Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5813.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5813"
+description: "Report on overall assistance and economic cooperation strategy"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5813"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5813"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5813"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "1b46dea816ca0a6701a66f2477be7a6ac7009b2b4fe13db816e316bf40c4e70a"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "a534cd140daf7210edc8c16725c590969a8dfdc7f504afb6056c088b44b5b710"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5813 - Report on overall assistance and economic cooperation strategy
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Requirement for submission As soon as practicable after October 24, 1992, the coordinator designated pursuant to section 5812(a) of this title shall submit to the Congress a report on the overall assistance and economic cooperation strategy for the independent states of the former Soviet Union that is required to be developed pursuant to paragraph (1) of that section.
+
+(b) Assistance plan The report submitted pursuant to subsection (a) shall include a plan specifying—
+
+(1) the amount of the funds authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 1993 by chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2295 et seq.] proposed to be allocated for each of the categories of activities authorized by section 498 of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2295] and to carry out section 5821 of this title (relating to American Business Centers), section 5823 of this title (relating to export promotion activities and capital projects), and subchapter III of this chapter (relating to the Democracy Corps);
+
+(2) the amount of other funds made available for fiscal year 1993 to carry out the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] proposed to be allocated for assistance under that Act for the independent states of the former Soviet Union; and
+
+(3) the amount of funds available for fiscal year 1993 under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] that are proposed to be made to each agency to carry out activities for the independent states under that Act or this Act.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title I, § 103, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3323.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, which is classified principally to chapter 32 (§ 2151 et seq.) of this title. Chapter 11 of part I of the Act is classified generally to part XI (§ 2295 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables. This Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is Pub. L. 102–511, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3320, known as the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992 and also as the FREEDOM Support Act. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5801 of this title and Tables.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5814.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5814"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7034(n), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5814"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5814"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5814"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "8667070d07d3b506807aa73355d539699791fe7dfa4656682cfc98b09176b40d"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "b2323b209be409eb91df78f71f0b34a924e68a59918fd6c7a885cacbacd32d66"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5814 - Repealed. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7034(n), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 102–511, title I, § 104, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3324; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(2) [title V, § 596(d)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–126, required annual report on United States assistance for the independent states of the former Soviet Union.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Restrictions on Assistance for New Independent States of Former Soviet Union; Report to CongressPub. L. 103–87, title V, § 560(g), Sept. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 967, which related to restrictions on availability of funds to new independent states of the former Soviet Union and Secretary of State’s annual report, was repealed by Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7034(n), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217. Similar provisions relating to nonavailability of funds to any government of the new independent states of the former Soviet Union if that government directs any action in violation of the territorial integrity or national sovereignty of any other new independent state, were contained in the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2006, Pub. L. 109–102, title V, § 517(a), Nov. 14, 2005, 119 Stat. 2201, and were repeated in provisions of subsequent appropriations acts which are not set out in the Code. Similar provisions were also contained in the following prior appropriations acts: Pub. L. 108–447, div. D, title V, § 517(a), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2996. Pub. L. 108–199, div. D, title V, § 517(b), Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 173. Pub. L. 108–7, div. E, title V, § 517(b), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 185. Pub. L. 107–115, title V, § 517(b), Jan. 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2144. Pub. L. 106–429, § 101(a) [title V, § 517(b)], Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1900, 1900A–27. Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(2) [title V, § 517(b)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–86. Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(d) [title V, § 517(b)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–150, 2681–174. Pub. L. 105–118, title II, [(c)], Nov. 26, 1997, 111 Stat. 2395. Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(c) [title II, [(d)]], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–121, 3009–130. Pub. L. 104–107, title II, [(d)], Feb. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 712. Pub. L. 103–306, title II, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1616.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5821.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5821"
+description: "American Business Centers"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5821"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5821"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5821"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "04e426f1ccf4ad0e7e9f4dfea808d0ad68bca8c8942ee005e2c2b40e44b9d023"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "7d050f6e410eddca943b901bcac034902f89e50c99bec3596c0dc159c458b4a0"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5821 - American Business Centers
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment The President is authorized and encouraged to establish American Business Centers in the independent states of the former Soviet Union receiving assistance under chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2295 et seq.] where the President determines that such centers can be cost-effective in promoting the objectives described in section 498 of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2295] and United States economic interests and in establishing commercial partnerships between the people of the United States and the peoples of the independent states.
+
+(b) Environmental business centers and agribusiness centers For purposes of this section, the term “American Business Centers” includes the following:
+
+(1) Environmental business centers in those independent states that offer promising market possibilities for the export of United States environmental goods and services. To the maximum extent practicable, these environmental business centers should be established as a component of other centers.
+
+(2) Agribusiness centers that include the participation of private United States agribusinesses or agricultural cooperatives, private nonprofit organizations, State universities and land grant colleges, and financial institutions, that make appropriate contributions of equipment, materials, and personnel for the operation of such centers. The purposes of these agribusiness centers shall be—
+
+(A) to enhance the ability of farmers and other agribusiness practitioners in the independent states to better meet the needs of the people of the independent states;
+
+(B) to assist the transition from a command and control system in agriculture to a free market system; and
+
+(C) to facilitate the demonstration and use of United States agricultural equipment and technology.
+
+(c) Additional policy guidance To the maximum extent possible, and consistent with the particular purposes of the specific types of centers, the President should direct that—
+
+(1) the American Business Centers established pursuant to this section place special emphasis on assistance to United States small- and medium-sized businesses to facilitate their entry into the commercial markets of the independent states;
+
+(2) such centers offer office space, business facilities, and market analysis services to United States firms, trade associations, and State economic development offices on a user-fee basis that minimizes the cost of operating such centers;
+
+(3) such centers serve as a repository for commercial, legal, and technical information, including environmental and export control information;
+
+(4) such centers identify existing or potential counterpart businesses or organizations that may require specific technical coordination or assistance;
+
+(5) such centers be established in several sites in the independent states; and
+
+(6) host countries be asked to make appropriate contributions of real estate and personnel for the establishment and operation of such centers.
+
+(d) Funding (1) Reimbursement agreement Not later than 90 days after October 24, 1992, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall conclude a reimbursement agreement with the Secretary of Commerce for the Department of Commerce’s services in establishing and operating American Business Centers pursuant to this section.
