Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-501.md

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 501"
+description: "Definitions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "501"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 501"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s501"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "c814e29bab7624fa87581ef6f1b6df19e12688fba2a10389bf8c07be2fd5d816"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "a9a45a3446eff7b9783f827c147004d9ce4202b50d8102096394446853e6476a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 501 - Definitions
+
+## Text
+
+In this chapter, the following definitions apply:
+
+(1) Federal laboratory.— The term “Federal laboratory” includes a Government-owned, Government-operated laboratory and a Government-owned, contractor-operated laboratory.
+
+(2) Incident.— The term “incident” means a crash, natural disaster, workzone activity, special event, or other emergency road user occurrence that adversely affects or impedes the normal flow of traffic.
+
+(3) Innovation lifecycle.— The term “innovation lifecycle” means the process of innovating through—
+
+(A) the identification of a need;
+
+(B) the establishment of the scope of research to address that need;
+
+(C) setting an agenda;
+
+(D) carrying out research, development, deployment, and testing of the resulting technology or innovation; and
+
+(E) carrying out an evaluation of the costs and benefits of the resulting technology or innovation.
+
+(4) Intelligent transportation infrastructure.— The term “intelligent transportation infrastructure” means fully integrated public sector intelligent transportation system components, as defined by the Secretary.
+
+(5) Intelligent transportation system.— The terms “intelligent transportation system” and “ITS” mean electronics, photonics, communications, or information processing used singly or in combination to improve the efficiency or safety of a surface transportation system.
+
+(6) National architecture.— For purposes of this chapter, the term “national architecture” means the common framework for interoperability that defines—
+
+(A) the functions associated with intelligent transportation system user services;
+
+(B) the physical entities or subsystems within which the functions reside;
+
+(C) the data interfaces and information flows between physical subsystems; and
+
+(D) the communications requirements associated with the information flows.
+
+(7) Project.— The term “project” means an undertaking to research, develop, or operationally test intelligent transportation systems or any other undertaking eligible for assistance under this chapter.
+
+(8) Safety.— The term “safety” includes highway and traffic safety systems, research, and development relating to vehicle, highway, driver, passenger, bicyclist, and pedestrian characteristics, accident investigations, communications, emergency medical care, and transportation of the injured.
+
+(9) Standard.— The term “standard” means a document that—
+
+(A) contains technical specifications or other precise criteria for intelligent transportation systems that are to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics so as to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services are fit for the intended purposes of the materials, products, processes, and services; and
+
+(B) may support the national architecture and promote—
+
+(i) the widespread use and adoption of intelligent transportation system technology as a component of the surface transportation systems of the United States; and
+
+(ii) interoperability among intelligent transportation system technologies implemented throughout the States.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5101(2), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 422; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, § 52001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 865.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 501, added Pub. L. 90–495, § 30, Aug. 23, 1968, 82 Stat. 830, related to declaration of policy as to highway relocation assistance, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 91–646, title II, § 220(a)(10), Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1903.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2012—Pars. (2) to (9). Pub. L. 112–141 added pars. (2) to (7), redesignated former par. (2) as (8), and added par. (9).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2012 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.
+
+Authorization of AppropriationsPub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, § 6002, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1561, provided that: “(a) In General.—The following amounts are authorized to be appropriated out of the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account):“(1) Highway research and development program.—To carry out section 503(b) of title 23, United States Code, $125,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 through 2020. “(2) Technology and innovation deployment program.—To carry out section 503(c) of title 23, United States Code—“(A) $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2016; “(B) $67,500,000 for fiscal year 2017; “(C) $67,500,000 for fiscal year 2018; “(D) $67,500,000 for fiscal year 2019; and “(E) $67,500,000 for fiscal year 2020. “(3) Training and education.—To carry out section 504 of title 23, United States Code, $24,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 through 2020. “(4) Intelligent transportation systems program.—To carry out sections 512 through 518 of title 23, United States Code, $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 through 2020. “(5) University transportation centers program.—To carry out section 5505 of title 49, United States Code—“(A) $72,500,000 for fiscal year 2016; “(B) $75,000,000 for fiscal year 2017; “(C) $75,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; “(D) $77,500,000 for fiscal year 2019; and “(E) $77,500,000 for fiscal year 2020. “(6) Bureau of transportation statistics.—To carry out chapter 63 of title 49, United States Code, $26,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 through 2020. “(b) Administration.—The Federal Highway Administration shall—“(1) administer the programs described in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of subsection (a); and “(2) in consultation with relevant modal administrations, administer the programs described in subsection (a)(4). “(c) Applicability of Title 23, United States Code.—Funds authorized to be appropriated by subsection (a) shall—“(1) be available for obligation in the same manner as if those funds were apportioned under chapter 1 of title 23, United States Code, except that the Federal share of the cost of a project or activity carried out using those funds shall be 80 percent, unless otherwise expressly provided by this Act [div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, see Tables for classification] (including the amendments by this Act) or otherwise determined by the Secretary [of Transportation]; and “(2) remain available until expended and not be transferable, except as otherwise provided in this Act.”

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-505.md

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 505"
+description: "State planning and research"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "505"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 505"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s505"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "22b5719588700aa0fe3297e90268af16cb9380bce6e7a69484f126611641652a"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 505 - State planning and research
+
+## Text
+
+(a) General Rule.— Two percent of the sums apportioned to a State for fiscal year 1998 and each fiscal year thereafter under paragraphs (1) through (5) of section 104(b) shall be available for expenditure by the State, in consultation with the Secretary, only for the following purposes:
+
+(1) Engineering and economic surveys and investigations.
+
+(2) The planning of future highway programs and local public transportation systems and the planning of the financing of such programs and systems, including metropolitan and statewide planning under sections 134 and 135.
+
+(3) Development and implementation of management systems, plans, and processes under sections 119, 148, 149, and 167.
