Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-301.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 301"
+description: "Freedom from tolls"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "301"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 301"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s301"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "7aeb5826cacb07629a8fd989111464fd25d826abae1054d98898ce98bdcfccf1"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "301079a76c1acf96eaa30563f1207c86233ddd027ffeb5092213ef285e069c65"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 301 - Freedom from tolls
+
+## Text
+
+Except as provided in section 129 of this title with respect to certain toll bridges and toll tunnels, all highways constructed under the provisions of this title shall be free from tolls of all kinds.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 912.)

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-302.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 302"
+description: "State transportation department"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "302"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 302"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s302"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "c42b2b9d6672327746e8eeb0b721a0cb53325edf95be32ad90811915a77c9477"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "46d10c23776954e58dd3d143046e49015fc89636644506875818b10f35efce5f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 302 - State transportation department
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Any State desiring to avail itself of the provisions of this title shall have a State transportation department which shall have adequate powers, and be suitably equipped and organized to discharge to the satisfaction of the Secretary the duties required by this title. In meeting the provisions of this subsection, a State may engage, to the extent necessary or desirable, the services of private engineering firms.
+
+(b) Effect of Compliance.— Compliance with subsection (a) shall have no effect on the eligibility of costs.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 912; Pub. L. 89–574, § 11, Sept. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 770; Pub. L. 105–178, title I, § 1212(a)(1), (2)(A)(i), (B)(ii), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 193.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1998—Pub. L. 105–178, § 1212(a)(2)(B)(ii), substituted “State transportation department” for “State highway department” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1212(a)(1)(A), (2)(A)(i), substituted “State transportation department” for “State highway department” and struck out after first sentence “Among other things, the organization shall include a secondary road unit.” Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1212(a)(1)(B), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows: “The State highway department may arrange with a county or group of counties for competent highway engineering personnel suitably organized and equipped to the satisfaction of the State highway department, to supervise construction and maintenance on a county-unit or group-unit basis, for the construction of proj­ects on the Federal-aid secondary system, financed with secondary funds, and for the maintenance thereof.”

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-303.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 303"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1519(b)(1)(A), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 575]"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "303"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 303"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s303"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "ab27d89ef5ae227ca73d2541d519dd9e5f23d2fbcb335b226c5f7823d32b6b55"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "5fd8ff59852b24ba5a4dbe87ffb6ae061613f9a39fa6a627dfb59c54f30e6647"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 303 - Repealed. Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1519(b)(1)(A), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 575]
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, added Pub. L. 102–240, title I, § 1034(a), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1977; amended Pub. L. 103–429, § 3(8), (9), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 104–59, title II, § 205(a), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 576, related to management systems.
+
+A prior section 303, Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 912; Pub. L. 87–392, § 1, Oct. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 822; Pub. L. 88–426, title III, § 305(24), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 425; Pub. L. 91–605, title I, § 114(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1722; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 152(4), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 276, provided for administrative organization of the Federal Highway Administration, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 97–449, § 7(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2445. See section 104 of Title 49, Transportation.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-304.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 304"
+description: "Participation by small business enterprises"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "304"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 304"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s304"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "b0ef82ced5dc246c6b7f9787ecf16c75b086bea7719054b09b2deb909fc09c37"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "edfbf56f817fc91f13128d45d00f8df58b1da3e3c5cb54d82b4e817b86da7598"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 304 - Participation by small business enterprises
+
+## Text
+
+It is declared to be in the national interest to encourage and develop the actual and potential capacity of small business and to utilize this important segment of our economy to the fullest practicable extent in construction of Federal-aid highways, including the Interstate System. In order to carry out that intent and encourage full and free competition, the Secretary should assist, insofar as feasible, small business enterprises in obtaining contracts in connection with the prosecution of the highway program.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 913; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1104(c)(5), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 427.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2012—Pub. L. 112–141 substituted “Federal-aid highways” for “the Federal-aid highway systems”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2012 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-305.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 305"
+description: "Archeological and paleontological salvage"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "305"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 305"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s305"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "c2c3fa800351eef3600e27086c2cab7e3414a5b7f76c396a2b812120aa01f03f"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "ee9b97d3bc9a40b656340f723706153a7ac2f1ce17d12aae9842cc3b8777b37b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 305 - Archeological and paleontological salvage
+
+## Text
+
+Funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out this title to the extent approved as necessary by the highway department of any State, may be used for archeological and paleontological salvage in that State in compliance with the Act entitled “An Act for the preservation of American antiquities”, approved June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. 225), and State laws where applicable,
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 913; Pub. L. 86–657, § 8(e), July 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 525.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextAn Act for the preservation of American antiquities, referred to in text, is act June 8, 1906, ch. 3060, 34 Stat. 225, popularly known as the Antiquities Act of 1906. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
+
+Amendments1960—Pub. L. 86–657 substituted “appropriated to carry out this title to the extent approved” for “appropriated under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, to the extent approved”.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-306.md

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 306"
+description: "Mapping"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "306"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 306"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s306"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "ca1e9b032b8b56ba7e1709c300a299cac5f6de4fe410851e4d2925cdf9f578d4"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "d62dd7329283a2dcf90a5229d29b0fd5fedf003dce810a21ba768d1e6220f073"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 306 - Mapping
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— In carrying out the provisions of this title, the Secretary shall, wherever practicable, authorize the use of photogrammetric methods in mapping, and the utilization of commercial enterprise for such services.
+
+(b) Guidance.— The Secretary shall issue guidance to encourage States to utilize, to the maximum extent practicable, private sector sources for surveying and mapping services for projects under this title. In carrying out this subsection, the Secretary shall recommend appropriate roles for State government and private mapping and surveying activities, including—
+
+(1) preparation of standards and specifications;
+
+(2) research in surveying and mapping instrumentation and procedures and technology transfer to the private sector;
+
+(3) providing technical guidance, coordination, and administration of State surveying and mapping activities; and
+
+(4) recommending methods for increasing the use by the States of private sector sources for surveying and mapping activities.
+
+(c) Implementation.— The Secretary shall develop a process for the oversight and monitoring, on an annual basis, of the compliance of each State with the guidance issued under subsection (b).
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 913; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, § 321, Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 590; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1517(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 574.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2012—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1517(a)(1), substituted “shall” for “may”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1517(a)(2), substituted “State government and” for “State and” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1517(a)(3), added subsec. (c). 1995—Pub. L. 104–59 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2012 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-307.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 307"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5119(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 452]"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "307"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 307"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s307"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "d9cc4b2b1b142e935cf5163a1220fc34e9cdf3128a0add6fbc838b71307006e4"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "2d987e24c9ecfe619c1db3364f519413ea50578ed15a470059bb4c6b0245c2b9"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 307 - Repealed. Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5119(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 452]
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 913; Pub. L. 87–866, § 11, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1148; Pub. L. 88–157, § 6, Oct. 24, 1963, 77 Stat. 277; Pub. L. 89–564, title I, § 103, Sept. 9, 1966, 80 Stat. 735; Pub. L. 91–605, title I, §§ 115(c), 126, 136(c), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1723, 1729, 1735; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 151, Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 276; Pub. L. 96–470, title I, § 112(b)(2), Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2239; Pub. L. 97–424, title I, §§ 156(a), (b), (d), 160(a), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2134, 2135; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, §§ 128, 129, 133(b)(17), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 167, 169, 172; Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, §§ 6001, 6005, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2162, 2170; Pub. L. 103–429, § 3(10), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, § 325(d), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 592, related to research and planning.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Intelligent Transportation SystemsPub. L. 102–240, title VI, pt. B, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2189, as amended by Pub. L. 102–388, title IV, § 404, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1564; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, § 338(a), (b), (c)(2), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 603, 604; Pub. L. 105–130, § 5(d), Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2557, related to Intelligent Transportation Systems Act of 1991, including provisions relating to establishment and scope of program, general authorities and requirements, strategic plan, implementation, and report to Congress, technical, planning, and operational testing project assistance, applications of technology, commercial motor vehicle safety technology, funding, and definitions, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5213, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 463. See Pub. L. 105–178, title V, §§ 5201–5213, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 452–463, set out as a note under section 502 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-308.md

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 308"
+description: "Cooperation with Federal and State agencies and foreign countries"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "308"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 308"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s308"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "4c4ce15e232a18ffd9fcf4f61eae9c83051319da09b9008d83d8a27507174cfb"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "79445f5d50988dfa0e44619052a4a35667ef6b2c20021324e1ce67f30841a293"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 308 - Cooperation with Federal and State agencies and foreign countries
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Authorized Activities.— (1) In general.— The Secretary may perform, by contract or otherwise, authorized engineering or other services in connection with the survey, construction, maintenance, or improvement of highways for other Federal agencies, cooperating foreign countries, and State cooperating agencies.
+
+(2) Inclusions.— Services authorized under paragraph (1) may include activities authorized under section 214 of the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970.
+
+(3) Reimbursement.— Reimbursement for services carried out under this subsection (including depreciation on engineering and road-building equipment) shall be credited to the applicable appropriation.
+
+(4) Alternative contracting methods.— (A) In general.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law (including the Federal Acquisition Regulation), in performing services under paragraph (1), the Secretary may use any contracting method available to a State under this title.
+
+(B) Methods described.— The contracting methods referred to in subparagraph (A) shall include, at a minimum—
+
+(i) project bundling;
+
+(ii) bridge bundling;
+
+(iii) design-build contracting;
+
+(iv) 2-phase contracting;
+
+(v) long-term concession agreements; and
+
+(vi) any method tested, or that could be tested, under an experimental program relating to contracting methods carried out by the Secretary.
+
+(b) Appropriations for the work of the Federal Highway Administration shall be available for expenses of warehouse maintenance and the procurement, care, and handling of supplies, materials, and equipment for distribution to projects under the supervision of the Federal Highway Administration, or for sale or distribution to other Government agencies, cooperating foreign countries, and State cooperating agencies, and the cost of such supplies and materials or the value of such equipment, including the cost of transportation and handling, may be reimbursed to current applicable appropriations.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 914; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 152(5), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 276; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1521(f), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 579; Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, § 11305(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 532.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 214 of the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is classified to section 4634 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
+
+Amendments2021—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 117–58 added par. (4). 2012—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141 added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which read as follows: “The Secretary is authorized to perform by contract or otherwise, authorized engineering or other services in connection with the survey, construction, maintenance, or improvement of highways for other Government agencies, cooperating foreign countries, and State cooperating agencies, and reimbursement for such services, which may include depreciation on engineering and roadbuilding equipment used, shall be credited to the appropriation concerned.” 1973—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–87 substituted “Federal Highway Administration” for “Bureau of Public Roads” in two places.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2021 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 117–58 effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 2012 AmendmentPub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1521(g), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 579, provided that: “(1) In general.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [enacting section 4634 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and amending this section and sections 4622 to 4624 and 4633 of Title 42] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of this title]. “(2) Exception.—The amendments made by subsections (a) through (c) [amending sections 4622 to 4624 of Title 42] shall take effect 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act.”

