program which promotes a greater appreciation and understanding of American art abroad by supporting exhibitions and tours by American artists in other countries; and
+
+(10) 11 So in original. Two pars. (10) have been enacted. exchange programs, including in coordination and consultation with the private sector, focused on music and the performing arts that provide opportunities for foreign nationals and Americans to build cross-cultural understanding and advance peace abroad.
+
+(10) 1 the John Lewis Civil Rights Fellowship Program established under section 2465 of this title, which provides funding for international internships and research placements for early- to mid-career individuals from the United States to study nonviolent civil rights movements in self-arranged placements with universities or nongovernmental organizations in foreign countries.
+
+(b) Revocation or diminution of grants (1) All recipients of Fulbright Academic Exchange and Humphrey Fellowship awards shall have full academic and artistic freedom, including freedom to write, publish, and create. No award granted pursuant to this chapter may be revoked or diminished on account of the political views expressed by the recipient or on account of any scholarly or artistic activity that would be subject to the protections of academic and artistic freedom normally observed in universities in the United States. The Board shall ensure that the academic and artistic freedoms of all persons receiving grants are protected.
+
+(2) The J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board shall formulate a policy on revocation of Fulbright grants which shall be made known to all grantees. Such policy shall fully protect the right to due process as well as the academic and artistic freedom of all grantees.
+
+(c) Program requirements The President shall insure that all programs under the authority of the Bureau shall maintain their nonpolitical character and shall be balanced and representative of the diversity of American political, social, and cultural life. The President shall insure that academic and cultural programs under the authority of the Bureau shall maintain their scholarly integrity and shall meet the highest standards of academic excellence or artistic achievement.
+
+(d) Administration of programs (1) The Bureau shall administer no programs except those operating under the authority of this chapter and consistent with its purposes.
+
+(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Bureau may also exercise the authorities of this chapter to administer programs authorized by, or funded pursuant to, the FREEDOM Support Act, the Support for East European Democracy Act [22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.], the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.], or any other Act authorizing educational or cultural exchanges or activities, to the extent that such programs are consistent with the purposes of this chapter.
+
+(e) Office of Citizen Exchanges There is established in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs an Office of Citizen Exchanges. The Office shall support private not-for-profit organizations engaged in the exchange of persons between the United States and other countries.
+
+(f) Coordination of exchange programs; reports (1) The President shall ensure that all exchange programs conducted by the United States Government, its departments and agencies, directly or through agreements with other parties, are reported at a time and in a format prescribed by the Director. The President shall ensure that such exchanges are consistent with United States foreign policy and avoid duplication of effort.
+
+(2) Not later than 90 days after April 30, 1994, and annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report pursuant to paragraph (1). Such report shall include information for each exchange program supported by the United States on the objectives of such exchange, the number of exchange participants supported, the types of exchange activities conducted, the total amount of Federal expenditures for such exchanges, and the extent to which such exchanges are duplicative.
+
+(g) Working Group on United States Government-Sponsored International Exchanges and Training (1) In order to carry out the purposes of subsection (f) and to improve the coordination, efficiency, and effectiveness of United States Government-sponsored international exchanges and training, there is established within the Department of State a senior-level interagency working group to be known as the Working Group on United States Government-Sponsored International Exchanges and Training (in this section referred to as the “Working Group”).
+
+(2) For purposes of this subsection, the term “Government-sponsored international exchanges and training” means the movement of people between countries to promote the sharing of ideas, to develop skills, and to foster mutual understanding and cooperation, financed wholly or in part, directly or indirectly, with United States Government funds.
+
+(3) The Working Group shall be composed as follows:
+
+(A) The Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs, who shall act as Chair.
+
+(B) A senior representative of the Department of Defense, who shall be designated by the Secretary of Defense.
+
+(C) A senior representative of the Department of Education, who shall be designated by the Secretary of Education.
+
+(D) A senior representative of the Department of Justice, who shall be designated by the Attorney General.
+
+(E) A senior representative of the Agency for International Development, who shall be designated by the Administrator of the Agency.
