Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-93/section-8602.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 8602"
+description: "Statement of policy"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "93"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES-ISRAEL COOPERATION"
+section: "8602"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 8602"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s8602"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
+source_hash: "6bf24582b42d618d65009b9896d27adfa9ebeec6f131817142ecbbc4965c5375"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 8602 - Statement of policy
+
+## Text
+
+It is the policy of the United States:
+
+(1) To reaffirm our unwavering commitment to the security of the State of Israel as a Jewish state. As President Barack Obama stated on December 16, 2011, “America’s commitment and my commitment to Israel and Israel’s security is unshakeable.” And as President George W. Bush stated before the Israeli Knesset on May 15, 2008, on the 60th anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel, “The alliance between our governments is unbreakable, yet the source of our friendship runs deeper than any treaty.”.
+
+(2) To help the Government of Israel preserve its qualitative military edge amid rapid and uncertain regional political transformation.
+
+(3) To veto any one-sided anti-Israel resolutions at the United Nations Security Council.
+
+(4) To support Israel’s inherent right to self-defense.
+
+(5) To pursue avenues to expand cooperation with the Government of Israel both in defense and across the spectrum of civilian sectors, including high technology, agriculture, medicine, health, pharmaceuticals, and energy.
+
+(6) To assist the Government of Israel with its ongoing efforts to forge a peaceful, negotiated settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that results in two states living side-by-side in peace and security, and to encourage Israel’s neighbors to recognize Israel’s right to exist as a Jewish state.
+
+(7) To encourage further development of advanced technology programs between the United States and Israel given current trends and instability in the region.
+
+(Pub. L. 112–150, § 3, July 27, 2012, 126 Stat. 1147.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Statement of Policy Ensuring Israel’s DefensePub. L. 118–159, div. A, title XII, § 1211, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2099, provided that: “It is the policy of the United States to work with Israel to ensure adequate stocks of interceptors and weapons system components to defend Israel against air and missile threats from Iran and Iranian military proxies, such as Hamas, Hezbollah, the Houthis, and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, if the transfer of such interceptors and weapons system components are in the national security interests of the United States.”
+
+Statement of Policy Regarding United States-Israel Strategic PartnershipPub. L. 113–296, § 3, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4075, provided that: “It is the policy of the United States— “(1) to reaffirm the unwavering support of the people and the Government of the United States for the security of Israel as a Jewish state; “(2) to reaffirm the principles and objectives enshrined in the United States-Israel Enhanced Security Cooperation Act of 2012 (Public Law 112–150) [22 U.S.C. 8601 et seq.] and ensure its implementation to the fullest extent; “(3) to reaffirm the importance of the 2007 United States-Israel Memorandum of Understanding on United States assistance to Israel and the semi-annual Strategic Dialogue between the United States and Israel; “(4) to pursue every opportunity to deepen cooperation with Israel on a range of critical issues including defense, homeland security, energy, and cybersecurity; “(5) to continue to provide Israel with robust security assistance, including for the procurement of the Iron Dome Missile Defense System; and “(6) to support the Government of Israel in its ongoing efforts to reach a negotiated political settlement with the Palestinian people that results in two states living side-by-side in peace and security.”
+
+Statement of Policy Regarding the Visa Waiver ProgramPub. L. 113–296, § 9, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4077, provided that: “It shall be the policy of the United States to include Israel in the list of countries that participate in the visa waiver program under section 217 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1187) when Israel satisfies, and as long as Israel continues to satisfy, the requirements for inclusion in such program specified in such section.”

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-93/section-8603.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 8603"
+description: "United States actions to assist in the defense of Israel and protect United States interests"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "93"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES-ISRAEL COOPERATION"
+section: "8603"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 8603"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s8603"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 8603 - United States actions to assist in the defense of Israel and protect United States interests
+
+## Text
+
+It is the sense of Congress that the United States Government should take the following actions to assist in the defense of Israel:
+
+(1) Seek to enhance the capabilities of the Governments of the United States and Israel to address emerging common threats, increase security cooperation, and expand joint military exercises.