+
+(2) Authorization of appropriations Of the amount authorized to be appropriated to carry out chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2295 et seq.], up to $12,000,000 for fiscal year 1993 are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purpose.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title III, § 301, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3332.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d)(2), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Chapter 11 of part I of the Act is classified generally to part XI (§ 2295 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Delegation of Functions Functions of President under subsec. (a) delegated to Secretary of State except that functions of President under this section, insofar as relating to determinations and directives, delegated to Coordinator, see sections 2(b) and 3(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 12884, Dec. 1, 1993, 58 F.R. 64099, as amended, set out as a note under section 5812 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5822.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5822"
+description: "Business and Agriculture Advisory Council"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5822"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5822"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5822"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "36500cef0604fc97ff85092233e7deb16c49cf3d3e78969a54dad6f67d841103"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "f72473224268f1f6b1ec12288e2f9a4f9db8f202223efb8ce73f57e5238e96dc"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5822 - Business and Agriculture Advisory Council
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment The President is authorized to establish an advisory council to be known as the Independent States Business and Agriculture Advisory Council (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Council”)—
+
+(1) to consult with and advise the President periodically regarding programs of assistance for the independent states of the former Soviet Union; and
+
+(2) to evaluate, and consult periodically with the President regarding, the adequacy of bilateral and multilateral assistance programs that would facilitate exports by United States companies to, and investments by United States companies in, the independent states.
+
+(b) Membership The Council should consist of 15 members, appointed by the President, who are drawn from United States companies reflecting diverse businesses and perspectives that have experience and expertise in dealing with the independent states of the former Soviet Union. The President should designate one such member to serve as Chair of the Council. Five such members should be appointed upon the recommendation of the Speaker and the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives and 5 should be appointed upon the recommendation of the Majority Leader and Minority Leader of the Senate. Members of the Council shall receive no compensation from the United States Government by reason of their service on the Council.
+
+(c) Staff Upon request of the Chair of the Council, the head of any United States Government agency may detail, on a nonreimbursable basis, any of the personnel of such agency to the Council to assist the Council.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title III, § 302, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3333.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Termination of Advisory CouncilsAdvisory councils established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a council established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such council is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a council established by Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See sections 1001(2) and 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5823.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5823"
+description: "Funding for export promotion activities and capital projects"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5823"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5823"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5823"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "e7c1a90aed640421bf6d16dd200c98cc9744c694c11139854f4f1efd31c9c171"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "573b765c744a98d1b5fa6a9a68c81ef9795fc4fd0a922c8131917c51c38ab293"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5823 - Funding for export promotion activities and capital projects
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Allocation of A.I.D. funds The President is encouraged to use a portion of the funds made available for the independent states of the former Soviet Union under chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2295 et seq.]—
+
+(1) to fund the export promotion, finance, and related activities carried out pursuant to subsection (b)(1), including activities relating to the export of intermediary goods; and
+
+(2) to fund capital projects, including projects for telecommunications, environmental cleanup, power production, and energy related projects.
+
+(b) Export promotion, finance, and related activities The Secretary of Commerce, as Chair of the Trade Promotion Coordination Committee, should, in conjunction with other members of that committee, design and implement programs to provide adequate commercial and technical assistance to United States businesses seeking markets in the independent states of the former Soviet Union, including the following:
+
+(1) Increasing the United States and Foreign Commercial Service presence in the independent states, in particular in the Russian Far Eastern cities of Vladivostok and Khabarovsk.
+
+(2) Preparing profiles of export opportunities for United States businesses in the independent states and providing other technical assistance.
+
+(3) Utilizing the Market Development Cooperator Program under section 4723 of title 15.
+
+(4) Developing programs specifically for the purpose of assisting small- and medium-sized businesses in entering commercial markets of the independent states. In carrying out this paragraph, the Secretary of Commerce, to the extent possible, should work directly with private sector organizations with proven experience in trade and economic relations with the independent states.
+
+(5) Supporting projects undertaken by the United States business community on the basis of partnership, joint venture, contractual, or other cooperative agreements with appropriate entities in the independent states.
+
+(6) Supporting export finance programs, feasibility studies, political risk insurance, and other related programs through increased funding and flexibility in the implementation of such programs.
+
+(7) Supporting the Business Information Service (BISNIS) and its related programs.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title III, § 303, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3333.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Chapter 11 of part I of the Act is classified generally to part XI (§ 2295 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5824.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5824"
+description: "Interagency working group on energy of the Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5824"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5824"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5824"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "d274f9b8299810303cf56ff8ae86ecc197d87a110f04318333469ca059696b08"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "f1dbdcb9015ee4587f561308c63f65bdabefa6090e82d9e62bad9f8497c36dbb"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5824 - Interagency working group on energy of the Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee
+
+## Text
+
+The Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee should utilize its interagency working group on energy to assist United States energy sector companies to develop a long-term strategy for penetrating the energy market in the independent states of the former Soviet Union. The working group should—
+
+(1) work with officials from the independent states in creating an environment conducive to United States energy investment;
+
+(2) help to coordinate assistance to United States companies involved with projects to clean up former Soviet nuclear weapons sites and commercial nuclear waste; and
+
+(3) work with representatives from United States business and industry involved with the energy sector to help facilitate the identification of business opportunities, including the promotion of oil, gas, and clean coal technology and products, energy efficiency, and the formation of joint ventures between United States companies and companies of the independent nations.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title III, § 304, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3334.)

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5825.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5825"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 104–66, title I, § 1021(e), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 713"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5825"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5825"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5825"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "320a2ea0c0af293598ddd2a707d0635014c261edbbefbaca2742e28a9c569e8d"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "ed1eb2c0092f50ea748c09cda0e312c7c4c894d841fe26b919e776f234aaa71f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5825 - Repealed. Pub. L. 104–66, title I, § 1021(e), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 713
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 102–511, title III, § 305, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3335, directed Secretary of Commerce to submit to Congress annual reports describing implementation of business and commercial development provisions, analyzing programs of other industrialized countries, and examining trade practices of other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development nations.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5826.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5826"
+description: "Policy on combatting tied aid practices"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5826"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5826"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5826"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "4176dda75980abb99c80832fa34a3162892db2f51266540e24a596dd8805775a"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "4f6a162785fa70b9522785a93cc2f1c59ac524146c3b70a03e6f4d9ef41322a9"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5826 - Policy on combatting tied aid practices
+
+## Text
+
+Should the Secretary of the Treasury determine that foreign countries are engaged in tied aid practices with respect to any of the independent states of the former Soviet Union that violate the 1991 Helsinki agreement of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the President should give priority attention to combatting such practices.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title III, § 306, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3335.)

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5827.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5827"
+description: "Technical assistance for Russian Far East"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5827"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5827"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5827"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "c4e48e30e38ea92a65ff4d291f8759e294a7c71c1672426e5610e0677adb1aff"
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+text_hash: "191bc09f7ba3d2add7080569000a36b1586d45c98d9149049539b59de61cd51b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5827 - Technical assistance for Russian Far East
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Authorization The President is authorized to provide technical assistance, through an American university in a region which received nonstop air service to and from the Russian Far East as of July 1, 1992, to facilitate the development of United States business opportunities, free markets, and democratic institutions in the Russian Far East.