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-309.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 309"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1519(b)(1)(A), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 575]"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "309"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 309"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s309"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "96f0c2c3e50befe8af20f64cc033d7c92a806ad1833e00d33cf3113a41310fa4"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "30776133e0e316962a690f652a026534c0b0c69bf6bf8f835a8c55bfb2020a9d"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 309 - Repealed. Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1519(b)(1)(A), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 575]
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 914; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 152(5), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 276, related to cooperation with other American Republics.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-310.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 310"
+description: "Civil defense"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "310"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 310"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s310"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "d20ee95adb4ceef35dceb354aa6787ad9f4c4e7a034035124c21137ed03aad2b"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "1a2b6794ecb8c57db4c2483e7ca8cd89febbd8855a1eade5acb4816e2d198bdc"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 310 - Civil defense
+
+## Text
+
+In order to assure that adequate consideration is given to civil defense aspects in the planning and construction of highways constructed or reconstructed with the aid of Federal funds, the Secretary of Transportation is authorized and directed to consult, from time to time, with the Federal Civil Defense Administrator relative to the civil defense aspects of highways so constructed or reconstructed.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 914; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 152(3), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 276.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1973—Pub. L. 93–87 substituted “Secretary of Transportation” for “Secretary of Commerce”.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Transfer of Functions Office of Federal Civil Defense Administrator, referred to in text, abolished and functions thereof transferred to President by Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1958, set out as a note under section 5195 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. The Plan also established a new agency in the Executive Office of the President, known as the Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization to be headed by a Director. Office redesignated as the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization by act Aug. 26, 1958 (72 Stat. 861; 42 U.S.C. 5195 note). Civil defense functions transferred to Secretary of Defense by Executive Order No. 10952 of July 20, 1961, formerly set out as a note under section 2271 of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense, and remaining functions redesignated Office of Emergency Planning by act Sept. 22, 1961 (75 Stat. 630; 42 U.S.C. 5195 note). Office redesignated Office of Emergency Preparedness by act Oct. 21, 1968 (82 Stat. 1194; 42 U.S.C. 5195 note). Office of Emergency Preparedness including office of Director abolished and functions thereof transferred to President by Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1973, set out as a note under section 5195 of Title 42.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-311.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 311"
+description: "Highway improvements strategically important to the national defense"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "311"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 311"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s311"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "fbe3540c7bf4cd72ad7e58ba6fd0f1fc4daeaa0481b3bfa481468647c37e5d40"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "dce188865f85a2ef8fd33cd6abe5739f58412f141040bc6df94b4ced763e1f99"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 311 - Highway improvements strategically important to the national defense
+
+## Text
+
+Funds made available under subsection (a) of section 104 of this title may be used to pay the entire engineering costs of the surveys, plans, specifications, estimates, and supervision of construction of projects for such urgent improvements of highways strategically important from the standpoint of the national defense as may be undertaken on the order of the Secretary and as the result of request of the Secretary of Defense or such other official as the President may designate. With the consent of a State, funds made available under subsection (b) of section 104 of this title may be used to the extent deemed necessary and advisable by the Secretary to carry out the provisions of this section.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 915.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+National Defense Highways Located Outside United StatesPub. L. 102–240, title I, § 1006(h), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1927, provided that: “(1) Reconstruction projects.—If the Secretary determines, after consultation with the Secretary of Defense, that a highway, or portion of a highway, located outside the United States is important to the national defense, the Secretary may carry out a project for the reconstruction of such highway or portion of highway. “(2) Funding.—The Secretary may make available, from funds appropriated to construct the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, not to exceed $20,000,000 per fiscal year for each of fiscal years 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996 to carry out this subsection. Such sums shall remain available until expended.”

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-312.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 312"
+description: "Detail of Army, Navy, and Air Force officers"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "312"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 312"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s312"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "24e8dae07f15ac8bd8fb422bedd887cc92fde12bb663b06d57af464459afc0e9"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "a5d626763706726585ba5bcdc425dde95f0d75a30b4f0054030282f6abca929c"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 312 - Detail of Army, Navy, and Air Force officers
+
+## Text
+
+The Secretary of Defense, upon request of the Secretary, is authorized to make temporary details to the Federal Highway Administration of officers of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, without additional compensation, for technical advice and for consultation regarding highway needs for the national defense. Travel and subsistence expenses of officers so detailed shall be paid from appropriations available to the Department of Transportation on the same basis as authorized by law and by regulations of the Department of Defense for such officers.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 915; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 152(5), (6), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 276.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1973—Pub. L. 93–87 substituted “Federal Highway Administration” for “Bureau of Public Roads” and “Department of Transportation” for “Department of Commerce”.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-313.md

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 313"
+description: "Buy America"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "313"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 313"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s313"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "9b17e0bb0d609519d0514341581ed8e2c5802b1078143a8b778b1d7c8b6333e7"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "22b369506bad7bd34c97a264d3560da5cbd6fc9e227e5130854f1f5cef05a385"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 313 - Buy America
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Transportation shall not obligate any funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 (96 Stat. 2097) or this title and administered by the Department of Transportation, unless steel, iron, and manufactured products used in such project are produced in the United States.
+
+(b) The provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall not apply where the Secretary finds—
+
+(1) that their application would be inconsistent with the public interest;
+
+(2) that such materials and products are not produced in the United States in sufficient and reasonably available quantities and of a satisfactory quality; or
+
+(3) that inclusion of domestic material will increase the cost of the overall project contract by more than 25 percent.
+
+(c) For purposes of this section, in calculating components’ costs, labor costs involved in final assembly shall not be included in the calculation.
+
+(d) The Secretary of Transportation shall not impose any limitation or condition on assistance provided under the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 (96 Stat. 2097) or this title that restricts any State from imposing more stringent requirements than this section on the use of articles, materials, and supplies mined, produced, or manufactured in foreign countries in projects carried out with such assistance or restricts any recipient of such assistance from complying with such State imposed requirements.
+
+(e) Intentional Violations.— If it has been determined by a court or Federal agency that any person intentionally—
+
+(1) affixed a label bearing a “Made in America” inscription, or any inscription with the same meaning, to any product used in projects to which this section applies, sold in or shipped to the United States that was not made in the United States; or
+
+(2) represented that any product used in projects to which this section applies, sold in or shipped to the United States that was not produced in the United States, was produced in the United States;
+
+that person shall be ineligible to receive any contract or subcontract made with funds authorized under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 pursuant to the debarment, suspension, and ineligibility procedures in subpart 9.4 of chapter 1 of title 48, Code of Federal Regulations.
+
+(f) Limitation on Applicability of Waivers to Products Produced in Certain Foreign Countries.— If the Secretary, in consultation with the United States Trade Representative, determines that—
+
+(1) a foreign country is a party to an agreement with the United States and pursuant to that agreement the head of an agency of the United States has waived the requirements of this section, and
+
+(2) the foreign country has violated the terms of the agreement by discriminating against products covered by this section that are produced in the United States and are covered by the agreement,
+
+the provisions of subsection (b) shall not apply to products produced in that foreign country.
+
+(g) Waivers.— (1) In general.— Not less than 15 days before issuing a waiver under this section, the Secretary shall provide to the public—
+
+(A) notice of the proposed waiver;
+
+(B) an opportunity for comment on the proposed waiver; and
+
+(C) the reasons for the proposed waiver.
+
+(2) Report.— Not less frequently than annually, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report on the waivers provided under this section.
+
+(h) Application to Highway Programs.— The requirements under this section shall apply to all contracts eligible for assistance under this chapter for a project carried out within the scope of the applicable finding, determination, or decision under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), regardless of the funding source of such contracts, if at least 1 contract for the project is funded with amounts made available to carry out this title.
+
+(Added and amended Pub. L. 109–59, title I, § 1903(a), (c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1464, 1465; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1518, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 574; Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, § 11513, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 595.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d), is Pub. L. 97–424, Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2097. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1983 Amendment note set out under section 101 of this title and Tables. The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, referred to in subsec. (e), is Pub. L. 102–240, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1914. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1991 Amendment note set out under section 101 of Title 49, Transportation, and Tables. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (h), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§ 4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.
+
+Codification Section, as added by Pub. L. 109–59, consists of text of Pub. L. 97–424, title I, § 165, Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2136; Pub. L. 98–229, § 10, Mar. 9, 1984, 98 Stat. 57; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, §§ 133(a)(6), 337(a)(1), (b), (c), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 171, 241; Pub. L. 102–240, title I, § 1048, title III, § 3003(b), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1999, 2088; Pub. L. 103–272, § 4(r), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1371; Pub. L. 103–429, § 7(a)(3)(E), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4389, which was formerly set out as a note under section 101 of this title, and was repealed by Pub. L. 109–59, title I, § 1903(d), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1465.
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 313, Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 915, authorized the Secretary to cooperate with State highway departments and other agencies in the promotion of highway safety and authorized the expenditure of $150,000 out of the administrative funds made available in accordance with section 104(a) of this title for the purposes of this section, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 89–564, title I, § 102(a), Sept. 9, 1966, 80 Stat. 734. See section 401 et seq. of this title.
+
+Amendments2021—Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 117–58 added subsec. (g) and redesignated former subsec. (g) as (h). 2012—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–141 added subsec. (g). 2005—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1903(c)(1), substituted “to carry out the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 (96 Stat. 2097) or this title” for “by this Act or by any Act amended by this Act or, after the date of enactment of this Act, any funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out this Act, title 23, United States Code, or the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978”. Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1903(c)(2), redesignated par. (4) as (3). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1903(c)(3), substituted “the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 (96 Stat. 2097) or this title that” for “this Act, the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 or title 23, United States Code, which”. Subsec. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1903(c)(4), (5), which directed amendment of this section by striking subsec. (e) and redesignating subsecs. (f) and (g) as (e) and (f), respectively, was executed by making the redesignations and by striking out two subsecs. (e), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. The first subsec. (e) based on subsec. (e) of section 165 of Pub. L. 97–424, as originally enacted, repealed section 401 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–599. The second subsec. (e) based on subsec. (e) of section 165 of Pub. L. 97–424, as added by Pub. L. 102–240, § 1048(b), related to report on purchases from foreign entities waived under subsec. (b) in fiscal years 1992 and 1993.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2021 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 117–58 effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 2012 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.
+
+Buy America Waiver Notification and Annual ReportsPub. L. 119–75, div. D, title I, § 122, Feb. 3, 2026, 140 Stat. 353, provided that: “Not less than 15 days prior to waiving, under his or her statutory authority, any Buy America requirement for Federal-aid highways projects, the Secretary of Transportation shall make an informal public notice and comment opportunity on the intent to issue such waiver and the reasons therefor: Provided, That the Secretary shall post on a website any waivers granted under the Buy America requirements.” Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts: Pub. L. 118–42, div. F, title I, § 122, Mar. 9, 2024, 138 Stat. 321. Pub. L. 117–328, div. L, title I, § 122, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5116. Pub. L. 117–103, div. L, title I, § 122, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 704. Pub. L. 116–260, div. L, title I, § 122, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1841. Pub. L. 116–94, div. H, title I, § 122, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2951. Pub. L. 116–6, div. G, title I, § 122, Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 412. Pub. L. 115–141, div. L, title I, § 122, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 986. Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, § 123, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 741. Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, § 122, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2847. Pub. L. 113–235, div. K, title I, § 122, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2708. Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, § 122, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 586. Pub. L. 112–55, div. C, title I, § 122, Nov. 18, 2011, 125 Stat. 654. Pub. L. 111–117, div. A, title I, § 123, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3048. Pub. L. 111–8, div. I, title I, § 126, Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 928. Pub. L. 110–161, div. K, title I, § 130, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2389. Pub. L. 110–244, title I, § 117, June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1607, provided that: “(a) Waiver Notification.—“(1) In general.—If the Secretary of Transportation makes a finding under section 313(b) of title 23, United States Code, with respect to a project, the Secretary shall—“(A) publish in the Federal Register, before the date on which such finding takes effect, a detailed written justification as to the reasons that such finding is needed; and “(B) provide notice of such finding and an opportunity for public comment on such finding for a period of not to exceed 60 days. “(2) Limitation on statutory construction.—Nothing in paragraph (1) shall be construed to require the effective date of a finding referred to in paragraph (1) to be delayed until after the close of the public comment period referred to in paragraph (1)(B). “(b) Annual Reports.—Not later than February 1 of each year beginning after the date of enactment of this Act [June 6, 2008], the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate a report on the projects for which the Secretary made findings under section 313(b) of title 23, United States Code, during the preceding calendar year and the justifications for such findings.”