+
+(F) Senior representatives of such other departments and agencies as the Chair determines to be appropriate.
+
+(4) Representatives of the National Security Adviser and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget may participate in the Working Group at the discretion of the Adviser and the Director, respectively.
+
+(5) The Working Group shall be supported by an interagency staff office established in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the Department of State.
+
+(6) The Working Group shall have the following purposes and responsibilities:
+
+(A) To collect, analyze, and report data provided by all United States Government departments and agencies conducting international exchanges and training programs.
+
+(B) To promote greater understanding and cooperation among concerned United States Government departments and agencies of common issues and challenges in conducting international exchanges and training programs, including through the establishment of a clearinghouse for information on international exchange and training activities in the governmental and nongovernmental sectors.
+
+(C) In order to achieve the most efficient and cost-effective use of Federal resources, to identify administrative and programmatic duplication and overlap of activities by the various United States Government departments and agencies involved in Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, to identify how each Government-sponsored international exchange and training program promotes United States foreign policy, and to report thereon.
+
+(D) (i) Not later than 1 year after October 21, 1998, the Working Group shall develop a coordinated and cost-effective strategy for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, including an action plan with the objective of achieving a minimum of 10 percent cost savings through greater efficiency, the consolidation of programs, or the elimination of duplication, or any combination thereof.
+
+(ii) Not later than 1 year after October 21, 1998, the Working Group shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees setting forth the strategy and action plan required by clause (i).
+
+(iii) Each year thereafter the Working Group shall assess the strategy and plan required by clause (i).
+
+(E) Not later than 2 years after October 21, 1998, to develop recommendations on common performance measures for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and to issue a report.
+
+(F) To conduct a survey of private sector international exchange activities and develop strategies for expanding public and private partnerships in, and leveraging private sector support for, United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training activities.
+
+(G) Not later than 6 months after October 21, 1998, to report on the feasibility and advisability of transferring funds and program management for the ATLAS or the Mandela Fellows programs, or both, in South Africa from the Agency for International Development to the Department of State. The report shall include an assessment of the capabilities of the South African Fulbright Commission to manage such programs and the cost effects of consolidating such programs under one entity.
+
+(7) All reports prepared by the Working Group shall be submitted to the President, through the Secretary of State, acting through the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy.
+
+(8) The Working Group shall meet at least on a quarterly basis.
+
+(9) All decisions of the Working Group shall be by majority vote of the members present and voting.
+
+(10) The members of the Working Group shall serve without additional compensation for their service on the Working Group. Any expenses incurred by a member of the Working Group in connection with service on the Working Group shall be compensated by that member’s department or agency.
+
+(11) With respect to any report issued under paragraph (6), a member may submit dissenting views to be submitted as part of the report of the Working Group.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 112, as added Pub. L. 98–164, title II, § 213, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1034; amended Pub. L. 100–204, title III, §§ 302(a), 303, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1378, 1379; Pub. L. 101–246, title II, §§ 204(a)(2), 222(a), 223, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 50, 55, 56; Pub. L. 103–199, title III, § 301(1), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2322; Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 229(a), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 423; Pub. L. 105–244, title I, § 102(a)(7)(B), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1619; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIV, § 2414, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–832; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title II, §§ 221, 229, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1367, 1371; Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCVI, § 9604(b)(2), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3912; Pub. L. 118–31, div. F, title LXVI, § 6604(b), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 1013.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b)(1), and (d), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. The FREEDOM Support Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is Pub. L. 102–511, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3320, also known as the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5801 of this title and Tables. The Support for East European Democracy Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), probably means the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989, Pub. L. 101–179, Nov. 28, 1989, 103 Stat. 1298, which is classified principally to chapter 63 (§ 5401 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5401 of this title and Tables. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, which is classified principally to chapter 32 (§ 2151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.