+
+(4) Studies of the economy, safety, and convenience of surface transportation systems and the desirable regulation and equitable taxation of such systems.
+
+(5) Research, development, and technology transfer activities necessary in connection with the planning, design, construction, management, and maintenance of highway, public transportation, and intermodal transportation systems.
+
+(6) Study, research, and training on the engineering standards and construction materials for transportation systems described in paragraph (5), including the evaluation and accreditation of inspection and testing and the regulation and taxation of their use.
+
+(7) The conduct of activities relating to the planning of real-time monitoring elements.
+
+(b) Minimum Expenditures on Research, Development, and Technology Transfer Activities.— (1) In general.— Subject to paragraph (2), not less than 25 percent of the funds subject to subsection (a) that are apportioned to a State for a fiscal year shall be expended by the State for research, development, and technology transfer activities described in subsection (a), relating to highway, public transportation, and intermodal transportation systems.
+
+(2) Waivers.— The Secretary may waive the application of paragraph (1) with respect to a State for a fiscal year if the State certifies to the Secretary for the fiscal year that total expenditures by the State for transportation planning under sections 134 and 135 will exceed 75 percent of the funds described in paragraph (1) and the Secretary accepts such certification.
+
+(3) Nonapplicability of assessment.— Funds expended under paragraph (1) shall not be considered to be part of the extramural budget of the agency for the purpose of section 9 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 638).
+
+(c) Implementation of Future Strategic Highway Research Program Findings and Results.— (1) Funds.— A State shall make available to the Secretary to carry out section 503(c)(2)(C) a percentage of funds subject to subsection (a) that are apportioned to that State, that is agreed to by ¾ of States for each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014.
+
+(2) Treatment of funds.— Funds expended under paragraph (1) shall not be considered to be part of the extramural budget of the agency for the purpose of section 9 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 638).
+
+(d) Federal Share.— The Federal share of the cost of a project carried out using funds subject to subsection (a) shall be 80 percent unless the Secretary determines that the interests of the Federal-aid highway program would be best served by decreasing or eliminating the non-Federal share.
+
+(e) Administration of Sums.— Funds subject to subsection (a) shall be combined and administered by the Secretary as a single fund and shall be available for obligation for the period described in section 118(b).
+
+(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5105, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 432; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title V, § 5205, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1795; Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, § 52005, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 882; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, § 1104(e)(6), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1332.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 505, added Pub. L. 90–495, § 30, Aug. 23, 1968, 82 Stat. 831, related to highway relocation assistance payments, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 91–646, title II, § 220(a)(10), Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1903.
+
+Amendments2015—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted “through (5)” for “through (4)” in introductory provisions. 2012—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141, § 52005(1)(A), substituted “paragraphs (1) through (4) of section 104(b)” for “section 104 (other than sections 104(f) and 104(h)) and under section 144” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, § 52005(1)(B), substituted “, plans, and processes under sections 119, 148, 149, and 167” for “under section 303”. Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 112–141, § 52005(2), (3), added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–141, § 52005(2), (4), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e) and substituted “section 118(b)” for “section 118(b)(2)”. 2005—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 109–59, § 5205(1), added par. (7). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, § 5205(2), substituted “for the period described in section 118(b)(2)” for “for the same period as funds apportioned under section 104(b)(1)”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Effective Date of 2012 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.
+
+Alaska Highway StudyPub. L. 87–866, § 13, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1149, as amended by Pub. L. 97–449, § 2(a), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2439, provided that: “(a) The Secretary of Transportation, in cooperation with the State of Alaska, is hereby authorized to make engineering studies and estimates and planning surveys relative to a highway construction program for the State of Alaska, and, in accordance with treaties or other agreements to be negotiated with Canada by the Secretary of State in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, engineering studies, estimates, and planning surveys relative to connecting Alaskan roads with Canadian roads at the International boundary. “(b) On or before May 15, 1964, the Secretary of Transportation shall submit a report to the Congress which shall include—“(1) an analysis of the adequacy of the Federal-aid highway program to provide for a satisfactory program in both the populated and the undeveloped areas in Alaska; “(2) specific recommendations as to the construction of roads through undeveloped areas of Alaska and connection of such roads with Canadian roads at the International boundary; and “(3) a feasible program for implementing such specific recommendations, including cost estimates, recommendations as to the sharing of cost responsibilities, and other pertinent matters. “(c) From time to time, either before or after submission of the report provided for in subsection (b) of this section, the Secretary of Transportation may submit recommendations to the Congress with respect to the construction of particular highways to carry out the purposes of this section. “(d) Nothing in this section shall be construed as creating any obligation in the Congress, express or implied, to carry out the recommendations referred to in subsections (b) and (c). “(e) There is hereby authorized to be appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be available until expended, the sum of $800,000 for the purpose of making the studies, surveys, and report authorized by subsections (a) and (b) hereof.”

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-508.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 508"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, § 6019(d)(1)(A), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1581]"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "508"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 508"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s508"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "271ec7639f9b46aab39d5fc907e85c614f1f7d77c6d548d54c404350ce6f53e9"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "87cce3f8c651a7d01b935316ea0b43482332a7fa9be0d95d8196d5709a8e92e9"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 508 - Repealed. Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, § 6019(d)(1)(A), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1581]
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, added Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5108, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 435; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title V, § 5208(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1798; Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, § 52013, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 897, related to transportation research and development strategic planning.
+
+A prior section 508, added Pub. L. 90–495, § 30, Aug. 23, 1968, 82 Stat. 833, related to highway relocation services, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 91–646, title II, § 220(a)(10), Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1903.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-509.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 509"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, § 52008(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 882]"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "509"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 509"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s509"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "d1822162bb1324e85801cf96481a4b1de51b75cbf90a862576aaa17b971c8d80"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "2c358ee624765a3d91c205b3661df82a9f4a92dc0e6ac1cfe805156455f77290"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 509 - Repealed. Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, § 52008(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 882]
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, added Pub. L. 109–59, title V, § 5209(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1800, related to national cooperative freight transportation research program.
