Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7401.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7401"
+description: "Authorization"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7401"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7401"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7401"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "caf9adbde481772ac34b1fa7ffe62e2dce93898b7dd97acc55d2a20db787e5c1"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "f0085fc8790102340931a70c6158d4a18ae5e457bcad11dc8420e1a0270b7407"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7401 - Authorization
+
+## Text
+
+No civil action for the collection or recovery of taxes, or of any fine, penalty, or forfeiture, shall be commenced unless the Secretary authorizes or sanctions the proceedings and the Attorney General or his delegate directs that the action be commenced.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 873; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7402.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7402"
+description: "Jurisdiction of district courts"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7402"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7402"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7402"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "d734226cf6c0b3d8bc26c5ca793a9aa45dd0153847d08b7549fc1e3400f02a87"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "56358c8ea23a25cfef1c0432ce0f4342e9f1cd5469343e6022c2eb2db16a8aa9"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7402 - Jurisdiction of district courts
+
+## Text
+
+(a) To issue orders, processes, and judgments The district courts of the United States at the instance of the United States shall have such jurisdiction to make and issue in civil actions, writs and orders of injunction, and of ne exeat republica, orders appointing receivers, and such other orders and processes, and to render such judgments and decrees as may be necessary or appropriate for the enforcement of the internal revenue laws. The remedies hereby provided are in addition to and not exclusive of any and all other remedies of the United States in such courts or otherwise to enforce such laws.
+
+(b) To enforce summons If any person is summoned under the internal revenue laws to appear, to testify, or to produce books, papers, or other data, the district court of the United States for the district in which such person resides or may be found shall have jurisdiction by appropriate process to compel such attendance, testimony, or production of books, papers, or other data.
+
+(c) For damages to United States officers or employees Any officer or employee of the United States acting under authority of this title, or any person acting under or by authority of any such officer or employee, receiving any injury to his person or property in the discharge of his duty shall be entitled to maintain an action for damages therefor, in the district court of the United States, in the district wherein the party doing the injury may reside or shall be found.
+
+[(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 92–310, title II, § 230(d), June 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 209]
+
+(e) To quiet title The United States district courts shall have jurisdiction of any action brought by the United States to quiet title to property if the title claimed by the United States to such property was derived from enforcement of a lien under this title.
+
+(f) General jurisdiction For general jurisdiction of the district courts of the United States in civil actions involving internal revenue, see section 1340 of title 28 of the United States Code.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 873; Pub. L. 89–719, title I, § 107(a), Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1140; Pub. L. 93–310, title II, § 230(d), June 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 209.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1972—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 92–310 repealed subsec. (d) which granted district courts jurisdiction of actions brought on official bonds. 1966—Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 89–719 added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1966 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 89–719 applicable after Nov. 2, 1966, regardless of when title or lien of United States arose or when lien or interest of another person was acquired, with certain exceptions, see section 114(a)–(c) of Pub. L. 89–719, set out as a note under section 6323 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7403.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7403"
+description: "Action to enforce lien or to subject property to payment of tax"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7403"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7403"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7403"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "fd729b5a0a575db005f846f744def15558f0171f33700b7d0eda9de691633be3"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "38fa9d1fae4fddddd92802bc50ea99a164bc7b56c08eee55157ac823252d2da7"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7403 - Action to enforce lien or to subject property to payment of tax
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Filing In any case where there has been a refusal or neglect to pay any tax, or to discharge any liability in respect thereof, whether or not levy has been made, the Attorney General or his delegate, at the request of the Secretary, may direct a civil action to be filed in a district court of the United States to enforce the lien of the United States under this title with respect to such tax or liability or to subject any property, of whatever nature, of the delinquent, or in which he has any right, title, or interest, to the payment of such tax or liability. For purposes of the preceding sentence, any acceleration of payment under section 6166(g) shall be treated as a neglect to pay tax.
+
+(b) Parties All persons having liens upon or claiming any interest in the property involved in such action shall be made parties thereto.
+
+(c) Adjudication and decree The court shall, after the parties have been duly notified of the action, proceed to adjudicate all matters involved therein and finally determine the merits of all claims to and liens upon the property, and, in all cases where a claim or interest of the United States therein is established, may decree a sale of such property, by the proper officer of the court, and a distribution of the proceeds of such sale according to the findings of the court in respect to the interests of the parties and of the United States. If the property is sold to satisfy a first lien held by the United States, the United States may bid at the sale such sum, not exceeding the amount of such lien with expenses of sale, as the Secretary directs.
+
+(d) Receivership In any such proceeding, at the instance of the United States, the court may appoint a receiver to enforce the lien, or, upon certification by the Secretary during the pendency of such proceedings that it is in the public interest, may appoint a receiver with all the powers of a receiver in equity.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 874; Pub. L. 89–719, title I, § 107(b), Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1140; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), title XX, § 2004(f)(2), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834, 1872; Pub. L. 97–34, title IV, § 422(e)(8), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 316.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1981—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–34 struck out “or 6166A(h)” after “section 6166(g)”. 1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §§ 1906(b)(13)(A), 2004(f)(2), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” and inserted provisions relating to the acceleration of payment under section 6166(g) or 6166A(h). Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”. 1966—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–719 inserted sentence permitting the United States, if the property is sold to satisfy a first lien held by the United States, to bid at the sale such sum, not more than the amount of such lien with expenses of sale, as the Secretary or his delegate directs.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1981 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–34 applicable to estates of decedents dying after Dec. 31, 1981, see section 422(f)(1) of Pub. L. 97–34, set out as a note under section 6166 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1966 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 89–719 applicable after Nov. 2, 1966, regardless of when title or lien of United States arose or when lien or interest of another person was acquired, with certain exceptions, see section 114(a)–(c) of Pub. L. 89–719, set out as a note under section 6323 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7404.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7404"
+description: "Authority to bring civil action for estate taxes"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7404"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7404"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7404"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "d69853fe40c71f5ceb478edbcae8f52b4cd93dd7c0223fc0d4d8d979fb58d055"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "64460de2ae9ea778e73fea5014916a5f27d3e8d954e32507a297ea343f57991f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7404 - Authority to bring civil action for estate taxes
+
+## Text
+
+If the estate tax imposed by chapter 11 is not paid on or before the due date thereof, the Secretary shall proceed to collect the tax under the provisions of general law; or appropriate proceedings in the name of the United States may be commenced in any court of the United States having jurisdiction to subject the property of the decedent to be sold under the judgment or decree of the court. From the proceeds of such sale the amount of the tax, together with the costs and expenses of every description to be allowed by the court, shall be first paid, and the balance shall be deposited according to the order of the court, to be paid under its direction to the person entitled thereto. This section insofar as it applies to the collection of a deficiency shall be subject to the provisions of sections 6213 and 6601.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 874; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7405.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7405"
+description: "Action for recovery of erroneous refunds"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7405"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7405"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7405"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "9ea141b51ee09f5e71bf2d405dcd4f3cbfea94ceafd9f0194a4bb5e611abe3d6"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "ae7b0d236d88781cf6dc32909edcc91b7470a37c321c7b8d0e21e315ec835902"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7405 - Action for recovery of erroneous refunds
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Refunds after limitation period Any portion of a tax imposed by this title, refund of which is erroneously made, within the meaning of section 6514, may be recovered by civil action brought in the name of the United States.
+
+(b) Refunds otherwise erroneous Any portion of a tax imposed by this title which has been erroneously refunded (if such refund would not be considered as erroneous under section 6514) may be recovered by civil action brought in the name of the United States.
+
+(c) Interest For provision relating to interest on erroneous refunds, see section 6602.
+
+(d) Periods of limitation For periods of limitations on actions under this section, see section 6532(b).
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 874.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7406.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7406"
+description: "Disposition of judgments and moneys recovered"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7406"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7406"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7406"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "07483ba908c6d174b6322c5f9dd68e0fe75c67a3bf70aea580f1970628524ad5"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "5cec6124c9c7dc762036a463d3bdeb2b641319b6934dba647f2a5b538e289454"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7406 - Disposition of judgments and moneys recovered
+
+## Text
+
+All judgments and moneys recovered or received for taxes, costs, forfeitures, and penalties shall be paid to the Secretary as collections of internal revenue taxes.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 875; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7407.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7407"
+description: "Action to enjoin tax return preparers"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7407"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7407"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7407"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "55b81932686261c9a8080af0e62b61db75b0db6aa96a1aecbd4eb115132824da"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "5e12cd0b2e2c15dc6cde19309ada721fb7fe3bcf7dcb5edc7b90a02021eab5e6"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7407 - Action to enjoin tax return preparers
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Authority to seek injunction A civil action in the name of the United States to enjoin any person who is a tax return preparer from further engaging in any conduct described in subsection (b) or from further acting as a tax return preparer may be commenced at the request of the Secretary. Any action under this section shall be brought in the District Court of the United States for the district in which the tax return preparer resides or has his principal place of business or in which the taxpayer with respect to whose tax return the action is brought resides. The court may exercise its jurisdiction over such action (as provided in section 7402(a)) separate and apart from any other action brought by the United States against such tax return preparer or any taxpayer.
+
+(b) Adjudication and decrees In any action under subsection (a), if the court finds—
+
+(1) that a tax return preparer has—
+
+(A) engaged in any conduct subject to penalty under section 6694 or 6695, or subject to any criminal penalty provided by this title,
+
+(B) misrepresented his eligibility to practice before the Internal Revenue Service, or otherwise misrepresented his experience or education as a tax return preparer,
+
+(C) guaranteed the payment of any tax refund or the allowance of any tax credit, or
+
+(D) engaged in any other fraudulent or deceptive conduct which substantially interferes with the proper administration of the Internal Revenue laws, and
+
+(2) that injunctive relief is appropriate to prevent the recurrence of such conduct,
+
+the court may enjoin such person from further engaging in such conduct. If the court finds that a tax return preparer has continually or repeatedly engaged in any conduct described in subparagraphs (A) through (D) of this subsection and that an injunction prohibiting such conduct would not be sufficient to prevent such person’s interference with the proper administration of this title, the court may enjoin such person from acting as a tax return preparer.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, § 1203(g), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1693; amended Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7738(a), (b), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2404; Pub. L. 110–28, title VIII, § 8246(a)(2)(I)(i), May 25, 2007, 121 Stat. 202.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7407 was renumbered section 7410 of this title.
+
+Amendments2007—Pub. L. 110–28, § 8246(a)(2)(I)(i)(I), substituted “tax return preparers” for “income tax return preparers” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–28, § 8246(a)(2)(I)(i)(II)–(IV), substituted “tax return” for “income tax return” after “with respect to whose”, “tax return preparer” for “income tax preparer” after “district in which the” and after “against such”, and “a tax return preparer” for “an income tax return preparer” in two places. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–28, § 8246(a)(2)(I)(i)(II), substituted “a tax return preparer” for “an income tax return preparer” in introductory provisions and subpar. (B) of par. (1) and in two places in concluding provisions. 1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–239, § 7738(b), substituted “A civil” for “Except as provided in subsection (c), a civil”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–239, § 7738(a), struck out subsec. (c) relating to bonds to stay injunctions.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2007 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 110–28 applicable to returns prepared after May 25, 2007, see section 8246(c) of Pub. L. 110–28, set out as a note under section 6060 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1989 AmendmentPub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7738(c), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2404, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to actions commenced after December 31, 1989.”
+
+Effective DateSection applicable to documents prepared after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1203(j) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date of 1976 Amendment note under section 7701 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7408.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7408"
+description: "Actions to enjoin specified conduct related to tax shelters and reportable transactions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7408"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7408"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7408"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "078da0eaf3e0d5522ea187d7788b5de84ee3eb4e262dd0ed6345cfacd5d3b110"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "493bf4ff95c0b17849ccb6b7db3912eafba1280ad58f024ca9aa6e3a9e0ec5b1"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7408 - Actions to enjoin specified conduct related to tax shelters and reportable transactions
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Authority to seek injunction A civil action in the name of the United States to enjoin any person from further engaging in specified conduct may be commenced at the request of the Secretary. Any action under this section shall be brought in the district court of the United States for the district in which such person resides, has his principal place of business, or has engaged in specified conduct. The court may exercise its jurisdiction over such action (as provided in section 7402(a)) separate and apart from any other action brought by the United States against such person.
+
+(b) Adjudication and decree In any action under subsection (a), if the court finds—
+
+(1) that the person has engaged in any specified conduct, and
+
+(2) that injunctive relief is appropriate to prevent recurrence of such conduct,
+
+the court may enjoin such person from engaging in such conduct or in any other activity subject to penalty under this title.
+
+(c) Specified conduct For purposes of this section, the term “specified conduct” means any action, or failure to take action, which is—
+
+(1) subject to penalty under section 6700, 6701, 6707, or 6708, or
+
+(2) in violation of any requirement under regulations issued under section 330 of title 31, United States Code.
+
+(d) Citizens and residents outside the United States If any citizen or resident of the United States does not reside in, and does not have his principal place of business in, any United States judicial district, such citizen or resident shall be treated for purposes of this section as residing in the District of Columbia.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 97–248, title III, § 321(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 612; amended Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, § 143(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 682; Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, § 820(a), (b)(1), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1585.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7408 was renumbered section 7410 of this title.
+
+Amendments2004—Pub. L. 108–357, § 820(b)(1), amended section catchline generally, substituting “Actions to enjoin specified conduct related to tax shelters and reportable transactions” for “Action to enjoin promoters of abusive tax shelters, etc.” Subsecs. (a) to (d). Pub. L. 108–357, § 820(a), added subsecs. (a) to (c), redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d), and struck out former subsecs. (a) and (b), which authorized a civil action to enjoin any person from further engaging in conduct subject to penalty under section 6700 or 6701 of this title and authorized the court, if it found that the person had engaged in such conduct and that injunctive relief was appropriate, to enjoin such person from engaging in such conduct or in any other activity subject to penalty under section 6700 or 6701. 1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–369, § 143(b)(1), (2), inserted “or section 6701 (relating to penalties for aiding and abetting understatement of tax liability)” and inserted reference to section 6701 at end of second sentence. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–369, § 143(b)(1), (3), inserted “or section 6701 (relating to penalties for aiding and abetting understatement of tax liability),” in par. (1) and inserted reference to section 6701 at end.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2004 AmendmentPub. L. 108–357, title VIII, § 820(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1585, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004].”
+
+Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–369 effective on day after July 18, 1984, see section 143(c) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 6700 of this title.
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 97–248, title III, § 321(c), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 612, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall take effect on the day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 3, 1982].”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7409.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7409"
+description: "Action to enjoin flagrant political expenditures of section 501(c)(3) organizations"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7409"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7409"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7409"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "40c566ce20dace76e491ca2445bf5ad182a9d764d85a6d89858ab2d957480bc8"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "c0bb1934e150ccb480e967586d401e8e41a8c41166222bd9e8d5516582d5e831"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7409 - Action to enjoin flagrant political expenditures of section 501(c)(3) organizations
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Authority to seek injunction (1) In general If the requirements of paragraph (2) are met, a civil action in the name of the United States may be commenced at the request of the Secretary to enjoin any section 501(c)(3) organization from further making political expenditures and for such other relief as may be appropriate to ensure that the assets of such organization are preserved for charitable or other purposes specified in section 501(c)(3). Any action under this section shall be brought in the district court of the United States for the district in which such organization has its principal place of business or for any district in which it has made political expenditures. The court may exercise its jurisdiction over such action (as provided in section 7402(a)) separate and apart from any other action brought by the United States against such organization.
+
+(2) Requirements An action may be brought under subsection (a) only if—
+
+(A) the Internal Revenue Service has notified the organization of its intention to seek an injunction under this section if the making of political expenditures does not immediately cease, and
+
+(B) the Commissioner of Internal Revenue has personally determined that—
+
+(i) such organization has flagrantly participated in, or intervened in (including the publication or distribution of statements), any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for public office, and
+
+(ii) injunctive relief is appropriate to prevent future political expenditures.
+
+(b) Adjudication and decree In any action under subsection (a), if the court finds on the basis of clear and convincing evidence that—
+
+(1) such organization has flagrantly participated in, or intervened in (including the publication or distribution of statements), any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for public office, and
+
+(2) injunctive relief is appropriate to prevent future political expenditures,
+
+the court may enjoin such organization from making political expenditures and may grant such other relief as may be appropriate to ensure that the assets of such organization are preserved for charitable or other purposes specified in section 501(c)(3).
+
+(c) Definitions For purposes of this section, the terms “section 501(c)(3) organization” and “political expenditures” have the respective meanings given to such terms by section 4955.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 100–203, title X, § 10713(a)(1), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–468.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7409 was renumbered section 7410 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7410.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7410"
+description: "Cross references"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7410"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7410"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7410"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "ef4fddfd859166c63cc0374cf3a5830fc14ffb5005bda82af9aa8ec409d4f74f"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "508c61f796abe1c57c07111c155e0d14d0effcffab39dda3653c0f3eaaef5bc6"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7410 - Cross references
+
+## Text
+
+(1) For provisions for collecting taxes in general, see chapter 64.
+
+(2) For venue in a civil action for the collection of any tax, see section 1396 of Title 28 of the United States Code.
+
+(3) For venue of a proceeding for the recovery of any fine, penalty, or forfeiture, see section 1395 of Title 28 of the United States Code.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 875, § 7407; renumbered § 7408, Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, § 1203(g), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1693; renumbered § 7409, Pub. L. 97–248, title III, § 321(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 612; renumbered § 7410, Pub. L. 100–203, title X, § 10713(a)(1), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–468.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7421.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7421"
+description: "Prohibition of suits to restrain assessment or collection"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7421"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7421"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7421"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "b8781067f0a460eaa65bc3db2e1ca5220689e54098c868430a1935c19803133f"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "ee93ed8b4523782c2f47c09d34ac2276be34e01e64f911aaf8307209160fb2c0"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7421 - Prohibition of suits to restrain assessment or collection
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Tax Except as provided in sections 6015(e), 6212(a) and (c), 6213(a), 6232(c), 6330(e)(1), 6331(i), 6672(c), 6694(c), 7426(a) and (b)(1), 7429(b), and 7436, no suit for the purpose of restraining the assessment or collection of any tax shall be maintained in any court by any person, whether or not such person is the person against whom such tax was assessed.