+
+Amendments2023—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 118–31 added par. (10) relating to John Lewis Civil Rights Fellowship Program. Ancillary amendments at the end of pars. (8) and (9) of subsec. (a) could not be executed because of the prior addition by Pub. L. 117–263 of par. (10) relating to exchange programs focused on music and the performing arts. See 2022 Amendment note below. 2022—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 117–263 added par. (10) relating to exchange programs focused on music and the performing arts. 2002—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–228, § 221, designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 107–228, § 229(1), substituted “Department of State” for “United States Information Agency”. Subsec. (g)(3)(A). Pub. L. 107–228, § 229(2)(A), substituted “Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs” for “Associate Director for Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Information Agency”. Subsec. (g)(3)(B) to (G). Pub. L. 107–228, § 229(2)(B), (C), redesignated subpars. (C) to (G) as (B) to (F), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “A senior representative of the Department of State, who shall be designated by the Secretary of State.” Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 107–228, § 229(3), substituted “Department of State” for “United States Information Agency”. Subsec. (g)(6)(G). Pub. L. 107–228, § 229(4), substituted “Department of State” for “United States Information Agency”. Subsec. (g)(7). Pub. L. 107–228, § 229(5), substituted “Secretary of State, acting through the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy” for “Director of the United States Information Agency”. 1998—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 105–244 substituted “section 1001” for “section 1141(a)”. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–277 added subsec. (g). 1994—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–236 added subsec. (f). 1993—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 103–199 substituted “independent states of the former Soviet Union” for “Soviet Union” in two places. 1990—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 101–246, § 223, inserted “or through other programs designed to promote contact between the young peoples of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Eastern European countries” after “degree”. Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 101–246, § 204(a)(2), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (d), respectively. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–246, § 222(a), added subsec. (e). 1987—Subsec. (a)(8), (9). Pub. L. 100–204 added pars. (8) and (9).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 105–244 effective Oct. 1, 1998, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 105–244, see section 3 of Pub. L. 105–244, set out as a note under section 1001 of Title 20, Education.
+
+Transfer of Functions United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. Pub. L. 101–246, title II, § 222(b), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 56, provided that: “There are hereby transferred to the Office of Citizen Exchanges on the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990] all functions carried out by the Office of Private Sector Programs on the day before such date.”
+
+Private Sector PartnershipsPub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCVI, § 9604(c), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3912, provided that: “(1) In general.—The Secretary [of State] should continue—“(A) to partner with the private sector in support of music-related exchange programs implemented by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (referred to in this section as the ‘ECA’); “(B) to leverage private sector expertise in developing and implementing such programs; and “(C) to expand networking and mentorship opportunities for program participants. “(2) Authorization of certain partnerships.—The Secretary is authorized to partner with the private sector to recognize musicians—“(A) whose works or performances have advanced peace abroad; and “(B) who could contribute to networking and mentorship opportunities for participants of music-related exchange programs implemented by ECA.”
+
+Information on Educational Opportunities for Children With Special Education Needs Consistent With the Individuals With Disabilities Education ActPub. L. 117–81, div. E, title LIII, § 5324, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2370, provided that: “Not later than March 31, 2022, and annually thereafter, the Director of the Office of Overseas Schools of the Department of State shall maintain and update a list of overseas schools receiving assistance from the Office and detailing the extent to which each such school provides special education and related services to children with disabilities in accordance with part B of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (20 U.S.C. 1411 et seq.). Each list required under this section shall be posted on the public website of the Office for access by members of the Foreign Service, the Senior Foreign Service, and their eligible family members.”
+
+Private Sector Program; Restrictions on Funds for Foreign Travel; Waiver; ReportsPub. L. 98–164, title II, § 207, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1032, as amended by Pub. L. 103–236, title I, § 139(11), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 398, provided that: “(a) No funds authorized to be appropriated for the Private Sector Program shall be used to pay for foreign travel by any United States citizen who, in the five years preceding the date of the proposed foreign travel, made two or more trips financed in whole or in substantial part by grants from the Private Sector Program. This limitation shall not apply to escort interpreters accompanying delegations, to artists accompanying exhibitions, to persons engaging in theatrical or musical performances, or to the full-time staff of the grantee organization. In addition, the Director of the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs may waive this limitation in exceptional cases if he determines that foreign travel is essential to the successful completion of the grant program and so certifies in writing to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate at least fifteen days prior to the commencement of the proposed foreign travel. “[(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 103–236, title I, § 139(11), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 398.]”