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-314.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 314"
+description: "Relief of employees in hazardous work"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "314"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 314"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s314"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "8360a29f4186df49c881015532bd8275d85e59a31cfe0f63c3860bcc0fc0d7ac"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "9e88543ffa699cc5bc3f8ee58a0d6c3d832379720b21df145421ad63a54d2fa0"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 314 - Relief of employees in hazardous work
+
+## Text
+
+The Secretary is authorized in an emergency to use appropriations to the Department of Transportation for carrying out the provisions of this title for medical supplies, services, and other assistance necessary for the immediate relief of employees of the Federal Highway Administration engaged in hazardous work.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 915; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 152(5), (6), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 276.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1973—Pub. L. 93–87 substituted “Department of Transportation” for “Department of Commerce” and “Federal Highway Administration” for “Bureau of Public Roads”.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-315.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 315"
+description: "Rules, regulations, and recommendations"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "315"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 315"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s315"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "288d4255c2a42a42c30366d0ab33ef135db1d95e39472a99f517f99b6572d76b"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "03a50e5a9608af0635ef9c5f617e2b7e429db414d62e245e19ac2bad1e09cb14"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 315 - Rules, regulations, and recommendations
+
+## Text
+
+Except as provided in sections 202(a)(5), 203(a)(3), and 205(a) of this title, the Secretary is authorized to prescribe and promulgate all needful rules and regulations for the carrying out of the provisions of this title. The Secretary may make such recommendations to the Congress and State transportation departments as he deems necessary for preserving and protecting the highways and insuring the safety of traffic thereon.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 915; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, § 133(b)(18), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 172; Pub. L. 105–178, title I, § 1212(a)(2)(A)(ii), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 193; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1119(c)(3), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 492.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2012—Pub. L. 112–141 substituted “202(a)(5), 203(a)(3),” for “204(f)”. 1998—Pub. L. 105–178 substituted “State transportation departments” for “State highway departments”. 1987—Pub. L. 100–17 which directed that this section be amended by substituting “204(f) and 205(a)” for “204(d), 205(a), 207(b), and 208(c)” was executed by substituting “204(f) and 205(a)” for “204(d), 205(a), 206(b), 207(b), and 208(c)”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2012 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-316.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 316"
+description: "Consent by United States to conveyance of property"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "316"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 316"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s316"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "77b32577f92613926da4b3a602934a4dd2eb7a88a9b1c0d7bf85d18c4b88a628"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "33d6ccb25ac4c576116e5f7f6626d8f41165affea1371e7d1ef4e2bd4f21dfcb"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 316 - Consent by United States to conveyance of property
+
+## Text
+
+For the purposes of this title the consent of the United States is given to any railroad or canal company to convey to the State transportation department of any State, or its nominee, any part of its right-of-way or other property in that State acquired by grant from the United States.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 915; Pub. L. 105–178, title I, § 1212(a)(2)(A)(i), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 193.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1998—Pub. L. 105–178 substituted “State transportation department” for “State highway department”.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-317.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 317"
+description: "Appropriation for highway purposes of lands or interests in lands owned by the United States"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "317"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 317"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s317"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "c9555c6c26900d299328dead3173dbc4ffc0a2ba54bcc0d4ab8df1c4b914774c"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "ae22823faed3ff07791b2bba22f1961556450afb27dee8ec795cdf4b0da3dca1"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 317 - Appropriation for highway purposes of lands or interests in lands owned by the United States
+
+## Text
+
+(a) If the Secretary determines that any part of the lands or interests in lands owned by the United States is reasonably necessary for the right-of-way of any highway, or as a source of materials for the construction or maintenance of any such highway adjacent to such lands or interests in lands, the Secretary shall file with the Secretary of the Department supervising the administration of such lands or interests in lands a map showing the portion of such lands or interests in lands which it is desired to appropriate.
+
+(b) If within a period of four months after such filing, the Secretary of such Department shall not have certified to the Secretary that the proposed appropriation of such land or material is contrary to the public interest or inconsistent with the purposes for which such land or materials have been reserved, or shall have agreed to the appropriation and transfer under conditions which he deems necessary for the adequate protection and utilization of the reserve, then such land and materials may be appropriated and transferred to the State transportation department, or its nominee, for such purposes and subject to the conditions so specified.
+
+(c) If at any time the need for any such lands or materials for such purposes shall no longer exist, notice of the fact shall be given by the State transportation department to the Secretary and such lands or materials shall immediately revert to the control of the Secretary of the Department from which they had been appropriated.
+
+(d) The provisions of this section shall apply only to projects constructed on a Federal-aid highway or under the provisions of chapter 2 of this title.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 916; Pub. L. 105–178, title I, § 1212(a)(2)(A)(i), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 193; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1104(c)(6), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 427.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2012—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–141 substituted “highway” for “system”. 1998—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 105–178 substituted “State transportation department” for “State highway department”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2012 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-318.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 318"
+description: "Highway relocation due to airport"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "318"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 318"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s318"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "8432194fc6f8880a0803af14f2bf98d5cac5a9a5c48bdd91950b8573c5585ea7"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "801afaa315c94b6b5f8b2d156c80ba49ce3c3116fb97a2f734e6225b2277e2cb"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 318 - Highway relocation due to airport
+
+## Text
+
+Federal highway funds shall not be used for the reconstruction or relocation of any highway giving access to an airport constructed or extended after December 20, 1944, or for the reconstruction or relocation of any highway which has been or may be closed or the usefulness of which has been may be impaired by the location or construction of any airport constructed or extended after December 20, 1944, unless, prior to such construction or extension, as the case may be, the State transportation department and the Secretary have concurred with the officials in charge of the airport that the location of such airport or extension thereof and the consequent reconstruction or relocation of the highway are in the public interest.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 916; Pub. L. 105–178, title I, § 1212(a)(2)(A)(i), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 193.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1998—Pub. L. 105–178 substituted “State transportation department” for “State highway department”.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-319.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 319"
+description: "Landscaping and scenic enhancement"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "319"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 319"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s319"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "88447b1e17495565ee3221f8efc9c3e114d7daa934d196a05b46e412acc7377a"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "9cc6b1386c0c3f0977669df7cb14c84851cd3516bc1264c847449b3e49814fbc"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 319 - Landscaping and scenic enhancement
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Landscape and Roadside Development.— The Secretary may approve as a part of the construction of Federal-aid highways the costs of landscape and roadside development, including acquisition and development of publicly owned and controlled rest and recreation areas and sanitary and other facilities reasonably necessary to accommodate the traveling public, and for acquisition of interests in and improvement of strips of land necessary for the restoration, preservation, and enhancement of scenic beauty (including the enhancement of habitat and forage for pollinators) adjacent to such highways.
+
+(b) Planting of Wildflowers.— (1) General rule.— The Secretary shall require the planting of native wildflower seeds or seedlings, or both, as part of any landscaping project under this section. At least ¼ of 1 percent of the funds expended for such landscaping project shall be used for such plantings.
+
+(2) Waiver.— The requirements of this subsection may be waived by the Secretary if a State certifies that native wildflowers or seedlings cannot be grown satisfactorily or planting areas are limited or otherwise used for agricultural purposes.
+
+(3) Gifts.— Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit the acceptance of native wildflower seeds or seedlings donated by civic organizations or other organizations and individuals to be used in landscaping projects.
+
+(c) Encouragement of Pollinator Habitat and Forage Development and Protection on Transportation Rights-of-way.— In carrying out any program administered by the Secretary under this title, the Secretary shall, in conjunction with willing States, as appropriate—
+
+(1) encourage integrated vegetation management practices on roadsides and other transportation rights-of-way, including reduced mowing; and
+
+(2) encourage the development of habitat and forage for Monarch butterflies, other native pollinators, and honey bees through plantings of native forbs and grasses, including noninvasive, native milkweed species that can serve as migratory way stations for butterflies and facilitate migrations of other pollinators.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 916; Pub. L. 89–285, title III, § 301(a), Oct. 22, 1965, 79 Stat. 1032; Pub. L. 89–574, § 8(b), Sept. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 768; Pub. L. 90–495, § 6(f), Aug. 23, 1968, 82 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 94–280, title I, § 136(a), May 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 442; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, § 130, Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 169; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, § 1415(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1421.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2015—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94, § 1415(a)(1), inserted “(including the enhancement of habitat and forage for pollinators)” before “adjacent”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94, § 1415(a)(2), added subsec. (c). 1987—Pub. L. 100–17 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b). 1976—Pub. L. 94–280, in revising section, struck out subsec. (a) designation for existing text; incorporated as part of the section provision of former subsec. (b) for acquisition of interests in and improvement of strips of land necessary for the restoration, preservation, and enhancement of scenic beauty adjacent to Federal-aid highways; and struck out subsec. (b) designation and other subsec. (b) provisions relating to: allocation to a State out of appropriated funds an amount equivalent to 3 per centum of funds apportioned to a State for Federal-aid highways for landscape and roadside development use within the highway right-of-way, including acquisition and development of publicly owned and controlled rest and recreation areas and sanitary and other facilities within or adjacent to the highway right-of-way without being matched by the State; authorization of Secretary to except a State from the requirement upon a showing that amount is in excess of the State needs for the purposes; lapse of unused funds; appropriations authorization of $120,000,000 for fiscal years ending June 30, 1966, and 1967, and $20,000,000 for fiscal year ending June 30, 1970; and provision making chapter 1 respecting obligation, period of availability, and expenditure of Federal-aid primary highway funds applicable to funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out subsec. (b) after June 30, 1967. 1968—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90–495 inserted provisions authorizing an appropriation of not to exceed $20,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1970. 1966—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–574 substituted provisions making applicable to the funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subsection after June 30, 1967, the provisions of chapter 1 of this title relating to the obligations, period of availability, and expenditure of Federal-aid primary highway funds for provisions prohibiting the use of any part of the Highway Trust Fund in carrying out this subsection. 1965—Pub. L. 89–285 rearranged section structurally, made provision for apportionment of an amount, in addition to the state’s annual apportionment, equivalent to 3 per centum of the fund annually apportioned to the state for federal-aid highways to acquire interests and improvements for restoration, preservation, and enhancement of scenic beauty adjacent to Federal-aid highways, authorized appropriations of $120,000,000 for fiscal year ending June 30, 1966, and $120,000,000 for fiscal year ending June 30, 1967, and prohibited use of Highway Trust Fund moneys in carrying out the scenic enhancement provisions.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Effective Date of 1968 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 90–495 effective August 23, 1968, see section 37 of Pub. L. 90–495, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
+
+Continuing Availability of Appropriated Funds for Appropriation, Obligation, and ExpenditurePub. L. 94–280, title I, § 136(b), May 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 443, provided that all sums authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section as in effect immediately before May 5, 1976, would continue to be available for appropriation, obligation, and expenditure in accordance with former subsec. (b) of this section.
+
+National Scenic Highway System Study and User Access Study for Parks and Recreation AreasPub. L. 93–87, title I, § 134, Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 268, mandated a study to determine the feasibility of a scenic highway system to link together recreational, historical sites, and a study of user access to parks and recreational areas, including alternatives to private automobiles, the results of the studies to be reported to Congress no later than July 1, 1974, and Jan. 1, 1975, respectively.
+
+Acquisition of DwellingsProhibition against the use of eminent domain to acquire any dwelling (including related buildings) under the terms of Pub. L. 89–285, see section 305 of Pub. L. 89–285, set out as a note under section 131 of this title.
+
+Taking of Private Property Without Just CompensationProhibition against the taking of private property or the restriction of reasonable and existing use by such taking without just compensation under the terms of Pub. L. 89–285, see section 401 of Pub. L. 89–285, set out as a note under section 131 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-320.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 320"
+description: "Bridges on Federal dams"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "320"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 320"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s320"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "8e277e0764aa143c20438d029986ec2882d7b7b123a6763425f6e337ce626446"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "e9237316683289f30475eca35eb431a4a4d5b3fcf0a21ad3e782e15f1187631f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 320 - Bridges on Federal dams
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Each executive department, independent establishment, office, board, bureau, commission, authority, administration, corporation wholly owned or controlled by the United States, or other agency of the Government of the United States, hereinafter collectively and individually referred to as “agency”, which on or after July 29, 1946, has jurisdiction over and custody of any dam constructed or to be constructed and owned by or for the United States, is authorized, with any funds available to it, to design and construct any such dam in such manner that it will constitute and serve as a suitable and adequate foundation to support a public highway bridge upon and across such dam, and to design and construct upon the foundation thus provided a public highway bridge upon and across such dam. The highway department of the State in which such dam shall be located, jointly with the Secretary, shall first determine and certify to such agency that such bridge is economically desirable and needed as a link in the State or Federal-aid highway systems, and shall request such agency to design and construct such dam so that it will serve as a suitable and adequate foundation for a public highway bridge and to design and construct such public highway bridge upon and across such dam, and shall agree to reimburse such agency pursuant to subsection (d) of this section for any additional costs which it may be required to incur because of the design and construction of such dam so that it will serve as a foundation for a public highway bridge and for expenditures which it may find it necessary to make in designing and constructing such public highway bridge upon and across such dam. In no case shall the design and construction of a bridge upon and across such dam be undertaken hereunder except by the agency having jurisdiction over and custody of the dam, acting directly or through contractors employed by it, and after such agency shall determine that it will be structurally feasible and will not interfere with the proper functioning and operation of the dam.
+
+(b) Construction of any bridge upon and across any dam pursuant to this section shall not be commenced unless and until the State in which such bridge is to be located, or the appropriate subdivision of such State, shall enter into an agreement with such agency and with the Secretary to construct, or cause to be constructed, with or without the aid of Federal funds, the approach roads necessary to connect such bridge with existing public highways and to maintain, or cause to be maintained, such approach roads from and after their completion. Such agreement may also provide for the design and construction of such bridge upon and across the dam by such agency of the United States and for reimbursing such agency the costs incurred by it in the design and construction of the bridge as provided in subsection (d) of this section. Any such agency is hereby authorized to convey to the State, or to the appropriate subdivision thereof, without costs, such easements and rights-of-way in its custody or over lands of the United States in its custody and control as may be necessary, convenient, or proper for the location, construction, and maintenance of the approach roads referred to in this section including such roadside parks or recreational areas of limited size as may be deemed necessary for the accommodation of the traveling public. Any bridge constructed pursuant to this section upon and across a dam in the custody and jurisdiction of any agency of the United States, including such portion thereof, if any, as may extend beyond the physical limits of the dam, shall constitute and remain a part of said dam and be maintained by the agency. Any such agency may enter into any such contracts and agreements with the State or its subdivisions respecting public use of any bridge so located and constructed as may be deemed appropriate, but no such bridge shall be closed to public use by the agency except in cases of emergency or when deemed necessary in the interest of national security.
+
+(c) All costs and expenses incurred and expenditures made by any agency in the exercise of the powers and authority conferred by this section (but not including any costs, expenses, or expenditures which would have been required in any event to satisfy a legal road or bridge relocation obligation or to meet operating or other agency needs) shall be recorded and kept separate and apart from the other costs, expenses, and expenditures of such agency, and no portion thereof shall be charged or allocated to flood control, navigation, irrigation, fertilizer production, the national defense, the development of power, or other program, purpose, or function of such agency.
+
+(d) Not to exceed $65,000,000 of any money heretofore or hereafter appropriated for expenditure in accordance with the provisions of this title or prior Acts shall be available for expenditure by the Secretary in accordance with the provisions of this section, as an emergency fund, to reimburse any agency for any additional costs or expenditures which it may be required to incur because of the design and construction of any such dam so that it will constitute and serve as a foundation for a public highway bridge upon and across such dam and to reimburse any such agency for any costs, expenses, or expenditures which it may be required to make in designing and constructing any such bridge upon and across a dam in accordance with the provisions of this section, except such costs, expenses, or expenditures as would have been required of such agency in any event to satisfy a legal obligation to relocate a highway or bridge or to meet operating or other agency needs, and there is authorized to be appropriated any sum or sums necessary to reimburse the funds so expended by the Secretary from time to time under the authority of this section. Of each bridge constructed upon and across a dam under the provisions of this section, there may be financed wholly with Federal funds that portion thereof which is located within the physical limits of the masonry structure, or structures, of the dam, and the Secretary shall in his sole discretion determine what additional portion of the bridge, if any, may be so financed, such determination to be final and conclusive. The remainder of the bridge, and any necessary related approach roads, shall be financed by the State or its appropriate subdivision with or without the aid of Federal funds; but said portion of the bridge so financed by the State or its subdivisions, including such portion thereof, if any, as may extend beyond the physical limits of the dam, shall nevertheless be designed and constructed solely by the agency having custody and jurisdiction of the dam as provided in subsection (a) of this section.
+
+(e) In making, reviewing, or approving the design of any bridge or approach structure to be constructed under this section, the agency shall, in matters relating to roadway design, loadings, clearances and widths, and traffic safeguards, give full consideration to and be guided by the standards and advice of the Secretary.
+
+(f) The authority conferred by this section shall be in addition to and not in limitation of authority conferred upon any agency by any other law, and nothing in this section contained shall affect or be deemed to relate to any bridge, approach structure, or highway constructed or to be constructed by any such agency in furtherance of its lawful purposes and requirements or to satisfy a legal obligation incurred independently of this section.
+
+(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 917; Pub. L. 86–342, title I, § 108, Sept. 21, 1959, 73 Stat. 613; Pub. L. 88–423, § 4(c), Aug. 13, 1964, 78 Stat. 398; Pub. L. 91–605, title I, § 116(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1724; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 128(a), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 265; Pub. L. 93–643, § 123(a), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2290; Pub. L. 94–280, title I, § 137(a), May 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 443; Pub. L. 95–599, title I, § 128(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2707.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1978—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–599 substituted “$65,000,000” for “$50,000,000”. 1976—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–280 substituted “$50,000,000” for “$27,761,000”. 1975—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 93–643 substituted “$27,761,000” for “$25,261,000”. 1973—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 93–87 substituted “$25,261,000” for “$16,761,000”. 1970—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91–605 substituted “$16,761,000” for “$13,000,000”. 1964—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 88–423 substituted “which such bridge is to be located, or the appropriate subdivision of such State, shall enter into an agreement with such agency and with” for “such State, shall enter into an agreement with such agency and with which such bridge is to be located, or the appropriate subdivision of”. 1959—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 86–342 substituted “$13,000,000” for “$10,000,000”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Appropriation Out of Highway Trust Fund of Sums Appropriated Under Authority of Increased AuthorizationPub. L. 95–599, title I, § 128(b), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2707, provided that: “Sums appropriated or expended under authority of the increased authorization established by the amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [amending subsec. (d) of this section] shall be appropriated out of the Highway Trust Fund for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978, and for subsequent fiscal years.”
+
+Appropriation of Increased AuthorizationPub. L. 94–280, title I, § 137(b), May 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 443, provided that: “Sums appropriated or expended under authority of the increased authorization established by the amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [to subsec. (d) of this section] shall be appropriated out of the Highway Trust Fund for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1977, and for subsequent fiscal years.”
+
+Restriction on Increased Authorization of AppropriationsPub. L. 93–643, § 123(b), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2290, provided that: “All sums appropriated under authority of the increased authorization established by the amendment made by subsection (a) of this section shall be available for expenditure in the same manner and for the same purpose as provided for in subsection (b) of section 116 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970 (Public Law 91–605).” Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 128(b), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 265, provided that: “All sums appropriated under authority of the increased authorization of $8,500,000 established by the amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [to subsec. (d) of this section] shall be available for expenditure only in connection with the construction of a bridge across lock and dam numbered 13 on the Arkansas River near Fort Smith, Arkansas, in the amount of $2,100,000 and in connection with reconstruction of a bridge across the Chickamauga Dam on the Tennessee River near Chattanooga, Tennessee, in the amount of $6,400,000. No such sums shall be appropriated until all applicable requirements of section 320 of title 23 of the United States Code have been complied with by the appropriate Federal agency, the Secretary of Transportation, and the State of Arkansas for the Fort Smith project, and the State of Tennessee for the Chattanooga project.” Pub. L. 91–605, title I, § 116(b), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1724, provided that: “All sums appropriated under authority of the increased authorization of $3,761,000 established by the amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [amending subsec. (d) of this section] shall be available for expenditure only in connection with the construction of a bridge across Markland Dam on the Ohio River near Markland, Indiana, and Warsaw, Kentucky. No such sums shall be appropriated until all applicable requirements of section 320 of title 23 of the United States Code have been complied with by the appropriate Federal agency, the Secretary of Transportation, and the States of Kentucky and Indiana.”