+
+(b) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated $2,000,000 to carry out subsection (a).
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title III, § 307, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3335.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Delegation of Functions For delegation of certain functions of President under this section, see section 3(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 12884, Dec. 1, 1993, 58 F.R. 64099, as amended, set out as a note under section 5812 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5828.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5828"
+description: "Funding for OPIC programs"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5828"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5828"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5828"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "ffee9c061736eaf8248fae7f6f96ef981624cdcf2f53398dedb62d035458096e"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "89100c5a06fd1b0e8476564d23c5350edfed2029edc72665bde3e3dc8758b7cd"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5828 - Funding for OPIC programs
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Authority to make additional funds available Funds authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 1993 to carry out chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2295 et seq.] may be made available to cover costs incurred by the Overseas Private Investment Corporation in carrying out programs with respect to the independent states of the former Soviet Union under title IV of chapter 2 of part I of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2191 and following),11 See References in Text note below. in addition to amounts otherwise available for that purpose.
+
+(b) Enactment of OPIC Authorization Act The authority of subsection (a) shall cease to be effective upon the enactment of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation Act Amendments Act of 1992.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title III, § 308, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3335.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Chapter 11 of part I of the Act is classified generally to part II (§ 2295 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title. Title IV of chapter 2 of part I of the Act, which was classified generally to subpart IV (§ 2191 et seq.) of part II of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title, was repealed, except for subsections (g), (l), (m), and (n) of section 2197 of this title, by Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, § 1464(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3513, effective at the end of the transition period, as defined in section 9681 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables. The Overseas Private Investment Corporation Act Amendments Act of 1992, referred to in subsec. (b), probably means the Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1992, which was title I of H.R. 4996, 102d Congress, as passed by the House of Representatives. H.R. 4996 was enacted into law as Pub. L. 102–549 and title I was significantly revised and no longer contained provisions designating it as the Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1992.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Transfer of Functions For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation to the United States International Development Finance Corporation and treatment of related references, see sections 9683 and 9686(d) of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5841.md

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5841"
+description: "Authorization for establishment of Democracy Corps"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5841"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5841"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5841"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "661ee567a9731aeb0a4962b2470c285affba331ee762740d5aff6742cd67bc46"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "d90175ca171c4cd6d724dd2a4ea92183ab8cebc180256dc8bbe7e87e455b0e07"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5841 - Authorization for establishment of Democracy Corps
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment; purpose The President is authorized to provide for the establishment of the Democracy Corps as a private nonprofit organization, incorporated in the District of Columbia, whose purpose shall be to maintain a presence in the independent states of the former Soviet Union as described in subsection (c).
+
+(b) Board of Directors The Board of Directors of the Democracy Corps shall have not more than 10 members, appointed by the President. Individuals appointed to the Board—
+
+(1) shall, individually or through the organizations they represent, have experience and expertise appropriate to carrying out the purpose of the Democracy Corps, including involvement either with activities of the type described in subsection (d) or in the independent states;
+
+(2) shall be United States citizens; and
+
+(3) may not be officers or employees of the United States Government or Members of Congress.
+
+(c) Grants to Democracy Corps; purpose The Administrator is authorized to make an annual grant to the Democracy Corps with the funds made available pursuant to this section. The purpose of such grants shall be to enable the Democracy Corps to maintain a presence in independent states of the former Soviet Union that will assist at the local level in the development of—
+
+(1) institutions of democratic governance (including judicial, electoral, legislative, and administrative processes), and
+
+(2) the nongovernmental organizations of a civil society (including charitable, educational, trade union, business, professional, voluntary, community, and other civic organizations),
+
+by mobilizing the expertise of the American people to provide practical assistance through “on the ground” person-to-person advice, technical assistance, and small grants to indigenous individuals and indigenous entities, in accordance with subsection (d).
+
+(d) Activities The Democracy Corps shall be required to carry out its purpose through the placement within the independent states of teams of United States citizens with appropriate expertise and knowledge. Under guidelines developed by the Board, these teams shall assist indigenous individuals and entities in the independent states that are involved in the development of the institutions and organizations referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (c) by—
+
+(1) providing advice and technical assistance;
+
+(2) making small grants (which in most cases should not exceed $5,000) to such individuals and entities to assist the development of those institutions and organizations;
+
+(3) identifying other sources of assistance; and
+
+(4) operating local centers to serve as information, logistical, and educational centers and otherwise encourage cooperation and effectiveness by those involved in the development of democratic institutions, a market-oriented economy, and a civil society in the independent states.
+
+These local centers may be designated as “Democracy Houses” or given another appropriate appellation.
+
+(e) Grant agreement Grants under this section shall be made pursuant to a grant agreement requiring the Democracy Corps to comply with the requirements specified in this section and with such other terms and conditions as the Administrator may require, which shall include requirements regarding consultation with the coordinator designated pursuant to section 5812(a) of this title, conflicts of interest, and accountability for funds, including a requirement for annual independent audits.
+
+(f) Coordination The Democracy Corps shall be required to—
+
+(1) coordinate its activities pursuant to this section with the programs and activities of other entities operating in or providing assistance to the independent states of the former Soviet Union in support of the development of democratic institutions, a market-oriented economy, and a civil society; and
+
+(2) ensure that its activities pursuant to this section are designed to avoid duplication with activities carried out under other United States Government foreign assistance and international information, educational, cultural, and exchange programs.
+
+(g) Prohibition on campaign financing Funds made available to the Democracy Corps under this section may not be expended by the Democracy Corps, or any recipient of a grant from the Democracy Corps, to finance the campaigns of candidates for public office.
+
+(h) Freedom of information (1) In general Notwithstanding the fact that the Democracy Corps is not an agency or establishment of the United States Government, the Democracy Corps shall be required to comply fully with all of the provisions of section 552 of title 5.
+
+(2) Publication in Federal Register For purposes of complying pursuant to paragraph (1) with section 552(a)(1) of title 5, the Democracy Corps shall make available to the Administrator such records and other information as the Administrator determines may be necessary for such purposes. The Administrator shall cause such records and other information to be published in the Federal Register.
+
+(3) AID review In the event that the Democracy Corps determines not to comply with a request for records under section 552 of title 5, the Democracy Corps shall submit a report to the Administrator explaining the reasons for not complying with such request. If the Administrator approves such determination, the Agency for International Development shall assume full responsibility, including financial responsibility, for defending the Democracy Corps in any litigation relating to such request. If the Administrator disapproves such determination, the Democracy Corps shall be required to comply with such request.