+
+A prior section 509, added Pub. L. 90–495, § 30, Aug. 23, 1968, 82 Stat. 833, related to relocation assistance programs on Federal highway projects, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 91–646, title II, § 220(a)(10), Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1903.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-510.md

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 510"
+description: "Future strategic highway research program"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "510"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 510"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s510"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "67d93725a967624fcb91ab4f9a3518e18c0b1cb974d48fd7bb742aa31b29c1ba"
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+text_hash: "65ea7ab3e5769bf7a799b0c9ece9c6f97ab12d49215f064ae2ba0259bc1896a4"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 510 - Future strategic highway research program
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment.— The Secretary, in consultation with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, shall establish and carry out, acting through the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, the future strategic highway research program.
+
+(b) Cooperative Agreements.— The Secretary may make grants to, and enter into cooperative agreements with, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and the National Academy of Sciences to carry out such activities under this section as the Secretary determines are appropriate.
+
+(c) Program Priorities.— (1) Program elements.— The program established under this section shall be based on the National Research Council Special Report 260, entitled “Strategic Highway Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion, Improving Quality of Life” and the results of the detailed planning work subsequently carried out in 2002 and 2003 to identify the research areas through National Cooperative Research Program Project 20–58. The research program shall include an analysis of the following:
+
+(A) Renewal of aging highway infrastructure with minimal impact to users of the facilities.
+
+(B) Driving behavior and likely crash causal factors to support improved countermeasures.
+
+(C) Reducing highway congestion due to nonrecurring congestion.
+
+(D) Planning and designing new road capacity to meet mobility, economic, environmental, and community needs.
+
+(2) Dissemination of results.— The research results of the program, expressed in terms of technologies, methodologies, and other appropriate categorizations, shall be disseminated to practicing engineers for their use, as soon as practicable.
+
+(d) Program Administration.— In carrying out the program under this section, the National Research Council shall ensure, to the maximum extent practicable, that—
+
+(1) projects and researchers are selected to conduct research for the program on the basis of merit and open solicitation of proposals and review by panels of appropriate experts;
+
+(2) State department of transportation officials and other stakeholders, as appropriate, are involved in the governance of the program at the overall program level and technical level through the use of expert panels and committees;
+
+(3) the Council acquires a qualified, permanent core staff with the ability and expertise to manage the program and multiyear budget; and
+
+(4) there is no duplication of research effort between the program and any other research effort of the Department.
+
+(e) Report on Implementation of Results.— (1) Report.— The Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council shall complete a report on the strategies and administrative structure to be used for implementation of the results of the future strategic highway research program.
+
+(2) Components.— The report under paragraph (1) shall include with respect to the program—
+
+(A) an identification of the most promising results of research under the program (including the persons most likely to use the results);
+
+(B) a discussion of potential incentives for, impediments to, and methods of, implementing those results;
+
+(C) an estimate of costs of implementation of those results; and
+
+(D) recommendations on methods by which implementation of those results should be conducted, coordinated, and supported in future years, including a discussion of the administrative structure and organization best suited to carry out those recommendations.
+
+(3) Consultation.— In developing the report, the Transportation Research Board shall consult with a wide variety of stakeholders, including—
+
+(A) the Federal Highway Administration;
+
+(B) the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; and
+
+(C) the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
+
+(4) Submission.— Not later than February 1, 2009, the report shall be submitted to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.
+
+(f) Funding.— (1) Federal share.— The Federal share of the cost of an activity carried out using amounts made available under a grant or cooperative agreement under this section shall be 100 percent, and such funds shall remain available until expended.
+
+(2) Advance payments.— The Secretary may make advance payments as necessary to carry out the program under this section.
+
+(g) Limitation of Remedies.— (1) Same remedy as if united states.— The remedy against the United States provided by sections 1346(b) and 2672 of title 28 for injury, loss of property, personal injury, or death shall apply to any claim against the National Academy of Sciences for money damages for injury, loss of property, personal injury, or death caused by any negligent or wrongful act or omission by employees and individuals described in paragraph (3) arising from activities conducted under or in connection with this section. Any such claim shall be subject to the limitations and exceptions which would be applicable to such claim if such claim were against the United States. With respect to any such claim, the Secretary shall be treated as the head of the appropriate Federal agency for purposes of sections 2672 and 2675 of title 28.
+
+(2) Exclusiveness of remedy.— The remedy referred to in paragraph (1) shall be exclusive of any other civil action or proceeding for the purpose of determining liability arising from any such act or omission without regard to when the act or omission occurred.
+
+(3) Treatment.— Employees of the National Academy of Sciences and other individuals appointed by the president of the National Academy of Sciences and acting on its behalf in connection with activities carried out under this section shall be treated as if they are employees of the Federal Government under section 2671 of title 28 for purposes of a civil action or proceeding with respect to a claim described in paragraph (1). The civil action or proceeding shall proceed in the same manner as any proceeding under chapter 171 of title 28 or action against the United States filed pursuant to section 1346(b) of title 28 and shall be subject to the limitations and exceptions applicable to such a proceeding or action.
+
+(4) Sources of payments.— Payment of any award, compromise, or settlement of a civil action or proceeding with respect to a claim described in paragraph (1) shall be paid first out of insurance maintained by the National Academy of Sciences, second from funds made available to carry out this section, and then from sums made available under section 1304 of title 31. For purposes of such section, such an award, compromise, or settlement shall be deemed to be a judgment, award, or settlement payable under section 2414 or 2672 of title 28. The Secretary may establish a reserve of funds to carry out this section for making payments under this paragraph.