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-321.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 321"
+description: "Signs identifying funding sources"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "321"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 321"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s321"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "dfae3a0c3c97c4b1eebc5e0e3eab06d8e8ad889435dcdde2758729cd021153d3"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "e9a8f65e7ce7786d1e99f5d67a233d8c60ee0de9e9eb306d7eea57c17d42b943"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 321 - Signs identifying funding sources
+
+## Text
+
+If a State has a practice of erecting on projects under actual construction without Federal-aid highway assistance signs which indicate the source or sources of any funds used to carry out such projects, such State shall erect on all projects under actual construction with any funds made available out of the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account) signs which are visible to highway users and which indicate each governmental source of funds being used to carry out such federally assisted projects and the amount of funds being made available by each such source.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title I, § 1901(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1464.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Codification Section, as added by Pub. L. 109–59, consists of text of Pub. L. 100–17, title I, § 154, Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 209, which was formerly set out as a note under section 101 of this title, and was repealed by Pub. L. 109–59, title I, § 1901(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1464.
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 321, added Pub. L. 91–605, title I, § 115(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1723; amended Pub. L. 96–106, § 11, Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 798; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, § 131, Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 170; Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, § 6002, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2166; Pub. L. 105–130, § 5(e)(3), Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2557, related to National Highway Institute, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5119(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 452.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-322.md