+
+Definitions In subsec. (a)(8), independent states of the former Soviet Union has the meaning given in section 5801 of this title, see section 3 of Pub. L. 103–199, set out as a note under section 5801 of this title.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Ex. Ord. No. 13055. Coordination of United States Government International Exchanges and Training Programs Ex. Ord. No. 13055, July 15, 1997, 62 F.R. 39099, provided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to improve the coordination of United States Government International Exchanges and Training Programs, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. There is hereby established within the United States Information Agency a senior-level Interagency Working Group on United States Government-Sponsored International Exchanges and Training (“the Working Group”). The purpose of the Working Group is to recommend to the President measures for improving the coordination, efficiency, and effectiveness of United States Government-sponsored international exchanges and training. The Working Group shall establish a clearinghouse to improve data collection and analysis of international exchanges and training. Sec. 2. The term “Government-sponsored international exchanges and training” shall mean the movement of people between countries to promote the sharing of ideas, to develop skills, and to foster mutual understanding and cooperation, financed wholly or in part, directly or indirectly, with United States Government funds. Sec. 3. The Working Group shall consist of the Associate Director for Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Information Agency, who shall act as Chair, and a comparable senior representative appointed by the respective Secretary of each of the Departments of State, Defense, Education, and the Attorney General, by the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and by heads of other interested executive departments and agencies. In addition, representatives of the National Security Council and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall participate in the Working Group at their discretion. The Working Group shall be supported by an interagency staff office established in the Bureau of Education and Cultural Affairs of the United States Information Agency. Sec. 4. The Working Group shall have the following responsibilities: (a) Collect, analyze, and report data provided by all United States Government departments and agencies conducting international exchanges and training programs; (b) Promote greater understanding of and cooperation on, among concerned United States Government departments and agencies, common issues and challenges faced in conducting international exchanges and training programs, including through the establishment of a clearinghouse for information on international exchange and training activities in the governmental and nongovernmental sectors; (c) In order to achieve the most efficient and cost-effective use of Federal resources, identify administrative and programmatic duplication and overlap of activities by the various United States Government agencies involved in Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and report thereon; (d) No later than 1 year from the date of this order, develop initially and thereafter assess annually a coordinated strategy for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and issue a report on such strategy; (e) No later than 2 years from the date of this order, develop recommendations on performance measures for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and issue a report thereon; and (f) Develop strategies for expanding public and private partnerships in, and leveraging private sector support for, United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training activities. Sec. 5. All reports prepared by the Working Group pursuant to section 4 shall be made to the President, through the Director of the United States Information Agency. Sec. 6. The Working Group shall meet on at least a quarterly basis. Sec. 7. Any expenses incurred by a member of the Working Group in connection with such member’s service on the Working Group shall be borne by the member’s respective department or agency. Sec. 8. If any member of the Working Group disagrees with respect to any matter in any report prepared pursuant to section 4, such member may prepare a statement setting forth the reasons for such disagreement and such statement shall be appended to, and considered a part of, the report. Sec. 9. Nothing in this Executive order is intended to alter the authorities and responsibilities of the head of any department or agency. William J. Clinton. [For abolition of United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau), transfer of functions, and treatment of references thereto, see sections 6531, 6532, and 6551 of this title.]