+
+(h) Implementation.— Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Secretary may use funds made available to carry out this section for implementation of research products related to the future strategic highway research program, including development, demonstration, evaluation, and technology transfer activities.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title V, § 5210(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1801; amended Pub. L. 111–322, title II, § 2203(d), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3526.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 510, added Pub. L. 91–605, title I, § 117(b), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1724, related to construction of replacement housing, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 91–646, title II, § 220(a)(10), Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1903. Another prior section 510 was renumbered section 511 of this title and subsequently repealed.
+
+Amendments2010—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 111–322 added subsec. (h).

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-511.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 511"
+description: "Multistate corridor operations and management"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "511"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 511"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s511"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "9250893bebad591e6718965d1e1517a3fb28d906baa7359904f5bbc4de67f9d8"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "b5bba40348b3f1066c0ae05cfe0a91015ea17e854a010ab2b9faa9de7ea4ae85"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 511 - Multistate corridor operations and management
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— The Secretary shall encourage multistate cooperative agreements, coalitions, or other arrangements to promote regional cooperation, planning, and shared project implementation for programs and projects to improve transportation system management and operations.
+
+(b) Interstate Route 95 Corridor Coalition Transportation Systems Management and Operations.— The Secretary shall make grants under this subsection to States to continue intelligent transportation system management and operations in the Interstate Route 95 corridor coalition region initiated under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–240).
+
+(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title V, § 5211(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1804.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 102–240, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1914. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1991 Amendment note set out under section 101 of Title 49, Transportation, and Tables.
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 511, formerly 510, added Pub. L. 90–495, § 30, Aug. 23, 1968, 82 Stat. 834; renumbered § 511, Pub. L. 91–605, title I, § 117(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1724, related to authority of Secretary, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 91–646, title II, § 220(a)(10), Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1903. Another prior section 511 was renumbered section 512 of this title and subsequently repealed.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-513.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 513"
+description: "Use of funds for ITS activities"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "513"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 513"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s513"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "46b380d6a766211bc14a6888f318aef211f80f890ec9ba4816a4c54a38679b4d"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "d3e40c9b80df7e9eab2e0d0240b32adfbf485a4505eeb83bac10ae1d47640883"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 513 - Use of funds for ITS activities
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Definitions.— In this section, the following definitions apply:
+
+(1) Eligible entity.— The term “eligible entity” means a State or local government, tribal government, transit agency, public toll authority, metropolitan planning organization, other political subdivision of a State or local government, or a multistate or multijurisdictional group applying through a single lead applicant.
+
+(2) Multijurisdictional group.— The term “multijurisdictional group” means a combination of State governments, local governments, metropolitan planning agencies, transit agencies, or other political subdivisions of a State that—
+
+(A) have signed a written agreement to implement an activity that meets the grant criteria under this section; and
+
+(B) is comprised of at least 2 members, each of whom is an eligible entity.
+
+(b) Purpose.— The purpose of this section is to develop, administer, communicate, and promote the use of products of research, technology, and technology transfer programs.
+
+(c) ITS Adoption.— (1) Innovative technologies and strategies.— The Secretary shall encourage the deployment of ITS technologies that will improve the performance of the National Highway System in such areas as traffic operations, emergency response, incident management, surface transportation network management, freight management, traffic flow information, and congestion management by accelerating the adoption of innovative technologies through the use of—
+
+(A) demonstration programs;
+
+(B) grant funding;
+
+(C) incentives to eligible entities; and
+
+(D) other tools, strategies, or methods that will result in the deployment of innovative ITS technologies.
+
+(2) Comprehensive plan.— To carry out this section, the Secretary shall develop a detailed and comprehensive plan that addresses the manner in which incentives may be adopted, as appropriate, through the existing deployment activities carried out by surface transportation modal administrations.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title V, § 5302(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1805; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title III, § 53001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 897.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2012—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: “(a) In General.—For each fiscal year, not more than $250,000 of the funds made available to carry out this subtitle C of title V of the SAFETEA–LU shall be used for intelligent transportation system outreach, public relations, displays, tours, and brochures. “(b) Applicability.—Subsection (a) shall not apply to intelligent transportation system training, scholarships, or the publication or distribution of research findings, technical guidance, or similar documents.”
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2012 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-514.md

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 514"
+description: "Goals and purposes"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "514"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 514"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s514"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "98dce5f8c50af62cf4803f6a3038997502240cf2c971c6ded29f74bec8815d96"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "779f7bfff0cc3244de3c37b0eb738c56a9e187d730272720167eef3b57e94fc8"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 514 - Goals and purposes
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Goals.— The goals of the intelligent transportation system program include—
+
+(1) enhancement of surface transportation efficiency and facilitation of intermodalism and international trade to enable existing facilities to meet a significant portion of future transportation needs, including public access to employment, goods, and services and to reduce regulatory, financial, and other transaction costs to public agencies and system users;
+
+(2) achievement of national transportation safety goals, including enhancement of safe operation of motor vehicles and nonmotorized vehicles and improved emergency response to collisions, with particular emphasis on decreasing the number and severity of collisions;
+
+(3) protection and enhancement of the natural environment and communities affected by surface transportation, with particular emphasis on assisting State and local governments to achieve national environmental goals;
+
+(4) accommodation of the needs of all users of surface transportation systems, including operators of commercial motor vehicles, passenger motor vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians (including individuals with disabilities);
+
+(5) enhancement of national defense mobility and improvement of the ability of the United States to respond to security-related or other manmade emergencies and natural disasters; and
+
+(6) enhancement of the national freight system and support to national freight policy goals.