+
+(2) Provide the Government of Israel such support as may be necessary to increase development and production of joint missile defense systems, particularly such systems that defend against the urgent threat posed to Israel and United States forces in the region.
+
+(3) Provide the Government of Israel assistance specifically for the production and procurement of the Iron Dome defense system for purposes of intercepting short-range missiles, rockets, and projectiles launched against Israel.
+
+(4) Provide the Government of Israel defense articles and defense services through such mechanisms as appropriate, to include air refueling tankers, missile defense capabilities, and specialized munitions.
+
+(5) Provide the Government of Israel additional excess defense articles, as appropriate, in the wake of the withdrawal of United States forces from Iraq.
+
+(6) Examine ways to strengthen existing and ongoing efforts, including the Gaza Counter Arms Smuggling Initiative, aimed at preventing weapons smuggling into Gaza pursuant to the 2009 agreement following the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza, as well as measures to protect against weapons smuggling and terrorist threats from the Sinai Peninsula.
+
+(7) Offer the Air Force of Israel additional training and exercise opportunities in the United States to compensate for Israel’s limited air space.
+
+(8) Work to encourage an expanded role for Israel with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), including an enhanced presence at NATO headquarters and exercises.
+
+(9) Expand already-close intelligence cooperation, including satellite intelligence, with Israel.
+
+(Pub. L. 112–150, § 4, July 27, 2012, 126 Stat. 1147.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Continual Assessment of Impact of International State Arms Embargoes on Israel and Actions To Address Defense Capability GapsPub. L. 119–60, div. A, title XVII, § 1706, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1214, provided that: (a) Requirement for Continuous Assessment.—(1) In general.—The Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of State and the Director of National Intelligence, shall conduct a continual assessment of—(A) the scope, nature, and impact on Israel’s defense capabilities of current and emerging arms embargoes, sanctions, restrictions, or limitations imposed by foreign countries or by international organizations; and(B) the resulting gaps or vulnerabilities in Israel’s security posture against shared regional adversaries, such as Iran and Iranian-backed terrorist groups such as Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and Hezbollah, and its ability to maintain its qualitative military edge.(2) Frequency.—The assessment required under paragraph (1) shall be updated not less than once every 180 days.(b) Potential United States Mitigation.—(1) Identification of needs.—Each assessment required under subsection (a) shall also include a determination of specific defensive capabilities, systems, or technologies that Israel is unable to procure, sustain, or modernize due to arms embargoes or restrictions.(2) United states actions.—The Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall identify potential actions the United States may take to mitigate such gaps in defensive capabilities, including—(A) addressing barriers to the delivery of defense articles or services under the foreign military sales program;(B) to the extent possible without undermining United States requirements or readiness, leveraging United States industrial base capacity to provide substitute defensive capabilities;(C) expanding joint research, development, and production of defense technologies; and(D) enhancing cooperative training, prepositioning, and logistics support.(c) Reports to Congress.—(1) In general.—Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this section, and annually thereafter, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a report on the findings of the most recent assessment conducted under subsection (a).(2) Form.—The report required by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form and may contain a classified annex.(d) Sunset.—The requirement to conduct continual assessments under this section shall terminate 5 years after the date of enactment of this section [Dec. 18, 2025].
+
+Eligibility of Israel for the Strategic Trade Authorization Exception to Certain Export Control Licensing RequirementsPub. L. 113–296, § 6, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4076, provided that: “(a) Findings.—Congress finds that Israel—“(1) has adopted high standards in the field of export controls; “(2) has declared its unilateral adherence to the Missile Technology Control Regime, the Australia Group, and the Nuclear Suppliers Group; and “(3) is a party to—“(A) the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, signed at Geneva October 10, 1980; “(B) the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, signed at Geneva June 17, 1925; and “(C) the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, adopted at Vienna on October 26, 1979. “(b) Eligibility for Strategic Trade Authorization Exception.—The President, consistent with the commitments of the United States under international arrangements, shall take steps so that Israel may be included in the list of countries eligible for the strategic trade authorization exception under section 740.20(c)(1) of title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, to the requirement for a license for the export, reexport, or in-country transfer of an item subject to controls under the Export Administration Regulations.”