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2461.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2461"
+description: "Exchanges between United States and independent states of the former Soviet Union"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2461"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2461"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2461"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "bb596ca829bfefd9b88b9b92621a4cc3636fc51948d1afb875ce873da21c6c33"
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+text_hash: "b5d9fcec983bb9c39be9a65d1fc6527ebc4bc369783870763a4a9e4d2cfbbd84"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2461 - Exchanges between United States and independent states of the former Soviet Union
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Financing of exchanges with repayments on Lend-Lease debts The President is authorized to negotiate and implement agreements with the independent states of the former Soviet Union under which repayments made by the independent states on Lend-Lease debts to the United States would be used to finance the exchange of persons between the United States and the independent states for educational, cultural, and artistic purposes. Exchanges authorized pursuant to this section shall be administered subject to the provisions of this chapter. Part of the funds repaid to the United States shall be in convertible currency for the purpose of paying the expenses associated with study and other exchange activities in the United States by citizens of the independent states.
+
+(b) Limitation on availability of funds Funds made available for the purposes of this section shall be available only to the extent and in the amounts provided for in an appropriation Act.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 113, as added Pub. L. 101–246, title II, § 224, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 56; amended Pub. L. 103–199, title III, § 301(2), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2322.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables.
+
+Amendments1993—Pub. L. 103–199, § 301(2)(A), substituted “Exchanges between United States and independent states of the former Soviet Union” for “United States-Soviet exchanges” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–199, § 301(2)(B)–(E), substituted “agreements with the independent states of the former Soviet Union” for “an agreement with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”, “made by the independent states” for “made by the Soviet Union”, “and the independent states” for “and the Soviet Union”, and “in the United States by citizens of the independent states” for “by Soviet citizens in the United States”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Definitions In subsec. (a), independent states of the former Soviet Union and independent states have the meanings given in section 5801 of this title, see section 3 of Pub. L. 103–199, set out as a note under section 5801 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2462.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2462"
+description: "Establishment of grant program for foreign study by American college students of limited financial means"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2462"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2462"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2462"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "fffc57b40de3f07f89f2146c204d3875c0c39eb4b831987cca673717b2ab6264"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "c611bcfaee514a0ba0ba40b63e46c4c5b1a2b326b456e1d7f6a873b2f84b8a9e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2462 - Establishment of grant program for foreign study by American college students of limited financial means
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment Subject to the availability of appropriations and under the authorities of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.], the Secretary of State shall establish and carry out a program in each fiscal year to award grants of up to $5,000, to individuals who meet the requirements of subsection (b), toward the cost of up to one academic year of undergraduate study abroad. Grants under this Act shall be known as the “Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarships”.
+
+(b) Eligibility An individual referred to in subsection (a) is an individual who—
+
+(1) is a student in good standing at an institution of higher education in the United States (as defined in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1001(a)]);
+
+(2) has been accepted for up to one academic year of study on a program of study abroad approved for credit by the student’s home institution;
+
+(3) is receiving any need-based student assistance under title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1070 et seq.]; and
+
+(4) is a citizen or national of the United States.
+
+(c) Application and selection (1) Grant application and selection shall be carried out through accredited institutions of higher education in the United States or a combination of such institutions under such procedures as are established by the Secretary of State.
+
+(2) In considering applications for grants under this section—
+
+(A) consideration of financial need shall include the increased costs of study abroad; and
+
+(B) priority consideration shall be given to applicants who are receiving Federal Pell Grants under title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1070 et seq.].
+
+(Pub. L. 106–309, title III, § 303, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1095.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. This Act, referred to in subsec. (a), probably means title III of Pub. L. 106–309, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1094, known as the International Academic Opportunity Act of 2000, which enacted this section and provisions set out as notes under this section. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. The Higher Education Act of 1965, referred to in subsecs. (b)(3) and (c)(2)(B), is Pub. L. 89–329, Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 1219. Title IV of the Act is classified generally to subchapter IV (§ 1070 et seq.) of chapter 28 of Title 20, Education. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 20 and Tables.