+
+(b) Liability of transferee or fiduciary No suit shall be maintained in any court for the purpose of restraining the assessment or collection (pursuant to the provisions of chapter 71) of—
+
+(1) the amount of the liability, at law or in equity, of a transferee of property of a taxpayer in respect of any internal revenue tax, or
+
+(2) the amount of the liability of a fiduciary under section 3713(b) of title 31, United States Code, in respect of any such tax.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 876; Pub. L. 89–719, title I, § 110(c), Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1144; Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, § 1204(c)(11), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1699; Pub. L. 95–628, § 9(b)(1), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3633; Pub. L. 97–258, § 3(f)(13), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1065; Pub. L. 105–34, title XII, §§ 1222(b)(1), 1239(e)(3), title XIV, § 1454(b)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1019, 1028, 1057; Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3201(e)(3), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 740; Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, § 4002(c)(1), (f), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–906, 2681–907; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title III, §§ 313(b)(2)(B), 319(24)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–642, 2763A–647; Pub. L. 114–74, title XI, § 1101(f)(10), Nov. 2, 2015, 129 Stat. 638; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(324), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1199.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted “Code, in” for “Code in”. 2015—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–74 substituted “6232(c)” for “6225(b), 6246(b)”. 2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–554 inserted “6330(e)(1),” after “6246(b),” and substituted “6672(c)” for “6672(b)”. 1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277 substituted “6015(e)” for “6015(d)” and inserted “6331(i),” after “6246(b),”. Pub. L. 105–206 inserted “6015(d),” after “sections”. 1997—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1454(b)(2), substituted “7429(b), and 7436” for “and 7429(b)”. Pub. L. 105–34, § 1239(e)(3), inserted “6225(b),” after “6213(a),”. Pub. L. 105–34, § 1222(b)(1), inserted “6246(b),” after “6213(a),”. 1982—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 97–258 substituted “section 3713(b) of title 31, United States Code” for “section 3467 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 192)”. 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–628 inserted references to sections 6672(b) and 6694(c). 1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455 substituted “7426(a) and (b)(1), and 7429(b)” for “and 7426(a) and (b)(1)”. 1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–719 inserted reference to section 7426(a), (b)(1), and “by any person, whether or not such person is the person against whom such tax was assessed”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–74 applicable to returns filed for partnership taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, with certain exceptions, see section 1101(g) of Pub. L. 114–74, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6221 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentsAmendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective as if included in the provision of the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105–206, to which such amendment relates, see section 4002(k) of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 105–206 applicable to any liability for tax arising after July 22, 1998, and any liability for tax arising on or before such date but remaining unpaid as of such date, see section 3201(g)(1) of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 6015 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1997 AmendmentAmendment by section 1222(b)(1) of Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to partnership taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1997, see section 1226 of Pub. L. 105–34, as amended, set out as a note under section 6011 of this title. Amendment by section 1239(e)(3) of Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to partnership taxable years ending after Aug. 5, 1997, see section 1239(f) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 6501 of this title. Amendment by section 1454(b)(2) of Pub. L. 105–34, effective Aug. 5, 1997, see section 1454(c) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 6511 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–628 applicable with respect to penalties assessed more than 60 days after Nov. 10, 1978, see section 9(c) of Pub. L. 95–628, set out as a note under section 6672 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1976 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to action taken under section 6851, 6861, or 6862 of this title where notice and demand takes place after Feb. 28, 1977, see section 1204(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, as amended, set out as a note under section 6851 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1966 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 89–719 applicable after Nov. 2, 1966, regardless of when title or lien of United States arose or when lien or interest of another person was acquired, with certain exceptions, see section 114(a)–(c) of Pub. L. 89–719, set out as a note under section 6323 of this title.
+
+Prohibition on Requests to Taxpayers To Give Up Rights To Bring ActionsPub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3468, July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 770, provided that: “(a) Prohibition.—No officer or employee of the United States may request a taxpayer to waive the taxpayer’s right to bring a civil action against the United States or any officer or employee of the United States for any action taken in connection with the internal revenue laws. “(b) Exceptions.—Subsection (a) shall not apply in any case where—“(1) a taxpayer waives the right described in subsection (a) knowingly and voluntarily; or “(2) the request by the officer or employee is made in person and the taxpayer’s attorney or other federally authorized tax practitioner (within the meaning of section 7525(a)(3)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) is present, or the request is made in writing to the taxpayer’s attorney or other representative.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7423.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7423"
+description: "Repayments to officers or employees"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7423"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7423"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7423"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "144be364414d05516f912c340b9a9fafc33d185f73adbcc97b424c664d67daa6"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "e0fcf5837295bceec16249754cde97c65398badb15ccfec1641b51259c81077e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7423 - Repayments to officers or employees
+
+## Text
+
+The Secretary, subject to regulations prescribed by the Secretary, is authorized to repay—
+
+(1) Collections recovered To any officer or employee of the United States the full amount of such sums of money as may be recovered against him in any court, for any internal revenue taxes collected by him, with the cost and expense of suit; also
+
+(2) Damages and costs All damages and costs recovered against any officer or employee of the United States in any suit brought against him by reason of anything done in the due performance of his official duty under this title.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 877; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” in provisions preceding par. (1).

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7424.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7424"
+description: "Intervention"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7424"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7424"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7424"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "2239254e17fd10721bab542ecf1c7c249533df666400a13b62ca9be735ffae5c"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7424 - Intervention
+
+## Text
+
+If the United States is not a party to a civil action or suit, the United States may intervene in such action or suit to assert any lien arising under this title on the property which is the subject of such action or suit. The provisions of section 2410 of title 28 of the United States Code (except subsection (b)) and of section 1444 of title 28 of the United States Code shall apply in any case in which the United States intervenes as if the United States had originally been named a defendant in such action or suit. In any case in which the application of the United States to intervene is denied, the adjudication in such civil action or suit shall have no effect upon such lien.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 877; Pub. L. 89–719, title I, § 108, Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1140.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1966—Pub. L. 89–719 substituted “Intervention” for “Civil action to clear title to property” in section catchline and substituted provisions, set out in a single paragraph, granting the government authority to intervene in a court proceeding to assert any lien arising under this title on property which is the subject of a civil action or suit to which the government is not a party with the same procedural rules to apply as where the government is initially joined properly as a party and with the proceedings to have no effect on the government’s lien if the application to intervene is denied, for provisions, formerly set out in three subsections, setting out a procedure by which a person having a lien upon or interest in property referred to in section 7403 could file a civil action to clear title to the property and obtain an adjudication of the matter involved in the same manner as in the case of a civil action filed under section 7403.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1966 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 89–719 applicable after Nov. 2, 1966, regardless of when the title or lien of the United States arose or when the lien or interest of another person was acquired, with certain exceptions, see section 114(a) to (c) of Pub. L. 89–719, set out as a note under section 6323 of this title.
+
+Civil Actions To Clear Title to Property Commenced Before Nov. 2, 1966Pub. L. 89–719, title I, § 114(d), Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1147, provided that civil actions commenced before Nov. 2, 1966, to clear title to property pursuant to this section as in effect before Nov. 2, 1966, were to be determined in accord with this section as in effect before Nov. 2, 1966.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7425.md

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7425"
+description: "Discharge of liens"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7425"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7425"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7425"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "ccefe97383e4fdeb269061a8f145ffb6b116e4bb62ae00e3d6b14a0346202353"
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+text_hash: "1433ce5c1f1c7fe7b20aed2cc5972acfb2a74adca80780d9c50bff34e48f36e4"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7425 - Discharge of liens
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Judicial proceedings If the United States is not joined as a party, a judgment in any civil action or suit described in subsection (a) of section 2410 of title 28 of the United States Code, or a judicial sale pursuant to such a judgment, with respect to property on which the United States has or claims a lien under the provisions of this title—
+
+(1) shall be made subject to and without disturbing the lien of the United States, if notice of such lien has been filed in the place provided by law for such filing at the time such action or suit is commenced, or
+
+(2) shall have the same effect with respect to the discharge or divestment of such lien of the United States as may be provided with respect to such matters by the local law of the place where such property is situated, if no notice of such lien has been filed in the place provided by law for such filing at the time such action or suit is commenced or if the law makes no provision for such filing.
+
+If a judicial sale of property pursuant to a judgment in any civil action or suit to which the United States is not a party discharges a lien of the United States arising under the provisions of this title, the United States may claim, with the same priority as its lien had against the property sold, the proceeds (exclusive of costs) of such sale at any time before the distribution of such proceeds is ordered.
+
+(b) Other sales Notwithstanding subsection (a) a sale of property on which the United States has or claims a lien, or a title derived from enforcement of a lien, under the provisions of this title, made pursuant to an instrument creating a lien on such property, pursuant to a confession of judgment on the obligation secured by such an instrument, or pursuant to a nonjudicial sale under a statutory lien on such property—
+
+(1) shall, except as otherwise provided, be made subject to and without disturbing such lien or title, if notice of such lien was filed or such title recorded in the place provided by law for such filing or recording more than 30 days before such sale and the United States is not given notice of such sale in the manner prescribed in subsection (c)(1); or
+
+(2) shall have the same effect with respect to the discharge or divestment of such lien or such title of the United States, as may be provided with respect to such matters by the local law of the place where such property is situated, if—
+
+(A) notice of such lien or such title was not filed or recorded in the place provided by law for such filing more than 30 days before such sale,
+
+(B) the law makes no provision for such filing, or
+
+(C) notice of such sale is given in the manner prescribed in subsection (c)(1).
+
+(c) Special rules (1) Notice of sale Notice of a sale to which subsection (b) applies shall be given (in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary) in writing, by registered or certified mail or by personal service, not less than 25 days prior to such sale, to the Secretary.
+
+(2) Consent to sale Notwithstanding the notice requirement of subsection (b)(2)(C), a sale described in subsection (b) of property shall discharge or divest such property of the lien or title of the United States if the United States consents to the sale of such property free of such lien or title.
+
+(3) Sale of perishable goods Notwithstanding the notice requirement of subsection (b)(2)(C), a sale described in subsection (b) of property liable to perish or become greatly reduced in price or value by keeping, or which cannot be kept without great expense, shall discharge or divest such property of the lien or title of the United States if notice of such sale is given (in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary) in writing, by registered or certified mail or by personal service, to the Secretary before such sale. The proceeds (exclusive of costs) of such sale shall be held as a fund subject to the liens and claims of the United States, in the same manner and with the same priority as such liens and claims had with respect to the property sold, for not less than 30 days after the date of such sale.
+
+(4) Forfeitures of land sales contracts For purposes of subsection (b), a sale of property includes any forfeiture of a land sales contract.
+
+(d) Redemption by United States (1) Right to redeem In the case of a sale of real property to which subsection (b) applies to satisfy a lien prior to that of the United States, the Secretary may redeem such property within the period of 120 days from the date of such sale or the period allowable for redemption under local law, whichever is longer.
+
+(2) Amount to be paid In any case in which the United States redeems real property pursuant to paragraph (1), the amount to be paid for such property shall be the amount prescribed by subsection (d) of section 2410 of title 28 of the United States Code.
+
+(3) Certificate of redemption (A) In general In any case in which real property is redeemed by the United States pursuant to this subsection, the Secretary shall apply to the officer designated by local law, if any, for the documents necessary to evidence the fact of redemption and to record title to such property in the name of the United States. If no such officer is designated by local law or if such officer fails to issue such documents, the Secretary shall execute a certificate of redemption therefor.
+
+(B) Filing The Secretary shall, without delay, cause such documents or certificate to be duly recorded in the proper registry of deeds. If the State in which the real property redeemed by the United States is situated has not by law designated an office in which such certificate may be recorded, the Secretary shall file such certificate in the office of the clerk of the United States district court for the judicial district in which such property is situated.
+
+(C) Effect A certificate of redemption executed by the Secretary shall constitute prima facie evidence of the regularity of such redemption and shall, when recorded, transfer to the United States all the rights, title, and interest in and to such property acquired by the person from whom the United States redeems such property by virtue of the sale of such property.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 89–719, title I, § 109, Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1141; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1572(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2765.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7425 was renumbered 7434 of this title.
+
+Amendments1986—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 99–514 added par. (4). 1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentPub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1572(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2765, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to forfeitures after the 30th day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986].”
+
+Effective DateSection applicable after Nov. 2, 1966, regardless of when title or lien of United States arose or when lien or interest of another person was acquired, with certain exceptions, see section 114(a)–(c) of Pub. L. 89–719, set out as an Effective Date of 1966 Amendment note under section 6323 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7426.md

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7426"
+description: "Civil actions by persons other than taxpayers"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7426"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7426"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7426"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "a3c02cf445303f78372c9be094b95e0343b78a7439f21fb693640d240154924d"
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+text_hash: "2c8d23f958d7923a1aed579e8229e2c1496f4f4c642732e4c6d5d248dae46d10"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7426 - Civil actions by persons other than taxpayers
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Actions permitted (1) Wrongful levy If a levy has been made on property or property has been sold pursuant to a levy, any person (other than the person against whom is assessed the tax out of which such levy arose) who claims an interest in or lien on such property and that such property was wrongfully levied upon may bring a civil action against the United States in a district court of the United States. Such action may be brought without regard to whether such property has been surrendered to or sold by the Secretary.
+
+(2) Surplus proceeds If property has been sold pursuant to a levy, any person (other than the person against whom is assessed the tax out of which such levy arose) who claims an interest in or lien on such property junior to that of the United States and to be legally entitled to the surplus proceeds of such sale may bring a civil action against the United States in a district court of the United States.
+
+(3) Substituted sale proceeds If property has been sold pursuant to an agreement described in section 6325(b)(3) (relating to substitution of proceeds of sale), any person who claims to be legally entitled to all or any part of the amount held as a fund pursuant to such agreement may bring a civil action against the United States in a district court of the United States.
+
+(4) Substitution of value If a certificate of discharge is issued to any person under section 6325(b)(4) with respect to any property, such person may, within 120 days after the day on which such certificate is issued, bring a civil action against the United States in a district court of the United States for a determination of whether the value of the interest of the United States (if any) in such property is less than the value determined by the Secretary. No other action may be brought by such person for such a determination.
+
+(b) Adjudication The district court shall have jurisdiction to grant only such of the following forms of relief as may be appropriate in the circumstances:
+
+(1) Injunction If a levy or sale would irreparably injure rights in property which the court determines to be superior to rights of the United States in such property, the court may grant an injunction to prohibit the enforcement of such levy or to prohibit such sale.
+
+(2) Recovery of property If the court determines that such property has been wrongfully levied upon, the court may—
+
+(A) order the return of specific property if the United States is in possession of such property;
+
+(B) grant a judgment for the amount of money levied upon; or
+
+(C) if such property was sold, grant a judgment for an amount not exceeding the greater of—
+
+(i) the amount received by the United States from the sale of such property, or
+
+(ii) the fair market value of such property immediately before the levy.
+
+For the purposes of subparagraph (C), if the property was declared purchased by the United States at a sale pursuant to section 6335(e) (relating to manner and conditions of sale), the United States shall be treated as having received an amount equal to the minimum price determined pursuant to such section or (if larger) the amount received by the United States from the resale of such property.
+
+(3) Surplus proceeds If the court determines that the interest or lien of any party to an action under this section was transferred to the proceeds of a sale of such property, the court may grant a judgment in an amount equal to all or any part of the amount of the surplus proceeds of such sale.
+
+(4) Substituted sale proceeds If the court determines that a party has an interest in or lien on the amount held as a fund pursuant to an agreement described in section 6325(b)(3) (relating to substitution of proceeds of sale), the court may grant a judgment in an amount equal to all or any part of the amount of such fund.
+
+(5) Substitution of value If the court determines that the Secretary’s determination of the value of the interest of the United States in the property for purposes of section 6325(b)(4) exceeds the actual value of such interest, the court shall grant a judgment ordering a refund of the amount deposited, and a release of the bond, to the extent that the aggregate of the amounts thereof exceeds such value determined by the court.
+
+(c) Validity of assessment For purposes of an adjudication under this section, the assessment of tax upon which the interest or lien of the United States is based shall be conclusively presumed to be valid.
+
+(d) Limitation on rights of action No action may be maintained against any officer or employee of the United States (or former officer or employee) or his personal representative with respect to any acts for which an action could be maintained under this section.
+
+(e) Substitution of United States as party If an action, which could be brought against the United States under this section, is improperly brought against any officer or employee of the United States (or former officer or employee) or his personal representative, the court shall order, upon such terms as are just, that the pleadings be amended to substitute the United States as a party for such officer or employee as of the time such action was commenced upon proper service of process on the United States.
+
+(f) Provision inapplicable The provisions of section 7422(a) (relating to prohibition of suit prior to filing claim for refund) shall not apply to actions under this section.
+
+(g) Interest Interest shall be allowed at the overpayment rate established under section 6621—
+
+(1) in the case of a judgment pursuant to subsection (b)(2)(B), from the date the Secretary receives the money wrongfully levied upon to the date of payment of such judgment;
+
+(2) in the case of a judgment pursuant to subsection (b)(2)(C), from the date of the sale of the property wrongfully levied upon to the date of payment of such judgment; and
+
+(3) in the case of a judgment pursuant to subsection (b)(5) which orders a refund of any amount, from the date the Secretary received such amount to the date of payment of such judgment.
+
+(h) Recovery of damages permitted in certain cases (1) In general Notwithstanding subsection (b), if, in any action brought under this section, there is a finding that any officer or employee of the Internal Revenue Service recklessly or intentionally, or by reason of negligence, disregarded any provision of this title the defendant shall be liable to the plaintiff in an amount equal to the lesser of $1,000,000 ($100,000 in the case of negligence) or the sum of—
+
+(A) actual, direct economic damages sustained by the plaintiff as a proximate result of the reckless or intentional or negligent disregard of any provision of this title by the officer or employee (reduced by any amount of such damages awarded under subsection (b)); and
+
+(B) the costs of the action.
+
+(2) Requirement that administrative remedies be exhausted; mitigation; period The rules of section 7433(d) shall apply for purposes of this subsection.
+
+(3) Payment authority Claims pursuant to this section shall be payable out of funds appropriated under section 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
+
+(i) Cross reference For period of limitation, see section 6532(c).
+
+(Added Pub. L. 89–719, title I, § 110(a), Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1142; amended Pub. L. 93–625, § 7(a)(2)(E), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2115; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 97–248, title III, § 350(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 639; Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1511(c)(16), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2745; Pub. L. 105–206, title III, §§ 3102(b), 3106(b)(1), (2), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 730, 733.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1998—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3106(b)(1), added par. (4). Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3106(b)(2)(A), added par. (5). Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3106(b)(2)(B), added par. (3). Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3102(b), added subsec. (h) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i). 1986—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “the overpayment rate established under section 6621” for “an annual rate established under section 6621”. 1982—Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 97–248 inserted “if such property was sold,” before “grant a judgment” and “the greater of—” after “not exceeding”, redesignated remaining provisions as cl. (i), and added cl. (ii). 1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing. 1975—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 93–625 substituted “an annual rate established under section 6621” for “the rate of 6 percent per annum”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentPub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3102(d), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 731, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 7433 of this title] shall apply to actions of officers or employees of the Internal Revenue Service after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 22, 1998].” Amendment by section 3106(b)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 105–206 effective July 22, 1998, see section 3106(c) of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 6325 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable for purposes of determining interest for periods after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1511(d) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 47 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentPub. L. 97–248, title III, § 350(b), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 639, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to levies made after December 31, 1982.”
+
+Effective Date of 1975 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 93–625 effective July 1, 1975, and applicable to amounts outstanding on such date or arising thereafter, see section 7(e) of Pub. L. 93–625, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6621 of this title.
+
+Effective DateSection applicable after Nov. 2, 1966, regardless of when title or lien of United States arose or when lien or interest of another person was acquired, except in a case in which a lien or title derived from enforcement of a lien held by United States has been enforced by a civil action or suit which has become final by judgment, sale, or agreement before Nov. 2, 1966, or in a case in which section would impair a priority held by any person other than United States holding a lien or interest prior to Nov. 2, 1966, operate to increase liability of such person, or shorten time of bringing suit with respect to transactions occurring before Nov. 2, 1966, see section 114(a)–(c) of Pub. L. 89–719, set out as Effective Date of 1966 Amendments note under section 6323 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7427.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7427"
+description: "Tax return preparers"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7427"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7427"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7427"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "a120d8002a2fdfd5f5981ca41f6e670f18bfb4669380576d42aeffa385cc6dec"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "a8fc942826b6346cf0e3986de0ca76a8b8aa6d2a66d654e90faa139e7f087d4b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7427 - Tax return preparers
+
+## Text
+
+In any proceeding involving the issue of whether or not a tax return preparer has willfully attempted in any manner to understate the liability for tax (within the meaning of section 6694(b)), the burden of proof in respect to such issue shall be upon the Secretary.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, § 1203(b)(2)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1690; amended Pub. L. 110–28, title VIII, § 8246(a)(2)(J)(i), May 25, 2007, 121 Stat. 202.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7427 was renumbered 7437 of this title.
+
+Amendments2007—Pub. L. 110–28 substituted “Tax return preparers” for “Income tax return preparers” in section catchline and “a tax return preparer” for “an income tax return preparer” in text.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2007 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 110–28 applicable to returns prepared after May 25, 2007, see section 8246(c) of Pub. L. 110–28, set out as a note under section 6060 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7428.md

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7428"
+description: "Declaratory judgments relating to status and classification of organizations under section 501(c)(3), etc."