+
+(b) Purposes.— The Secretary shall implement activities under the intelligent transportation system program, at a minimum—
+
+(1) to expedite, in both metropolitan and rural areas, deployment and integration of intelligent transportation systems for consumers of passenger and freight transportation;
+
+(2) to ensure that Federal, State, and local transportation officials have adequate knowledge of intelligent transportation systems for consideration in the transportation planning process;
+
+(3) to improve regional cooperation and operations planning for effective intelligent transportation system deployment;
+
+(4) to promote the innovative use of private resources in support of intelligent transportation system development;
+
+(5) to facilitate, in cooperation with the motor vehicle industry, the introduction of vehicle-based safety enhancing systems;
+
+(6) to support the application of intelligent transportation systems that increase the safety and efficiency of commercial motor vehicle operations;
+
+(7) to develop a workforce capable of developing, operating, and maintaining intelligent transportation systems;
+
+(8) to provide continuing support for operations and maintenance of intelligent transportation systems;
+
+(9) to ensure a systems approach that includes cooperation among vehicles, infrastructure, and users; and
+
+(10) to assist in the development of cybersecurity research in cooperation with relevant modal administrations of the Department of Transportation and other Federal agencies to help prevent hacking, spoofing, and disruption of connected and automated transportation vehicles.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title III, § 53002(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 898; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §§ 6005, 6006, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1567.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2015—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 114–94, § 6005, added par. (6). Subsec. (b)(10). Pub. L. 114–94, § 6006, added par. (10).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-515.md

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 515"
+description: "General authorities and requirements"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "515"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 515"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s515"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "d2255686bedcfa796accf0d9c21184d3fbc9d0b185dd305ad87ac292079971f1"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "2725308c71b71730d3506d05754f866e6b092cc07c2f22a84fa22d4c23ac4861"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 515 - General authorities and requirements
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Scope.— Subject to the provisions of sections 512 through 518, the Secretary shall conduct an ongoing intelligent transportation system program—
+
+(1) to research, develop, and operationally test intelligent transportation systems; and
+
+(2) to provide technical assistance in the nationwide application of those systems as a component of the surface transportation systems of the United States.
+
+(b) Policy.— Intelligent transportation system research projects and operational tests funded pursuant to sections 512 through 518 shall encourage and not displace public-private partnerships or private sector investment in those tests and projects.
+
+(c) Cooperation With Governmental, Private, and Educational Entities.— The Secretary shall carry out the intelligent transportation system program in cooperation with State and local governments and other public entities, the private sector firms of the United States, the Federal laboratories, and institutions of higher education, including historically Black colleges and universities and other minority institutions of higher education.
+
+(d) Consultation With Federal Officials.— In carrying out the intelligent transportation system program, the Secretary shall consult with the heads of other Federal agencies, as appropriate.
+
+(e) Technical Assistance, Training, and Information.— The Secretary may provide technical assistance, training, and information to State and local governments seeking to implement, operate, maintain, or evaluate intelligent transportation system technologies and services.
+
+(f) Transportation Planning.— The Secretary may provide funding to support adequate consideration of transportation systems management and operations, including intelligent transportation systems, within metropolitan and statewide transportation planning processes.
+
+(g) Information Clearinghouse.— (1) In general.— The Secretary shall—
+
+(A) maintain a repository for technical and safety data collected as a result of federally sponsored projects carried out under sections 512 through 518; and
+
+(B) make, on request, that information (except for proprietary information and data) readily available to all users of the repository at an appropriate cost.
+
+(2) Agreement.— (A) In general.— The Secretary may enter into an agreement with a third party for the maintenance of the repository for technical and safety data under paragraph (1)(A).
+
+(B) Federal financial assistance.— If the Secretary enters into an agreement with an entity for the maintenance of the repository, the entity shall be eligible for Federal financial assistance under this section.
+
+(3) Availability of information.— Information in the repository shall not be subject to sections 552 and 555 of title 5, United States Code.
+
+(h) Advisory Committee.— (1) In general.— The Secretary shall establish an Advisory Committee (referred to in this subsection as the “Advisory Committee”) to advise the Secretary on carrying out sections 512 through 518.
+
+(2) Membership.— The Advisory Committee shall have no more than 25 members, be balanced between metropolitan and rural interests, and include, at a minimum—
+
+(A) a representative from a State highway department;
+
+(B) a representative from a local highway department who is not from a metropolitan planning organization;
+
+(C) a representative from a State, local, or regional transit agency;
+
+(D) a representative from a State, local, or regional wildlife, land use, or resource management agency;
+
+(E) a representative from a metropolitan planning organization;
+
+(F) a representative of a national transit association;
+
+(G) a representative of a national, State, or local transportation agency or association;
+
+(H) a private sector user of intelligent transportation system technologies;
+
+(I) a private sector developer of intelligent transportation system technologies, which may include emerging vehicle technologies;
+
+(J) an academic researcher with expertise in computer science or another information science field related to intelligent transportation systems, and who is not an expert on transportation issues;
+
+(K) an academic researcher who is a civil engineer;
+
+(L) an academic researcher who is a social scientist with expertise in transportation issues;
+
+(M) an academic researcher who is a biological or ecological scientist with expertise in transportation issues;
+
+(N) a representative from a nonprofit group representing the intelligent transportation system industry;
+
+(O) a representative from a public interest group concerned with safety;
+
+(P) a representative of a labor organization;
+
+(Q) a representative of a mobility-providing entity;
+
+(R) an expert in traffic management;
+
+(S) a representative from a public interest group concerned with the impact of the transportation system on land use and residential patterns;
+
+(T) a representative from a public interest group concerned with the impact of the transportation system on terrestrial and aquatic species and the habitat of those species; and
+
+(U) members with expertise in planning, safety, telecommunications, and operations;
+
+(V) an expert in cybersecurity; and
+
+(W) an automobile manufacturer.
+
+(3) Term.— (A) In general.— The term of a member of the Advisory Committee shall be 3 years.
+
+(B) Renewal.— On expiration of the term of a member of the Advisory Committee, the member—
+
+(i) may be reappointed; or
+
+(ii) if the member is not reappointed under clause (i), may serve until a new member is appointed.