+
+Codification Section was enacted as part of the International Academic Opportunity Act of 2000, and also as part of the Microenterprise for Self-Reliance and International Anti-Corruption Act of 2000, and not as part of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+International Academic OpportunityPub. L. 106–309, title III, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1094, as amended by Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCVII, § 9716(e), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3922, provided that: “SEC. 301. SHORT TITLE.“This title [enacting this section and this note] may be cited as the ‘International Academic Opportunity Act of 2000’. “SEC. 302. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE.“It is the purpose of this title to establish an undergraduate grant program for students of limited financial means from the United States to enable such students to study abroad. Such foreign study is intended to broaden the outlook and better prepare such students of demonstrated financial need to assume significant roles in the increasingly global economy. “SEC. 303. ESTABLISHMENT OF GRANT PROGRAM FOR FOREIGN STUDY BY AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS OF LIMITED FINANCIAL MEANS. “[Enacted this section.] “[SEC. 304. Repealed. Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCVII, § 9716(e), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3922.] “SEC. 305. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.“There are authorized to be appropriated $1,500,000 for each fiscal year to carry out this title. “SEC. 306. EFFECTIVE DATE.“This title shall take effect October 1, 2000.”
+
+“[Enacted this section.]

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2463.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2463"
+description: "Allocation of funds transferred to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2463"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2463"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2463"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "e2866d43df83ba5e1cdbedb1a8a04beb90bc89ec5d8a558397f329887252e3f0"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2463 - Allocation of funds transferred to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
+
+## Text
+
+Of each amount transferred to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs out of appropriations other than appropriations under the heading “Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs” for support of an educational or cultural exchange program, notwithstanding any other provision of law, not more than 7.5 percent shall be made available to cover administrative expenses incurred in connection with support of the program. Amounts made available to cover administrative expenses shall be credited to the appropriations under the heading “Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs” and shall remain available until expended.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 114, as added Pub. L. 107–77, title IV, § 406, Nov. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 790.)

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2464.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2464"
+description: "Ethical issues in international health research"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2464"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2464"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2464"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "1b209a6e3bc75f8abd7881fe5f64e8b4e7f081512bd79f53b4d7b47b84fd0ff4"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "c4782f9f43e6fef1353f2389619a3caa96a71d7b0682f6de1995f1eedea6878a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2464 - Ethical issues in international health research
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general The Secretary shall make available funds for international exchanges to provide opportunities to researchers in developing countries to participate in activities related to ethical issues in human subject research, as described in subsection (c).
+
+(b) Coordination with other programs The Secretary shall coordinate programs conducted pursuant to this section with similar programs that may be conducted by the United States Agency for International Development and other Federal agencies as part of United States international health programs, particularly with respect to research and treatment of infectious diseases.
+
+(c) Ethical issues in human subject research For purposes of subsection (a), the phrase “activities related to ethical issues in human subject research” includes courses of study, conferences, and fora on development of and compliance with international ethical standards for clinical trials involving human subjects, particularly with respect to responsibilities of researchers to individuals and local communities participating in such trials, and on management and monitoring of such trials based on such international ethical standards.
+
+(Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title II, § 228, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1371.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Codification Section was enacted as part of the Department of State Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003, and also as part of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003, and not as part of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Definition For definition of “Secretary” as used in this section, see section 3 of Pub. L. 107–228, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-33/section-2465.md

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 2465"
+description: "John Lewis Civil Rights Fellowship Program"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "33"
+chapter_name: "MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM"
+section: "2465"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 2465"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s2465"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "498508a7b986341cd6d0d6c02c1370f1c44639256e9775c0d820c02376b64d69"
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+text_hash: "3a26b32db7ba4534211cac0be2445d45e4115033a6fc166e6a799ee90384a28d"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 2465 - John Lewis Civil Rights Fellowship Program
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment There is established the John Lewis Civil Rights Fellowship Program (referred to in this section as the “Fellowship Program”) within the J. William Fulbright Educational Exchange Program.
+
+(b) Purposes The purposes of the Fellowship Program are—
+
+(1) to honor the legacy of Representative John Lewis by promoting a greater understanding of the history and tenets of nonviolent civil rights movements; and
+
+(2) to advance foreign policy priorities of the United States by promoting studies, research, and international exchange in the subject of nonviolent movements that established and protected civil rights around the world.