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7428"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7428"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7428"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "09ed9b82de0cd0ee96388b6a5083a13bc46bcd7d9651d8c816538ecdb7235c70"
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+text_hash: "9b95077ccd01b40627ea52e05b411e29b256dbec5cf3da28fd336ab9818b2d19"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7428 - Declaratory judgments relating to status and classification of organizations under section 501(c)(3), etc.
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Creation of remedy In a case of actual controversy involving—
+
+(1) a determination by the Secretary—
+
+(A) with respect to the initial qualification or continuing qualification of an organization as an organization described in section 501(c)(3) which is exempt from tax under section 501(a) or as an organization described in section 170(c)(2),
+
+(B) with respect to the initial classification or continuing classification of an organization as a private foundation (as defined in section 509(a)),
+
+(C) with respect to the initial classification or continuing classification of an organization as a private operating foundation (as defined in section 4942(j)(3)),
+
+(D) with respect to the initial classification or continuing classification of a cooperative as an organization described in section 521(b) which is exempt from tax under section 521(a), or
+
+(E) with respect to the initial qualification or continuing qualification of an organization as an organization described in section 501(c) (other than paragraph (3)) or 501(d) and exempt from tax under section 501(a), or
+
+(2) a failure by the Secretary to make a determination with respect to an issue referred to in paragraph (1),
+
+upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, the United States Tax Court, the United States Court of Federal Claims, or the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia may make a declaration with respect to such initial qualification or continuing qualification or with respect to such initial classification or continuing classification. Any such declaration shall have the force and effect of a decision of the Tax Court or a final judgment or decree of the district court or the Court of Federal Claims, as the case may be, and shall be reviewable as such. For purposes of this section, a determination with respect to a continuing qualification or continuing classification includes any revocation of or other change in a qualification or classification.
+
+(b) Limitations (1) Petitioner A pleading may be filed under this section only by the organization the qualification or classification of which is at issue.
+
+(2) Exhaustion of administrative remedies A declaratory judgment or decree under this section shall not be issued in any proceeding unless the Tax Court, the Court of Federal Claims, or the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia determines that the organization involved has exhausted administrative remedies available to it within the Internal Revenue Service. An organization requesting the determination of an issue referred to in subsection (a)(1) shall be deemed to have exhausted its administrative remedies with respect to a failure by the Secretary to make a determination with respect to such issue at the expiration of 270 days after the date on which the request for such determination was made if the organization has taken, in a timely manner, all reasonable steps to secure such determination.
+
+(3) Time for bringing action If the Secretary sends by certified or registered mail notice of his determination with respect to an issue referred to in subsection (a)(1) to the organization referred to in paragraph (1), no proceeding may be initiated under this section by such organization unless the pleading is filed before the 91st day after the date of such mailing.
+
+(4) Nonapplication for certain revocations No action may be brought under this section with respect to any revocation of status described in section 6033(j)(1).
+
+(c) Validation of certain contributions made during pendency of proceedings (1) In general If—
+
+(A) the issue referred to in subsection (a)(1) involves the revocation of a determination that the organization is described in section 170(c)(2),
+
+(B) a proceeding under this section is initiated within the time provided by subsection (b)(3), and
+
+(C) either—
+
+(i) a decision of the Tax Court has become final (within the meaning of section 7481), or
+
+(ii) a judgment of the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia has been entered, or
+
+(iii) a judgment of the Court of Federal Claims has been entered,
+
+and such decision or judgment, as the case may be, determines that the organization was not described in section 170(c)(2),
+
+then, notwithstanding such decision or judgment, such organization shall be treated as having been described in section 170(c)(2) for purposes of section 170 for the period beginning on the date on which the notice of the revocation was published and ending on the date on which the court first determined in such proceeding that the organization was not described in section 170(c)(2).
+
+(2) Limitation Paragraph (1) shall apply only—
+
+(A) with respect to individuals, and only to the extent that the aggregate of the contributions made by any individual to or for the use of the organization during the period specified in paragraph (1) does not exceed $1,000 (for this purpose treating a husband and wife as one contributor), and
+
+(B) with respect to organizations described in section 170(c)(2) which are exempt from tax under section 501(a) (for this purpose excluding any such organization with respect to which there is pending a proceeding to revoke the determination under section 170(c)(2)).
+
+(3) Exception This subsection shall not apply to any individual who was responsible, in whole or in part, for the activities (or failures to act) on the part of the organization which were the basis for the revocation.
+
+(d) Subpoena power for district court for District of Columbia In any action brought under this section in the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia, a subpoena requiring the attendance of a witness at a trial or hearing may be served at any place in the United States.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title XIII, § 1306(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1717; amended Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, § 701(dd)(2), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2924; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 152, Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 46; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title X, § 1033(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1039; Pub. L. 108–357, title III, § 317(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1470; Pub. L. 109–280, title XII, § 1223(c), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1091; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 406(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3120; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(325)(A), (B), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1199, 1200.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7428 was renumbered 7437 of this title.
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(325)(B), substituted “or the Court of Federal Claims” for “or the Claims Court” in concluding provisions. Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(325)(A), substituted “United States Court of Federal Claims” for “United States Claims Court” in concluding provisions. Subsecs. (b)(2), (c)(1)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(325)(B), substituted “Court of Federal Claims” for “Claims Court”. 2015—Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Pub. L. 114–113 added subpar. (E). 2006—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109–280, which directed addition of par. (4) at the end of section 7428(b), without specifying the act to be amended, was executed by making the addition at the end of subsec. (b) of this section, which is section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 2004—Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 108–357 added subpar. (D). 1984—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–369 added subsec. (d). 1982—Subsecs. (a), (b)(2), (c)(1)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 97–164 substituted “Claims Court” for “Court of Claims”. 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–600 inserted provision relating to change in qualification or classification.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentPub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 406(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3120, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to pleadings filed after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015].”
+
+Effective Date of 2006 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 109–280 applicable to notices and returns with respect to annual periods beginning after 2006, see section 1223(f) of Pub. L. 109–280, set out as a note under section 6033 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 2004 AmendmentPub. L. 108–357, title III, § 317(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1470, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to pleadings filed after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004].”
+
+Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable with respect to inquiries and examinations beginning after Dec. 31, 1984, see section 1033(d) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7611 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
+
+Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–600 effective as if included in this section at the time section was added to this title, see section 701(dd)(3) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 7476 of this title.
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 94–455, title XIII, § 1306(c), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1720, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 7451, 7459, 7470, and 7482 of this title, enacting section 1507 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and amending sections 1346 and 2201 of Title 28] shall apply with respect to pleadings filed with the United States Tax Court, the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia, or the United States Court of Claims more than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976] but only with respect to determinations (or requests for determinations) made after January 1, 1976.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7429.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7429"
+description: "Review of jeopardy levy or assessment procedures"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7429"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7429"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7429"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "0922bfb44d52eba6f96a07cf5f614e0e5e8c9489062143167f0142e48671b0e5"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "b50c91589f5c18828c625425149aedf73bd2a3e51824ae1b43baabcf64cd013b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7429 - Review of jeopardy levy or assessment procedures
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Administrative review (1) Administrative review (A) Prior approval required No assessment may be made under section 6851(a), 6852(a), 6861(a), or 6862, and no levy may be made under section 6331(a) less than 30 days after notice and demand for payment is made, unless the Chief Counsel for the Internal Revenue Service (or such Counsel’s delegate) personally approves (in writing) such assessment or levy.
+
+(B) Information to taxpayer Within 5 days after the day on which such an assessment or levy is made, the Secretary shall provide the taxpayer with a written statement of the information upon which the Secretary relied in making such assessment or levy.
+
+(2) Request for review Within 30 days after the day on which the taxpayer is furnished the written statement described in paragraph (1), or within 30 days after the last day of the period within which such statement is required to be furnished, the taxpayer may request the Secretary to review the action taken.
+
+(3) Redetermination by Secretary After a request for review is made under paragraph (2), the Secretary shall determine—
+
+(A) whether or not—
+
+(i) the making of the assessment under section 6851, 6861, or 6862, as the case may be, is reasonable under the circumstances, and
+
+(ii) the amount so assessed or demanded as a result of the action taken under section 6851, 6861, or 6862 is appropriate under the circumstances, or
+
+(B) whether or not the levy described in subsection (a)(1) is reasonable under the circumstances.
+
+(b) Judicial review (1) Proceedings permitted Within 90 days after the earlier of—
+
+(A) the day the Secretary notifies the taxpayer of the Secretary’s determination described in subsection (a)(3), or
+
+(B) the 16th day after the request described in subsection (a)(2) was made,
+
+the taxpayer may bring a civil action against the United States for a determination under this subsection in the court with jurisdiction determined under paragraph (2).
+
+(2) Jurisdiction for determination (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the district courts of the United States shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any civil action for a determination under this subsection.
+
+(B) Tax Court If a petition for a redetermination of a deficiency under section 6213(a) has been timely filed with the Tax Court before the making of an assessment or levy that is subject to the review procedures of this section, and 1 or more of the taxes and taxable periods before the Tax Court because of such petition is also included in the written statement that is provided to the taxpayer under subsection (a), then the Tax Court also shall have jurisdiction over any civil action for a determination under this subsection with respect to all the taxes and taxable periods included in such written statement.
+
+(3) Determination by court Within 20 days after a proceeding is commenced under paragraph (1), the court shall determine—
+
+(A) whether or not—
+
+(i) the making of the assessment under section 6851, 6861, or 6862, as the case may be, is reasonable under the circumstances, and
+
+(ii) the amount so assessed or demanded as a result of the action taken under section 6851, 6861, or 6862 is appropriate under the circumstances, or
+
+(B) whether or not the levy described in subsection (a)(1) is reasonable under the circumstances.
+
+If the court determines that proper service was not made on the United States or on the Secretary, as may be appropriate, within 5 days after the date of the commencement of the proceeding, then the running of the 20-day period set forth in the preceding sentence shall not begin before the day on which proper service was made on the United States or on the Secretary, as may be appropriate.
+
+(4) Order of court If the court determines that the making of such levy is unreasonable, that the making of such assessment is unreasonable, or that the amount assessed or demanded is inappropriate, then the court may order the Secretary to release such levy, to abate such assessment, to redetermine (in whole or in part) the amount assessed or demanded, or to take such other action as the court finds appropriate.
+
+(c) Extension of 20-day period where taxpayer so requests If the taxpayer requests an extension of the 20-day period set forth in subsection (b)(2) and establishes reasonable grounds why such extension should be granted, the court may grant an extension of not more than 40 additional days.
+
+(d) Computation of days For purposes of this section, Saturday, Sunday, or a legal holiday in the District of Columbia shall not be counted as the last day of any period.
+
+(e) Venue (1) District court A civil action in a district court under subsection (b) shall be commenced only in the judicial district described in section 1402(a)(1) or (2) of title 28, United States Code.
+
+(2) Transfer of actions If a civil action is filed under subsection (b) with the Tax Court and such court finds that there is want of jurisdiction because of the jurisdiction provisions of subsection (b)(2), then the Tax Court shall, if such court determines it is in the interest of justice, transfer the civil action to the district court in which the action could have been brought at the time such action was filed. Any civil action so transferred shall proceed as if such action had been filed in the district court to which such action is transferred on the date on which such action was actually filed in the Tax Court from which such action is transferred.
+
+(f) Finality of determination Any determination made by a court under this section shall be final and conclusive and shall not be reviewed by any other court.
+
+(g) Burden of proof (1) Reasonableness of levy, termination, or jeopardy assessment In a proceeding under subsection (b) involving the issue of whether the making of a levy described in subsection (a)(1) or the making of an assessment under section 6851, 6852, 6861, or 6862 is reasonable under the circumstances, the burden of proof in respect to such issue shall be upon the Secretary.
+
+(2) Reasonableness of amount of assessment In a proceeding under subsection (b) involving the issue of whether an amount assessed or demanded as a result of action taken under section 6851, 6852, 6861, or 6862 is appropriate under the circumstances, the Secretary shall provide a written statement which contains any information with respect to which his determination of the amount assessed was based, but the burden of proof in respect of such issue shall be upon the taxpayer.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, § 1204(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1695; amended Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 446(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 817; Pub. L. 100–203, title X, § 10713(b)(2)(F), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–470; Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6237(a)–(e)(3), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3741–3743; Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3434(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 760.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1998—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–206 substituted “Administrative review” for “Information to taxpayer” in heading and amended text of par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Within 5 days after the day on which an assessment is made under section 6851(a), 6852(a), 6861(a), or 6862, or levy is made under section 6331(a) less than 30 days after notice and demand for payment is made under section 6331(a), the Secretary shall provide the taxpayer with a written statement of the information upon which the Secretary relies in making such assessment or levy.” 1988—Pub. L. 100–647, § 6237(e)(3), inserted “levy or” after “jeopardy” in section catchline. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6237(a), inserted “or levy is made under section 6331(a) less than 30 days after notice and demand for payment is made under section 6331(a),” after “6862,” and “or levy” after “such assessment”. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6237(b), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: “After a request for review is made under paragraph (2), the Secretary shall determine whether or not— “(A) the making of the assessment under section 6851, 6852, 6861, or 6862, as the case may be, is reasonable under the circumstances, and “(B) the amount so assessed or demanded as a result of the action taken under section 6851, 6852, 6861, or 6862 is appropriate under the circumstances.” Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6237(c), amended subsec. (b) generally, substituting provisions of pars. (1) to (4) for provisions of former pars. (1) to (3) relating to actions permitted, determination by district court, and order of district court. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6237(e)(1), struck out “district” before “court”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6237(d), amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) read as follows: “A civil action under subsection (b) shall be commenced only in the judicial district described in section 1402(a)(1) or (2) of title 28, United States Code.” Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6237(e)(1), struck out “district” after “made by a”. Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6237(e)(2), in heading substituted “levy, termination,” for “termination” and in text substituted “a proceeding” for “an action” and inserted “the making of a levy described in subsection (a)(1) or” after “whether”. Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6237(e)(2)(C), substituted “a proceeding” for “an action”. 1987—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–203, § 10713(b)(2)(F)(i), substituted “6851(a), 6852(a)” for “6851(a),”. Subsecs. (a)(3)(A), (B), (b)(2)(A), (B), (g)(1), (2). Pub. L. 100–203, § 10713(b)(2)(F)(ii), substituted “6851, 6852,” for “6851,” wherever appearing. 1984—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98–369 inserted provision that if the court determines that proper service was not made on the United States within 5 days after the date of the commencement of the action, the running of the 20-day period shall not begin before the day on which proper service was made on the United States.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentPub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3434(b), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 760, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxes assessed and levies made after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 22, 1998].”
+
+Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentPub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6237(f), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3743, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to jeopardy levies issued and assessments made on or after July 1, 1989.”
+
+Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentPub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 446(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 817, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to actions commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984].”
+
+Effective DateSection applicable with respect to action taken under section 6851, 6861, or 6862 of this title where notice and demand takes place after Feb. 28, 1977, see section 1204(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, as amended, set out as a note under section 6851 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7431.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7431"
+description: "Civil damages for unauthorized inspection or disclosure of returns and return information"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7431"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7431"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7431"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "1b4ac561fa5982730025a468194812614e0ec6a45e94f286183dcf445c468ba2"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "9a3fbd08f44c848b264a25f4b0b0b239d50726eb7f55311f02f4f97446115a99"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7431 - Civil damages for unauthorized inspection or disclosure of returns and return information
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general (1) Inspection or disclosure by employee of United States If any officer or employee of the United States knowingly, or by reason of negligence, inspects or discloses any return or return information with respect to a taxpayer in violation of any provision of section 6103, such taxpayer may bring a civil action for damages against the United States in a district court of the United States.
+
+(2) Inspection or disclosure by a person who is not an employee of United States If any person who is not an officer or employee of the United States knowingly, or by reason of negligence, inspects or discloses any return or return information with respect to a taxpayer in violation of any provision of section 6103 or in violation of section 6104(c), such taxpayer may bring a civil action for damages against such person in a district court of the United States.
+
+(b) Exceptions No liability shall arise under this section with respect to any inspection or disclosure—
+
+(1) which results from a good faith, but erroneous, interpretation of section 6103, or
+
+(2) which is requested by the taxpayer.
+
+(c) Damages In any action brought under subsection (a), upon a finding of liability on the part of the defendant, the defendant shall be liable to the plaintiff in an amount equal to the sum of—
+
+(1) the greater of—
+
+(A) $1,000 for each act of unauthorized inspection or disclosure of a return or return information with respect to which such defendant is found liable, or
+
+(B) the sum of—
+
+(i) the actual damages sustained by the plaintiff as a result of such unauthorized inspection or disclosure, plus
+
+(ii) in the case of a willful inspection or disclosure or an inspection or disclosure which is the result of gross negligence, punitive damages, plus
+
+(2) the costs of the action, plus
+
+(3) in the case of a plaintiff which is described in section 7430(c)(4)(A)(ii), reasonable attorneys fees, except that if the defendant is the United States, reasonable attorneys fees may be awarded only if the plaintiff is the prevailing party (as determined under section 7430(c)(4)).
+
+(d) Period for bringing action Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an action to enforce any liability created under this section may be brought, without regard to the amount in controversy, at any time within 2 years after the date of discovery by the plaintiff of the unauthorized inspection or disclosure.
+
+(e) Notification of unlawful inspection and disclosure If any person is criminally charged by indictment or information with inspection or disclosure of a taxpayer’s return or return information in violation of—
+
+(1) paragraph (1) or (2) of section 7213(a),
+
+(2) section 7213A(a), or
+
+(3) subparagraph (B) of section 1030(a)(2) of title 18, United States Code,
+
+the Secretary shall notify such taxpayer as soon as practicable of such inspection or disclosure. The Secretary shall also notify such taxpayer if the Internal Revenue Service or a Federal or State agency (upon notice to the Secretary by such Federal or State agency) proposes an administrative determination as to disciplinary or adverse action against an employee arising from the employee’s unauthorized inspection or disclosure of the taxpayer’s return or return information. The notice described in this subsection shall include the date of the unauthorized inspection or disclosure and the rights of the taxpayer under such administrative determination.
+
+(f) Definitions For purposes of this section, the terms “inspect”, “inspection”, “return”, and “return information” have the respective meanings given such terms by section 6103(b).
+
+(g) Extension to information obtained under section 3406 For purposes of this section—
+
+(1) any information obtained under section 3406 (including information with respect to any payee certification failure under subsection (d) thereof) shall be treated as return information, and
+
+(2) any inspection or use of such information other than for purposes of meeting any requirement under section 3406 or (subject to the safeguards set forth in section 6103) for purposes permitted under section 6103 shall be treated as a violation of section 6103.
+
+For purposes of subsection (b), the reference to section 6103 shall be treated as including a reference to section 3406.
+
+(h) Special rule for information obtained under section 6103(k)(9) For purposes of this section, any reference to section 6103 shall be treated as including a reference to section 6311(e).
+
+(Added Pub. L. 97–248, title III, § 357(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 645; amended Pub. L. 98–67, title I, § 104(b), Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 379; Pub. L. 105–34, title XII, § 1205(c)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 998; Pub. L. 105–35, § 3(a)–(d)(4), (6), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1105, 1106; Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3101(f), title VI, § 6012(b)(3), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 729, 819; Pub. L. 109–280, title XII, § 1224(b)(7), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1093; Pub. L. 116–25, title III, § 3002(a), July 1, 2019, 133 Stat. 1015.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7431 was renumbered section 7437 of this title.