+
+(4) Meetings.— The Advisory Committee—
+
+(A) shall convene not less frequently than twice each year; and
+
+(B) may convene with the use of remote video conference technology.
+
+(5) Duties.— The Advisory Committee shall, at a minimum, perform the following duties:
+
+(A) Provide input into the development of the intelligent transportation system aspects of the strategic plan under section 6503 of title 49.
+
+(B) Review, at least annually, areas of intelligent transportation systems programs and research being considered for funding by the Department, to determine—
+
+(i) whether these activities are likely to advance either the state-of-the-practice or state-of-the-art in intelligent transportation systems;
+
+(ii) whether the intelligent transportation system technologies are likely to be deployed by users, and if not, to determine the barriers to deployment; and
+
+(iii) the appropriate roles for government and the private sector in investing in the programs, research, and technologies being considered.
+
+(6) Report.— Not later than May 1 of each year, the Secretary shall make available to the public on a Department of Transportation website a report that includes—
+
+(A) all recommendations made by the Advisory Committee during the preceding calendar year;
+
+(B) an explanation of the manner in which the Secretary has implemented those recommendations; and
+
+(C) for recommendations not implemented, the reasons for rejecting the recommendations.
+
+(7) Applicability of chapter 10 of title 5, united states code.— The Advisory Committee shall be subject to chapter 10 of title 5, United States Code.
+
+(i) Reporting.— (1) Guidelines and requirements.— (A) In general.— The Secretary shall issue guidelines and requirements for the reporting and evaluation of operational tests and deployment projects carried out under sections 512 through 518.
+
+(B) Objectivity and independence.— The guidelines and requirements issued under subparagraph (A) shall include provisions to ensure the objectivity and independence of the reporting entity so as to avoid any real or apparent conflict of interest or potential influence on the outcome by parties to any such test or deployment project or by any other formal evaluation carried out under sections 512 through 518.
+
+(C) Funding.— The guidelines and requirements issued under subparagraph (A) shall establish reporting funding levels based on the size and scope of each test or project that ensure adequate reporting of the results of the test or project.
+
+(2) Special rule.— Any survey, questionnaire, or interview that the Secretary considers necessary to carry out the reporting of any test, deployment project, or program assessment activity under sections 512 through 518 shall not be subject to chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title III, § 53003(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 899; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, § 1446(a)(14), title VI, § 6007, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1438, 1567; Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title III, § 13008(a), div. B, title V, § 25001, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 641, 836; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(178), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4325.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2022—Subsec. (h)(7). Pub. L. 117–286, which directed amendment of subsec. (h)(5) by substituting “chapter 10 of title 5, united states code” for “federal advisory committee act” in heading and “chapter 10 of title 5, United States Code.” for “the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.).” in text, was executed by making the substitutions in subsec. (h)(7) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the prior amendment by Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(4). See 2021 Amendment note, below. 2021—Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(1), inserted “(referred to in this subsection as the ‘Advisory Committee’)” after “an Advisory Committee”. Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(2)(A), substituted “25 members” for “20 members” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (h)(2)(D) to (W). Pub. L. 117–58, § 13008(a) and § 25001(2)(D)–(G), added various subpars. and successively redesignated existing subpars., resulting in ultimate redesignations of original subpars. as follows: (D) as (E), (E) as (H), (F) as (J), (G) as (K), (H) as (L), (I) as (N), (J) as (O), (K) as (S), and (L) as (U). For newly added subpars., see notes below. Subsec. (h)(2)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, § 13008(a)(3), added subpar. (D). Subsec. (h)(2)(F), (G). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(2)(D), added subpars. (F) and (G). Subsec. (h)(2)(I). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(2)(E), added subpar. (I). Subsec. (h)(2)(J). Pub. L. 117–58, § 13008(a)(4), added subpar. (J), which was subsequently redesignated (M) by Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(2)(C). Subsec. (h)(2)(N). Pub. L. 117–58, § 13008(a)(5), added subpar. (N), which was subsequently redesignated (T) by Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(2)(C). Subsec. (h)(2)(O). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(2)(B), prior to redesignation of subpar. (O) as (U), struck out “utilities,” after “telecommunications,” and substituted semicolon for period at end. Subsec. (h)(2)(P) to (R). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(2)(F), added subpars. (P) to (R). Subsec. (h)(2)(V), (W). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(2)(G), added subpars. (V) and (W). Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(5), added par. (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (5). Subsec. (h)(3)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(3)(A), substituted “section 6503 of title 49” for “section 508”. Subsec. (h)(3)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(3)(B)(i), inserted “programs and” before “research” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (h)(3)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(3)(B)(ii), substituted “programs, research, and” for “research and”. Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(5), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (6). Subsec. (h)(5) to (7). Pub. L. 117–58, § 25001(4), redesignated pars. (3) to (5) as (5) to (7), respectively. 2015—Pub. L. 114–94, § 1446(a)(14), substituted “sections 512 through 518” for “this chapter” wherever appearing. Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 114–94, § 6007, in introductory provisions, substituted “May 1 of each year” for “February 1 of each year after the date of enactment of the Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Act of 2012” and “make available to the public on a Department of Transportation website” for “submit to Congress”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2021 AmendmentAmendment by section 13008(a) of Pub. L. 117–58 effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-516.md

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 516"
+description: "Research and development"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "516"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 516"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s516"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "e2e3b81c08ecd58e551c82478071ed86fe7a8edb00edd9b7561a6e3464db4ec2"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "bd0706a85dadeca80e266d28477be55a6b10c6ca0ead49d8dee022047d188f5e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 516 - Research and development
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— The Secretary shall carry out a comprehensive program of intelligent transportation system research and development, and operational tests of intelligent vehicles, intelligent infrastructure systems, and other similar activities that are necessary to carry out this chapter.