+
+(c) Administration The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (referred to in this section as the “Bureau”) shall administer the Fellowship Program in accordance with policy guidelines established by the Board, in consultation with the binational Fulbright Commissions and United States Embassies.
+
+(d) Selection of fellows (1) In general The Board shall annually select qualified individuals to participate in the Fellowship Program. The Bureau may determine the number of fellows selected each year, which, whenever feasible, shall be not fewer than 25.
+
+(2) Outreach (A) In general To the extent practicable, the Bureau shall conduct outreach at institutions, including—
+
+(i) minority serving institutions, including historically Black colleges and universities; and
+
+(ii) other appropriate institutions that are likely to produce a range of qualified applicants, as determined by the Bureau.
+
+(B) Definitions In this paragraph:
+
+(i) Historically Black college and university The term “historically Black college and university” has the meaning given the term “part B institution” in section 1061 of title 20.
+
+(ii) Minority serving institution The term “minority-serving institution” means an eligible institution under section 1067q(a) of title 20.
+
+(e) Fellowship orientation Annually, the Bureau shall organize and administer a fellowship orientation, which shall—
+
+(1) be held in Washington, D.C., or at another location selected by the Bureau; and
+
+(2) include programming to honor the legacy of Representative John Lewis.
+
+(f) Structure (1) Work plan To carry out the purposes described in subsection (b)—
+
+(A) each fellow selected pursuant to subsection (d) shall arrange an internship or research placement—
+
+(i) with a nongovernmental organization, academic institution, or other organization approved by the Bureau; and
+
+(ii) in a country with an operational Fulbright U.S. Student Program; and
+
+(B) the Bureau shall, for each fellow, approve a work plan that identifies the target objectives for the fellow, including specific duties and responsibilities relating to those objectives.
+
+(2) Conferences; presentations Each fellow shall—
+
+(A) attend a fellowship orientation organized and administered by the Bureau under subsection (e);
+
+(B) not later than the date that is 1 year after the end of the fellowship period, attend a fellowship summit organized and administered by the Bureau, which—
+
+(i) whenever feasible, shall be held in a location of importance to the civil rights movement in the United States; and
+
+(ii) may coincide with other events facilitated by the Bureau; and
+
+(C) at such summit, give a presentation on lessons learned during the period of the fellowship.
+
+(3) Fellowship period Each fellowship under this section shall continue for a period determined by the Bureau, which, whenever feasible, shall be not fewer than 10 months.
+
+(g) Fellowship award The Bureau shall provide each fellow under this section with an allowance that is equal to the amount needed for—
+
+(1) the reasonable costs of the fellow during the fellowship period; and
+
+(2) travel and lodging expenses related to attending the orientation and summit required under subsection (e)(2).
+
+(h) Annual report Not later than 1 year after the date of the completion of the Fellowship Program by the initial cohort of fellows selected under subsection (d), and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a report on the implementation of the Fellowship Program, including—
+
+(1) a description of the demographics of the cohort of fellows who completed a fellowship during the preceding 1-year period;
+
+(2) a description of internship and research placements, and research projects selected by such cohort, under the Fellowship Program, including feedback from—
+
+(A) such cohort on implementation of the Fellowship Program; and
+
+(B) the Secretary on lessons learned;
+
+(3) a plan for factoring such lessons learned into future programming, and
+
+(4) an analysis of trends relating to the diversity of each cohort of fellows and the topics of projects completed since the establishment of the Fellowship Program.
+
+(Pub. L. 87–256, § 115, as added Pub. L. 118–31, div. F, title LXVI, § 6604(a), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 1011.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Termination of SectionFor termination of section by section 6604(c) of Pub. L. 118–31, see Termination Date note set out below.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Termination DatePub. L. 118–31, div. F, title LXVI, § 6604(c), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 1013, provided that: “The authority to carry out the John Lewis Civil Rights Fellowship Program established under section 115 of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.) [22 U.S.C. 2465], as added by subsection (a), shall expire on the date that is 10 years after the date of the enactment of this division [Dec. 22, 2023].”