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 322"
+description: "Magnetic levitation transportation technology deployment program"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "322"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 322"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s322"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "0ee1d7ea77217a0ef9ebcc82314725b829a832158a8eb89ba1d2063b2285aff7"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "23c05e530efbaf7be5c8932083421f588a24e7cf28645b1e117e753b2a6c36ea"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 322 - Magnetic levitation transportation technology deployment program
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Definitions.— In this section, the following definitions apply:
+
+(1) Eligible project costs.— The term “eligible project costs”—
+
+(A) means the capital cost of the fixed guideway infrastructure of a MAGLEV project, including land, piers, guideways, propulsion equipment and other components attached to guideways, power distribution facilities (including substations), control and communications facilities, access roads, and storage, repair, and maintenance facilities, but not including costs incurred for a new station; and
+
+(B) includes the costs of preconstruction planning activities.
+
+(2) Full project costs.— The term “full project costs” means the total capital costs of a MAGLEV project, including eligible project costs and the costs of stations, vehicles, and equipment.
+
+(3) MAGLEV.— The term “MAGLEV” means transportation systems employing magnetic levitation that would be capable of safe use by the public at a speed in excess of 240 miles per hour.
+
+(4) Partnership potential.— The term “partnership potential” has the meaning given the term in the commercial feasibility study of high-speed ground transportation conducted under section 1036 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (105 Stat. 1978).
+
+(b) Financial Assistance.— (1) In general.— The Secretary shall make available financial assistance to pay the Federal share of full project costs of eligible projects selected under this section. Financial assistance made available under this section and projects assisted with the assistance shall be subject to section 5333(a) of title 49, United States Code.
+
+(2) Federal share.— The Federal share of full project costs under paragraph (1) shall be not more than ⅔.
+
+(3) Use of assistance.— Financial assistance provided under paragraph (1) shall be used only to pay eligible project costs of projects selected under this section.
+
+(c) Solicitation of Applications for Assistance.— Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Secretary shall solicit applications from States, or authorities designated by 1 or more States, for financial assistance authorized by subsection (b) for planning, design, and construction of eligible MAGLEV projects.
+
+(d) Project Eligibility.— To be eligible to receive financial assistance under subsection (b), a project shall—
+
+(1) involve a segment or segments of a high-speed ground transportation corridor that exhibit partnership potential;
+
+(2) require an amount of Federal funds for project financing that will not exceed the sum of—
+
+(A) the amounts made available under subsection (h)(1); and
+
+(B) the amounts made available by States under subsection (h)(3);
+
+(3) result in an operating transportation facility that provides a revenue producing service;
+
+(4) be undertaken through a public and private partnership, with at least ⅓ of full project costs paid using non-Federal funds;
+
+(5) satisfy applicable statewide and metropolitan planning requirements;
+
+(6) be approved by the Secretary based on an application submitted to the Secretary by a State or authority designated by 1 or more States;
+
+(7) to the extent that non-United States MAGLEV technology is used within the United States, be carried out as a technology transfer project; and
+
+(8) be carried out using materials at least 70 percent of which are manufactured in the United States.
+
+(e) Project Selection Criteria.— Prior to soliciting applications, the Secretary shall establish criteria for selecting which eligible projects under subsection (d) will receive financial assistance under subsection (b). The criteria shall include the extent to which—
+
+(1) a project is nationally significant, including the extent to which the project will demonstrate the feasibility of deployment of MAGLEV technology throughout the United States;
+
+(2) timely implementation of the project will reduce congestion in other modes of transportation and reduce the need for additional highway or airport construction;
+
+(3) States, regions, and localities financially contribute to the project;
+
+(4) implementation of the project will create new jobs in traditional and emerging industries;
+
+(5) the project will augment MAGLEV networks identified as having partnership potential;
+
+(6) financial assistance would foster public and private partnerships for infrastructure development and attract private debt or equity investment;
+
+(7) financial assistance would foster the timely implementation of a project; and
+
+(8) life-cycle costs in design and engineering are considered and enhanced.
+
+(f) Project Selection.— (1) Preconstruction planning activities.— Not later than 90 days after a deadline established by the Secretary for the receipt of applications, the Secretary shall evaluate the eligible projects in accordance with the selection criteria and select 1 or more eligible projects to receive financial assistance for preconstruction planning activities, including—
+
+(A) preparation of such feasibility studies, major investment studies, and environmental impact statements and assessments as are required under State law;
+
+(B) pricing of the final design, engineering, and construction activities proposed to be assisted under paragraph (2); and
+
+(C) such other activities as are necessary to provide the Secretary with sufficient information to evaluate whether a project should receive financial assistance for final design, engineering, and construction activities under paragraph (2).
+
+(2) Final design, engineering, and construction activities.— After completion of preconstruction planning activities for all projects assisted under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall select 1 of the projects to receive financial assistance for final design, engineering, and construction activities.
+
+(g) Joint Ventures.— A project undertaken by a joint venture of United States and non-United States persons (including a project involving the deployment of non-United States MAGLEV technology in the United States) shall be eligible for financial assistance under this section if the project is eligible under subsection (d) and selected under subsection (f).
+
+(h) Funding.— (1) In general.— (A) Contract authority; authorization of appropriations.— (i) In general.— There is authorized to be appropriated from the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account) to carry out this section $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1999, $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2000, and $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2001.
+
+(ii) Contract authority.— Funds authorized by this subparagraph shall be available for obligation in the same manner as if the funds were apportioned under chapter 1, except that—
+
+(I) the Federal share of the cost of a project carried out under this section shall be determined in accordance with subsection (b); and
+
+(II) the availability of the funds shall be determined in accordance with paragraph (2).
+
+(B) Noncontract authority authorization of appropriations.— (i) In general.— There are authorized to be appropriated from the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account) to carry out this section (other than subsection (i)) $200,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2000 and 2001, $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2002, and $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2003.
+
+(ii) Availability.— Notwithstanding section 118(a), funds made available under clause (i) shall not be available in advance of an annual appropriation.
+
+(2) Availability of funds.— Funds made available under paragraph (1) shall remain available until expended.
+
+(3) Other federal funds.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, funds made available to a State to carry out the surface transportation block grant program under section 133 and the congestion mitigation and air quality improvement program under section 149 may be used by the State to pay a portion of the full project costs of an eligible project selected under this section, without requirement for non-Federal funds.
+
+(4) Other assistance.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an eligible project selected under this section shall be eligible for other forms of financial assistance provided under this title and the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, including loans, loan guarantees, and lines of credit.
+
+(i) Low-Speed Project.— (1) In general.— Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, of the funds made available by subsection (h)(1)(A) to carry out this section, $5,000,000 shall be made available to the Secretary to make grants for the research and development of low-speed superconductivity magnetic levitation technology for public transportation purposes in urban areas to demonstrate energy efficiency, congestion mitigation, and safety benefits.
+
+(2) Noncontract authority authorization of appropriations.— (A) In general.— There are authorized to be appropriated from the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account) to carry out this subsection such sums as are necessary for each of fiscal years 2000 through 2003.
+
+(B) Availability.— Notwithstanding section 118(a), funds made available under subparagraph (A)—
+
+(i) shall not be available in advance of an annual appropriation; and
+
+(ii) shall remain available until expended.
+
+(Added and amended Pub. L. 105–178, title I, § 1218(a), (c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, § 9003(i), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 841; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, § 1109(c)(3), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1343.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 1036 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, referred to in subsec. (a)(4), is section 1036 of Pub. L. 102–240, title I, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1978, which enacted section 309 of Title 49, Transportation, amended section 831 of Title 45, Railroads, and section 302 of Title 49, and enacted provisions set out as notes under section 831 of Title 45 and section 309 of Title 49. The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 105–178, which was approved June 9, 1998. The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, referred to in subsec. (h)(4), is Pub. L. 105–178, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 107. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1(a) of Pub. L. 105–178, set out as a Short Title of 1998 Amendment note under section 101 of this title and Tables.
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 322, added Pub. L. 91–605, title II, § 205(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1742; amended Pub. L. 93–643, § 117, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2288; Pub. L. 97–449, § 5(d)(3), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2442, related to demonstration projects for elimination or protection of certain ground-level rail-highway crossings and required study of problem of providing increased highway safety at public and private ground-level rail-highway crossings on nationwide basis through elimination of such crossings or otherwise, and report to Congress on such study not later than July 1, 1972, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–17, title I, § 133(e)(1), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 173.
+
+Amendments2015—Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted “surface transportation block grant program” for “surface transportation program”. 1998—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1218(c)(1), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, § 9003(i), struck out “or under 50 miles per hour” before period at end. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1218(c)(2)(A), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, § 9003(i), struck out “or low-speed” after “high-speed”. Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1218(c)(2)(B)(i), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, § 9003(i), substituted “(h)(1)” for “(h)(1)(A)”. Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1218(c)(2)(B)(ii), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, § 9003(i), substituted “(h)(3)” for “(h)(4)”. Subsec. (h)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1218(c)(3), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, § 9003(i), inserted “(other than subsection (i))” after “this section”. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1218(c)(4), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, § 9003(i), added subsec. (i).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentTitle IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
+
+Deployment of Magnetic Levitation Transportation ProjectsPub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, § 11315(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1675, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, § 21301(j)(2), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 691, provided that: “A project described in 1307(a)(3) of SAFETEA–LU (Public Law 109–59) [set out below] may be eligible for the Railroad Rehabilitation and Improvement Financing program if the Secretary [of Transportation] determines such project meets the requirements of sections 22402 and 22403 of title 49, United States Code.” Pub. L. 109–59, title I, § 1307, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1217, as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, title I, § 102(b), (c), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1577, provided that: “(a) Definitions.—In this section, the following definitions apply:“(1) Eligible project costs.—The term ‘eligible project costs’—“(A) means the capital cost of the fixed guideway infrastructure of a MAGLEV project, including land, piers, guideways, propulsion equipment and other components attached to guideways, power distribution facilities (including substations), control and communications facilities, access roads, and storage, repair, and maintenance facilities, but not including costs incurred for a new station; and “(B) includes the costs of preconstruction planning activities. “(2) Full project costs.—The term ‘full project costs’ means the total capital costs of a MAGLEV project, including eligible project costs and the costs of stations, vehicles, and equipment. “(3) MAGLEV.—The term ‘MAGLEV’ means transportation systems employing magnetic levitation that would be capable of safe use by the public at a speed in excess of 240 miles per hour. “(4) State.—The term ‘State’ has the meaning such term has under section 101(a) of title 23, United States Code. “(b) In General.—“(1) Assistance for eligible projects.—The Secretary [of Transportation] shall make available financial assistance to pay the Federal share of full project costs of eligible projects authorized by this section. “(2) Use of assistance.—Financial assistance provided under paragraph (1) shall be used only to pay eligible project costs of projects authorized by this section. “(3) Applicability of other laws.—Financial assistance made available under this section, and projects assisted with such assistance, shall be subject to section 5333(a) of title 49, United States Code. “(c) Project Eligibility.—To be eligible to receive financial assistance under subsection (b), a project shall—“(1) involve a segment or segments of a high-speed ground transportation corridor; “(2) result in an operating transportation facility that provides a revenue producing service; and “(3) be approved by the Secretary [of Transportation] based on an application submitted to the Secretary by a State or authority designated by one or more States. “(d) Allocation.—Of the amounts made available to carry out this section for a fiscal year, the Secretary [of Transportation] shall allocate—“(1) 50 percent to the Nevada department of transportation who shall cooperate with the California-Nevada Super Speed Train Commission for the MAGLEV project between Las Vegas and Primm, Nevada, as a segment of the high-speed MAGLEV system between Las Vegas, Nevada, and Anaheim, California; and “(2) 50 percent for existing MAGLEV projects located east of the Mississippi River using such criteria as the Secretary deems appropriate. “(e) Contract Authority.—Funds authorized under section 1101(a)(18) [119 Stat. 1155] shall be available for obligation in the same manner as if the funds were apportioned under chapter 1 of title 23, United States Code; except that the funds shall not be transferable and shall remain available until expended, and the Federal share of the cost of a project to be carried out with such funds shall be 80 percent.” [Pub. L. 110–244, title I, § 102(d), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1578, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending section 1307 of Pub. L. 109–59, set out above] take effect on October 1, 2007.” ]
+
+Advanced Technology Pilot ProjectPub. L. 105–178, title III, § 3015(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 361, as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, § 9009(k)(1), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 857; Pub. L. 108–88, § 8(q), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 108–202, § 9(q), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 489; Pub. L. 108–224, § 7(q), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 637; Pub. L. 108–263, § 7(q), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 708; Pub. L. 108–280, § 7(q), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 885; Pub. L. 108–310, § 8(q), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1158; Pub. L. 109–14, § 7(p), May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 334; Pub. L. 109–20, § 7(p), July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 356; Pub. L. 109–35, § 7(p), July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 389; Pub. L. 109–37, § 7(p), July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 404; Pub. L. 109–40, § 7(p), July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 420, provided that: “(1) In general.—The Secretary shall make grants for the development of low speed magnetic levitation technology for public transportation purposes in urban areas to demonstrate energy efficiency, congestion mitigation, and safety benefits. “(2) Funding.—Of the amounts made available under section 5001(a)(2) of this Act [112 Stat. 419] for each of fiscal years 1998 through 2004, and for the period of October 1, 2004, through July 30, 2005,, [sic] $5,000,000 per fiscal year and $4,150,685 for such period shall be available to carry out this subsection. Financial assistance made available under this subsection and projects assisted with the assistance shall be subject to section 5333(a) of title 49, United States Code. “(3) Federal share.—The Federal share payable on account of activities carried out using a grant made under this subsection shall be 80 percent of the cost of such activities.” [Pub. L. 109–35, § 7(p)(1), which directed amendment of Pub. L. 105–178, § 3015(c)(2), set out above, by substituting “July 21, 2005” for “July 19, 2005,” was executed by making the substitution for “July 19, 2005”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.] [Pub. L. 109–20, § 7(p)(1), which directed amendment of Pub. L. 105–178, § 3015(c)(2), set out above, by substituting “July 19, 2005” for “June 30, 2005,” was executed by making the substitution for “June 30, 2005”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.] [Pub. L. 108–280, § 7(q), which directed amendment of Pub. L. 105–178, § 3015(c)(2), set out above, by substituting “2004, $5,000,000 per fiscal year” for “2003, and for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004 $5,000,000 per fiscal year and $4,142,083 for such period”, was executed by making the substitution for “2003, and for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004, $5,000,000 per fiscal year and $4,142,083 for such period”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.] [Pub. L. 108–224, § 7(q)(1), which directed amendment of Pub. L. 105–178, § 3015(c)(2), set out above, by substituting “June 30, 2004” for “April 30, 2004,” was executed by making the substitution for “April 30, 2004”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.]