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-93/section-8604.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 8604"
+description: "Reports required"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "93"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES-ISRAEL COOPERATION"
+section: "8604"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 8604"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s8604"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 8604 - Reports required
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Report on Israel’s qualitative military edge (QME) (1) In general Not later than 180 days after July 27, 2012, the President shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a report on the status of Israel’s qualitative military edge in light of current trends and instability in the region.
+
+(2) Substitution for quadrennial report If submitted within one year of the date that the first quadrennial report required by section 201(c)(2) of the Naval Vessel Transfer Act of 2008 (Public Law 110–429; 22 U.S.C. 2776 note) is due to be submitted, the report required by paragraph (1) may substitute for such quadrennial report.
+
+(b) Reports on other matters Not later than 180 days after July 27, 2012, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on each of the following matters:
+
+(1) Taking into account the Government of Israel’s urgent requirement for F–35 aircraft, actions to improve the process relating to its purchase of F–35 aircraft, particularly with respect to cost efficiency and timely delivery.
+
+(2) Efforts to expand cooperation between the United States and Israel in homeland security, counter-terrorism, maritime security, energy, cyber-security, and other related areas.
+
+(3) Actions to integrate Israel into the defense of the Eastern Mediterranean.
+
+(Pub. L. 112–150, § 6, July 27, 2012, 126 Stat. 1148.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Delegation of Certain Functions Under Section 6 of Public Law 112–150 Memorandum of President of the United States, Jan. 15, 2013, 78 F.R. 5705, provided that: Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to you all functions conferred upon the President by subsections (a) and (b) of section 6 of Public Law 112–150. You will exercise these functions in coordination with the Secretary of Defense. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. Barack Obama.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-93/section-8605.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 8605"
+description: "Definitions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "93"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES-ISRAEL COOPERATION"
+section: "8605"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 8605"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s8605"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 8605 - Definitions
+
+## Text
+
+In this chapter:
+
+(1) Appropriate congressional committees The term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
+
+(A) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate; and
+
+(B) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives.
+
+(2) Qualitative military edge The term “qualitative military edge” has the meaning given the term in section 2776(h)(2) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title.
+
+(Pub. L. 112–150, § 7, July 27, 2012, 126 Stat. 1149.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 112–150, July 27, 2012, 126 Stat. 1146, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8601 of this title and Tables. Section 2776(h)(2) of this title, referred to in par. (2), was redesignated section 2776(h)(3) of this title by Pub. L. 113–296, § 11(b)(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4078.

legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-93/section-8607.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "22 U.S.C. § 8607"
+description: "Other matters of cooperation"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 22
+title_name: "FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE"
+chapter_number: "93"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES-ISRAEL COOPERATION"
+section: "8607"
+citation: "22 U.S.C. § 8607"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t22/s8607"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 22 U.S.C. § 8607 - Other matters of cooperation
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general Activities authorized under this section shall be carried out with the concurrence of the Secretary of State and aligned with the National Security Strategy of the United States, the United States Government Global Health Security Strategy, the Department of State Integrated Country Strategies, the USAID Country Development Cooperation Strategies, and any equivalent or successor plans or strategies, as necessary and appropriate.
+
+(b) Development of health technologies (1) In general There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Health and Human Services $4,000,000 for fiscal years 2021 through 2023 for a bilateral cooperative program with the Government of Israel that awards grants for the development of health technologies, which may include health technologies listed in paragraph (2), subject to paragraph (3), with an emphasis on collaboratively advancing the use of technology and personalized medicine in relation to COVID–19.
+
+(2) Types of health technologies The health technologies described in this paragraph are technologies such as, drugs and vaccines, ventilators, diagnostic tests, and technologies to facilitate telemedicine.