+
+Amendments2019—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 116–25 inserted at end of concluding provisions “The Secretary shall also notify such taxpayer if the Internal Revenue Service or a Federal or State agency (upon notice to the Secretary by such Federal or State agency) proposes an administrative determination as to disciplinary or adverse action against an employee arising from the employee’s unauthorized inspection or disclosure of the taxpayer’s return or return information. The notice described in this subsection shall include the date of the unauthorized inspection or disclosure and the rights of the taxpayer under such administrative determination.” 2006—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 109–280, which directed insertion of “or in violation of section 6104(c)” after “6103” in subsec. (a)(2) of section 7431, without specifying the act to be amended, was executed by making the insertion in subsec. (a)(2) of this section, which is section 7431 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 1998—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3101(f), substituted “, plus” for the period at end. Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3101(f), added par. (3). Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 105–206, § 6012(b)(3), redesignated subsec. (g), relating to special rule for information obtained under section 6103(k)(8), as (h), and substituted “(9)” for “(8)” in heading. 1997—Pub. L. 105–35, § 3(d)(4), inserted “inspection or” before “disclosure” in section catchline. Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 105–35, § 3(a)(1), (2), substituted “Inspection or disclosure” for “Disclosure” in headings and “inspects or discloses” for “discloses” in text. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–35, § 3(c), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: “(b) No Liability for Good Faith but Erroneous Interpretation.—No liability shall arise under this section with respect to any disclosure which results from a good faith, but erroneous, interpretation of section 6103.” Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–35, § 3(d)(1), (2), inserted “inspection or” before “disclosure” in subpars. (A) and (B)(i) and substituted “willful inspection or disclosure or an inspection or disclosure” for “willful disclosure or a disclosure” in subpar. (B)(ii). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–35, § 3(d)(1), inserted “inspection or” before “disclosure”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–35, § 3(b), added subsec. (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–35, § 3(b), (d)(3), redesignated subsec. (e) as (f) and amended it generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (f) read as follows: “(f) Return; Return Information.—For purposes of this section, the terms ‘return’ and ‘return information’ have the respective meanings given such terms in section 6103(b).” Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–35, § 3(b), (d)(6), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g) and substituted “any inspection or use” for “any use” in par. (2). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1205(c)(2), added subsec. (g) relating to special rule for information obtained under section 6103(k)(8). 1983—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–67 added subsec. (f).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2019 AmendmentPub. L. 116–25, title III, § 3002(b), July 1, 2019, 133 Stat. 1015, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to determinations proposed after the date which is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 1, 2019].”
+
+Effective Date of 2006 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 109–280 effective Aug. 17, 2006, but not applicable to requests made before such date, see section 1224(c) of Pub. L. 109–280, set out as a note under section 6103 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentAmendment by section 3101(f) of Pub. L. 105–206 applicable to costs incurred more than 180 days after July 22, 1998, see section 3101(g) of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 7430 of this title. Amendment by section 6012(b)(3) of Pub. L. 105–206 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 6024 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1997 AmendmentsPub. L. 105–35, § 3(e), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1106, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to inspections and disclosures occurring on and after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997].” Amendment by Pub. L. 105–34 effective on the day 9 months after Aug. 5, 1997, see section 1205(d) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 6103 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1983 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–67 effective Aug. 5, 1983, see section 110(c) of Pub. L. 98–67, set out as a note under section 31 of this title.
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 97–248, title III, § 357(c), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 646, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and repealing section 7217 of this title] shall apply with respect to disclosures made after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 3, 1982].”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7432.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7432"
+description: "Civil damages for failure to release lien"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7432"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7432"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7432"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "a1eb0782689f5844aaf02a521aaf5dd207ca7971e63b44e9d5e5ef48d4479dc6"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "667d2fb517deaa83ceb3603f9d3945eaed5a7e16146ed7c86b883699d1c529f8"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7432 - Civil damages for failure to release lien
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general If any officer or employee of the Internal Revenue Service knowingly, or by reason of negligence, fails to release a lien under section 6325 on property of the taxpayer, such taxpayer may bring a civil action for damages against the United States in a district court of the United States.
+
+(b) Damages In any action brought under subsection (a), upon a finding of liability on the part of the defendant, the defendant shall be liable to the plaintiff in an amount equal to the sum of—
+
+(1) actual, direct economic damages sustained by the plaintiff which, but for the actions of the defendant, would not have been sustained, plus
+
+(2) the costs of the action.
+
+(c) Payment authority Claims pursuant to this section shall be payable out of funds appropriated under section 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
+
+(d) Limitations (1) Requirement that administrative remedies be exhausted A judgment for damages shall not be awarded under subsection (b) unless the court determines that the plaintiff has exhausted the administrative remedies available to such plaintiff within the Internal Revenue Service.
+
+(2) Mitigation of damages The amount of damages awarded under subsection (b)(1) shall be reduced by the amount of such damages which could have reasonably been mitigated by the plaintiff.
+
+(3) Period for bringing action Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an action to enforce liability created under this section may be brought without regard to the amount in controversy and may be brought only within 2 years after the date the right of action accrues.
+
+(e) Notice of failure to release lien The Secretary shall by regulation prescribe reasonable procedures for a taxpayer to notify the Secretary of the failure to release a lien under section 6325 on property of the taxpayer.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6240(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3746.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7432 was renumbered 7437 of this title.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6240(c), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3747, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall apply to notices provided by the taxpayer of the failure to release a lien, and damages arising, after December 31, 1988.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7433.md

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7433"
+description: "Civil damages for certain unauthorized collection actions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7433"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7433"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7433"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "85983c00405e050c94cc6fb6e8a462b9fe5adede5380b12cebe920eaacfbab7d"
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+text_hash: "a61905eb9922f8021f0791745deb4055df4fab381fa92d35bdd87a0d15087e8a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7433 - Civil damages for certain unauthorized collection actions
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general If, in connection with any collection of Federal tax with respect to a taxpayer, any officer or employee of the Internal Revenue Service recklessly or intentionally, or by reason of negligence, disregards any provision of this title, or any regulation promulgated under this title, such taxpayer may bring a civil action for damages against the United States in a district court of the United States. Except as provided in section 7432, such civil action shall be the exclusive remedy for recovering damages resulting from such actions.
+
+(b) Damages In any action brought under subsection (a) or petition filed under subsection (e), upon a finding of liability on the part of the defendant, the defendant shall be liable to the plaintiff in an amount equal to the lesser of $1,000,000 ($100,000, in the case of negligence) or the sum of—
+
+(1) actual, direct economic damages sustained by the plaintiff as a proximate result of the reckless or intentional or negligent actions of the officer or employee, and
+
+(2) the costs of the action.
+
+(c) Payment authority Claims pursuant to this section shall be payable out of funds appropriated under section 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
+
+(d) Limitations (1) Requirement that administrative remedies be exhausted A judgment for damages shall not be awarded under subsection (b) unless the court determines that the plaintiff has exhausted the administrative remedies available to such plaintiff within the Internal Revenue Service.
+
+(2) Mitigation of damages The amount of damages awarded under subsection (b)(1) shall be reduced by the amount of such damages which could have reasonably been mitigated by the plaintiff.
+
+(3) Period for bringing action Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an action to enforce liability created under this section may be brought without regard to the amount in controversy and may be brought only within 2 years after the date the right of action accrues.
+
+(e) Actions for violations of certain bankruptcy procedures (1) In general If, in connection with any collection of Federal tax with respect to a taxpayer, any officer or employee of the Internal Revenue Service willfully violates any provision of section 362 (relating to automatic stay) or 524 (relating to effect of discharge) of title 11, United States Code (or any successor provision), or any regulation promulgated under such provision, such taxpayer may petition the bankruptcy court to recover damages against the United States.
+
+(2) Remedy to be exclusive (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), notwithstanding section 105 of such title 11, such petition shall be the exclusive remedy for recovering damages resulting from such actions.
+
+(B) Certain other actions permitted Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to an action under section 362(h) of such title 11 for a violation of a stay provided by section 362 of such title; except that—
+
+(i) administrative and litigation costs in connection with such an action may only be awarded under section 7430; and
+
+(ii) administrative costs may be awarded only if incurred on or after the date that the bankruptcy petition is filed.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6241(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3747; amended Pub. L. 104–168, title VIII, §§ 801(a), 802(a), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1465; Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3102(a), (c), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 730.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7433 was renumbered 7437 of this title.
+
+Amendments1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3102(a)(1)(A), inserted “, or by reason of negligence,” after “recklessly or intentionally”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3102(a)(1)(B)(i), (c)(2), in introductory provisions, inserted “or petition filed under subsection (e)” after “subsection (a)” and inserted “($100,000, in the case of negligence)” after “$1,000,000”. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3102(a)(1)(B)(ii), inserted “or negligent” after “reckless or intentional”. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3102(a)(2), substituted “Requirement that administrative remedies be exhausted” for “Award for damages may be reduced if administrative remedies not exhausted” in heading and amended text of par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The amount of damages awarded under subsection (b) may be reduced if the court determines that the plaintiff has not exhausted the administrative remedies available to such plaintiff within the Internal Revenue Service.” Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3102(c)(1), added subsec. (e). 1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–168, § 801(a), substituted “$1,000,000” for “$100,000”. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 104–168, § 802(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “(1) Requirement that administrative remedies be exhausted.—A judgment for damages shall not be awarded under subsection (b) unless the court determines that the plaintiff has exhausted the administrative remedies available to such plaintiff within the Internal Revenue Service.”
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 105–206 applicable to actions of officers or employees of Internal Revenue Service after July 22, 1998, see section 3102(d) of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 7426 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentPub. L. 104–168, title VIII, § 801(b), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1465, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to actions by officers or employees of the Internal Revenue Service after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 30, 1996].” Pub. L. 104–168, title VIII, § 802(b), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1465, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply in the case of proceedings commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 30, 1996].”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7433a.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7433A"
+description: "Civil damages for certain unauthorized collection actions by persons performing services under qualified tax collection contracts"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7433A"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7433A"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7433A"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "de5b311448d28f6e26e8945af2b295605e164273524198f571410afb61c9a4d7"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "d38a9afeb270875c2be34c45cbc657855279ff22597a404b0e5672b6b25a7f17"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7433A - Civil damages for certain unauthorized collection actions by persons performing services under qualified tax collection contracts
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general Subject to the modifications provided by subsection (b), section 7433 shall apply to the acts and omissions of any person performing services under a qualified tax collection contract (as defined in section 6306(b)) to the same extent and in the same manner as if such person were an employee of the Internal Revenue Service.
+
+(b) Modifications For purposes of subsection (a):
+
+(1) Any civil action brought under section 7433 by reason of this section shall be brought against the person who entered into the qualified tax collection contract with the Secretary and shall not be brought against the United States.
+
+(2) Such person and not the United States shall be liable for any damages and costs determined in such civil action.
+
+(3) Such civil action shall not be an exclusive remedy with respect to such person.
+
+(4) Subsections (c), (d)(1), and (e) of section 7433 shall not apply.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, § 881(b)(1), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1626.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7434.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7434"
+description: "Civil damages for fraudulent filing of information returns"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7434"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7434"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7434"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "596e1a5dcc0390006e7bb9f58ecf675ab5ccd016a41ec02c1716fadbdf988fb8"
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+text_hash: "6dc74615ba69e19fe6968a142dd9d5118339638442173e4a4bf6863d066a5165"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7434 - Civil damages for fraudulent filing of information returns
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general If any person willfully files a fraudulent information return with respect to payments purported to be made to any other person, such other person may bring a civil action for damages against the person so filing such return.
+
+(b) Damages In any action brought under subsection (a), upon a finding of liability on the part of the defendant, the defendant shall be liable to the plaintiff in an amount equal to the greater of $5,000 or the sum of—
+
+(1) any actual damages sustained by the plaintiff as a proximate result of the filing of the fraudulent information return (including any costs attributable to resolving deficiencies asserted as a result of such filing),
+
+(2) the costs of the action, and
+
+(3) in the court’s discretion, reasonable attorneys’ fees.
+
+(c) Period for bringing action Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an action to enforce the liability created under this section may be brought without regard to the amount in controversy and may be brought only within the later of—
+
+(1) 6 years after the date of the filing of the fraudulent information return, or
+
+(2) 1 year after the date such fraudulent information return would have been discovered by exercise of reasonable care.
+
+(d) Copy of complaint filed with IRS Any person bringing an action under subsection (a) shall provide a copy of the complaint to the Internal Revenue Service upon the filing of such complaint with the court.
+
+(e) Finding of court to include correct amount of payment The decision of the court awarding damages in an action brought under subsection (a) shall include a finding of the correct amount which should have been reported in the information return.
+
+(f) Information return For purposes of this section, the term “information return” means any statement described in section 6724(d)(1)(A).
+
+(Added Pub. L. 104–168, title VI, § 601(a), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1462; amended Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, § 6023(29), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 826.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7434 was renumbered 7437 of this title.
+
+Amendments1998—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–206 substituted “attorneys’ fees” for “attorneys fees”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 104–168, title VI, § 601(c), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1462, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and renumbering former section 7434 as 7435 of this title] shall apply to fraudulent information returns filed after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 30, 1996].”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7435.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7435"
+description: "Civil damages for unauthorized enticement of information disclosure"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7435"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7435"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7435"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "12fc3dc3bb7322248707e7ca54b30c8b51edad48269fef3b870842ea88748670"
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+text_hash: "42d4521e9eba72f64c36fb127375f7d27e407d6d12f53be44bf66d8c9d6a1103"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7435 - Civil damages for unauthorized enticement of information disclosure
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general If any officer or employee of the United States intentionally compromises the determination or collection of any tax due from an attorney, certified public accountant, or enrolled agent representing a taxpayer in exchange for information conveyed by the taxpayer to the attorney, certified public accountant, or enrolled agent for purposes of obtaining advice concerning the taxpayer’s tax liability, such taxpayer may bring a civil action for damages against the United States in a district court of the United States. Such civil action shall be the exclusive remedy for recovering damages resulting from such actions.
+
+(b) Damages In any action brought under subsection (a), upon a finding of liability on the part of the defendant, the defendant shall be liable to the plaintiff in an amount equal to the lesser of $500,000 or the sum of—
+
+(1) actual, direct economic damages sustained by the plaintiff as a proximate result of the information disclosure, and
+
+(2) the costs of the action.
+
+Damages shall not include the taxpayer’s liability for any civil or criminal penalties, or other losses attributable to incarceration or the imposition of other criminal sanctions.
+
+(c) Payment authority Claims pursuant to this section shall be payable out of funds appropriated under section 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
+
+(d) Period for bringing action Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an action to enforce liability created under this section may be brought without regard to the amount in controversy and may be brought only within 2 years after the date the actions creating such liability would have been discovered by exercise of reasonable care.
+
+(e) Mandatory stay Upon a certification by the Commissioner or the Commissioner’s delegate that there is an ongoing investigation or prosecution of the taxpayer, the district court before which an action under this section is pending shall stay all proceedings with respect to such action pending the conclusion of the investigation or prosecution.
+
+(f) Crime-fraud exception Subsection (a) shall not apply to information conveyed to an attorney, certified public accountant, or enrolled agent for the purpose of perpetrating a fraud or crime.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 104–168, title XII, § 1203(a), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1470.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7435 was renumbered 7437 of this title.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 104–168, title XII, § 1203(c), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1471, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and renumbering former section 7435 as 7436 of this title] shall apply to actions after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 30, 1996].”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7436.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7436"
+description: "Proceedings for determination of employment status"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7436"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7436"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7436"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "e2db48439499de3a942470f501a0f04cc10c32f42072c49b8776e3ce386942e8"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "c5ac5347b2490b03fe57d0f0fa641a78e1e3c2fe57afdb0c3e55bd71e014ac10"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7436 - Proceedings for determination of employment status
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Creation of remedy If, in connection with an audit of any person, there is an actual controversy involving a determination by the Secretary as part of an examination that—
+
+(1) one or more individuals performing services for such person are employees of such person for purposes of subtitle C, or
+
+(2) such person is not entitled to the treatment under subsection (a) of section 530 of the Revenue Act of 1978 with respect to such an individual,
+
+upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, the Tax Court may determine whether such a determination by the Secretary is correct and the proper amount of employment tax under such determination. Any such redetermination by the Tax Court shall have the force and effect of a decision of the Tax Court and shall be reviewable as such.
+
+(b) Limitations (1) Petitioner A pleading may be filed under this section only by the person for whom the services are performed.
+
+(2) Time for filing action If the Secretary sends by certified or registered mail notice to the petitioner of a determination by the Secretary described in subsection (a), no proceeding may be initiated under this section with respect to such determination unless the pleading is filed before the 91st day after the date of such mailing.
+
+(3) No adverse inference from treatment while action is pending If, during the pendency of any proceeding brought under this section, the petitioner changes his treatment for employment tax purposes of any individual whose employment status as an employee is involved in such proceeding (or of any individual holding a substantially similar position) to treatment as an employee, such change shall not be taken into account in the Tax Court’s determination under this section.
+
+(c) Small case procedures (1) In general At the option of the petitioner, concurred in by the Tax Court or a division thereof before the hearing of the case, proceedings under this section may (notwithstanding the provisions of section 7453) be conducted subject to the rules of evidence, practice, and procedure applicable under section 7463 if the amount of employment taxes placed in dispute is $50,000 or less for each calendar quarter involved.
+
+(2) Finality of decisions A decision entered in any proceeding conducted under this subsection shall not be reviewed in any other court and shall not be treated as a precedent for any other case not involving the same petitioner and the same determinations.
+
+(3) Certain rules to apply Rules similar to the rules of the last sentence of subsection (a), and subsections (c), (d), and (e), of section 7463 shall apply to proceedings conducted under this subsection.
+
+(d) Special rules (1) Restrictions on assessment and collection pending action, etc. The principles of subsections (a), (b), (c), (d), and (f) of section 6213, section 6214(a), section 6215, section 6503(a), section 6512, and section 7481 shall apply to proceedings brought under this section in the same manner as if the Secretary’s determination described in subsection (a) were a notice of deficiency.
+
+(2) Awarding of costs and certain fees Section 7430 shall apply to proceedings brought under this section.
+
+(e) Employment tax The term “employment tax” means any tax imposed by subtitle C.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, § 1454(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1055; amended Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3103(b)(1), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 731; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title III, § 314(f)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–643.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 530 of the Revenue Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is section 530 of Pub. L. 95–600, which is set out as a note under section 3401 of this title.
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7436 was renumbered section 7437 of this title.
+
+Amendments2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–554 inserted “and the proper amount of employment tax under such determination” before period at end of first sentence. 1998—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–206 substituted “$50,000” for “$10,000”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2000 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 106–554 effective as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 1(a)(7) [title III, § 314(g)] of Pub. L. 106–554, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentPub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3103(c), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 731, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 7443A and 7463 of this title] shall apply to proceedings commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 22, 1998].”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7437.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7437"
+description: "Cross references"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7437"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7437"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7437"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "2ba7bccbe01adb01e1acef77679d9427aa0b802ac5a85ae855a9f36597778fce"
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+text_hash: "fe4515c2312ba00a147c347e70eeba141ca7d0c294540f97a34e4a3736261b66"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7437 - Cross references
+
+## Text
+
+(1) For determination of amount of any tax, additions to tax, etc., in title 11 cases, see section 505 of title 11 of the United States Code.
+
+(2) For exclusion of tax liability from discharge in cases under title 11 of the United States Code, see section 523 of such title 11.
+
+(3) For recognition of tax liens in cases under title 11 of the United States Code, see sections 545 and 724 of such title 11.
+
+(4) For collection of taxes in connection with plans for individuals with regular income in cases under title 11 of the United States Code, see section 1328 of such title 11.
+
+(5) For provisions permitting the United States to be made party defendant in a proceeding in a State court for the foreclosure of a lien upon real estate where the United States may have claim upon the premises involved, see section 2410 of Title 28 of the United States Code.
+
+(6) For priority of lien of the United States in case of insolvency, see section 3713(a) of title 31, United States Code.
+
+(7) For interest on judgments for overpayments, see section 2411(a) of Title 28 of the United States Code.
+
+(8) For review of a Tax Court decision, see section 7482.