+
+(i) Annual reports The Board shall be required to submit to the Administrator and the Congress, not later than January 31 each year, a comprehensive report on the activities of the Democracy Corps. Each such report shall list each grant made by the Democracy Corps under subsection (d)(2) during the preceding fiscal year, specifying the grantee and the amount of the grant.
+
+(j) Authorization of appropriations Of the amount authorized to be appropriated to carry out chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2295 et seq.], up to $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1993 are authorized to be appropriated for grants to the Democracy Corps under this section, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purpose.
+
+(k) Sunset provision Grants may not be made to the Democracy Corps under this section after the end of fiscal year 1997.
+
+(l) Definitions As used in this section—
+
+(1) the term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Agency for International Development; and
+
+(2) the term “Board” means the Board of Directors of the Democracy Corps.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title IV, § 401, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3335.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (j), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Chapter 11 of part I of the Act is classified generally to part XI (§ 2295 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5851.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5851"
+description: "Findings"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5851"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5851"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5851"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "6f871a47cad16c6f8fc10ce853e1d5fb80e100cbd3f53f7d819333443443bcc3"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "83a3507ef304183fe2c97cbd81107ef04dd6d6a475a5fdbded046a1a8ff3978a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5851 - Findings
+
+## Text
+
+The Congress finds that it is in the national security interest of the United States—
+
+(1) to facilitate, on a priority basis—
+
+(A) the transportation, storage, safeguarding, and destruction of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction of the independent states of the former Soviet Union;
+
+(B) the prevention of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and destabilizing conventional weapons of the independent states, and the establishment of verifiable safeguards against the proliferation of such weapons;
+
+(C) the prevention of diversion of weapons-related scientific expertise of the former Soviet Union to terrorist groups or third countries; and
+
+(D) other efforts designed to reduce the military threat from the former Soviet Union;
+
+(2) to support the conversion of the massive defense-related industry and equipment of the independent states of the former Soviet Union for civilian purposes and uses; and
+
+(3) to expand military-to-military contacts between the United States and the independent states.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 501, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3338.)

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5852.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5852"
+description: "Eligibility"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5852"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5852"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5852"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "ed276d8feeae15357d3eae307c7e3eae5f99c741a65c503cea1b71181a2d6c5d"
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+text_hash: "5f7b1740cf31559f8dcdc47e5c62860c4b0d6084a2f70092593ca340f0fee300"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5852 - Eligibility
+
+## Text
+
+Funds may be obligated for a fiscal year for assistance or other programs or activities for an independent state of the former Soviet Union under sections 5853 and 5854 of this title only if the President has certified to the Congress, during that fiscal year, that such independent state is committed to—
+
+(1) making a substantial investment of its resources for dismantling or destroying such weapons of mass destruction, if that independent state has an obligation under a treaty or other agreement to destroy or dismantle any such weapons;
+
+(2) forgoing any military modernization program that exceeds legitimate defense requirements and forgoing the replacement of destroyed weapons of mass destruction;
+
+(3) forgoing any use in new nuclear weapons of fissionable or other components of destroyed nuclear weapons; and
+
+(4) facilitating United States verification of any weapons destruction carried out under section 5853(a) or 5854(a) of this title or section 212 of the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 (title II of Public Law 102–228; 22 U.S.C. 2551 note).
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 502, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3338.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 212 of the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991, referred to in par. (4), is section 212 of Pub. L. 102–228, title II, Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1693, which was set out in a note under section 2551 of this title, and was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, § 1351(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3606.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Inapplicability to Cooperative Threat Reduction ProgramsPub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XIII, § 1304(b), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 413, provided that: “Section 502 of the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992 (22 U.S.C. 5852) shall not apply to any Cooperative Threat Reduction program.”
+
+Definition of Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs for Purposes of Pub. L. 110–181 Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XIII, § 1301(a), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 410, provided that: “For purposes of section 301 [122 Stat. 53] and other provisions of this Act [see Tables for classification], Cooperative Threat Reduction programs are the programs specified in section 1501(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 [Pub. L. 104–201] ([former] 50 U.S.C. 2362 note), as amended by section 1303 of this Act.”
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Delegation of Authority Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 30, 1992, 58 F.R. 3193, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense [and] the Director, Office of Management & Budget By the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, I hereby delegate: 1. to the Secretary of State the authority and duty vested in the President under section 1412(d) of the Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992 (title XIV of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Public Law 102–484) [former 22 U.S.C. 5902(d)] and section 502 of the Freedom Support Act (Public Law 102–511 [22 U.S.C. 5852]. 2. to the Secretary of Defense the authorities and duties vested in the President under sections 1412(a), 1431, and 1432 of Public Law 102–484 [22 U.S.C. former 5902(a), former 5921, 5922] and sections 503 and 508 of Public Law 102–511 [22 U.S.C. 5853, 5858]. The Secretary of Defense shall not exercise authority delegated by paragraph 2 hereof with respect to any former Soviet republic unless the Secretary of State has exercised his authority and performed the duty delegated by paragraph 1 hereof with respect to that former Soviet Republic. The Secretary of Defense shall not obligate funds in the exercise of authority delegated by paragraph 2 hereof unless the Director of the Office of Management and Budget has determined that expenditures during fiscal year 1993 pursuant to such obligation shall be counted against the defense category of discretionary spending limits for that fiscal year (as defined in section 601(a)(2) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 [2 U.S.C. 665(a)(2)]) for purposes of Part C of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 [2 U.S.C. 900 et seq.]. The Secretary of State is directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. George Bush.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5853.md

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5853"
+description: "Nonproliferation and disarmament activities in independent states"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5853"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5853"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5853"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "5d8af2ae3e07dd49502353a5a56af68001061d900eb2f4d732da0206f53cfd5d"
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+text_hash: "1b66161a24f1b8c5a0623e7942e7ae6200540233359b294fe6b1c0630e0cc788"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5853 - Nonproliferation and disarmament activities in independent states
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Authorization The President is authorized to promote bilateral and multilateral nonproliferation and disarmament activities—
+
+(1) by supporting the dismantlement and destruction of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their delivery systems, and conventional weapons of the independent states of the former Soviet Union;
+
+(2) by supporting bilateral and multilateral efforts to halt the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their delivery systems, related technologies, and other weapons of the independent states, including activities such as—
+
+(A) the storage, transportation, and safeguarding of such weapons, and
+
+(B) the purchase, barter, or other acquisition of such weapons or materials derived from such weapons;
+
+(3) by establishing programs for safeguarding against the proliferation of nuclear, biological, chemical, and other weapons of the independent states;
+
+(4) by establishing programs for preventing diversion of weapons-related scientific and technical expertise of the independent states to terrorist groups or to third countries;
+
+(5) by establishing science and technology centers in the independent states for the purpose of engaging weapons scientists and engineers of the independent states (in particular those who were previously involved in the design and production of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons) in productive, nonmilitary undertakings; and
+
+(6) by establishing programs for facilitating the conversion of military technologies and capabilities and defense industries of the former Soviet Union into civilian activities.