+
+(b) Priority Areas.— Under the program, the Secretary shall give higher priority to funding projects that—
+
+(1) enhance mobility and productivity through improved traffic management, incident management, transit management, freight management, road weather management, toll collection, traveler information, or highway operations systems and remote sensing products;
+
+(2) use interdisciplinary approaches to develop traffic management strategies and tools to address multiple impacts of congestion concurrently;
+
+(3) address traffic management, incident management, transit management, toll collection traveler information, or highway operations systems;
+
+(4) incorporate research on the potential impact of environmental, weather, and natural conditions on intelligent transportation systems, including the effects of cold climates;
+
+(5) enhance intermodal use of intelligent transportation systems for diverse groups, including for emergency and health-related services;
+
+(6) enhance safety through improved crash avoidance and protection, crash and other notification, commercial motor vehicle operations, and infrastructure-based or cooperative safety systems, including animal detection systems to reduce the number of wildlife-vehicle collisions; or
+
+(7) facilitate the integration of intelligent infrastructure, vehicle, and control technologies.
+
+(c) Federal Share.— The Federal share payable on account of any project or activity carried out under subsection (a) shall not exceed 80 percent.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title III, § 53004(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 902; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title III, § 13008(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 641.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2021—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 117–58 inserted “, including animal detection systems to reduce the number of wildlife-vehicle collisions” after “systems”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2021 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 117–58 effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-517.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 517"
+description: "National architecture and standards"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "517"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 517"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s517"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "48f41ffa64eb35c2ef6696bd10e395c1bd7f5972c927a54e99880925f0528263"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "7613f4b9be27d93db425d24b9b8ebc8f6a559d0d4e5cf1cf98c554320379dac3"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 517 - National architecture and standards
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— (1) Development, implementation, and maintenance.— In accordance with section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note; 110 Stat. 783; 115 Stat. 1241), the Secretary shall develop and maintain a national ITS architecture and supporting ITS standards and protocols to promote the use of systems engineering methods in the widespread deployment and evaluation of intelligent transportation systems as a component of the surface transportation systems of the United States.
+
+(2) Interoperability and efficiency.— To the maximum extent practicable, the national ITS architecture and supporting ITS standards and protocols shall promote interoperability among, and efficiency of, intelligent transportation systems and technologies implemented throughout the United States.
+
+(3) Use of standards development organizations.— In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall support the development and maintenance of standards and protocols using the services of such standards development organizations as the Secretary determines to be necessary and whose memberships include representatives of the surface transportation and intelligent transportation systems industries.
+
+(b) Standards for National Policy Implementation.— If the Secretary finds that a standard is necessary for implementation of a nationwide policy relating to user fee collection or other capability requiring nationwide uniformity, the Secretary, after consultation with stakeholders, may establish and require the use of that standard.
+
+(c) Provisional Standards.— (1) In general.— If the Secretary finds that the development or balloting of an intelligent transportation system standard jeopardizes the timely achievement of the objectives described in subsection (a), the Secretary may establish a provisional standard, after consultation with affected parties, using, to the maximum extent practicable, the work product of appropriate standards development organizations.
+
+(2) Period of effectiveness.— A provisional standard established under paragraph (1) shall be published in the Federal Register and remain in effect until the appropriate standards development organization adopts and publishes a standard.
+
+(d) Conformity With National Architecture.— (1) In general.— Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretary shall ensure that intelligent transportation system projects carried out using amounts made available from the Highway Trust Fund, including amounts made available to deploy intelligent transportation systems, conform to the appropriate regional ITS architecture, applicable standards, and protocols developed under subsection (a) or (c).
+
+(2) Discretion of the secretary.— The Secretary, at the discretion of the Secretary, may offer an exemption from paragraph (1) for projects designed to achieve specific research objectives outlined in the national intelligent transportation system program plan or the surface transportation research and development strategic plan developed under section 508.11 See References in Text note below.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title III, § 53005(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 902; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, § 6008, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1567.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is section 12(d) of Pub. L. 104–113, Mar. 7, 1996, 110 Stat. 783, which is set out as a note under section 272 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. Section 508, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, § 6019(d)(1)(A), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1581, effective Oct. 1, 2015.
+
+Amendments2015—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted “memberships include representatives of” for “memberships are comprised of, and represent,”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-518.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 518"
+description: "Vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications systems deployment"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "518"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 518"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s518"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "44290c3537f2c2529bfc29861b918be9ac7a18829bf5474e1631a5196da523d1"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "f9342163364b6706b28fd0c35563f47634d343ec5675631f242a3809f92b97cb"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 518 - Vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications systems deployment
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— Not later than July 6, 2016, the Secretary shall make available to the public on a Department of Transportation website a report that—
+
+(1) assesses the status of dedicated short-range communications technology and applications developed through research and development;
+
+(2) analyzes the known and potential gaps in short-range communications technology and applications;
+
+(3) defines a recommended implementation path for dedicated short-range communications technology and applications that—
+
+(A) is based on the assessment described in paragraph (1); and
+
+(B) takes into account the analysis described in paragraph (2);
+
+(4) includes guidance on the relationship of the proposed deployment of dedicated short-range communications to the National ITS Architecture and ITS Standards; and
+
+(5) ensures competition by not preferencing the use of any particular frequency for vehicle to infrastructure operations.
+
+(b) Report Review.— The Secretary shall enter into agreements with the National Research Council and an independent third party with subject matter expertise for the review of the report described in subsection (a).