+
+(9) For statute prohibiting suits to replevy property taken under revenue laws, see section 2463 of Title 28 of the United States Code.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 878, § 7425; renumbered § 7427, Pub. L. 89–719, title I, § 109, Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1141; renumbered § 7428, and amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, § 1203(b)(2)(A), title XIX, § 1906(a)(45), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1690, 1830; renumbered § 7430, Pub. L. 94–455, title XIII, § 1306(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1717; Pub. L. 96–589, § 6(d)(1), (i)(13), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3408, 3411; renumbered § 7431, Pub. L. 97–248, title II, § 292(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 572; renumbered § 7432, Pub. L. 97–248, title III, § 357(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 645; Pub. L. 97–258, § 3(f)(14), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1065; renumbered § 7434, Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §§ 6240(a), 6241(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3746, 3747; renumbered § 7435, Pub. L. 104–168, title VI, § 601(a), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1462; renumbered § 7436, Pub. L. 104–168, title XII, § 1203(a), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1470; renumbered § 7437, Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, § 1454(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1055.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1982—Par. (6). Pub. L. 97–258 substituted “section 3713(a) of title 31, United States Code” for “R.S. 3466 (31 U.S.C. 191)”. Notwithstanding the directory language that amendment be made to section 7430, the amendment was executed to this section to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening renumbering of section 7430 as 7432 by Pub. L. 97–248. 1980—Par. (1). Pub. L. 96–589, § 6(d)(1), added par. (1). Former par. (1), which provided cross reference to former section 35 of title 11 for exclusion of tax liability from discharge in bankruptcy, was struck out. Par. (2). Pub. L. 96–589, § 6(d)(1), (i)(13), added par. (2). Former par. (2), which provided cross reference to former section 93 of title 11 for limit on amount allowed in bankruptcy proceedings on debts owing to the United States, was struck out. Par. (3). Pub. L. 96–589, § 6(d)(1), (i)(13), added par. (3). Former par. (3), which provided cross reference to former section 107 of title 11 for recognition of tax liens in proceedings under the Bankruptcy Act, was struck out. Par. (4). Pub. L. 96–589, § 6(d)(1), (i)(13), added par. (4). Former par. (4), which provided for cross reference to former section 1080 of title 11 for collection of taxes in connection with wage earners’ plans in bankruptcy courts, was struck out. 1976—Par. (1). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(45)(A), struck out “52 Stat. 851;” before “11 U.S.C. 35”. Par. (2). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(45)(B), struck out “52 Stat. 867;” before “11 U.S.C. 93”. Par. (3). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(45)(C), struck out “52 Stat. 876–877;” before “11 U.S.C. 107”. Par. (4). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(45)(D), struck out “52 Stat. 938;” before “11 U.S.C. 1080”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–589 effective Oct. 1, 1979, but not applicable to proceedings under Title 11, Bankruptcy, commenced before Oct. 1, 1979, see section 7(e) of Pub. L. 96–589, set out as a note under section 108 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7441.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7441"
+description: "Status"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7441"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7441"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7441"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "a6561788af2bb3a664083cefd8710a43d3106804eff06f2a9502d2ac2090abdd"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "5f57062232346a038bdb2b16a0bdc661d81b2e74a5e01ca24e527c3dcbcc75e3"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7441 - Status
+
+## Text
+
+There is hereby established, under article I of the Constitution of the United States, a court of record to be known as the United States Tax Court. The members of the Tax Court shall be the chief judge and the judges of the Tax Court. The Tax Court is not an agency of, and shall be independent of, the executive branch of the Government.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 879; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 951, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 730; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 441, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3126.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2015—Pub. L. 114–113 inserted at end “The Tax Court is not an agency of, and shall be independent of, the executive branch of the Government.” 1969—Pub. L. 91–172 substituted provisions establishing Tax Court as a Constitutional court, and enumerating the members that comprise its bench, for provisions continuing the Board of Tax Appeals, known as the Tax Court, as an independent agency in the Executive Branch of Government and enumerating the members that comprise its bench.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1969 AmendmentPub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 962(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 736, provided that: “The amendments made by sections 951, 953, 954(c) and (e), 955, 956, 958, and 960(c), (d), (e), (g), and (j) [amending this section and sections 7443, 7447, 7448, 7456, 7471, and 7701 of this title] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969].”
+
+Report on Inventory of Cases in Tax CourtPub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1552(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2753, provided that: “The Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate and the Tax Court shall each prepare a report for 1987 and for each 2-calendar year period thereafter on the inventory of cases in the Tax Court and the measures to close cases more efficiently. Such reports shall be submitted to the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Finance of the Senate.”
+
+Continuation of StatusPub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 961, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 735, provided that: “The United States Tax Court established under the amendment made by section 951 [amending this section] is a continuation of the Tax Court of the United States as it existed prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969], the judges of the Tax Court of the United States immediately prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969] shall become the judges of the United States Tax Court upon the enactment of this Act, and no loss of rights or powers, interruption of jurisdiction, or prejudice to matters pending in the Tax Court of the United States before the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969] shall result from the enactment of this Act.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7442.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7442"
+description: "Jurisdiction"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7442"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7442"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7442"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "13a1f3982597c99885ac59f97a3d96888b674413ba323a778c695d401cf2e83a"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7442 - Jurisdiction
+
+## Text
+
+The Tax Court and its divisions shall have such jurisdiction as is conferred on them by this title, by chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, by title II and title III of the Revenue Act of 1926 (44 Stat. 10–87), or by laws enacted subsequent to February 26, 1926.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 879.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextChapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in text, were comprised of sections 1 to 482, 500 to 706, 800 to 939, and 1000 to 1031 of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. Chapters 1 and 2 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 were repealed by section 7851(a)(1)(A) of this title, and chapters 3 and 4 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 were repealed by section 7851(a)(2)(A) of this title. For table of comparisons of the 1939 Code to the 1986 Code, see Table I preceding section 1 of this title. See also section 7851(e) of this title for provision that references in the 1986 Code to a provision of the 1939 Code, not then applicable, shall be deemed a reference to the corresponding provision of the 1986 Code, which is then applicable. The Revenue Act of 1926, referred to in text, is act Feb. 26, 1926, ch. 27, 44 Stat. 9. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7443.md

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7443"
+description: "Membership"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7443"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7443"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7443"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "3778ce6f75dd292dfe5cbb9f9a9f8ad45691d661db7d58897b75de4cfb308cce"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7443 - Membership
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Number The Tax Court shall be composed of 19 members.
+
+(b) Appointment Judges of the Tax Court shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, solely on the grounds of fitness to perform the duties of the office.
+
+(c) Salary (1) Each judge shall receive salary at the same rate and in the same installments as judges of the district courts of the United States.
+
+(2) For rate of salary and frequency of installment see section 135, title 28, United States Code, and section 5505, title 5, United States Code.
+
+(d) Expenses for travel and subsistence Judges of the Tax Court shall receive necessary traveling expenses, and expenses actually incurred for subsistence while traveling on duty and away from their designated stations, subject to the same limitations in amount as are now or may hereafter be applicable to the United States Court of International Trade.
+
+(e) Term of office The term of office of any judge of the Tax Court shall expire 15 years after he takes office.
+
+(f) Removal from office Judges of the Tax Court may be removed by the President, after notice and opportunity for public hearing, for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office, but for no other cause.
+
+(g) Disbarment of removed judges A judge of the Tax Court removed from office in accordance with subsection (f) shall not be permitted at any time to practice before the Tax Court.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 879; Mar. 2, 1955, ch. 9, § 1(h), 69 Stat. 10; Pub. L. 88–426, title IV, § 403(i), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 434; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, §§ 952, 953, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 730; Pub. L. 96–417, title VI, § 601(10), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1744; Pub. L. 96–439, § 1(a), (b), Oct. 13, 1980, 94 Stat. 1878.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–439, § 1(a), increased number of judges from 16 to 19. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–439, § 1(b), struck out age limitation that no one could be appointed a member of the Tax Court unless appointed before attaining age 65. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–417 substituted “Court of International Trade” for “Customs Court”. 1969—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–172, § 952(a), provided that an individual may not be appointed a judge of the Tax Court after reaching age 65. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–172, § 953, substituted provisions fixing salary of Tax Court judges at the same rate and same installments as District Court judges, for provisions that each judge of the Tax Court receive a salary of $30,000 per annum, to be paid in monthly installments. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 91–172, § 952(b), substituted provisions that a term in office of any Tax Court judge would expire 15 years after he takes office, for provisions that a term in office of any Tax Court judge would expire 12 years after the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed, and any judge appointed to fill a vacancy occurring prior to the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed would be appointed only for the unexpired term of his predecessor. 1964—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 88–426 increased salary of judges from $22,500 to $30,000. 1955—Subsec. (c). Act Mar. 2, 1955, increased salary of judges from $15,000 to $22,500.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentsPub. L. 96–439, § 1(c), Oct. 13, 1980, 94 Stat. 1878, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on February 1, 1981.” Amendment by Pub. L. 96–417 effective, except as otherwise provided, Nov. 1, 1980, and applicable with respect to civil actions pending on or commenced on or after such date, see section 701(a) of Pub. L. 96–417, as amended, set out as a note under section 251 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
+
+Effective Date of 1969 AmendmentPub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 962(b), (c), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 736, provided that: “(b) The amendment made by section 952(a) [amending this section] shall apply to judges appointed after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969]. “(c) The amendment made by section 952(b) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969], except that—“(1) the term of office being served by a judge of the Tax Court on that date shall expire on the date it would have expired under the law in effect on the date preceding the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969]; and “(2) a judge of the Tax Court on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969] may be reappointed in the same manner as a judge of the Tax Court hereafter appointed.” Amendment by section 953 of Pub. L. 91–172 to take effect on Dec. 30, 1969, see section 962(a) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 7441 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1964 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 88–426 effective on first day of first pay period which begins on or after July 1, 1964, except to the extent provided in section 501(c) of Pub. L. 88–426, see section 501 of Pub. L. 88–426, title V, Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 435.
+
+Effective Date of 1955 AmendmentAmendment by act Mar. 2, 1955, effective Mar. 1, 1955, see section 5 of act Mar. 2, 1955, set out as a note under section 4501 of Title 2, The Congress.
+
+Salary Increases1987—Salaries of judges increased to $89,500 per annum, on recommendation of the President of the United States, see note set out under section 358 of Title 2, The Congress. 1977—Salaries of judges increased to $54,500 per annum, on recommendation of the President of the United States, see note set out under section 358 of Title 2. 1969—Salaries of judges increased to $40,000 per annum, on recommendation of the President of the United States, see note set out under section 358 of Title 2.
+
+Certification by Judge of Travel ExpensesProvisions authorizing the travel expenses of the judges of the United States Tax Court to be paid upon the written certificate of the judge were contained in the Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006, Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title VI, Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2490, and were repeated in provisions of subsequent appropriations acts which are not set out in the Code. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriations acts: Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title IV, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3264. Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title IV, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 340. Pub. L. 108–7, div. J, title IV, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 460. Pub. L. 107–67, title IV, Nov. 12, 2001, 115 Stat. 543. Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(3) [title IV], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–150. Pub. L. 106–58, title IV, Sept. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 463. Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(h) [title IV], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–480, 2681–510. Pub. L. 105–61, title IV, Oct. 10, 1997, 111 Stat. 1304. Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(f) [title IV], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–314, 3009–344. Pub. L. 104–52, title IV, Nov. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 491. Pub. L. 103–329, title IV, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2408. Pub. L. 103–123, title IV, Oct. 28, 1993, 107 Stat. 1251. Pub. L. 102–393, title IV, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1757. Pub. L. 102–141, title IV, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 862. Pub. L. 101–509, title IV, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1422. Pub. L. 101–136, title IV, Nov. 3, 1989, 103 Stat. 811. Pub. L. 100–440, title IV, Sept. 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 1746. Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(m) [title IV], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–390, 1329–414. Pub. L. 99–500, § 101(m) [title IV], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308, 1783–323, and Pub. L. 99–591, § 101(m) [title IV], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308, 3341–323. Pub. L. 99–190, title I, § 101(h) [H.R. 3036, title IV], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1291. Pub. L. 98–473, title I, § 101(j) [H.R. 5798, title IV], Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1963. Pub. L. 98–151, § 101(f) [H.R. 4139, title IV], Nov. 14, 1983, 97 Stat. 973. Pub. L. 97–377, title I, § 101(a) [incorporating H.R. 4121, title IV, for FY 1982], Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1830. Pub. L. 97–92, § 101(a) [H.R. 4121, title IV], Dec. 15, 1981, 95 Stat. 1183. Pub. L. 96–536, § 101(a) [incorporating Pub. L. 96–74, title IV], Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3166. Pub. L. 96–74, title IV, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 572. Pub. L. 95–429, title IV, Oct. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 1013. Pub. L. 95–81, title IV, July 31, 1977, 91 Stat. 352. Pub. L. 94–363, title IV, July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 975. Pub. L. 94–91, title IV, Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 456. Pub. L. 93–381, title IV, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 629. Pub. L. 93–143, title IV, Oct. 30, 1973, 87 Stat. 522. Pub. L. 92–351, title IV, July 13, 1972, 86 Stat. 485. Pub. L. 92–49, title IV, July 9, 1971, 85 Stat. 120. Pub. L. 91–422, title IV, Sept. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 878. Pub. L. 91–74, title IV, Sept. 29, 1969, 83 Stat. 123. Pub. L. 90–350, title IV, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 196. Pub. L. 90–47, title IV, July 7, 1967, 81 Stat. 118. Pub. L. 89–474, title IV, June 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 228. Pub. L. 89–57, title IV, June 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 203. Pub. L. 88–392, title IV, Aug. 1, 1964, 78 Stat. 375. Pub. L. 88–39, title IV, June 13, 1963, 77 Stat. 65. Pub. L. 87–575, title V, Aug. 6, 1962, 76 Stat. 317. Pub. L. 87–159, title III, Aug. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 398. Pub. L. 86–561, title III, June 30, 1960, 74 Stat. 288. Pub. L. 86–39, title III, June 11, 1959, 73 Stat. 70. Pub. L. 85–354, title III, Mar. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 66. Pub. L. 85–37, title III, May 27, 1957, 71 Stat. 41. Apr. 2, 1956, ch. 161, title III, 70 Stat. 98. June 1, 1955, ch. 113, title III, 69 Stat. 78.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Executive Order No. 12064 Ex. Ord. No. 12064, June 5, 1978, 43 F.R. 24661, which established the United States Tax Court Nominating Commission and provided for its membership, functions, etc., was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12305, May 5, 1981, 46 F.R. 25421, formerly set out as a note under section 14 of the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7443a.md

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7443A"
+description: "Special trial judges"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7443A"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7443A"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7443A"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "7e1cf5ba0f7e42c2e5d5748fbd431fbbd3028075ea2d4e458a95592e71ca27c1"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "1975b8341ed89f090eeff6ccce8f27ba56e15710cacb63c3c8fe8d5b61e5ea21"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7443A - Special trial judges
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Appointment The chief judge may, from time to time, appoint special trial judges who shall proceed under such rules and regulations as may be promulgated by the Tax Court.
+
+(b) Proceedings which may be assigned to special trial judges The chief judge may assign—
+
+(1) any declaratory judgment proceeding,
+
+(2) any proceeding under section 7463,
+
+(3) any proceeding where neither the amount of the deficiency placed in dispute (within the meaning of section 7463) nor the amount of any claimed overpayment exceeds $50,000,
+
+(4) any proceeding under section 6320 or 6330,
+
+(5) any proceeding under section 7436(c),
+
+(6) any proceeding under section 7623(b)(4), and
+
+(7) any other proceeding which the chief judge may designate,
+
+to be heard by the special trial judges of the court.
+
+(c) Authority to make court decision The court may authorize a special trial judge to make the decision of the court with respect to any proceeding described in paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), or (6) of subsection (b), subject to such conditions and review as the court may provide.
+
+(d) Salary Each special trial judge shall receive salary—
+
+(1) at a rate equal to 90 percent of the rate for judges of the Tax Court, and
+
+(2) in the same installments as such judges.
+
+(e) Expenses for travel and subsistence Subsection (d) of section 7443 shall apply to special trial judges subject to such rules and regulations as may be promulgated by the Tax Court.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1556(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2754; amended Pub. L. 105–206, title III, §§ 3103(b)(1), 3401(c), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 731, 749; Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, § 4002(e), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–907; Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 857(a), (b), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1020; Pub. L. 109–432, div. A, title IV, § 406(a)(2), Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 2959.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2006—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 109–280, § 857(a), added par. (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6). Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 109–432, § 406(a)(2)(A), added par. (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7). Pub. L. 109–280, § 857(a), redesignated par. (5) as (6). Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 109–432, § 406(a)(2)(A), redesignated par. (6) as (7). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–432, § 406(a)(2)(B), substituted “(5), or (6)” for “or (5)”. Pub. L. 109–280, § 857(b), substituted “(4), or (5)” for “or (4)”. 1998—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3103(b)(1), substituted “$50,000” for “$10,000”. Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3401(c)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 105–277, § 4002(e)(1), added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3401(c)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 105–277, § 4002(e)(2), substituted “(3), or (4)” for “or (3)”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2006 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 109–432 applicable to information provided on or after Dec. 20, 2006, see section 406(d) of Pub. L. 109–432, set out as a note under section 62 of this title. Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 857(c), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1020, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to any proceeding under section 7436(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 with respect to which a decision has not become final (as determined under section 7481 of such Code) before the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 17, 2006].”
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentsAmendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective as if included in the provision of the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105–206, to which such amendment relates, see section 4002(k) of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. Amendment by section 3103 of Pub. L. 105–206 applicable to proceedings commenced after July 22, 1998, see section 3103(c) of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 7436 of this title. Amendment by section 3401 of Pub. L. 105–206 applicable to collection actions initiated after the date which is 180 days after July 22, 1998, see section 3401(d) of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6320 of this title.
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1556(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2755, provided that: “(1) In general.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 7456 and 7471 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986]. “(2) Salary.—Subsection (d) of section 7443A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986] (as added by this section) shall take effect on the 1st day of the 1st month beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986]. “(3) New appointments not required.—Nothing in the amendments made by this section shall be construed to require the reappointment of any individual serving as a special trial judge of the Tax Court on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986].”
+
+Inconsistencies With Presidential Salary RecommendationsPub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1015(j), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3571, provided that: “To the extent the salary recommendations submitted by the President on January 5, 1987, are inconsistent with the provisions of section 7443A(d)(1) of the 1986 Code, such recommendations shall not be effective for any period.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7443b.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7443B"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 110–458, title I, § 108(l), Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5110]"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7443B"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7443B"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7443B"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "c960b0a44117c0acd25158716fc946fc31b27f96f61c6e5777471caf65e48362"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "5232639780247cb4d64bd9ee48b56a06cb8c1f9f14e8f1dc0dc2e13cfbf04701"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7443B - Repealed. Pub. L. 110–458, title I, § 108(l), Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5110]
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, added Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 856(a), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1019, related to the recall of retired special trial judges of the Tax Court.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective as if included in the provisions of Pub. L. 109–280 to which the repeal relates, except as otherwise provided, see section 112 of Pub. L. 110–458, set out as an Effective Date of 2008 Amendment note under section 72 of this title.
+
+Construction of Amendment by Pub. L. 109–280Pub. L. 110–458, title I, § 108(l), Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5110, provided that: “Section 856 of the 2006 Act [Pub. L. 109–280, enacting this section], and the amendments made by such section, are hereby repealed, and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be applied and administered as if such sections and amendments had not been enacted.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7444.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7444"
+description: "Organization"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7444"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7444"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7444"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "6d215543fd7cbab652f83de9710116057a3d2cd94d0274359f1941cd6ebb07af"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "139fabffea66671c21ca78187e030f919637a6b9568787d067525855c6bc7d0b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7444 - Organization
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Seal The Tax Court shall have a seal which shall be judicially noticed.
+
+(b) Designation of chief judge The Tax Court shall at least biennially designate a judge to act as chief judge.
+
+(c) Divisions The chief judge may from time to time divide the Tax Court into divisions of one or more judges, assign the judges of the Tax Court thereto, and in case of a division of more than one judge, designate the chief thereof. If a division, as a result of a vacancy or the absence or inability of a judge assigned thereto to serve thereon, is composed of less than the number of judges designated for the division, the chief judge may assign other judges to the division or direct the division to proceed with the transaction of business without awaiting any additional assignment of judges thereto.