+
+(b) Funding priorities Priority in carrying out this section shall be given to the activities described in paragraphs (1) through (5) of subsection (a).
+
+(c) Use of defense funds (1) Authorization In recognition of the direct contributions to the national security interests of the United States of the programs and activities authorized by subsection (a), the President is authorized to make available for use in carrying out those programs and activities, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, funds made available pursuant to sections 108 and 109 of Public Law 102–229 or under the amendments made by section 506(a) of this Act.
+
+(2) Limitation Funds described in paragraph (1) may not be obligated for programs and activities under subsection (a) unless the Director of the Office of Management and Budget has determined that expenditures during fiscal year 1993 pursuant to such obligation shall be counted against the defense category of the discretionary spending limits for that fiscal year (as defined in section 665(a)(2) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 2) for purposes of part C of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 [2 U.S.C. 900 et seq.].
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 503, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3338.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSections 108 and 109 of Public Law 102–229, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), are sections 108 and 109 of Pub. L. 102–229, title I, Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1708, which are not classified to the Code. Section 506(a) of this Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), is section 506(a) of Pub. L. 102–511, which was classified to section 5856(a) of this title and was omitted from the Code. Section 506(a) directed amendment of section 221 of Pub. L. 102–228, which was set out in a note under section 2551 of this title, but did not become effective pursuant to section 5856(c) of this title and was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, § 1351(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3606. Section 665 of title 2, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), was repealed by Pub. L. 105–33, title X, § 10118(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 695. The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is title II of Pub. L. 99–177, Dec. 12, 1985, 99 Stat. 1038. Part C of the Act is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 900 et seq.) of chapter 20 of Title 2, The Congress. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 900 of Title 2 and Tables.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Transfer of Funding for Science and Technology Centers in the Former Soviet UnionPub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XI, § 1138], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–496, provided that: “(a) Authorization.—For fiscal year 2001 and subsequent fiscal years, funds made available under ‘Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining, and Related Programs’ accounts in annual foreign operations appropriations Acts are authorized to be available for science and technology centers in the independent states of the former Soviet Union assisted under section 503(a)(5) of the FREEDOM Support Act (22 U.S.C. 5853(a)(5)) or section 1412(b)(5) [former 22 U.S.C. 5902(b)(5)] of the Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992 (title XIV of Public Law 102–484; 22 U.S.C. 5901 et seq.), including the use of those and other funds by any Federal agency having expertise and programs related to the activities carried out by those centers, including the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, and Health and Human Services and the Environmental Protection Agency. “(b) Availability of Funds.—Amounts made available under any provision of law for the activities described in subsection (a) shall be available until expended and may be used notwithstanding any other provision of law.”
+
+Research and Exchange Activities by Science and Technology CentersPub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XI, § 1139], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–496, provided that: “(a) In General.—Support for science and technology centers in the independent states of the former Soviet Union, as authorized by section 503(a)(5) of the FREEDOM Support Act (22 U.S.C. 5853(a)(5)) and section 1412(b) [former 22 U.S.C. 5902(b)] of the Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992 (title XIV of Public Law 102–484, 22 U.S.C. 5901 et seq.), is authorized for activities described in subsection (b) to support the redirection of former Soviet weapons scientists, especially those with expertise in weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological), missile and other delivery systems, and other advanced technologies with military applications. “(b) Activities Supported.—Activities supported under subsection (a) include—“(1) any research activity involving the participation of former Soviet weapons scientists and civilian scientists and engineers, if the participation of the weapons scientists predominates; and “(2) any program of international exchanges that would provide former Soviet weapons scientists exposure to, and the opportunity to develop relations with, research and industry partners.”
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Delegation of Authority Authority of President under this section delegated to Secretary of Defense by section 2 of Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 30, 1992, 58 F.R. 3193, set out as a note under section 5852 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5854.md

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5854"
+description: "Nonproliferation and disarmament fund"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5854"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5854"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5854"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "9bd020ffb199b989472ad3ead4724f0daa483bee2b79a0747791afe55615602f"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5854 - Nonproliferation and disarmament fund
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Authorization The President is authorized to promote bilateral and multilateral nonproliferation and disarmament activities—
+
+(1) by supporting the dismantlement and destruction of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their delivery systems, and conventional weapons;
+
+(2) by supporting bilateral and multilateral efforts to halt the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their delivery systems, related technologies, and other weapons, including activities such as—
+
+(A) the storage, transportation, and safeguarding of such weapons, and
+
+(B) the purchase, barter, or other acquisition of such weapons or materials derived from such weapons;
+
+(3) by establishing programs for safeguarding against the proliferation of nuclear, biological, chemical, and other weapons of the independent states of the former Soviet Union;
+
+(4) by establishing programs for preventing diversion of weapons-related scientific and technical expertise of the independent states to terrorist groups or to third countries;
+
+(5) by establishing science and technology centers in the independent states for the purpose of engaging weapons scientists and engineers of the independent states (in particular those who were previously involved in the design and production of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons) in productive, nonmilitary undertakings; and
+
+(6) by establishing programs for facilitating the conversion of military technologies and capabilities and defense industries of the former Soviet Union into civilian activities.
+
+(b) Funding priorities Priority in carrying out this section shall be given to the activities described in paragraphs (1) through (5) of subsection (a).
+
+(c) Use of security assistance funds (1) Authorization In recognition of the direct contributions to the national security interests of the United States of the programs and activities authorized by subsection (a), the President is authorized to make available for use in carrying out those programs and activities, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, up to $100,000,000 of security assistance funds for fiscal year 1993.
+
+(2) “Security assistance funds” defined As used in paragraph (1), the term “security assistance funds” means funds made available for assistance under chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] (relating to the Economic Support Fund) or assistance under section 2763 of this title (relating to the “Foreign Military Financing Program”).