+
+(3) Restrictions on funding Amounts appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) are subject to a matching contribution from the Government of Israel.
+
+(4) Option for establishing new program Amounts appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) may be expended for a bilateral program with the Government of Israel that—
+
+(A) is in existence on the day before January 1, 2021, for the purposes described in paragraph (1); or
+
+(B) is established after January 1, 2021, by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in consultation with the Secretary of State, in accordance with the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the State of Israel on Cooperation in Science and Technology for Homeland Security Matters, done at Jerusalem May 29, 2008 (or a successor agreement), for the purposes described in paragraph (1).
+
+(5) Public availability The Secretary shall require, as a condition of any grant awarded under this subsection, that all research publications and results of such research, including basic and applied research, shall be made publicly available on the website of the Department of Health and Human Services.
+
+(c) Coordinator of United States-Israel Research and Development (1) In general The President may designate the Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, or another appropriate Department of State official, to act as Coordinator of United States-Israel Research and Development (referred to in this subsection as the “Coordinator”).
+
+(2) Authorities and duties The Coordinator, in conjunction with the heads of relevant Federal Government departments and agencies and in coordination with the Israel Innovation Authority, may oversee civilian science and technology programs on a joint basis with Israel.
+
+(d) Office of Global Policy and Strategy of the Food and Drug Administration (1) In general It is the sense of Congress that the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration should seek to explore collaboration with Israel through the Office of Global Policy and Strategy.
+
+(2) Report Not later than one year after January 1, 2021, the Commissioner, acting through the head of the Office of Global Policy and Strategy, shall submit a report describing the benefits to the United States and to Israel of opening an office in Israel for the Office of Global Policy and Strategy to—
+
+(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;
+
+(B) the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate;
+
+(C) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and
+
+(D) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives.
+
+(e) United States-Israel Energy Center There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Energy $4,000,000 for fiscal year 2021 to carry out the activities of the United States-Israel Energy Center established pursuant to section 17337(d) of title 42.
+
+(f) United States-Israel Binational Industrial Research and Development Foundation It is the sense of Congress that grants to promote covered energy projects conducted by, or in conjunction with, the United States-Israel Binational Industrial Research and Development Foundation should be funded at not less than $2,000,000 annually under section 17337(b) of title 42.
+
+(g) Omitted
+
+(h) Annual policy dialogue It is the sense of Congress that the Department of Transportation and Israel’s Ministry of Transportation should engage in an annual policy dialogue to implement the 2016 Memorandum of Cooperation signed by the Secretary of Transportation and the Israeli Minister of Transportation.
+
+(i) Cooperation on space exploration and science initiatives The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall continue to work with the Israel Space Agency to identify and cooperatively pursue peaceful space exploration and science initiatives in areas of mutual interest, taking all appropriate measures to protect sensitive information, intellectual property, trade secrets, and economic interests of the United States.
+
+(j) Research and development cooperation relating to desalination technology Not later than one year after January 1, 2021, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall submit a report that describes research and development cooperation with international partners, such as the State of Israel, in the area of desalination technology in accordance with section 9(b)(3) of the Water Desalination Act of 1996 (42 U.S.C. 10301 note) to—
+
+(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;
+
+(2) the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate;
+
+(3) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and
+
+(4) the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives.
+
+(k) Research and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of Veterans Affairs should seek to explore collaboration between the Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers of Excellence and Israeli institutions with expertise in researching and treating posttraumatic stress disorder.
+
+(Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1280A, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3982.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 9(b)(3) of the Water Desalination Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (j), is section 9(b)(3) of Pub. L. 104–298, which is set out in a note under section 10301 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
+
+Codification Section is comprised of section 1280A of Pub. L. 116–283. Subsec. (g) of section 1280A of Pub. L. 116–283 amended section 8606 of this title. Section was enacted as part of the United States-Israel Security Assistance Authorization Act of 2020 and also as part of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, and not as part of the United States-Israel Enhanced Security Cooperation Act of 2012 which comprises this chapter.