+
+(d) Quorum A majority of the judges of the Tax Court or of any division thereof shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of the business of the Tax Court or of the division, respectively. A vacancy in the Tax Court or in any division thereof shall not impair the powers nor affect the duties of the Tax Court or division nor of the remaining judges of the Tax Court or division, respectively.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 880.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7445.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7445"
+description: "Offices"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7445"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7445"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7445"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "f360625da901ede79ceb889c0acf072d543e31bc9a760060a7f90886c9c20ac5"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "4d55c397233f3eee6f078502968c4921a3a5b250f37be32dfbc575da804e2091"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7445 - Offices
+
+## Text
+
+The principal office of the Tax Court shall be in the District of Columbia, but the Tax Court or any of its divisions may sit at any place within the United States.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 880.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7446.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7446"
+description: "Times and places of sessions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7446"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7446"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7446"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "0641632840d4f6a3f6e1ee4120897e53e4d99bc2a0edf40288c2260494e80e78"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "fe522d79f1d0dfa3947457fa56b01822d7674a412da6b100511869cec491dfbc"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7446 - Times and places of sessions
+
+## Text
+
+The times and places of the sessions of the Tax Court and of its divisions shall be prescribed by the chief judge with a view to securing reasonable opportunity to taxpayers to appear before the Tax Court or any of its divisions, with as little inconvenience and expense to taxpayers as is practicable.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 880.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7447a.md

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7447A"
+description: "Retirement for special trial judges"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7447A"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7447A"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7447A"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "7bc67fb20580de8125fec7899ab22729ec62871a0469088554112786e0eb2c98"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "22f60706c13550b929627cf3f47e531cd03f57adf46c3e88ee6ff8f6fb89a823"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7447A - Retirement for special trial judges
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general (1) Retirement Any special trial judge appointed pursuant to section 7443A may retire from service as a special trial judge if the individual meets the age and service requirements set forth in the following table: If the special trial judge has attained age:And the years of service as a special trial judge are at least: 6515 6614 6713 6812 6911 7010.
+
+(2) Length of service In making any determination of length of service as a special trial judge there shall be included all periods (whether or not consecutive) during which an individual served as a special trial judge
+
+(b) Retirement upon disability Any special trial judge appointed pursuant to section 7443A who becomes permanently disabled from performing such individual’s duties shall retire from service as a special trial judge.
+
+(c) Recalling of retired special trial judges Any individual who has retired pursuant to subsection (a) may be called upon by the chief judge to perform such judicial duties with the Tax Court as may be requested of such individual for a period or periods specified by the chief judge, except that in the case of any such individual—
+
+(1) the aggregate of such periods in any 1 calendar year shall not (without the consent of such individual) exceed 90 calendar days, and
+
+(2) such individual shall be relieved of performing such duties during any period in which illness or disability precludes the performance of such duties.
+
+Any act, or failure to act, by an individual performing judicial duties pursuant to this subsection shall have the same force and effect as if it were the act (or failure to act) of a special trial judge. Any individual who is performing judicial duties pursuant to this subsection shall be paid the same compensation (in lieu of retired pay) and allowances for travel and other expenses as a special trial judge.
+
+(d) Retired pay (1) In general Any individual who retires pursuant to subsection (a) and elects under subsection (e) to receive retired pay under this subsection shall receive retired pay during any period of retirement from service as a special trial judge at a rate which bears the same ratio to the rate of the salary payable to a special trial judge during such period as—
+
+(A) the number of years such individual has served as special trial judge bears to,
+
+(B) 15,
+
+except that the rate of such retired pay shall not be more than the rate of such salary for such period.
+
+(2) Retirement upon disability Any individual who retires pursuant to subsection (b) and elects under subsection (e) to receive retired pay under this subsection shall receive retired pay during any period of retirement from service as a special trial judge—
+
+(A) at a rate equal to the rate of the salary payable to a special trial judge during such period, if the individual had at least 10 years of service as a special trial judge before retirement, and
+
+(B) at a rate equal to ½ the rate described in subparagraph (A), if the individual had fewer than 10 years of service as a special trial judge before retirement.
+
+(3) Beginning date and payment Retired pay under this subsection shall begin to accrue on the day following the date on which the individual’s salary as a special trial judge ceases to accrue, and shall continue to accrue during the remainder of such individual’s life. Retired pay under this subsection shall be paid in the same manner as the salary of a special trial judge.
+
+(4) Partial years In computing the rate of the retired pay for an individual to whom paragraph (1) applies, any portion of the aggregate number of years such individual has served as a special trial judge which is a fractional part of 1 year shall be eliminated if it is less than 6 months, or shall be counted as a full year if it is 6 months or more.
+
+(5) Recalled service In computing the rate of the retired pay for an individual to whom paragraph (1) applies, any period during which such individual performs services under subsection (c) on a substantially full-time basis shall be treated as a period during which such individual has served as a special trial judge.
+
+(e) Election to Receive Retired Pay Any special trial judge may elect to receive retired pay under subsection (d). Such an election—
+
+(1) may be made only while an individual is a special trial judge (except that in the case of an individual who fails to be reappointed as a special trial judge, such election may be made within 60 days after such individual leaves office as a special trial judge),
+
+(2) once made, shall be irrevocable, and
+
+(3) shall be made by filing notice thereof in writing with the chief judge.
+
+The chief judge shall transmit to the Office of Personnel Management a copy of each notice filed with the chief judge under this subsection.
+
+(f) Other rules made applicable The rules of subsections (f), (g), (h)(2), (i), and (j), and the first sentence of subsection (h)(1), of section 7447 shall apply to a special trial judge in the same manner as a judge of the Tax Court. For purposes of the preceding sentence, any reference to the President in such subsections shall be applied as if it were a reference to the chief judge.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title VII, § 702(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5402.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 117–328, div. T, title VII, § 702(d), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5404, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 3121 and 7448 of this title and section 410 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 29, 2022], except that section 7447A(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by this section) shall take effect on the date that is 180 days after such date of enactment. Special trial judges retiring on or after the date of the enactment of this Act, and before the date that is 180 days after the date of such enactment, may file an election under such section not later than 60 days after such date.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7451.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7451"
+description: "Petitions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7451"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7451"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7451"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "ad340802c871e89f10ad6c6a8cde1f5c0255d257b9c633edee96d1813b80d229"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "d794a88195be4e1dc8ea889dca1f13018f1d0d5753c2a807051379a4c32be112"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7451 - Petitions
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Fees The Tax Court is authorized to impose a fee in an amount not in excess of $60 to be fixed by the Tax Court for the filing of any petition.
+
+(b) Tolling of time in certain cases (1) In general Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, in any case (including by reason of a lapse in appropriations) in which a filing location is inaccessible or otherwise unavailable to the general public on the date a petition is due, the relevant time period for filing such petition shall be tolled for the number of days within the period of inaccessibility plus an additional 14 days.
+
+(2) Filing location For purposes of this subsection, the term “filing location” means—
+
+(A) the office of the clerk of the Tax Court, or
+
+(B) any on-line portal made available by the Tax Court for electronic filing of petitions.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 93–406, title II, § 1041(b)(1), Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 950; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIII, § 1306(b)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1719; Pub. L. 97–34, title VII, § 751(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 349; Pub. L. 97–248, title IV, § 402(c)(12), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 668; Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 859(a), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1020; Pub. L. 117–58, div. H, title V, § 80503(a), (b)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 1336.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2021—Pub. L. 117–58, § 80503(b)(1), substituted “Petitions” for “Fee for filing petition” in section catchline. Pub. L. 117–58, § 80503(a), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b). 2006—Pub. L. 109–280 struck out “for the redetermination of a deficiency or for a declaratory judgment under part IV of this subchapter or under section 7428 or for judicial review under section 6226 or section 6228(a)” after “petition”. 1982—Pub. L. 97–248 inserted provision relating to judicial review under section 6226 or section 6228(a). 1981—Pub. L. 97–34 increased limitation on amount of fee to $60 from $10. 1976—Pub. L. 94–455 inserted “or under section 7428” after “part IV of this subchapter”. 1974—Pub. L. 93–406 inserted reference to a declaratory judgment under part IV of this subchapter.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2021 AmendmentPub. L. 117–58, div. H, title V, § 80503(c), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 1336, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to petitions required to be timely filed (determined without regard to the amendments made by this section) after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021].”
+
+Effective Date of 2006 AmendmentPub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 859(b), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1020, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 17, 2006].”
+
+Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to partnership taxable years beginning after Sept. 3, 1982, with provision for the applicability of the amendment to any partnership taxable year ending after Sept. 3, 1982, if the partnership, each partner, and each indirect partner requests such application and the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate consents to such application, see section 407(a)(1), (3) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 702 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1981 AmendmentPub. L. 97–34, title VII, § 751(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 349, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to petitions filed after December 31, 1981.”
+
+Effective Date of 1976 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to pleadings filed with the United States Tax Court, the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia, or the United States Court of Claims more than 6 months after Oct. 4, 1976, but only with respect to determinations (or requests for determinations) made after Jan. 1, 1976, see section 1306(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7428 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1974 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 93–406 applicable to pleadings filed more than one year after Sept. 2, 1974, see section 1041(d) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7476 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7452.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7452"
+description: "Representation of parties"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7452"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7452"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7452"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "8d06c5b6dae62c0207afd6776eccce30a0886aea52a720ecc8ed8550a60d7696"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "46e8e8bfa79615b0d6acf47b30901fc7f81c022618a000b1502cd01ff189df1a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7452 - Representation of parties
+
+## Text
+
+The Secretary shall be represented by the Chief Counsel for the Internal Revenue Service or his delegate in the same manner before the Tax Court as he has heretofore been represented in proceedings before such Court. The taxpayer shall continue to be represented in accordance with the rules of practice prescribed by the Court. No qualified person shall be denied admission to practice before the Tax Court because of his failure to be a member of any profession or calling.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 86–368, § 2(a), Sept. 22, 1959, 73 Stat. 648; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”. 1959—Pub. L. 86–368 substituted “Chief Counsel for the Internal Revenue Service or his delegate” for “Assistant General Counsel of the Treasury Department serving as Chief Counsel of the Internal Revenue Service, or the delegate of such Chief Counsel,”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1959 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 86–368 effective when Chief Counsel for Internal Revenue Service first appointed pursuant to amendment of section 7801 of this title by Pub. L. 86–368 qualifies and takes office, see section 3 of Pub. L. 86–368, set out as a note under section 7801 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7453.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7453"
+description: "Rules of practice, procedure, and evidence"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7453"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7453"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7453"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "bf41e047546e96babd768caafcb9ca6b762151345e582c4386d471c748c39d0d"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "dc1b54c7a65e09297b2697f26a1290e0c1ab3fb499b858b558d61e819e91d1d0"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7453 - Rules of practice, procedure, and evidence
+
+## Text
+
+Except in the case of proceedings conducted under section 7436(c) or 7463, the proceedings of the Tax Court and its divisions shall be conducted in accordance with such rules of practice and procedure (other than rules of evidence) as the Tax Court may prescribe and in accordance with the Federal Rules of Evidence.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 960(f), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 734; Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, § 1454(b)(3), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1057; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 425(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3125.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Federal Rules of Evidence, referred to in text, are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
+
+Amendments2015—Pub. L. 114–113 substituted “the Federal Rules of Evidence” for “the rules of evidence applicable in trials without a jury in the United States District Court of the District of Columbia”. 1997—Pub. L. 105–34 substituted “section 7436(c) or 7463” for “section 7463”. 1969—Pub. L. 91–172 inserted reference to the exception in the case of proceedings conducted under section 7463 of this title.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentPub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 425(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3125, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to proceedings commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015] and, to the extent that it is just and practicable, to all proceedings pending on such date.”
+
+Effective Date of 1969 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–172 effective one year after Dec. 30, 1969, see section 962(e) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7463 of this title.
+
+Tax Court Rule Making Not AffectedAuthority of Tax Court to prescribe rules under this section unaffected by amendments of title IV of Pub. L. 100–702, see section 405 of Pub. L. 100–702, set out as a note under section 2071 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7454.md

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7454"
+description: "Burden of proof in fraud, foundation man­ager, and transferee cases"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7454"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7454"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7454"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "78e144ab5fc1e0c7c380bb45ca5ac4d9749c993301cd0d12990381bc5de21033"
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+text_hash: "caab9191de8724a90579ad68eba033e860eb4e6b91c0b69671fb89e8782c15ac"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7454 - Burden of proof in fraud, foundation man­ager, and transferee cases
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Fraud In any proceeding involving the issue whether the petitioner has been guilty of fraud with intent to evade tax, the burden of proof in respect of such issue shall be upon the Secretary.
+
+(b) Foundation managers In any proceeding involving the issue whether a foundation manager (as defined in section 4946(b)) has “knowingly” participated in an act of self-dealing (within the meaning of section 4941), participated in an investment which jeopardizes the carrying out of exempt purposes (within the meaning of section 4944), or agreed to the making of a taxable expenditure (within the meaning of section 4945), or whether the trustee of a trust described in section 501(c)(21) has “knowingly” participated in an act of self-dealing (within the meaning of section 4951) or agreed to the making of a taxable expenditure (within the meaning of section 4952), or whether an organization manager (as defined in section 4955(f)(2)) has “knowingly” agreed to the making of a political expenditure (within the meaning of section 4955), or whether an organization manager (as defined in section 4912(d)(2)) has “knowingly” agreed to the making of disqualifying lobbying expenditures within the meaning of section 4912(b), or whether an organization manager (as defined in section 4958(f)(2)) has “knowingly” participated in an excess benefit transaction (as defined in section 4958(c)), the burden of proof in respect of such issue shall be upon the Secretary.
+
+(c) Cross reference For provisions relating to burden of proof as to transferee liability, see section 6902(a).
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 91–172, title I, § 101(j)(57), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 532; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 95–227, § 4(d)(7), Feb. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 23; Pub. L. 96–222, title I, § 108(b)(3)(B), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 226; Pub. L. 100–203, title X, §§ 10712(c)(6), 10714(b), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–467, 1330–471; Pub. L. 104–168, title XIII, § 1311(c)(5), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1478; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1704(t)(43), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1889; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(329), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1200.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted “4955),” for “4955),,”. 1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–188 substituted “section 4955(f)(2)” for “section 4955(e)(2)”. Pub. L. 104–168 inserted “or whether an organization manager (as defined in section 4958(f)(2)) has ‘knowingly’ participated in an excess benefit transaction (as defined in section 4958(c)),” after “section 4912(b),”. 1987—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–203, § 10714(b), substituted “, or whether an organization manager (as defined in section 4912(d)(2)) has ‘knowingly’ agreed to the making of disqualifying lobbying expenditures within the meaning of section 4912(b), the burden of proof” for “the burden of proof”. Pub. L. 100–203, § 10712(c)(6), substituted “or whether an organization manager (as defined in section 4955(e)(2)) has ‘knowingly’ agreed to the making of a political expenditure (within the meaning of section 4955), the burden of proof” for “the burden of proof”. 1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–222 substituted “section 501(c)(21)” for “section 502(c)(21)”. 1978—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–227 inserted provision relating to trustees of a trust described under section 502(c)(21) of this title. 1976—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”. 1969—Pub. L. 91–172 inserted “, foundation manager” in section catchline. Subsecs (b), (c). Pub. L. 91–172 added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–168 applicable to excess benefit transactions occurring on or after Sept. 14, 1995, and not applicable to any benefit arising from a transaction pursuant to any written contract which was binding on Sept. 13, 1995, and at all times thereafter before such transaction occurred, see section 1311(d)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 104–168, set out as a note under section 4955 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1987 AmendmentAmendment by section 10712(c)(6) of Pub. L. 100–203 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 22, 1987, see section 10712(d) of Pub. L. 100–203, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4955 of this title. Amendment by section 10714(b) of Pub. L. 100–203 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 22, 1987, see section 10714(e) of Pub. L. 100–203, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4912 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–222 effective as if included in the provisions of the Black Lung Benefits Revenue Act of 1977, Pub. L. 95–227, see section 108(b)(4) of Pub. L. 96–222, set out as a note under section 192 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–227 applicable with respect to contributions, acts, and expenditures made after Dec. 31, 1977, in and for taxable years beginning after such date, see section 4(f) of Pub. L. 95–227, set out as an Effective Date note under section 192 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1969 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–172 effective Jan. 1, 1970, see section 101(k)(1) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4940 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7455.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7455"
+description: "Service of process"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7455"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7455"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7455"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "82a163855b3cdb27bb56241d3a5872be0515e5188af5460d45b01d781996cb9b"
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+text_hash: "1bf22528e7681313850c94015cf1000bc62faf10c897adbf24f62facaf98fa9c"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7455 - Service of process
+
+## Text
+
+The mailing by certified mail or registered mail of any pleading, decision, order, notice, or process in respect of proceedings before the Tax Court shall be held sufficient service of such pleading, decision, order, notice, or process.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, § 89(b), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1665.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1958—Pub. L. 85–866 inserted “certified mail or” before “registered mail”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1958 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 85–866 applicable only if mailing occurs after Sept. 2, 1958, see section 89(d) of Pub. L. 85–866, set out as a note under section 7502 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7456.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7456"
+description: "Administration of oaths and procurement of testimony"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7456"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7456"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7456"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "caea02cb78ccfa8dc0116ee86b91b78a4e41dea4b27285fd98cb6502322ec049"
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+text_hash: "1fd48084dd2d3890917f2a2d2ffd62915968a23b07ba78519c341e31f56eb876"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7456 - Administration of oaths and procurement of testimony
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general For the efficient administration of the functions vested in the Tax Court or any division thereof, any judge or special trial judge of the Tax Court, the clerk of the court or his deputies, as such, or any other employee of the Tax Court designated in writing for the purpose by the chief judge, may administer oaths, and any judge or special trial judge of the Tax Court may examine witnesses and require, by subpoena ordered by the Tax Court or any division thereof and signed by the judge or special trial judge (or by the clerk of the Tax Court or by any other employee of the Tax Court when acting as deputy clerk)—
+
+(1) the attendance and testimony of witnesses, and the production of all necessary returns, books, papers, documents, correspondence, and other evidence, from any place in the United States at any designated place of hearing, or
+
+(2) the taking of a deposition before any designated individual competent to administer oaths under this title. In the case of a deposition the testimony shall be reduced to writing by the individual taking the deposition or under his direction and shall then be subscribed by the deponent.
+
+(b) Production of records in the case of foreign corporations, foreign trusts or estates and nonresident alien individuals The Tax Court or any division thereof, upon motion and notice by the Secretary, and upon good cause shown therefor, shall order any foreign corporation, foreign trust or estate, or nonresident alien individual, who has filed a petition with the Tax Court, to produce, or, upon satisfactory proof to the Tax Court or any of its divisions, that the petitioner is unable to produce, to make available to the Secretary, and, in either case, to permit the inspection, copying, or photographing of, such books, records, documents, memoranda, correspondence and other papers, wherever situated, as the Tax Court or any division thereof, may deem relevant to the proceedings and which are in the possession, custody or control of the petitioner, or of any person directly or indirectly under his control or having control over him or subject to the same common control. If the petitioner fails or refuses to comply with any of the provisions of such order, after reasonable time for compliance has been afforded to him, the Tax Court or any division thereof, upon motion, shall make an order striking out pleadings or parts thereof, or dismissing the proceeding or any part thereof, or rendering a judgment by default against the petitioner. For the purpose of this subsection, the term “foreign trust or estate” includes an estate or trust, any fiduciary of which is a foreign corporation or nonresident alien individual; and the term “control” is not limited to legal control.
+
+(c) Incidental powers The Tax Court and each division thereof shall have power to punish by fine or imprisonment, at its discretion, such contempt of its authority, and none other, as—
+
+(1) misbehavior of any person in its presence or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice;
+
+(2) misbehavior of any of its officers in their official transactions; or
+
+(3) disobedience or resistance to its lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or command.