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-323.md

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 323"
+description: "Donations and credits"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "323"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 323"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s323"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "e6ee0095c1c399c57384cb69cac2a5cd401543f36cc3fe2dc54fa28dfe814886"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "19b260a3c0184bbacce1269fe7cddfeab25d61db64f7a679d6e6f63fd2b7b476"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 323 - Donations and credits
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Donations of Property Being Acquired.— Nothing in this title, or in any other provision of law, shall be construed to prevent a person whose real property is being acquired in connection with a project under this title, after he has been fully informed of his right to receive just compensation for the acquisition of his property, from making a gift or donation of such property, or any part thereof, or of any of the compensation paid therefor, to a Federal agency, a State or a State agency, or a political subdivision of a State, as said person shall determine.
+
+(b) Credit for Acquired Lands.— (1) In general.— Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the State share of the cost of a project with respect to which Federal assistance is provided from the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account) may be credited in an amount equal to the fair market value of any land that—
+
+(A) is lawfully obtained by the State or a unit of local government in the State;
+
+(B) is incorporated into the project;
+
+(C) is not land described in section 138; and
+
+(D) the Secretary determines will not influence the environmental assessment of the project, including—
+
+(i) the decision as to the need to construct the project;
+
+(ii) the consideration of alternatives; and
+
+(iii) the selection of a specific location.
+
+(2) Establishment of fair market value.— The fair market value of land incorporated into a project and credited under paragraph (1) shall be established in the manner determined by the Secretary, except that—
+
+(A) the fair market value shall not include any increase or decrease in the value of donated property caused by the project; and
+
+(B) the fair market value of donated land shall be established as of the earlier of—
+
+(i) the date on which the donation becomes effective; or
+
+(ii) the date on which equitable title to the land vests in the State.
+
+(3) Limitation on applicability.— This subsection shall not apply to donations made by an agency of the Federal Government.
+
+(4) Limitation on amount of credit.— The credit received by a State pursuant to this subsection may not exceed the State’s matching share for the project.
+
+(c) Credit for Donations of Funds, Materials, or Services.— Nothing in this title or any other law shall prevent a person from offering to donate funds, materials, or services, or a local government from offering to donate funds, materials, or services performed by local government employees, in connection with a project eligible for assistance under this title. In the case of such a project with respect to which the Federal Government and the State share in paying the cost, any donated funds, or the fair market value of any donated materials or services, that are accepted and incorporated into the project by the State transportation department shall be credited against the State share.
+
+(d) Procedures.— A gift or donation in accordance with subsection (a) may be made at any time during the development of a project. Any document executed as part of such donation prior to the approval of an environmental document prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) shall clearly indicate that—
+
+(1) all alternatives to a proposed alignment will be studied and considered pursuant to such Act;
+
+(2) acquisition of property under this section shall not influence the environmental assessment of a project including the decision relative to the need to construct the project or the selection of a specific location; and
+
+(3) any property acquired by gift or donation shall be revested in the grantor or successors in interest if such property is not required for the alignment chosen after public hearings, if required, and completion of the environmental document.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 145(a), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 273; amended Pub. L. 93–643, § 112, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2285; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, § 146(a), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 179; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, § 322, Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 591; Pub. L. 105–178, title I, §§ 1212(a)(2)(A)(i), 1301(b)–(d)(1), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 193, 225, 226; Pub. L. 109–59, title I, § 1902, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1464; Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, § 11525(q), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 608.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (d), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§ 4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.
+
+Amendments2021—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58 inserted “(42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)” after “National Environmental Policy Act of 1969” in introductory provisions. 2005—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1902(1), inserted “, or a local government from offering to donate funds, materials, or services performed by local government employees,” before “in connection with a project”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1902(2), struck out heading and text of subsec. (e). Text read as follows: “A contribution by a unit of local government of real property, funds, or material in connection with a project eligible for assistance under this title shall be credited against the State share of the project at the fair market value of the real property, funds, or material.” 1998—Pub. L. 105–178, § 1301(d)(1), substituted “Donations and credits” for “Donations” in section catchline. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1301(b)(1), substituted “Acquired” for “Donated” in heading. Subsec. (b)(1), (2). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1301(b)(2), added pars. (1) and (2) and struck out former pars. (1) and (2) which read as follows: “(1) General rule.—Notwithstanding any provision of this title, the State matching share for a project with respect to which Federal assistance is provided out of the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account) may be credited by the fair market value of land incorporated into the project and lawfully donated to the State after the date of the enactment of this subsection. “(2) Establishment of fair market value.—The fair market value of the donated land shall be established as determined by the Secretary. Fair market value shall not include increases and decreases in the value of donated property caused by the project. For purposes of this subsection, the fair market value of donated land shall be established as of the date the donation becomes effective or when equitable title to the land vests in the State, whichever is earlier.” Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1301(b)(3), substituted “agency of the Federal Government” for “agency of a Federal, State, or local government”. Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1301(b)(4), struck out “to which the donation is applied” before period at end. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1212(a)(2)(A)(i), substituted “State transportation department” for “State highway department”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1301(c), added subsec. (e). 1995—Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 104–59 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d). 1987—Pub. L. 100–17 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsecs. (b) and (c). 1975—Pub. L. 93–643 substituted “after he has been fully informed of his right to receive just compensation for the acquisition of his property” for “after he has been tendered the full amount of the estimated just compensation as established by an approved appraisal of the fair market value of the subject real property”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2021 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 117–58 effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-324.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 324"
+description: "Prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "324"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 324"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s324"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "dc4c68822e8072c59103d91a3234b7112238badcc84af30d645c70115d92e95c"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "17f956d4693a3ed84a2806568d225ba83cdbbe105349f17dd0a8c0ae429a0bb1"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 324 - Prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex
+
+## Text
+
+No person shall on the ground of sex be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal assistance under this title or carried on under this title. This provision will be enforced through agency provisions and rules similar to those already established, with respect to racial and other discrimination, under title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, this remedy is not exclusive and will not prejudice or cut off any other legal remedies available to a discrim­inatee.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 162(a), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 280.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 88–352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 241. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is classified generally to subchapter V (§ 2000d et seq.) of chapter 21 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2000d of Title 42 and Tables.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-325.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 325"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, § 11525(r), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 608]"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "325"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 325"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s325"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "f7834e75f749adf47d288121e67002208f404eae178948f1c04d0063ddd848e9"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "bf14e6fdbf7e6e3249041214e1085ea28b2c6c5798a79a7cfa7037d8688cf7b9"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 325 - Repealed. Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, § 11525(r), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 608]
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, added Pub. L. 109–59, title VI, § 6003(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1865, related to State assumption of responsibilities for certain programs and projects.
+
+A prior section 325, added Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, § 6003[(a)], Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2168, related to international highway transportation outreach program, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5119(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 452.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as an Effective Date of 2021 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-326.md

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 326"
+description: "State assumption of responsibility for categorical exclusions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "326"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 326"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s326"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "ff29ed4a17479d3a66fc715a7b85f06ec0b16efc5bfdcb05c414a95aa7a5571c"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "59975062686a0aa9e57d9c01b553bac23383bd587658d5c7fac1da4d8f89759a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 326 - State assumption of responsibility for categorical exclusions
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Categorical Exclusion Determinations.— (1) In general.— The Secretary may assign, and a State may assume, responsibility for determining whether certain designated activities are included within classes of action identified in regulation by the Secretary that are categorically excluded from requirements for environmental assessments or environmental impact statements pursuant to regulations promulgated by the Council on Environmental Quality under part 1500 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on October 1, 2003).
+
+(2) Scope of authority.— A determination described in paragraph (1) shall be made by a State in accordance with criteria established by the Secretary and only for types of activities specifically designated by the Secretary.
+
+(3) Criteria.— The criteria under paragraph (2) shall include provisions for public availability of information consistent with section 552 of title 5 and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).
+
+(4) Preservation of flexibility.— The Secretary shall not require a State, as a condition of assuming responsibility under this section, to forego project delivery methods that are otherwise permissible for highway projects.
+
+(b) Other Applicable Federal Laws.— (1) In general.— If a State assumes responsibility under subsection (a), the Secretary may also assign and the State may assume all or part of the responsibilities of the Secretary for environmental review, consultation, or other related actions required under any Federal law applicable to activities that are classified by the Secretary as categorical exclusions, with the exception of government-to-government consultation with Indian tribes, subject to the same procedural and substantive requirements as would be required if that responsibility were carried out by the Secretary.
+
+(2) Sole responsibility.— A State that assumes responsibility under paragraph (1) with respect to a Federal law shall be solely responsible and solely liable for complying with and carrying out that law, and the Secretary shall have no such responsibility or liability.
+
+(c) Memoranda of Understanding.— (1) In general.— The Secretary and the State, after providing public notice and opportunity for comment, shall enter into a memorandum of understanding setting forth the responsibilities to be assigned under this section and the terms and conditions under which the assignments are made, including establishment of the circumstances under which the Secretary would reassume responsibility for categorical exclusion determinations.
+
+(2) Assistance to states.— On request of a Governor of a State, the Secretary shall provide to the State technical assistance, training, or other support relating to—
+
+(A) assuming responsibility under subsection (a);
+
+(B) developing a memorandum of understanding under this subsection; or
+
+(C) addressing a responsibility in need of corrective action under subsection (d)(1)(B).
+
+(3) Term.— A memorandum of understanding—
+
+(A) except as provided under subparagraph (C), shall have a term of not more than 3 years;
+
+(B) shall be renewable; and
+
+(C) shall have a term of 5 years, in the case of a State that has assumed the responsibility for categorical exclusions under this section for not fewer than 10 years.
+
+(4) Acceptance of jurisdiction.— In a memorandum of understanding, the State shall consent to accept the jurisdiction of the Federal courts for the compliance, discharge, and enforcement of any responsibility of the Secretary that the State assumes.
+
+(5) Monitoring.— The Secretary shall—
+
+(A) monitor compliance by the State with the memorandum of understanding and the provision by the State of financial resources to carry out the memorandum of understanding; and
+
+(B) take into account the performance by the State when considering renewal of the memorandum of understanding.
+
+(d) Termination.— (1) Termination by secretary.— The Secretary may terminate the participation of any State in the program if—
+
+(A) the Secretary determines that the State is not adequately carrying out the responsibilities assigned to the State;
+
+(B) the Secretary provides to the State—
+
+(i) a notification of the determination of noncompliance;
+
+(ii) a period of not less than 120 days to take such corrective action as the Secretary determines to be necessary to comply with the applicable agreement; and
+
+(iii) on request of the Governor of the State, a detailed description of each responsibility in need of corrective action regarding an inadequacy identified under subparagraph (A); and
+
+(C) the State, after the notification and period described in clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (B), fails to take satisfactory corrective action, as determined by the Secretary.
+
+(2) Termination by the state.— The State may terminate the participation of the State in the program at any time by providing to the Secretary a notice not later than the date that is 90 days before the date of termination, and subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary may provide.
+
+(e) State Agency Deemed to Be Federal Agency.— A State agency that is assigned a responsibility under a memorandum of understanding shall be deemed to be a Federal agency for the purposes of the Federal law under which the responsibility is exercised.
+
+(f) Legal Fees.— A State assuming the responsibilities of the Secretary under this section for a specific project may use funds apportioned to the State under section 104(b)(2) for attorney’s fees directly attributable to eligible activities associated with the project.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title VI, § 6004(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1867; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1312, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 545; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, § 1307, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1390; Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, § 11314, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 540.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§ 4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 326, added Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, § 6004(a), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2169; amended Pub. L. 105–130, § 5(e)(4), Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2558, related to education and training program, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5119(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 452.
+
+Amendments2021—Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11314(1), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: “shall have a term of not more than 3 years; and”. Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11314(2), (3), added subpar. (C). 2015—Subsec. (c)(2) to (5). Pub. L. 114–94, § 1307(1), added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) to (4) as (3) to (5), respectively. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, § 1307(2), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Secretary may terminate any assumption of responsibility under a memorandum of understanding on a determination that the State is not adequately carrying out the responsibilities assigned to the State.” 2012—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1312(1), added par. (4). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1312(2), added subsec. (d) and struck out former subsec. (d). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Secretary may terminate any assumption of responsibility under a memorandum of understanding on a determination that the State is not adequately carrying out the responsibilities assigned to the State.” Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1312(3), added subsec. (f).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2021 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 117–58 effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Effective Date of 2012 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-328.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 328"
+description: "Eligibility for environmental restoration and pollution abatement"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "328"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 328"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s328"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "883b6dcb4256efb1e75f70478d7406cd9ab903b3e5fb87162608daba77fc4d44"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "303f6ccb1803dce7ac4ed4499482d0da262679c3049d7557f8154ac76e3bfc6f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 328 - Eligibility for environmental restoration and pollution abatement
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— Subject to subsection (b), environmental restoration and pollution abatement to minimize or mitigate the impacts of any transportation project funded under this title (including retrofitting and construction of stormwater treatment systems to meet Federal and State requirements under sections 401 and 402 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1341; 1342)) may be carried out to address water pollution or environmental degradation caused wholly or partially by a transportation facility.
+
+(b) Maximum Expenditure.— In a case in which a transportation facility is undergoing reconstruction, rehabilitation, resurfacing, or restoration, the expenditure of funds under this section for environmental restoration or pollution abatement described in subsection (a) shall not exceed 20 percent of the total cost of the reconstruction, rehabilitation, resurfacing, or restoration of the facility.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title VI, § 6006(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1872.)