+
+(3) Exemption from certain restrictions Section 531(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2346(e)], and any provision that corresponds to section 510 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1991 (relating to the prohibition on financing exports of nuclear equipment, fuel, and technology), shall not apply with respect to funds used pursuant to this subsection.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 504, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3339.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Chapter 4 of part II of the Act is classified to part IV (§ 2346 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables. Section 510 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1991, referred to in subsec. (c)(3), is section 510 of Pub. L. 101–513, title V, Nov. 5, 1991, 104 Stat. 2003, which is not classified to the Code.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Delegation of Authority With Respect to Allocation and Administration of Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund Memorandum of President of the United States, Apr. 21, 1994, 59 F.R. 21619, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including sections 504 and 508 [22 U.S.C. 5854, 5858] of the FREEDOM Support Act (Public Law 102–511) (the “Act”), title III of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1994 (Public Law 103–87) [107 Stat. 941] and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows: 1. The authorities and duties vested in the President under section 504 of the Act [22 U.S.C. 5854] are hereby delegated to the Secretary of State. These authorities and duties shall be exercised in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and other appropriate agencies. The Secretary of State may, to the extent consistent with law, redelegate such authorities and duties and authorize their successive redelegation. 2. Notwithstanding the Presidential Memorandum of December 30, 1992 [22 U.S.C. 5852 note] (Delegation of Responsibilities under Title XIV of Public Law 102–484 and Title V of Public Law 102–511), the Secretary of State is hereby delegated the duties vested in the President under section 508 of the Act [22 U.S.C. 5858] insofar as those duties relate to notice of and reports on obligations and activities under section 504 of the Act [22 U.S.C. 5854]. 3. Funds appropriated or otherwise made available to the President for a “Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund” authorized under section 504 of the Act [22 U.S.C. 5854] shall be deemed to be allocated to the Secretary of State without any further action of the President. Such funds may be reallocated or transferred as appropriate by the Secretary of State to any agency or part thereof for obligation or expenditure consistent with applicable law. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. William J. Clinton.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5855.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5855"
+description: "Limitations on defense conversion authorities"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5855"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5855"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5855"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "f08d0f5efc8d6fe38961fdd14b5c915fe3f5df5db2abe94f7aff329fe80b2d75"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5855 - Limitations on defense conversion authorities
+
+## Text
+
+Notwithstanding any other provision of law (including any other provision of this Act), funds may not be obligated in any fiscal year for purposes of facilitating the conversion of military technologies and capabilities and defense industries of the former Soviet Union into civilian activities, as authorized by sections 5853(a)(6) and 5854(a)(6) of this title or any other provision of law, unless the President has previously obligated in the same fiscal year an amount equal to or greater than that amount of funds for defense conversion and defense transition activities in the United States. For purposes of this section, the term “defense conversion and defense transition activities in the United States” means those United States Government funded programs whose primary purpose is to assist United States private sector defense workers, United States companies that manufacture or otherwise provide defense goods or services, or United States communities adversely affected by reductions in United States defense spending, such as programs funded through the Office of Economic Adjustment in the Department of Defense or through the Economic Development Administration.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 505, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3340; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(f) [title IV, § 405(d)(20)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–337, 2681–422.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis Act, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 102–511, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3320, known as the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992 and also as the FREEDOM Support Act. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5801 of this title and Tables.
+
+Amendments1998—Pub. L. 105–277 substituted “or through” for “, through the Defense Conversion Adjustment Program (as authorized by the Job Training Partnership Act), or through” in last sentence.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5856.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5856"
+description: "Soviet weapons destruction"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5856"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5856"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5856"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "776cee162b9751d092046abeea8220fdffab487e7f7ff93ffd5aa6742828b195"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5856 - Soviet weapons destruction
+
+## Text
+
+(a) , (b) Omitted
+
+(c) Avoidance of duplicative amendments The amendments made by this section shall not be effective if the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 enacts an amendment to section 221(a) of the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 that authorizes the transfer of an amount that is the same or greater than the amount that is authorized by the amendment made by subsection (a)(1) of this section and enacts amendments identical to those in subsections (a)(2) and (b) of this section. If that Act enacts such amendments, sections 5853 and 5858 of this title shall be deemed to apply with respect to the funds made available under such amendments.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 506, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3341.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextFor the amendments made by this section, referred to in subsec. (c), see Codification note below. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, referred to in subsec. (c), is Pub. L. 102–484, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2315. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. See, also, Codification note below. Section 221(a) of the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991, referred to in subsec. (c), was section 221(a) of Pub. L. 102–228, which was set out in a note under section 2551 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, § 1351(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3606. See Codification note below.
+
+Codification Section is comprised of section 506 of Pub. L. 102–511. Subsec. (a) of this section directed the amendment of section 221 of Pub. L. 102–228, which was set out in a note under section 2551 of this title and was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, § 1351(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3606. Subsec. (b) of this section directed the amendment of sections 108 and 109 of Pub. L. 102–229, which are not classified to the Code. Because of amendments by section 1421(a)(2)(B), (3) and (b) of Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XIV, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2565, to section 221 of Pub. L. 102–228 and sections 108 and 109 of Pub. L. 102–229, the amendments directed by subsecs. (a) and (b) of this section did not take effect pursuant to subsec. (c) of this section.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5857.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5857"
+description: "Waiver of certain provisions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5857"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5857"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5857"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "97efcfae9a5710da4bd61e83f390e856a17fe0ca42bd03df42cf93b3694e949a"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5857 - Waiver of certain provisions
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general Funds made available for fiscal year 1993 under sections 5853 and 5854 of this title to provide assistance or otherwise carry out programs and activities with respect to the independent states of the former Soviet Union under those sections may be used notwithstanding any other provision of law, other than the provisions cited in subsection (b).
+
+(b) Exceptions Subsection (a) does not apply with respect to—
+
+(1) this subchapter; and
+
+(2) section 1341 of title 31 (commonly referred to as the “Anti-Deficiency Act”), the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, and the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 507, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3341.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is Pub. L. 93–344, July 12, 1974, 88 Stat. 297. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 621 of Title 2, The Congress, and Tables. The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is title II of Pub. L. 99–177, Dec. 12, 1985, 99 Stat. 1038, which enacted chapter 20 (§ 900 et seq.) and sections 654 to 656 of Title 2, amended sections 602, 622, 631 to 642, and 651 to 653 of Title 2, sections 1104 to 1106, and 1109 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and section 911 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealed section 661 of Title 2, enacted provisions set out as notes under section 900 of Title 2 and section 911 of Title 42, and amended provisions set out as a note under section 621 of Title 2. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 900 of Title 2 and Tables. The Budget Enforcement Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is title XIII of Pub. L. 101–508, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–573. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1990 Amendment note set out under section 900 of Title 2 and Tables.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5858.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5858"
+description: "Notice and reports to Congress"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5858"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5858"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5858"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "80d96849fb23fb5e115108e17fa2e51bef9bb6e860c251fe4b847a855c470d6d"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5858 - Notice and reports to Congress
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Notice of proposed obligations Not less than 15 days before obligating any funds under section 5853 or 5854 of this title or the amendments made by section 506(a),11 See References in Text note below. the President shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, and the appropriate congressional committees a report on the proposed obligation. Each such report shall specify—
+
+(1) the account, budget activity, and particular program or programs from which the funds proposed to be obligated are to be derived and the amount of the proposed obligations; and
+
+(2) the activities and forms of assistance for which the President plans to obligate such funds.