+
+It shall have such assistance in the carrying out of its lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or command as is available to a court of the United States. The United States marshal for any district in which the Tax Court is sitting shall, when requested by the chief judge of the Tax Court, attend any session of the Tax Court in such district and may otherwise provide, when requested by the chief judge of the Tax Court, for the security of the Tax Court, including the personal protection of Tax Court judges, court officers, witnesses, and other threatened persons in the interests of justice, where criminal intimidation impedes on the functioning of the judicial process or any other official proceeding. The United States Marshals Service retains final authority regarding security requirements for the Tax Court.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 885; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, §§ 956, 958, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 732, 734; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 95–600, title III, § 336(b)(1), title V, § 502(c), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2841, 2879; Pub. L. 96–222, title I, § 105(a)(1)(B), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 218; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 153(a), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 47; Pub. L. 97–248, title IV, § 402(c)(13), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 668; Pub. L. 97–362, title I, § 106(c), Oct. 25, 1982, 96 Stat. 1730; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, §§ 463(a), 464(a)–(c), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 824; Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, §§ 1555(a), 1556(b)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2754, 2755; Pub. L. 110–177, title I, § 102(b), Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2535.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2008—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–177 inserted before period at end of concluding provisions “and may otherwise provide, when requested by the chief judge of the Tax Court, for the security of the Tax Court, including the personal protection of Tax Court judges, court officers, witnesses, and other threatened persons in the interests of justice, where criminal intimidation impedes on the functioning of the judicial process or any other official proceeding. The United States Marshals Service retains final authority regarding security requirements for the Tax Court”. 1986—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1556(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (e) as (c). Former subsec. (c), which provided for the appointment of special trial judges, was struck out. Pub. L. 99–514, § 1555(a), inserted last sentence. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1556(b)(1), struck out subsec. (d) which set out proceedings which could be assigned to special trial judges appointed under former subsec. (c). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1556(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (e) as (c). 1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–369, § 464(a), substituted “special trial judge” for “commissioner” in three places. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–369, § 464(b), substituted “Special trial judges” for “Commissioners” in heading, and in text substituted “special trial judges” for “commissioners” and “special trial judge” for “commissioner”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–369, § 464(c), substituted “Special trial judges” for “Commissioners” in heading, and substituted “special trial judges” for “commissioners” and “special trial judge” for “commissioner” in provisions following par. (4). Pub. L. 98–369, § 463(a), in amending subsec. (d) generally, struck out “and” at end of par. (2), substituted “any proceeding” for “any other proceeding” and “$10,000; and” for “$5,000,” in par. (3), added par. (4), and substituted “any proceeding described in paragraph (1), (2), or (3), subject to such conditions and review as the court may provide” for “any such proceeding, subject to such conditions and review as the court may by rule provide” in provisions following par. (4). 1982—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–362, § 106(c)(2), struck out provision that the chief judge may assign proceedings under sections 6226, 6228(a), 7428, 7463, 7476, 7477, and 7478 to be heard by the commissioners of the court, and that the court may authorize a commissioner to make the decision of the court with respect to such proceedings, subject to such conditions and review as the court may by rule provide. See subsec. (d) of this section. Pub. L. 97–248 inserted “6226, 6228(a),” after “proceedings under sections”. Pub. L. 97–164 substituted “Each commissioner shall receive pay at an annual rate determined under section 225 of the Federal Salary Act of 1967 (2 U.S.C. 351–361), as adjusted by section 461 of title 28, United States Code, and also necessary traveling expenses and per diem allowances, as provided in subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code, while traveling on official business and away from Washington, District of Columbia” for “Each commissioner shall receive the same compensation and travel and subsistence allowances provided by law for commissioners of the United States Court of Claims”. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 97–362, § 106(c)(1), added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e). 1980—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–222 substituted “sections 7428, 7463” for “sections 7428”. 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–600, § 502(c), substituted “any judge or commissioner of the Tax Court” for “any judge of the Tax Court” wherever appearing, and “by the judge or commissioner” for “by the judge” after “and signed”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–600, § 336(b)(1), inserted provision that the chief judge may assign proceedings under sections 7428, 7476, 7477, and 7478 to be heard by the commissioners of the court, and the court may authorize a commissioner to make the decision of the court with respect to such proceedings, subject to such conditions and review as the court may by rule provide. 1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing. 1969—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–172, § 958, provided that commissioners be compensated at rates identical to those of commissioners of the United States Court of Claims, and substituted provisions authorizing the chief judge of the Tax Court to appoint Commissioners for provisions authorizing attorneys from the legal staff of the Tax Court to act as Commissioners. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91–172, § 956, added subsec. (d).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentPub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1555(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2754, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986].” Amendment by section 1556(b)(1) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective Oct. 22, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1556(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7443A of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentPub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 463(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 824, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect as if enacted as part of the Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1982 [Pub. L. 97–362].” Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 464(e)(1), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 825, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 7471 of this title and enacting provisions set out below] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984].”
+
+Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentsAmendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to partnership taxable years beginning after Sept. 3, 1982, with provision for the applicability of the amendment to any partnership taxable year ending after Sept. 3, 1982, if the partnership, each partner, and each indirect partner requests such application and the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate consents to such application, see section 407(a)(1), (3) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 702 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
+
+Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentPub. L. 96–222, title I, § 105(b)(1), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 221, provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a)(1) [amending this section and section 7463 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 1, 1980].”
+
+Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by section 336(b)(1) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to requests for determinations made after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 336(d) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7478 of this title. Amendment by section 502(c) of Pub. L. 95–600 effective Nov. 6, 1978, see section 502(d)(2) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 7463 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1969 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–172 effective Dec. 30, 1969, see section 962(a) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 7441 of this title.
+
+ReimbursementPub. L. 110–177, title I, § 102(c), Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2535, provided that: “The United States Tax Court shall reimburse the United States Marshals Service for protection provided under the amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 566 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure].”
+
+References to Commissioners Deemed References to Special Trial JudgesPub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 464(e)(2), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 825, provided that: “Any reference in any law to a commissioner of the Tax Court shall be treated as a reference to a special trial judge of the Tax Court.”
+
+Commissioners’ Salaries Pending Changes Under Federal Salary ActPub. L. 97–164, title I, § 153(b), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 47, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: “Notwithstanding the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section], until such time as a change in the salary rate of a commissioner of the United States Tax Court occurs in accordance with section 7456(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], the salary of such commissioner shall be equal to the salary of a commissioner of the Court of Claims immediately prior to the effective date of this Act [Oct. 1, 1982].”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7457.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7457"
+description: "Witness fees"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7457"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7457"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7457"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "f96be3b62c9c0156e58902c249d3d356cbbf6a5211b5e63d036e5b8136cf5d47"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "59e8e325b964021e6c653e7d0767a19b436bfac71e9194db875773a36b5cb986"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7457 - Witness fees
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Amount Any witness summoned or whose deposition is taken under section 7456 shall receive the same fees and mileage as witnesses in courts of the United States.
+
+(b) Payment Such fees and mileage and the expenses of taking any such deposition shall be paid as follows:
+
+(1) Witnesses for Secretary In the case of witnesses for the Secretary, such payments shall be made by the Secretary out of any moneys appropriated for the collection of internal revenue taxes, and may be made in advance.
+
+(2) Other Witnesses In the case of any other witnesses, such payments shall be made, subject to rules prescribed by the Tax Court, by the party at whose instance the witness appears or the deposition is taken.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 886; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1976—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7458.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7458"
+description: "Hearings"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7458"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7458"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7458"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "4c6ea7eedc4e67bc0d86860a3853b8401eec8680f39900cb6583c8bca58da6a9"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "00ca90aac32e430bb1b60783c58c75e7deec6d243edfe48a07caee27886373c9"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7458 - Hearings
+
+## Text
+
+Notice and opportunity to be heard upon any proceeding instituted before the Tax Court shall be given to the taxpayer and the Secretary. If an opportunity to be heard upon the proceeding is given before a division of the Tax Court, neither the taxpayer nor the Secretary shall be entitled to notice and opportunity to be heard before the Tax Court upon review, except upon a specific order of the chief judge. Hearings before the Tax Court and its divisions shall be open to the public, and the testimony, and, if the Tax Court so requires, the argument, shall be stenographically reported. The Tax Court is authorized to contract (by renewal of contract or otherwise) for the reporting of such hearings, and in such contract to fix the terms and conditions under which transcripts will be supplied by the contractor to the Tax Court and to other persons and agencies.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 886; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), (L), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834, 1835.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” and struck out “nor his delegate” after “nor the Secretary”.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7459.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7459"
+description: "Reports and decisions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7459"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7459"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7459"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "ea31ac24bf18cce1f37d3a0cde902cb7da504ca4183ce7d08b82092dc1594ebf"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "6fc7d9d5d1429977a09b8f408f4c3e0023c9c682cce8db1d4da1f30dcb60ca77"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7459 - Reports and decisions
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Requirement A report upon any proceeding instituted before the Tax Court and a decision thereon shall be made as quickly as practicable. The decision shall be made by a judge in accordance with the report of the Tax Court, and such decision so made shall, when entered, be the decision of the Tax Court.
+
+(b) Inclusion of findings of fact or opinions in report It shall be the duty of the Tax Court and of each division to include in its report upon any proceeding its findings of fact or opinion or memorandum opinion. The Tax Court shall report in writing all its findings of fact, opinions, and memorandum opinions. Subject to such conditions as the Tax Court may by rule provide, the requirements of this subsection and of section 7460 are met if findings of fact or opinion are stated orally and recorded in the transcript of the proceedings.
+
+(c) Date of decision A decision of the Tax Court (except a decision dismissing a proceeding for lack of jurisdiction) shall be held to be rendered upon the date that an order specifying the amount of the deficiency is entered in the records of the Tax Court or, in the case of a declaratory judgment proceeding under part IV of this subchapter or under section 7428 or in the case of an action brought under section 6234, the date of the court’s order entering the decision. If the Tax Court dismisses a proceeding for reasons other than lack of jurisdiction and is unable from the record to determine the amount of the deficiency determined by the Secretary, or if the Tax Court dismisses a proceeding for lack of jurisdiction, an order to that effect shall be entered in the records of the Tax Court, and the decision of the Tax Court shall be held to be rendered upon the date of such entry.
+
+(d) Effect of decision dismissing petition If a petition for a redetermination of a deficiency has been filed by the taxpayer, a decision of the Tax Court dismissing the proceeding shall be considered as its decision that the deficiency is the amount determined by the Secretary. An order specifying such amount shall be entered in the records of the Tax Court unless the Tax Court cannot determine such amount from the record in the proceeding, or unless the dismissal is for lack of jurisdiction.
+
+(e) Effect of decision that tax is barred by limitation If the assessment or collection of any tax is barred by any statute of limitations, the decision of the Tax Court to that effect shall be considered as its decision that there is no deficiency in respect of such tax.
+
+(f) Findings of fact as evidence The findings of the Board of Tax Appeals made in connection with any decision prior to February 26, 1926, shall, notwithstanding the enactment of the Revenue Act of 1926 (44 Stat. 9), continue to be prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated.
+
+(g) Penalty For penalty for taxpayer instituting proceedings before Tax Court merely for delay, see section 6673.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 886; Pub. L. 93–406, title II, § 1041(b)(2), Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 950; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIII, § 1306(b)(2), title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1719, 1834; Pub. L. 97–248, title IV, § 402(c)(14), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 668; Pub. L. 97–362, title I, § 106(b), Oct. 25, 1982, 96 Stat. 1730; Pub. L. 105–34, title XII, §§ 1222(b)(2), 1239(e)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1019, 1028; Pub. L. 114–74, title XI, § 1101(f)(12), Nov. 2, 2015, 129 Stat. 638.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Revenue Act of 1926, referred to in subsec. (f), is act Feb. 26, 1926, ch. 27, 44 Stat. 9. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
+
+Amendments2015—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–74 substituted “section 6234” for “section 6226, 6228(a), 6247, or 6252”. 1997—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1239(e)(1), which directed the amendment of subsec. (c) by substituting “, 6228(a), or 6234(c)” for “or section 6228(a)” could not be executed because the words “or section 6228(a)” did not appear in text subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 105–34, § 1222(b)(2). See below. Pub. L. 105–34, § 1222(b)(2), substituted “, 6228(a), 6247, or 6252” for “or section 6228(a)”. 1982—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–362 inserted provision that subject to such conditions as the Tax Court may by rule provide, the requirements of subsec. (b) and of section 7460 of this title are met if findings of fact or opinion are stated orally and recorded in the transcript of the proceedings. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–248 inserted “or in the case of an action brought under section 6226 or section 6228(a)” after “or under section 7428”. 1976—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455 inserted “or under section 7428” after “under part IV of this subchapter” and struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”. 1974—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–406 inserted “or, in the case of a declaratory judgment proceeding under part IV of this subchapter, the date of the court’s order entering the decision” after “deficiency is entered in the records of the Tax Court”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–74 applicable to returns filed for partnership taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, with certain exceptions, see section 1101(g) of Pub. L. 114–74, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6221 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1997 AmendmentAmendment by section 1222(b)(2) of Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to partnership taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1997, see section 1226 of Pub. L. 105–34, as amended, set out as a note under section 6011 of this title. Amendment by section 1239(e)(1) of Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to partnership taxable years ending after Aug. 5, 1997, see section 1239(f) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 6501 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to partnership taxable years beginning after Sept. 3, 1982, with provision for the applicability of the amendment to any partnership taxable year ending after Sept. 3, 1982, if the partnership, each partner, and each indirect partner requests such application and the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate consents to such application, see section 407(a)(1), (3) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 702 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1976 AmendmentAmendment by section 1306(b)(2) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to pleadings filed with the United States Tax Court, the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia, or the United States Court of Claims more than 6 months after Oct. 4, 1976 but only with respect to determinations (or requests for determinations) made after Jan. 1, 1976, see section 1306(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7428 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1974 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 93–406 applicable to pleadings filed more than one year after Sept. 2, 1974, see section 1041(d) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7476 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7460.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7460"
+description: "Provisions of special application to divisions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7460"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7460"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7460"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "0b41f9cdca6376e8bf0a3063857a33f41818f66a5a0ed125b3fda6bb7f7e5d9b"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "de307c1a7bf66f8bb9f26cb1b82d7c856d5da4b675dd2c6a0ed678726f50fc3c"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7460 - Provisions of special application to divisions
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Hearings, determinations, and reports A division shall hear, and make a determination upon, any proceeding instituted before the Tax Court and any motion in connection therewith, assigned to such division by the chief judge, and shall make a report of any such determination which constitutes its final disposition of the proceeding.
+
+(b) Effect of action by a division The report of the division shall become the report of the Tax Court within 30 days after such report by the division, unless within such period the chief judge has directed that such report shall be reviewed by the Tax Court. Any preliminary action by a division which does not form the basis for the entry of the final decision shall not be subject to review by the Tax Court except in accordance with such rules as the Tax Court may prescribe. The report of a division shall not be a part of the record in any case in which the chief judge directs that such report shall be reviewed by the Tax Court.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 887.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7461.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7461"
+description: "Publicity of proceedings"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7461"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7461"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7461"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "ac3fbe099646e3336a92fc79d78178be3c17bb6ce582bbdad0f11cb2f738437a"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "2a6d478ec83edaad74b19fc8fa312efcd8b8ff1f41517d00b9339b6e6b5edf55"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7461 - Publicity of proceedings
+
+## Text
+
+(a) General rule Except as provided in subsection (b), all reports of the Tax Court and all evidence received by the Tax Court and its divisions, including a transcript of the stenographic report of the hearings, shall be public records open to the inspection of the public.
+
+(b) Exceptions (1) Trade secrets or other confidential information The Tax Court may make any provision which is necessary to prevent the disclosure of trade secrets or other confidential information, including a provision that any document or information be placed under seal to be opened only as directed by the court.
+
+(2) Evidence, etc. After the decision of the Tax Court in any proceeding has become final, the Tax Court may, upon motion of the taxpayer or the Secretary, permit the withdrawal by the party entitled thereto of originals of books, documents, and records, and of models, diagrams, and other exhibits, introduced in evidence before the Tax Court or any division; or the Tax Court may, on its own motion, make such other disposition thereof as it deems advisable.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 887; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 465(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 825.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1984—Pub. L. 98–369, in amending section generally, designated existing provisions as subsecs. (a) and (b)(2), added subsec. (b)(1), and in subsec. (b)(2), as so designated, struck out reference to the Secretary’s delegate. 1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentPub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 465(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 825, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984].”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7462.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7462"
+description: "Publication of reports"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7462"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7462"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7462"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "980522693bddfcb8458ca152b16542fba31fa69b76fb760fb2cd3af4d75f7b94"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "aca3b55e553ffad9cdda6013952debbbda5df3b9c6e71e68c0370035149e6594"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7462 - Publication of reports
+
+## Text
+
+The Tax Court shall provide for the publication of its reports at the Government Publishing Office in such form and manner as may be best adapted for public information and use, and such authorized publication shall be competent evidence of the reports of the Tax Court therein contained in all courts of the United States and of the several States without any further proof or authentication thereof. Such reports shall be subject to sale in the same manner and upon the same terms as other public documents.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 887; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, § 1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Change of Name “Government Publishing Office” substituted for “Government Printing Office” in text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7463.md

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7463"
+description: "Disputes involving $50,000 or less"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7463"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7463"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7463"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "f16b560e952d81691358cc2724e3eefa80a4afead546e9cc850c04f8f39b83a3"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "e79f417ccc133c24dfcc22b244fcba664ead3e41155ec54c0463a6562e8d07c7"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7463 - Disputes involving $50,000 or less
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general In the case of any petition filed with the Tax Court for a redetermination of a deficiency where neither the amount of the deficiency placed in dispute, nor the amount of any claimed overpayment, exceeds—
+
+(1) $50,000 for any one taxable year, in the case of the taxes imposed by subtitle A,
+
+(2) $50,000, in the case of the tax imposed by chapter 11,
+
+(3) $50,000 for any one calendar year, in the case of the tax imposed by chapter 12, or
+
+(4) $50,000 for any 1 taxable period (or, if there is no taxable period, taxable event) in the case of any tax imposed by subtitle D which is described in section 6212(a) (relating to a notice of deficiency),
+
+at the option of the taxpayer concurred in by the Tax Court or a division thereof before the hearing of the case, proceedings in the case shall be conducted under this section. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 7453, such proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with such rules of evidence, practice, and procedure as the Tax Court may prescribe. A decision, together with a brief summary of the reasons therefor, in any such case shall satisfy the requirements of sections 7459(b) and 7460.
+
+(b) Finality of decisions A decision entered in any case in which the proceedings are conducted under this section shall not be reviewed in any other court and shall not be treated as a precedent for any other case.
+
+(c) Limitation of jurisdiction In any case in which the proceedings are conducted under this section, notwithstanding the provisions of sections 6214(a) and 6512(b), no decision shall be entered redetermining the amount of a deficiency, or determining an overpayment, except with respect to amounts placed in dispute within the limits described in subsection (a) and with respect to amounts conceded by the parties.
+
+(d) Discontinuance of proceedings At any time before a decision entered in a case in which the proceedings are conducted under this section becomes final, the taxpayer or the Secretary may request that further proceedings under this section in such case be discontinued. The Tax Court, or the division thereof hearing such case, may, if it finds that (1) there are reasonable grounds for believing that the amount of the deficiency placed in dispute, or the amount of an overpayment, exceeds the applicable jurisdictional amount described in subsection (a), and (2) the amount of such excess is large enough to justify granting such request, discontinue further proceedings in such case under this section. Upon any such discontinuance, proceedings in such case shall be conducted in the same manner as cases to which the provisions of sections 6214(a) and 6512(b) apply.
+
+(e) Amount of deficiency in dispute For purposes of this section, the amount of any deficiency placed in dispute includes additions to the tax, additional amounts, and penalties imposed by chapter 68, to the extent that the procedures described in subchapter B of chapter 63 apply.