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-329.md

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 329"
+description: "Eligibility for control of noxious weeds and aquatic noxious weeds and establishment of native species"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "329"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 329"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s329"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "7534a27a3c6dd8bef8cf938411f0873165031e99d8b871c927ad957331b5da13"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "b59aeafc0164c2102309467a84aa69a82be005e5246d207b534f773a8739d0fb"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 329 - Eligibility for control of noxious weeds and aquatic noxious weeds and establishment of native species
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— In accordance with all applicable Federal law (including regulations), funds made available to carry out this section may be used for the following activities if such activities are related to transportation projects funded under this title:
+
+(1) Establishment of plants selected by State and local transportation authorities to perform one or more of the following functions: abatement of stormwater runoff, stabilization of soil, provision of habitat, forage, and migratory way stations for Monarch butterflies, other native pollinators, and honey bees, and aesthetic enhancement.
+
+(2) Management of plants which impair or impede the establishment, maintenance, or safe use of a transportation system.
+
+(b) Included Activities.— The establishment and management under subsection (a)(1) and (a)(2) may include—
+
+(1) right-of-way surveys to determine management requirements to control Federal or State noxious weeds as defined in the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.) or State law, and brush or tree species, whether native or nonnative, that may be considered by State or local transportation authorities to be a threat with respect to the safety or maintenance of transportation systems;
+
+(2) establishment of plants, whether native or nonnative with a preference for native to the maximum extent possible, for the purposes defined in subsection (a)(1);
+
+(3) control or elimination of plants as defined in subsection (a)(2);
+
+(4) elimination of plants to create fuel breaks for the prevention and control of wildfires; and
+
+(5) training.
+
+(c) Contributions.— (1) In general.— Subject to paragraph (2), an activity described in subsection (a) may be carried out concurrently with, in advance of, or following the construction of a project funded under this title.
+
+(2) Condition for activities conducted in advance of project construction.— An activity described in subsection (a) may be carried out in advance of construction of a project only if the activity is carried out in accordance with all applicable requirements of Federal law (including regulations) and State transportation planning processes.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title VI, § 6006(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1872; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, § 1415(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1421.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Plant Protection Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is title IV of Pub. L. 106–224, June 20, 2000, 114 Stat. 438, which is classified principally to chapter 104 (§ 7701 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7701 of Title 7 and Tables.
+
+Amendments2015—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94 inserted “provision of habitat, forage, and migratory way stations for Monarch butterflies, other native pollinators, and honey bees,” before “and aesthetic enhancement”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Invasive Plant Elimination ProgramPub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, § 11522, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 604, provided that: “(a) Definitions.—In this section:“(1) Invasive plant.—The term ‘invasive plant’ means a nonnative plant, tree, grass, or weed species, including, at a minimum, cheatgrass, Ventenata dubia, medusahead, bulbous bluegrass, Japanese brome, rattail fescue, Japanese honeysuckle, phragmites, autumn olive, Bradford pear, wild parsnip, sericea lespedeza, spotted knapweed, garlic mustard, and palmer amaranth. “(2) Program.—The term ‘program’ means the grant program established under subsection (b). “(3) Transportation corridor.—The term ‘transportation corridor’ means a road, highway, railroad, or other surface transportation route. “(b) Establishment.—The Secretary [of Transportation] shall carry out a program to provide grants to States to eliminate or control existing invasive plants or prevent introduction of or encroachment by new invasive plants along and in areas adjacent to transportation corridor rights-of-way. “(c) Application.—To be eligible to receive a grant under the program, a State shall submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require. “(d) Eligible Activities.—“(1) In general.—Subject to this subsection, a State that receives a grant under the program may use the grant funds to carry out activities to eliminate or control existing invasive plants or prevent introduction of or encroachment by new invasive plants along and in areas adjacent to transportation corridor rights-of-way. “(2) Prioritization of projects.—In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall give priority to projects that utilize revegetation with native plants and wildflowers, including those that are pollinator-friendly. “(3) Prohibition on certain uses of funds.—Amounts provided to a State under the program may not be used for costs relating to mowing a transportation corridor right-of-way or the adjacent area unless—“(A) mowing is identified as the best means of treatment according to best management practices; or “(B) mowing is used in conjunction with another treatment. “(4) Limitation.—Not more than 10 percent of the amounts provided to a State under the program may be used for the purchase of equipment. “(5) Administrative and indirect costs.—Not more than 5 percent of the amounts provided to a State under the program may be used for the administrative and other indirect costs (such as full time employee salaries, rent, insurance, subscriptions, utilities, and office supplies) of carrying out eligible activities. “(e) Requirements.—“(1) Coordination.—In carrying out eligible activities with a grant under the program, a State shall coordinate with—“(A) units of local government, political subdivisions of the State, and Tribal authorities that are carrying out eligible activities in the areas to be treated; “(B) local regulatory authorities, in the case of a treatment along or adjacent to a railroad right-of-way; and “(C) with respect to the most effective roadside control methods, State and Federal land management agencies and any relevant Tribal authorities. “(2) Annual report.—Not later than 1 year after the date on which a State receives a grant under the program, and annually thereafter, that State shall provide to the Secretary an annual report on the treatments carried out using funds from the grant. “(f) Federal Share.—“(1) In general.—The Federal share of the cost of an eligible activity carried out using funds from a grant under the program shall be—“(A) in the case of a project that utilizes revegetation with native plants and wildflowers, including those that are pollinator-friendly, 75 percent; and “(B) in the case of any other project not described in subparagraph (A), 50 percent. “(2) Certain funds counted toward non-federal share.—A State may include amounts expended by the State or a unit of local government in the State to address current invasive plant populations and prevent future infestation along or in areas adjacent to transportation corridor rights-of-way in calculating the non-Federal share required under the program. “(g) Funding.—There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out the program $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-330.md

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 330"
+description: "Program for eliminating duplication of environmental reviews"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "330"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 330"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s330"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "461cad54a3a54ed125f00ed34e7daafa222a3e4ad2edf22488f548217b07e20a"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "3ea0afc0e873ea2ac7fd1689a03fed68067ac0a3220aa6c1181d6c64ef83d256"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 330 - Program for eliminating duplication of environmental reviews
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment.— (1) In general.— The Secretary shall establish a pilot program to authorize States that have assumed responsibilities of the Secretary under section 327 and are approved to participate in the program under this section to conduct environmental reviews and make approvals for projects under State environmental laws and regulations instead of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), consistent with the requirements of this section.
+
+(2) Participating states.— The Secretary may select not more than 2 States to participate in the program.
+
+(3) Alternative environmental review and approval procedures defined.— In this section, the term “alternative environmental review and approval procedures” means—
+
+(A) substitution of 1 or more State environmental laws for—
+
+(i) the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.);
+
+(ii) any provisions of section 139 establishing procedures for the implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) that are under the authority of the Secretary, as the Secretary, in consultation with the State, considers appropriate; and
+
+(iii) related regulations and Executive orders; and
+
+(B) substitution of 1 or more State environmental regulations for—
+
+(i) the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.);
+
+(ii) any provisions of section 139 establishing procedures for the implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) that are under the authority of the Secretary, as the Secretary, in consultation with the State, considers appropriate; and
+
+(iii) related regulations and Executive orders.
+
+(b) Application.— To be eligible to participate in the program, a State shall submit to the Secretary an application containing such information as the Secretary may require, including—
+
+(1) a full and complete description of the proposed alternative environmental review and approval procedures of the State, including—
+
+(A) the procedures the State uses to engage the public and consider alternatives to the proposed action; and
+
+(B) the extent to which the State considers environmental consequences or impacts on resources potentially impacted by the proposed action (such as air, water, or species);
+
+(2) each Federal requirement described in subsection (a)(3) that the State is seeking to substitute;
+
+(3) each State law or regulation that the State intends to substitute for such Federal requirement;
+
+(4) an explanation of the basis for concluding that the State law or regulation is at least as stringent as the Federal requirement described in subsection (a)(3);
+
+(5) a description of the projects or classes of projects for which the State anticipates exercising the authority that may be granted under the program;
+
+(6) verification that the State has the financial resources necessary to carry out the authority that may be granted under the program;
+
+(7) evidence of having sought, received, and addressed comments on the proposed application from the public; and
+
+(8) any such additional information as the Secretary, or, with respect to section (d)(1)(A), the Secretary in consultation with the Chair, may require.
+
+(c) Review of Application.— In accordance with subsection (d), the Secretary shall—
+
+(1) review and accept public comments on an application submitted under subsection (b);
+
+(2) approve or disapprove the application not later than 120 days after the date of receipt of an application that the Secretary determines is complete; and
+
+(3) transmit to the State notice of the approval or disapproval, together with a statement of the reasons for the approval or disapproval.
+
+(d) Approval of Application.— (1) In general.— The Secretary shall approve an application submitted under subsection (b) only if—
+
+(A) the Secretary, with the concurrence of the Chair and after considering any public comments received pursuant to subsection (c), determines that the laws and regulations of the State described in the application are at least as stringent as the Federal requirements described in subsection (a)(3);
+
+(B) the Secretary, after considering any public comments received pursuant to subsection (c), determines that the State has the capacity, including financial and personnel, to assume the responsibility;
+
+(C) the State has executed an agreement with the Secretary in accordance with section 327; and
+
+(D) the State has executed an agreement with the Secretary under this section that—
+
+(i) has been executed by the Governor or the top-ranking transportation official in the State who is charged with responsibility for highway construction;
+
+(ii) is in such form as the Secretary may prescribe;
+
+(iii) provides that the State—
+
+(I) agrees to assume the responsibilities, as identified by the Secretary, under this section;
+
+(II) expressly consents, on behalf of the State, to accept the jurisdiction of the Federal courts under subsection (e)(1) for the compliance, discharge, and enforcement of any responsibility under this section;
+
+(III) certifies that State laws (including regulations) are in effect that—
+
+(aa) authorize the State to take the actions necessary to carry out the responsibilities being assumed; and
+
+(bb) are comparable to section 552 of title 5, including providing that any decision regarding the public availability of a document under those State laws is reviewable by a court of competent jurisdiction; and
+
+(IV) agrees to maintain the financial resources necessary to carry out the responsibilities being assumed;
+
+(iv) requires the State to provide to the Secretary any information the Secretary reasonably considers necessary to ensure that the State is adequately carrying out the responsibilities assigned to the State;
+
+(v) has a term of not more than 5 years; and
+
+(vi) is renewable.
+
+(2) Exclusion.— The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) shall not apply to a decision by the Secretary to approve or disapprove an application submitted under this section.
+
+(e) Judicial Review.— (1) In general.— The United States district courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any civil action against a State relating to the failure of the State—
+
+(A) to meet the requirements of this section; or
+
+(B) to follow the alternative environmental review and approval procedures approved pursuant to this section.
+
+(2) Limitation on review.— (A) In general.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a claim seeking judicial review of a permit, license, or approval issued by a State under this section shall be barred unless the claim is filed not later than 150 days as set forth in section 139(l) after the date of publication in the Federal Register by the Secretary of a notice that the permit, license, or approval is final pursuant to the law under which the action is taken.
+
+(B) Deadlines.— (i) Notification.— The State shall notify the Secretary of the final action of the State not later than 10 days after the final action is taken.
+
+(ii) Publication.— The Secretary shall publish the notice of final action in the Federal Register not later than 30 days after the date of receipt of the notice under clause (i).
+
+(C) Savings provision.— Nothing in this subsection creates a right to judicial review or places any limit on filing a claim that a person has violated the terms of a permit, license, or approval.
+
+(3) New information.— (A) In general.— A State shall consider new information received after the close of a comment period if the information satisfies the requirements for a supplemental environmental impact statement under section 771.130 of title 23, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations).
+
+(B) Treatment of final agency action.— (i) In general.— The final agency action that follows preparation of a supplemental environmental impact statement, if required, shall be considered a separate final agency action, and the deadline for filing a claim for judicial review of the action shall be 150 days as set forth in section 139(l) after the date of publication in the Federal Register by the Secretary of a notice announcing such action.
+
+(ii) Deadlines.— (I) Notification.— The State shall notify the Secretary of the final action of the State not later than 10 days after the final action is taken.
+
+(II) Publication.— The Secretary shall publish the notice of final action in the Federal Register not later than 30 days after the date of receipt of the notice under subclause (I).
+
+(f) Election.— A State participating in the programs under this section and section 327, at the discretion of the State, may elect to apply the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) instead of the alternative environmental review and approval procedures of the State.
+
+(g) Adoption or Incorporation by Reference of Documents.— To the maximum extent practicable and consistent with Federal law, other Federal agencies with authority over a project subject to this section shall adopt or incorporate by reference documents produced by a participating State under this section to satisfy the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).
+
+(h) Relationship to Locally Administered Projects.— (1) In general.— A State with an approved program under this section, at the request of a local government, may exercise authority under that program on behalf of up to 25 local governments for locally administered projects.
+
+(2) Scope.— For up to 25 local governments selected by a State with an approved program under this section, the State shall be responsible for ensuring that any environmental review, consultation, or other action required under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) or the State program, or both, meets the requirements of such Act or program.
+
+(i) Review and Termination.— (1) In general.— A State program approved under this section shall at all times be in accordance with the requirements of this section.
+
+(2) Review.— The Secretary shall review each State program approved under this section not less than once every 5 years.
+
+(3) Public notice and comment.— In conducting the review process under paragraph (2), the Secretary shall provide notice and an opportunity for public comment.
+
+(4) Withdrawal of approval.— If the Secretary, in consultation with the Chair, determines at any time that a State is not administering a State program approved under this section in accordance with the requirements of this section, the Secretary shall so notify the State, and if appropriate corrective action is not taken within a reasonable time, not to exceed 90 days, the Secretary shall withdraw approval of the State program.
+
+(5) Extensions and terminations.— At the conclusion of the review process under paragraph (2), the Secretary may extend for an additional 5-year period or terminate the authority of a State under this section to substitute the laws and regulations of the State for the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).
+
+(j) Report to Congress.— Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this section, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate a report that describes the administration of the program, including—
+
+(1) the number of States participating in the program;
+
+(2) the number and types of projects for which each State participating in the program has used alternative environmental review and approval procedures;
+
+(3) a description and assessment of whether implementation of the program has resulted in more efficient review of projects; and
+
+(4) any recommendations for modifications to the program.
+
+(k) Sunset.— The program shall terminate 12 years after the date of enactment of this section.
+
+(l) Definitions.— In this section, the following definitions apply:
+
+(1) Chair.— The term “Chair” means the Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality.
+
+(2) Multimodal project.— The term “multimodal project” has the meaning given that term in section 139(a).
+
+(3) Program.— The term “program” means the pilot program established under this section.
+
+(4) Project.— The term “project” means—
+
+(A) a project requiring approval under this title, chapter 53 of subtitle III of title 49, or subtitle V of title 49; and
+
+(B) a multimodal project.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, § 1309(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1392; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, § 578, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3394.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (3)(A)(i), (ii), (B)(i), (ii), (d)(2), (f), (g), (h)(2), and (i)(5), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§ 4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables. The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (j) and (k), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 578(1), substituted “2 States” for “5 States”. Subsec. (e)(2)(A), (3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–254, § 578(2), substituted “150 days as set forth in section 139(l)” for “2 years”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+PurposePub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, § 1309(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1392, provided that: “The purpose of this section [enacting this section and provisions set out as a note under this section] is to eliminate duplication of environmental reviews and approvals under State laws and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).”
+
+RulemakingPub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, § 1309(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1396, provided that: “(1) In general.—Not later than 270 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], the Secretary [of Transportation], in consultation with the Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, shall promulgate regulations to implement the requirements of section 330 of title 23, United States Code, as added by this section. “(2) Determination of stringency.—As part of the rulemaking required under this subsection, the Chair shall—“(A) establish the criteria necessary to determine that a State law or regulation is at least as stringent as a Federal requirement described in section 330(a)(3) of title 23, United States Code; and “(B) ensure that the criteria, at a minimum—“(i) provide for protection of the environment; “(ii) provide opportunity for public participation and comment, including access to the documentation necessary to review the potential impact of a project; and “(iii) ensure a consistent review of projects that would otherwise have been covered under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).”