+
+(b) Semiannual report Not later than April 30, 1993, and not later than October 30, 1993, the President shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, and the appropriate congressional committees a report on the activities carried out under sections 5853 and 5854 of this title and the amendments made by section 506(a).1 Each such report shall set forth, for the preceding 6-month period and cumulatively, the following:
+
+(1) The amounts expended for such activities and the purposes for which they were expended.
+
+(2) The source of the funds obligated for such activities, specified by program.
+
+(3) A description of the participation of all United States Government departments and agencies in such activities.
+
+(4) A description of the activities carried out and the forms of assistance provided.
+
+(5) Such other information as the President considers appropriate to fully inform the Congress concerning the operation of the programs and activities carried out under sections 5853 and 5854 of this title and the amendments made by section 506(a).1
+
+(c) Appropriate congressional committees As used in this section—
+
+(1) the term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
+
+(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, and the Committees on Appropriations of the House and the Senate, wherever the account, budget activity, or program is funded from appropriations made under the international affairs budget function (150);
+
+(B) the Committees on Armed Services and the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives, wherever the account, budget activity, or program is funded from appropriations made under the national defense budget function (050); and
+
+(2) the committee to which the specified activities of section 5853(a) or 5854(a) of this title or subtitle B 1 of the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 (as the case may be), if the subject of separate legislation, would be referred, under the rules of the respective House of Congress.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 508, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3342.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 506(a), referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is section 506(a) of Pub. L. 102–511, which was classified to section 5856(a) of this title and was omitted from the Code. Section 506(a) directed amendment of section 221 of Pub. L. 102–228, which was set out in a note under section 2551 of this title, but did not become effective, pursuant to section 5856(c) of this title. Section 221 of Pub. L. 102–228 was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, § 1351(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3606. The Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is title II of Pub. L. 102–228, Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1693. The reference to subtitle B of the Act probably means part B of the Act because title II of Pub. L. 102–228 does not contain a subtitle B. Part B was set out in a note under section 2551 of this title and was comprised of sections 211 and 212, which were repealed, respectively, by Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XIII, § 1304(a)(1)(A), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 412, and Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, § 1351(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3606. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Delegation of Functions For delegation of certain functions of the President under this section, see Memorandum of President of the United States, Apr. 21, 1994, 59 F.R. 21619, set out as a note under section 5854 of this title. Authority of President under this section delegated to Secretary of Defense by section 2 of Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 30, 1992, 58 F.R. 3193, set out as a note under section 5852 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5859.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5859"
+description: "International nonproliferation initiative"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5859"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5859"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5859"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "1f63ed96930337992d7b0841f3e754c9c9ce522ed751226a9b2875f287e57431"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "fc838e9c41edc9a72d7e540d932e77844ade954e2369aa6a4ef8277768b90018"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5859 - International nonproliferation initiative
+
+## Text
+
+(a) to (e) Omitted
+
+(f) Avoidance of duplicative authorizations This section shall not apply if the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 enacts the same authorities and requirements as are contained in this section and authorizes the appropriation of the same (or a greater) amount to carry out such authorities.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 509, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3343.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, referred to in subsec. (f), is Pub. L. 102–484, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2315. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. See Codification note below.
+
+Codification Section is comprised of section 509 of Pub. L. 102–511. Subsecs. (a) to (e) were omitted pursuant to subsec. (f) because section 1505 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Pub. L. 102–484, which is classified to section 5859a of this title, enacted the same authorities and requirements as contained in subsecs. (a) to (e) and authorized the appropriation of the same or a greater amount to carry out such authorities.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5860.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5860"
+description: "Report on special nuclear materials"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5860"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5860"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5860"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "410798640f102fbc96dedb13047b6d85e23308ede5a789cc8518963ec10782c1"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "4fedeb78b737836213a80d7724e5a8700b91eea456b41e7983f3a27842293c19"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5860 - Report on special nuclear materials
+
+## Text
+
+Not later than 180 days after October 24, 1992, the Secretary of State shall prepare, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy, and shall transmit to the Congress a report on the possible alternatives for the ultimate disposition of special nuclear materials of the former Soviet Union. This report shall include—
+
+(1) a cost-benefit analysis comparing (A) the relative merits of the indefinite storage and safeguarding of such materials in the independent states of the former Soviet Union and (B) its acquisition by the United States by purchase, barter, or other means;
+
+(2) a discussion of relevant issues such as the protection of United States uranium producers from dumping, the relative vulnerability of these stocks of special nuclear materials to illegal proliferation, and the potential electrical and other savings associated with their being made available in the fuel cycle in the United States; and
+
+(3) a discussion of how highly enriched uranium stocks could be diluted for reactor fuel.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 510, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3344.)

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5861.md

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5861"
+description: "Research and Development Foundation"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5861"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5861"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5861"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "6ab0b1cf633b1d1acec5fc119fa59321295b838b3cf43bd756dbaf9b0ef657e6"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "029b4c14998ceb90eea7fa121e66c73c0f2c792ec102306b414fc512eb7553db"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5861 - Research and Development Foundation
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment The Director of the National Science Foundation (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Director”) is authorized to establish an endowed, nongovernmental, nonprofit foundation (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Foundation”) in consultation with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
+
+(b) Purposes The purposes of the Foundation shall be the following:
+
+(1) To provide productive research and development opportunities within the independent states of the former Soviet Union that offer scientists and engineers alternatives to emigration and help prevent the dissolution of the technological infrastructure of the independent states.
+
+(2) To advance defense conversion by funding civilian collaborative research and development projects between scientists and engineers in the United States and in the independent states of the former Soviet Union.
+
+(3) To assist in the establishment of a market economy in the independent states of the former Soviet Union by promoting, identifying, and partially funding joint research, development, and demonstration ventures between United States businesses and scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs in those independent states.
+
+(4) To provide a mechanism for scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs in the independent states of the former Soviet Union to develop an understanding of commercial business practices by establishing linkages to United States scientists, engineers, and businesses.
+
+(5) To provide access for United States businesses to sophisticated new technologies, talented researchers, and potential new markets within the independent states of the former Soviet Union.