+
+(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title III, § 53006(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 904; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, § 6009, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1567.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2015—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94, in introductory provisions, substituted “Not later than July 6, 2016, the Secretary shall make available to the public on a Department of Transportation website a report” for “Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and Environment and Public Works of the Senate and the Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure, Energy and Commerce, and Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-519.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 519"
+description: "Infrastructure development"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "519"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 519"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s519"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "a28d607a12401b3aa8fb32f4c5a637ae8ae85373306b5c6b8be3d01d2edac567"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "77b1fb1bc952c83b14b357cca814cbb79f76bdb196680fb593d6f239c3f73cf9"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 519 - Infrastructure development
+
+## Text
+
+Funds made available to carry out this chapter for operational tests of intelligent transportation systems—
+
+(1) shall be used primarily for the development of intelligent transportation system infrastructure, equipment, and systems; and
+
+(2) to the maximum extent practicable, shall not be used for the construction of physical surface transportation infrastructure unless the construction is incidental and critically necessary to the implementation of an intelligent transportation system project.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, § 6010(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1567.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

legal/us/code/title-23/chapter-5/section-520.md

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "23 U.S.C. § 520"
+description: "Transportation Resilience and Adaptation Centers of Excellence"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 23
+title_name: "HIGHWAYS"
+chapter_number: "5"
+chapter_name: "RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION"
+section: "520"
+citation: "23 U.S.C. § 520"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc23@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t23/s520"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-23/usc23.xml"
+source_hash: "3fe932ea1e65204fc9591e94a65f00f6e0e37c3f7537fb17f31291cd906bba8d"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "e416780887af9b032b058a30d5deabd208499e53ab0f2ba19007646ef6293cbe"
+text_hash: "dcc9f1be435f2866e260aa40e9066a089210b4a59a5f54609a609f3182641d1f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 23 U.S.C. § 520 - Transportation Resilience and Adaptation Centers of Excellence
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Definition of Center of Excellence.— In this section, the term “Center of Excellence” means a Center of Excellence for Resilience and Adaptation designated under subsection (b).
+
+(b) Designation.— The Secretary shall designate 10 regional Centers of Excellence for Resilience and Adaptation and 1 national Center of Excellence for Resilience and Adaptation, which shall serve as a coordinator for the regional Centers, to receive grants to advance research and development that improves the resilience of regions of the United States to natural disasters and extreme weather by promoting the resilience of surface transportation infrastructure and infrastructure dependent on surface transportation.
+
+(c) Eligibility.— An entity eligible to be designated as a Center of Excellence is—
+
+(1) an institution of higher education (as defined in section 102 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1002)); or
+
+(2) a consortium of nonprofit organizations led by an institution of higher education.
+
+(d) Application.— To be eligible to be designated as a Center of Excellence, an eligible entity shall submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require, including a proposal that includes a description of the activities to be carried out with a grant under this section.
+
+(e) Selection.— (1) Regional centers of excellence.— The Secretary shall designate 1 regional Center of Excellence in each of the 10 Federal regions that comprise the Standard Federal Regions established by the Office of Management and Budget in the document entitled “Standard Federal Regions” and dated April 1974 (circular A–105).
+
+(2) National center of excellence.— The Secretary shall designate 1 national Center of Excellence to coordinate the activities of all 10 regional Centers of Excellence to minimize duplication and promote coordination and dissemination of research among the Centers.
+
+(3) Criteria.— In selecting eligible entities to designate as a Center of Excellence, the Secretary shall consider—
+
+(A) the past experience and performance of the eligible entity in carrying out activities described in subsection (g);
+
+(B) the merits of the proposal of an eligible entity and the extent to which the proposal would—
+
+(i) advance the state of practice in resilience planning and identify innovative resilience solutions for transportation assets and systems;
+
+(ii) support activities carried out under the PROTECT program under section 176;
+
+(iii) support and build on work being carried out by another Federal agency relating to resilience;
+
+(iv) inform transportation decisionmaking at all levels of government;
+
+(v) engage local, regional, Tribal, State, and national stakeholders, including, if applicable, stakeholders representing transportation, transit, urban, and land use planning, natural resources, environmental protection, hazard mitigation, and emergency management; and
+
+(vi) engage community groups and other stakeholders that will be affected by transportation decisions, including underserved, economically disadvantaged, rural, and predominantly minority communities; and
+
+(C) the local, regional, Tribal, State, and national impacts of the proposal of the eligible entity.
+
+(f) Grants.— Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary shall provide to each Center of Excellence a grant of not less than $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2031 to carry out the activities described in subsection (g).
+
+(g) Activities.— In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall ensure that a Center of Excellence uses the funds from a grant under subsection (f) to promote resilient transportation infrastructure, including through—
+
+(1) supporting climate vulnerability assessments informed by climate change science, including national climate assessments produced by the United States Global Change Research Program under section 106 of the Global Change Research Act of 1990 (15 U.S.C. 2936), relevant feasibility analyses of resilient transportation improvements, and transportation resilience planning;
+
+(2) development of new design, operations, and maintenance standards for transportation infrastructure that can inform Federal and State decisionmaking;
+
+(3) research and development of new materials and technologies that could be integrated into existing and new transportation infrastructure;
+
+(4) development, refinement, and piloting of new and emerging resilience improvements and strategies, including natural infrastructure approaches and relocation;
+
+(5) development of and investment in new approaches for facilitating meaningful engagement in transportation decisionmaking by local, Tribal, regional, or national stakeholders and communities;
+
+(6) technical capacity building to facilitate the ability of local, regional, Tribal, State, and national stakeholders—
+
+(A) to assess the vulnerability of transportation infrastructure assets and systems;
+
+(B) to develop community response strategies;
+
+(C) to meaningfully engage with community stakeholders; and
+
+(D) to develop strategies and improvements for enhancing transportation infrastructure resilience under current conditions and a range of potential future conditions;
+
+(7) workforce development and training;
+
+(8) development and dissemination of data, tools, techniques, assessments, and information that informs Federal, State, Tribal, and local government decisionmaking, policies, planning, and investments;
+
+(9) education and outreach regarding transportation infrastructure resilience; and
+
+(10) technology transfer and commercialization.
+
+(h) Federal Share.— The Federal share of the cost of an activity under this section, including the costs of establishing and operating a Center of Excellence, shall be 50 percent.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title III, § 13009(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 642.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as an Effective Date of 2021 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.