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-331.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 331"
+description: "Evaluation of projects within an operational right-of-way"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "331"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 331"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s331"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "d3738174f1083b7f2dc56fb2ab7553a65c76291b8690e0a52c484ae59f7f02cf"
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+text_hash: "2939a7d35922ca07216bf9faf4db251f99c635f22f9c1be077711fd8ab2b6ba6"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 331 - Evaluation of projects within an operational right-of-way
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Definitions.— (1) Eligible project or activity.— (A) In general.— In this section, the term “eligible project or activity” means a project or activity within an existing operational right-of-way (as defined in section 771.117(c)(22) of title 23, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations))—
+
+(i) (I) eligible for assistance under this title; or
+
+(II) administered as if made available under this title;
+
+(ii) that is—
+
+(I) a preventive maintenance, preservation, or highway safety improvement project (as defined in section 148(a)); or
+
+(II) a new turn lane that the State advises in writing to the Secretary would assist public safety; and
+
+(iii) that—
+
+(I) is classified as a categorical exclusion under section 771.117 of title 23, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations); or
+
+(II) if the project or activity does not receive assistance described in clause (i) would be considered a categorical exclusion if the project or activity received assistance described in clause (i).
+
+(B) Exclusion.— The term “eligible project or activity” does not include a project to create a new travel lane.
+
+(2) Preliminary evaluation.— The term “preliminary evaluation”, with respect to an application described in subsection (b)(1), means an evaluation that is customary or practicable for the relevant agency to complete within a 45-day period for similar applications.
+
+(3) Relevant agency.— The term “relevant agency” means a Federal agency, other than the Federal Highway Administration, with responsibility for review of an application from a State for a permit, approval, or jurisdictional determination for an eligible project or activity.
+
+(b) Action Required.— (1) In general.— Subject to paragraph (2), not later than 45 days after the date of receipt of an application by a State for a permit, approval, or jurisdictional determination for an eligible project or activity, the head of the relevant agency shall—
+
+(A) make at least a preliminary evaluation of the application; and
+
+(B) notify the State of the results of the preliminary evaluation under subparagraph (A).
+
+(2) Extension.— The head of the relevant agency may extend the review period under paragraph (1) by not more than 30 days if the head of the relevant agency provides to the State written notice that includes an explanation of the need for the extension.
+
+(3) Failure to act.— If the head of the relevant agency fails to meet a deadline under paragraph (1) or (2), as applicable, the head of the relevant agency shall—
+
+(A) not later than 30 days after the date of the missed deadline, submit to the State, the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate, and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report that describes why the deadline was missed; and
+
+(B) not later than 14 days after the date on which a report is submitted under subparagraph (A), make publicly available, including on the internet, a copy of that report.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, § 11309(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 535.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as an Effective Date of 2021 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-3/section-332.md

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 332"
+description: "Pollinator-friendly practices on roadsides and highway rights-of-way"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "3"
+chapter_name: "GENERAL PROVISIONS"
+section: "332"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 332"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s332"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "e525472a97cb8ed5604021168fc968b21c8982e8a951c25868de620f642f5862"
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+text_hash: "c03d8ef8730dd3dd4d9f3c564aa703e98b6b549920efadadaa4c3d4f50ca754f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 332 - Pollinator-friendly practices on roadsides and highway rights-of-way
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— The Secretary shall establish a program to provide grants to eligible entities to carry out activities to benefit pollinators on roadsides and highway rights-of-way, including the planting and seeding of native, locally-appropriate grasses and wildflowers, including milkweed.
+
+(b) Eligible Entities.— An entity eligible to receive a grant under this section is—
+
+(1) a State department of transportation;
+
+(2) an Indian tribe; or
+
+(3) a Federal land management agency.
+
+(c) Application.— To be eligible to receive a grant under this section, an eligible entity shall submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require, including a pollinator-friendly practices plan described in subsection (d).
+
+(d) Pollinator-friendly Practices Plan.— (1) In general.— An eligible entity shall include in the application under subsection (c) a plan that describes the pollinator-friendly practices that the eligible entity has implemented or plans to implement, including—
+
+(A) practices relating to mowing strategies that promote early successional vegetation and limit disturbance during periods of highest use by target pollinator species on roadsides and highway rights-of-way, such as—
+
+(i) reducing the mowing swath outside of the State-designated safety zone;
+
+(ii) increasing the mowing height;
+
+(iii) reducing the mowing frequency;
+
+(iv) refraining from mowing monarch and other pollinator habitat during periods in which monarchs or other pollinators are present;
+
+(v) use of a flushing bar and cutting at reduced speeds to reduce pollinator deaths due to mowing; or
+
+(vi) reducing raking along roadsides and highway rights-of-way;
+
+(B) implementation of an integrated vegetation management plan that includes approaches such as mechanical tree and brush removal, targeted and judicious use of herbicides, and mowing, to address weed issues on roadsides and highway rights-of-way;
+
+(C) planting or seeding of native, locally-appropriate grasses and wildflowers, including milkweed, on roadsides and highway rights-of-way to enhance pollinator habitat, including larval host plants;
+
+(D) removing nonnative grasses from planting and seeding mixes, except for use as nurse or cover crops;
+
+(E) obtaining expert training or assistance on pollinator-friendly practices, including—
+
+(i) native plant identification;
+
+(ii) establishment and management of locally-appropriate native plants that benefit pollinators;
+
+(iii) land management practices that benefit pollinators; and
+
+(iv) pollinator-focused integrated vegetation management; or
+
+(F) any other pollinator-friendly practices the Secretary determines to be appropriate.
+
+(2) Coordination.— In developing a plan under paragraph (1), an eligible entity that is a State department of transportation or a Federal land management agency shall coordinate with applicable State agencies, including State agencies with jurisdiction over agriculture and fish and wildlife.
+
+(3) Consultation.— In developing a plan under paragraph (1)—
+
+(A) an eligible entity that is a State department of transportation or a Federal land management agency shall consult with affected or interested Indian tribes; and
+
+(B) any eligible entity may consult with nonprofit organizations, institutions of higher education, metropolitan planning organizations, and any other relevant entities.
+
+(e) Award of Grants.— (1) In general.— The Secretary shall provide a grant to each eligible entity that submits an application under subsection (c), including a plan under subsection (d), that the Secretary determines to be satisfactory.
+
+(2) Amount of grants.— The amount of a grant under this section—
+
+(A) shall be based on the number of pollinator-friendly practices the eligible entity has implemented or plans to implement; and
+
+(B) shall not exceed $150,000.
+
+(f) Use of Funds.— An eligible entity that receives a grant under this section shall use the funds for the implementation, improvement, or further development of the plan under subsection (d).
+
+(g) Federal Share.— The Federal share of the cost of an activity carried out with a grant under this section shall be 100 percent.
+
+(h) Best Practices.— The Secretary shall develop and make available to eligible entities best practices for, and a priority ranking of, pollinator-friendly practices on roadsides and highway rights-of-way.
+
+(i) Technical Assistance.— On request of an eligible entity that receives a grant under this section, the Secretary shall provide technical assistance with the implementation, improvement, or further development of a plan under subsection (d).
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+(j) Administrative Costs.— For each fiscal year, the Secretary may use not more than 2 percent of the amounts made available to carry out this section for the administrative costs of carrying out this section.
+
+(k) Report.— Not later than 1 year after the date on which the first grant is provided under this section, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report on the implementation of the program under this section.
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+(l) Authorization of Appropriations.— (1) In general.— There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.
+
+(2) Availability.— Amounts made available under this section shall remain available for a period of 3 years after the last day of the fiscal year for which the funds are authorized.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, § 11528(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 610.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as an Effective Date of 2021 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.