+
+(c) Functions In carrying out its purposes, the Foundation shall—
+
+(1) promote and support joint research and development projects for peaceful purposes between scientists and engineers in the United States and independent states of the former Soviet Union on subjects of mutual interest; and
+
+(2) seek to establish joint nondefense industrial research, development, and demonstration activities through private sector linkages which may involve participation by scientists and engineers in the university or academic sectors, and which shall include some contribution from industrial participants.
+
+(d) Funding (1) Use of certain Department of Defense funds (A) To the extent funds appropriated to carry out subtitle E of title XIV of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 [22 U.S.C. 5931] (relating to joint research and development programs with the independent states of the former Soviet Union) are otherwise available for such purpose, such funds may be made available to the Director for use by the Director in establishing the endowment of the Foundation and otherwise carrying out this section.
+
+(B) For each fiscal year after fiscal year 1993, not more than 50 percent of the funds made available to the Foundation by the United States Government may be funds appropriated in the national defense budget function (function 050).
+
+(2) Contribution to endowment by participating independent states As a condition of participation in the Foundation, an independent state of the former Soviet Union must make a minimum contribution to the endowment of the Foundation, as determined by the Director, which shall reflect the ability of the independent state to make a financial contribution and its expected level of participation in the Foundation’s programs.
+
+(3) Debt conversions To the extent provided in advance by appropriations Acts, local currencies or other assets resulting from government-to-government debt conversions may be made available to the Foundation. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “debt conversion” means an agreement whereby a country’s government-to-government or commercial external debt burden is exchanged by the holder for local currencies, policy commitments, other assets, or other economic activities, or for an equity interest in an enterprise theretofore owned by the debtor government.
+
+(4) Local currencies In addition to other uses provided by law, and subject to agreement with the foreign government, local currencies generated by United States assistance programs may be made available to the Foundation.
+
+(5) Investment of Government assistance The Foundation may invest any revenue provided to it through United States Government assistance, and any interest earned on such investment may be used only for the purpose for which the assistance was provided.
+
+(6) Other funds from Government and nongovernmental sources The Foundation may accept such other funds as may be provided to it by Government agencies or nongovernmental entities.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title V, § 511, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3345.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSubtitle E of title XIV of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), is subtitle E of title XIV of div. A of Pub. L. 102–484, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2566, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§ 5931) of chapter 68 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5871.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5871"
+description: "Facilitating discussions regarding acquisition of space hardware, technology, and services from former Soviet Union"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5871"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5871"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5871"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "d4b0a6b41b8ec487e753bde6371d33d086605e9ec50a2b5a3280fbed1a666c1a"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "7b74ed4f27bda84929ebebee3e3d28b3ce804c40bbbede1a2028c0eb14978b87"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5871 - Facilitating discussions regarding acquisition of space hardware, technology, and services from former Soviet Union
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Expedited review Any request for a license or other approval described in subsection (c) that is submitted to any United States Government agency by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, any of its contractors, or any other person shall be considered on an expedited basis by that agency and any other agency involved in an applicable interagency review process.
+
+(b) Notice to Congress if license denied If any United States Government agency denies a request for a license or other approval described in subsection (c), that agency shall immediately notify the designated congressional committees. Each such notification shall include a statement of the reasons for the denial.
+
+(c) Description of discussions This section applies to a request for any license or other approval that may be necessary to conduct discussions with an independent state of the former Soviet Union with respect to the possible acquisition of any space hardware, space technology, or space service for integration into—
+
+(1) United States space projects that have been approved by the Congress, or
+
+(2) commercial space ventures,
+
+including discussions relating to technical evaluation of such hardware, technology, or service.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title VI, § 601, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3346.)

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5872.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5872"
+description: "Office of Space Commerce"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5872"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5872"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5872"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "7224ec9f7e43b6ec7785f428575660667c095e843fac2775c8284018b9fb9f72"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "046a9d964d5ea1d1d344e395d3d37cae1c282c025469fb107c6314c5822dec16"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5872 - Office of Space Commerce
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Trade missions The Office of Space Commerce of the Department of Commerce is authorized and encouraged to conduct one or more trade missions to appropriate independent states of the former Soviet Union for the purpose of familiarizing United States aerospace industry representatives with space hardware, space technologies, and space services that may be available from the independent states, and with the business practices and overall business climate in the independent states.
+
+(b) Monitoring negotiations The Office of Space Commerce—
+
+(1) shall monitor the progress of any discussions described in section 5871(c)(1) of this title that are being conducted; and
+
+(2) shall advise the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as to the impact on United States industry of each potential acquisition of space hardware, space technology, or space services from the independent states of the former Soviet Union, specifically including any anticompetitive issues the Office may observe.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title VI, § 602, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3347.)

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5873.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5873"
+description: "Report to Congress"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5873"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5873"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5873"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "7a80a828147b9b16619f6af7f620bf079f04e28899d7dbc429152b82cc7a1458"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "4ca98a3cd675f1ca15c49c3ae8f8d8fd764dd3e3d18a34e01e2257d511829552"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5873 - Report to Congress
+
+## Text
+
+Within one year after October 24, 1992, the President shall submit to the designated congressional committees a report describing—
+
+(1) the opportunities for increased space-related trade with the independent states of the former Soviet Union;
+
+(2) a technology procurement plan for identifying and evaluating all unique space hardware, space technology, and space services available to the United States from the independent states;
+
+(3) specific space hardware, space technology, and space services that have been, or could be, the subject of discussions described in section 5871(c) of this title;
+
+(4) the trade missions carried out pursuant to section 5872(a) of this title, including the private participation in and the results of such missions;
+
+(5) any barriers, regulatory or practical, that inhibit space-related trade between the United States and independent states, including any such barriers in either the United States or the independent states; and
+
+(6) any anticompetitive issues raised during the course of negotiations, as observed pursuant to section 5872(b) of this title.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title VI, § 603, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3347.)

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-67/section-5874.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 5874"
+description: "Definitions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "67"
+chapter_name: "FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT"
+section: "5874"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 5874"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s5874"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "1ace6aba8854c31277ff5239da6c5b6c6635cecec5c55ae78c9d53b985e6e610"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83"
+text_hash: "fc7b8cc6c77b72206d01ac8d0851adeeaefc64cbf8cdcbef59f532ea244d3ee3"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 5874 - Definitions
+
+## Text
+
+For purposes of this subchapter—
+
+(1) the term “contractor” means a National Aeronautics and Space Administration contractor to the extent that the acquisition of space hardware, space technology, or space services from the independent states of the former Soviet Union may be relevant to the contractor’s responsibilities under the contract; and
+
+(2) the term “designated congressional committees” means the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.
+
+(Pub. L. 102–511, title VI, § 604, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3348.)