+
+(f) Additional cases in which proceedings may be conducted under this section At the option of the taxpayer concurred in by the Tax Court or a division thereof before the hearing of the case, proceedings may be conducted under this section (in the same manner as a case described in subsection (a)) in the case of—
+
+(1) a petition to the Tax Court under section 6015(e) in which the amount of relief sought does not exceed $50,000,
+
+(2) an appeal under section 6330(d)(1)(A) to the Tax Court of a determination in which the unpaid tax does not exceed $50,000, and
+
+(3) a petition to the Tax Court under section 6404(h) in which the amount of the abatement sought does not exceed $50,000.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 957(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 733; amended Pub. L. 92–512, title II, § 203(b)(1), (2), Oct. 20, 1972, 86 Stat. 945; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 95–600, title V, § 502(a)(1), (2)(A), (b), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2879; Pub. L. 96–222, title I, § 105(a)(1)(A), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 218; Pub. L. 97–362, title I, § 106(a)(1), Oct. 25, 1982, 96 Stat. 1730; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 461(a)(1), (2)(A), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 823; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11801(c)(21)(B), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–528; Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3103(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 731; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title III, § 313(b)(1)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–642; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 422(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3123.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7463 was renumbered section 7465 of this title.
+
+Amendments2015—Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 114–113 added par. (3). 2000—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–554 added subsec. (f). 1998—Pub. L. 105–206 in section catchline and in subsec. (a)(1) to (4) substituted “$50,000” for “$10,000”. 1990—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–508 struck out subsec. (f) “Qualified State individual income taxes” which read as follows: “For purposes of this section, a deficiency placed in dispute or claimed overpayment with regard to a qualified State individual income tax to which subchapter E of chapter 64 applies, for a taxable year, shall be treated as a portion of a deficiency placed in dispute or claimed overpayment of the income tax for that taxable year.” 1984—Pub. L. 98–369, § 461(a)(2)(A), substituted “$10,000” for “$5,000” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–369, § 461(a)(1), substituted “$10,000” for “$5,000” in pars. (1) to (4). 1982—Section (a)(4). Pub. L. 97–362 added par. (4). 1980—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 96–222 struck out subsec. (g) which authorized the chief judge of the Tax Court to assign proceedings conducted under this section to be heard by the Commissioners of the court. 1978—Pub. L. 95–600, § 502(a)(2)(A), substituted “$5,000” for “$1,500” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–600, § 502(a)(1), “$5,000 for any one taxable year, in the case of the taxes imposed by subtitle A” for “$1,500 for any one taxable year, in the case of the taxes imposed by subtitle A and chapter 12, or” in par. (1), “$5,000, in the case of the tax imposed by chapter 11, or” for “$1,500 in the case of the tax imposed by chapter 11,” in par. (2), and added par. (3). Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 95–600, § 502(b), added subsec. (g). 1976—Subsec, (d). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”. 1972—Pub. L. 92–512, § 203(b)(2), substituted “$1,500” for “$1,000” in section catchline. Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 92–512, § 203(b)(2), substituted “$1,500” for “$1,000”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 92–512, § 203(b)(1), added subsec. (f).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentPub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 422(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3123, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to cases pending as of the day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015], and cases commenced after such date of enactment.”
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 105–206 applicable to proceedings commenced after July 22, 1998, see section 3103(c) of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 7436 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentPub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 461(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 823, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984].”
+
+Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentPub. L. 97–362, title I, § 106(a)(2), Oct. 25, 1982, 96 Stat. 1730, provided that: “The amendment made by this subsection [amending this section] shall apply with respect to petitions filed after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 25, 1982].”
+
+Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–222 effective Apr. 1, 1980, see section 105(b)(1) of Pub. L. 96–222, set out as a note under section 7456 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentPub. L. 95–600, title V, § 502(d), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2879, provided that: “(1) Subsection (a).—The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the first day of the first calendar month beginning more than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 6, 1978]. “(2) Subsections (b) and (c).—The amendments made by subsection (b) [amending this section] and (c) [amending section 7456 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act.”
+
+Effective Date of 1972 AmendmentPub. L. 92–512, title II, § 204, Oct. 20, 1972, 86 Stat. 945, as amended by Pub. L. 94–455, title XXI, § 2116(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1910; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: “(a) General Rule.—Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c), the provisions of this title (and the amendments made thereby) [enacting this section and sections 6362 and 6363 of this title and amending this section and section 6405 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 20, 1972]. “(b) Collection and Administration of State Taxes by the United States May Not Begin Before January 1, 1974.—Section 6361 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as added by section 202(a) of this Act) shall take effect on whichever of the following is the later:“(1) January 1, 1974, or “(2) the first January 1 which is more than one year after the first date on which at least one State has notified the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate of an election to enter into an agreement under section 6363 of such Code. “(c) Jurisdiction of Tax Court in Disputes Involving $1,500 or Less.—The amendments made by paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 203(b) of this Act [amending this section] shall take effect on January 1, 1974.”
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 962(e), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 736, provided that: “The amendments made by sections 957 [enacting this section] and 960(a), (b), (f), and (i) [amending sections 6214, 6512, 7453, 7456, 7481, 7487, of this title] shall take effect one year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969].”
+
+Savings ProvisionFor provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Nov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7464.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7464"
+description: "Intervention by trustee of debtor’s estate"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7464"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7464"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7464"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "3ba07d862a1e6d8ba3fb5dd02cb1951c4164725431998b68b2e178a1693e49e9"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "b112909b72c8054a7c239f8ed97309af2f16d0fc6f3fd3223f825e8f4eff620b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7464 - Intervention by trustee of debtor’s estate
+
+## Text
+
+The trustee of the debtor’s estate in any case under title 11 of the United States Code may intervene, on behalf of the debtor’s estate, in any proceeding before the Tax Court to which the debtor is a party.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 96–589, § 6(c)(1), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3407.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7464 was renumbered section 7465 of this title.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection effective Oct. 1, 1979, but not applicable to proceedings under Title 11, Bankruptcy, commenced before Oct. 1, 1979, see section 7(e) of Pub. L. 96–589, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 108 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7465.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7465"
+description: "Provisions of special application to transferees"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7465"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7465"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7465"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "73f312797ccd558596c92035a2af54e77edf0607e692c801189db3182bd5ac40"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "cc10395418801394ca9fc28105f720918cfac3e48da7a69b973f13c0d4781fb9"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7465 - Provisions of special application to transferees
+
+## Text
+
+(1) For rules of burden of proof in transferee proceedings, see section 6902(a).
+
+(2) For authority of Tax Court to prescribe rules by which a transferee of property of a taxpayer shall be entitled to examine books, records and other evidence, see section 6902(b).
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 888, § 7463; renumbered § 7464, Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 957(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 733; renumbered § 7465, Pub. L. 96–589, § 6(c)(1), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3407.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7466.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7466"
+description: "Judicial conduct and disability procedures"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7466"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7466"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7466"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "518a37dfe2f929e1cc1e1397dcad347e068748cbab17a264ea5027bb0d77940c"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "77da6e03d07c8a774166e28c86945256fa39317104c3f36831987787988e6c9c"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7466 - Judicial conduct and disability procedures
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general The Tax Court shall prescribe rules, consistent with the provisions of chapter 16 of title 28, United States Code, establishing procedures for the filing of complaints with respect to the conduct of any judge or special trial judge of the Tax Court and for the investigation and resolution of such complaints. In investigating and taking action with respect to any such complaint, the Tax Court shall have the powers granted to a judicial council under such chapter.
+
+(b) Judicial council The provisions of sections 354(b) through 360 of title 28, United States Code, regarding referral or certification to, and petition for review in the Judicial Conference of the United States, and action thereon, shall apply to the exercise by the Tax Court of the powers of a judicial council under subsection (a). The determination pursuant to section 354(b) or 355 of title 28, United States Code, shall be made based on the grounds for removal of a judge from office under section 7443(f), and certification and transmittal by the Conference of any complaint shall be made to the President for consideration under section 7443(f).
+
+(c) Hearings (1) In general In conducting hearings pursuant to subsection (a), the Tax Court may exercise the authority provided under section 1821 of title 28, United States Code, to pay the fees and allowances described in that section.
+
+(2) Reimbursement for expenses The Tax Court shall have the power provided under section 361 of such title 28 to award reimbursement for the reasonable expenses described in that section. Reimbursements under this paragraph shall be made out of any funds appropriated for purposes of the Tax Court.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 431(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3125.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 431(c), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3125, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall apply to proceedings commenced after the date which is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015] and, to the extent just and practicable, all proceedings pending on such date.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7470.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7470"
+description: "Administration"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7470"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7470"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7470"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "1be42c9b6c32e450f36e7305ef7b9f46a7b550e158c8b31df5f6c08c17a6c2f7"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "e1aa9ec5f060deec65b6fc2ffd4f6bdb07ec668122ac58cb0300f834364b8dba"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7470 - Administration
+
+## Text
+
+Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Tax Court may exercise, for purposes of management, administration, and expenditure of funds of the Court, the authorities provided for such purposes by any provision of law (including any limitation with respect to such provision of law) applicable to a court of the United States (as that term is defined in section 451 of title 28, United States Code), except to the extent that such provision of law is inconsistent with a provision of this subchapter.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 432(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3126.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7470a.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7470A"
+description: "Judicial conference"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7470A"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7470A"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7470A"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "2bd79f8a0cf2fb5ccdac615dec768558642a7194097293dd500f4640c785f726"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "0812d27224230feafdf90f76dbd37abc67f913bab3f279c0947fa5da1c8e872e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7470A - Judicial conference
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Judicial conference The chief judge may summon the judges and special trial judges of the Tax Court to an annual judicial conference, at such time and place as the chief judge shall designate, for the purpose of considering the business of the Tax Court and recommending means of improving the administration of justice within the jurisdiction of the Tax Court. The Tax Court shall provide by its rules for representation and active participation at such conferences by persons admitted to practice before the Tax Court and by other persons active in the legal profession.
+
+(b) Registration fee The Tax Court may impose a reasonable registration fee on persons (other than judges and special trial judges of the Tax Court) participating at judicial conferences convened pursuant to subsection (a). Amounts so received by the Tax Court shall be available to the Tax Court to defray the expenses of such conferences.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 432(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3126.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7471.md

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7471"
+description: "Employees"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7471"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7471"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7471"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "17fb3998cfff7c4354a8f698ab0fe3713bbed6531215fcd03dc98986cc0989ce"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "e60bc627ff9e67904b3b51154154935573b4fab68bf2eebaab84e8fed3298fc3"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7471 - Employees
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Appointment and compensation (1) Clerk The Tax Court may appoint a clerk without regard to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive service. The clerk shall serve at the pleasure of the Tax Court.
+
+(2) Judge-appointed employees (A) In general The judges and special trial judges of the Tax Court may appoint employees, in such numbers as the Tax Court may approve, without regard to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive service. Any such employee shall serve at the pleasure of the appointing judge.
+
+(B) Exemption from Federal leave provisions A law clerk appointed under this subsection shall be exempt from the provisions of subchapter I of chapter 63 of title 5, United States Code. Any unused sick leave or annual leave standing to the law clerk’s credit as of the effective date of this subsection shall remain credited to the law clerk and shall be available to the law clerk upon separation from the Federal Government.
+
+(3) Other employees The Tax Court may appoint necessary employees without regard to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive service. Such employees shall be subject to removal by the Tax Court.
+
+(4) Pay The Tax Court may fix and adjust the compensation for the clerk and other employees of the Tax Court without regard to the provisions of chapter 51, subchapter III of chapter 53, or section 5373 of title 5, United States Code. To the maximum extent feasible, the Tax Court shall compensate employees at rates consistent with those for employees holding comparable positions in courts established under Article III of the Constitution of the United States.
+
+(5) Programs The Tax Court may establish programs for employee evaluations, incentive awards, flexible work schedules, premium pay, and resolution of employee grievances.
+
+(6) Discrimination prohibited The Tax Court shall—
+
+(A) prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, age, sex, national origin, political affiliation, marital status, or handicapping condition; and
+
+(B) promulgate procedures for resolving complaints of discrimination by employees and applicants for employment.
+
+(7) Experts and consultants The Tax Court may procure the services of experts and consultants under section 3109 of title 5, United States Code.
+
+(8) Rights to certain appeals reserved Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an individual who is an employee of the Tax Court on the day before the effective date of this subsection and who, as of that day, was entitled to—
+
+(A) appeal a reduction in grade or removal to the Merit Systems Protection Board under chapter 43 of title 5, United States Code,
+
+(B) appeal an adverse action to the Merit Systems Protection Board under chapter 75 of title 5, United States Code,
+
+(C) appeal a prohibited personnel practice described under section 2302(b) of title 5, United States Code, to the Merit Systems Protection Board under chapter 77 of that title,
+
+(D) make an allegation of a prohibited personnel practice described under section 2302(b) of title 5, United States Code, with the Office of Special Counsel under chapter 12 of that title for action in accordance with that chapter, or
+
+(E) file an appeal with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under part 1614 of title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations,
+
+shall continue to be entitled to file such appeal or make such an allegation so long as the individual remains an employee of the Tax Court.
+
+(9) Competitive status Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any employee of the Tax Court who has completed at least 1 year of continuous service under a non-temporary appointment with the Tax Court acquires a competitive status for appointment to any position in the competitive service for which the employee possesses the required qualifications.
+
+(10) Merit system principles, prohibited personnel practices, and preference eligibles Any personnel management system of the Tax Court shall—
+
+(A) include the principles set forth in section 2301(b) of title 5, United States Code;
+
+(B) prohibit personnel practices prohibited under section 2302(b) of title 5, United States Code; and
+
+(C) in the case of any individual who would be a preference eligible in the executive branch, provide preference for that individual in a manner and to an extent consistent with preference accorded to preference eligibles in the executive branch.
+
+(b) Expenses for travel and subsistence The employees of the Tax Court shall receive their necessary traveling expenses, and expenses for subsistence while traveling on duty and away from their designated stations, as provided in chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code.
+
+(c) Special trial judges For compensation and travel and subsistence allowances of special trial judges of the Tax Court, see subsections (d) and (e) of section 7443A.
+
+(Aug. 6, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 888; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 960(g), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 734; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(a)(47), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1831; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 464(d), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 825; Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1556(b)(2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2755; Pub. L. 111–366, § 1(a), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 4063.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe effective date of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B), (8), probably means the effective date of section 1(a) of Pub. L. 111–366, which amended subsec. (a) generally. See Effective Date of 2011 Amendment note below.
+
+Amendments2011—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–366 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Tax Court is authorized to appoint, in accordance with the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing appointment in the competitive service, and to fix the basic pay of, in accordance with chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title, such employees as may be necessary efficiently to execute the functions vested in the Tax Court.” 1986—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “subsections (d) and (e) of section 7443A” for “section 7456(c)”. 1984—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–369 substituted references to special trial judges for references to commissioners in the subsection heading and text. 1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(47)(A), among other changes, substituted provisions referring to title 5 of the United States Code for provisions referring to the civil service law, and to chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5 for the Classification Act of 1949. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(47)(B), substituted “as provided in chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code” for “as provided in the Travel Expense Act of 1949 (63 Stat. 166; 5 U.S.C. chapter 16)”. 1969—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–172 inserted reference to the compensation of commissioners.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2011 AmendmentPub. L. 111–366, § 1(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 4065, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date the United States Tax Court adopts a personnel management system [adopted effective Oct. 9, 2011] after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 4, 2011].”
+
+Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 99–514 effective Oct. 22, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1556(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7443A of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–369 effective July 18, 1984, see section 464(e)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 7456 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1976 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 94–455 effective on first day of first month which begins more than 90 days after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1906(d)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 6013 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1969 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–172 effective Dec. 30, 1969, see section 962(a) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 7441 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7472.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7472"
+description: "Expenditures"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7472"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7472"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7472"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "1517dc82df83e9f60393c300d1679fdc431493c3fc8b34e20bd4c9929861c8b6"
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+text_hash: "5c1989b1c304f06d8ec238bd5bd8ebf34ebf0c8da2e898dda614b972e1bcf40a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7472 - Expenditures
+
+## Text
+
+The Tax Court is authorized to make such expenditures (including expenditures for personal services and rent at the seat of Government and elsewhere, and for law books, books of reference, and periodicals), as may be necessary efficiently to execute the functions vested in the Tax Court. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Tax Court is authorized to pay on behalf of its judges, age 65 or over, any increase in the cost of Federal Employees’ Group Life Insurance imposed after April 24, 1999, that is incurred after the date of the enactment of the Pension Protection Act of 2006, including any expenses generated by such payments, as authorized by the chief judge in a manner consistent with such payments authorized by the Judicial Conference of the United States pursuant to section 604(a)(5) of title 28, United States Code. Except as provided in section 7475, all expenditures of the Tax Court shall be allowed and paid, out of any moneys appropriated for purposes of the Tax Court, upon presentation of itemized vouchers therefor signed by the certifying officer designated by the chief judge.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 888; Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1553(b)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2754; Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 852, Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1016; Pub. L. 111–8, div. D, title VI, § 618(a), Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 677.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe date of the enactment of the Pension Protection Act of 2006, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–280, which was approved Aug. 17, 2006.
+
+Amendments2009—Pub. L. 111–8, which directed the amendment of section 7472 of “title 26, United States Code” by inserting “after April 24, 1999, that is incurred” after “imposed” in second sentence, was executed to this section, which is section 7472 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 2006—Pub. L. 109–280 inserted after first sentence “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Tax Court is authorized to pay on behalf of its judges, age 65 or over, any increase in the cost of Federal Employees’ Group Life Insurance imposed after the date of the enactment of the Pension Protection Act of 2006, including any expenses generated by such payments, as authorized by the chief judge in a manner consistent with such payments authorized by the Judicial Conference of the United States pursuant to section 604(a)(5) of title 28, United States Code.” 1986—Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Except as provided in section 7475, all” for “All” in second sentence.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2009 AmendmentPub. L. 111–8, div. D, title VI, § 618(b), Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 677, provided that: “This amendment [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the amendment made by section 852 of the Pension Protection Act of 2006 [Pub. L. 109–280].”
+
+Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 99–514 effective Jan. 1, 1987, see section 1553(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7475 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7473.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7473"
+description: "Disposition of fees"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7473"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7473"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7473"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "04492010f5fb9b09e988f9e013a1eee62d6cfccdd9a86465fa03954271ac5cd5"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "a218284f84d2ea5136de6bde8746dd6edd290a3c6dd818c1c0bfae80b3bb2ab5"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7473 - Disposition of fees
+
+## Text
+
+Except as provided in sections 7470A and 7475, all fees received by the Tax Court pursuant to this title shall be deposited into a special fund of the Treasury to be available to offset funds appropriated for the operation and maintenance of the Tax Court.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 888; Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1553(b)(2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2754; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 432(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3126.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2015—Pub. L. 114–113 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Except as provided in section 7475, all fees received by the Tax Court shall be covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts.” 1986—Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Except as provided in section 7475, all” for “All”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 99–514 effective Jan. 1, 1987, see section 1553(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7475 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7474.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7474"
+description: "Fee for transcript of record"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7474"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7474"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7474"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "eef7b380af6cb435d0c6e1872bcb4cf3f759894a869e8fe1c67fd2cbaaa9867d"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "2ba04c8085f6eabdfdb579a0d76668e28238501c3eb65e59ad1d96e3a67c0a35"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7474 - Fee for transcript of record
+
+## Text
+
+The Tax Court is authorized to fix a fee, not in excess of the fee fixed by law to be charged and collected therefor by the clerks of the district courts, for comparing, or for preparing and comparing, a transcript of the record, or for copying any record, entry, or other paper and the comparison and certification thereof.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 888.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7475.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7475"
+description: "Practice fee"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7475"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7475"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7475"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "f030d5d8bae21c829f0cb5e9fdfc446205d14602fb2a7bacd0af112d5c4e69e2"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "2bb0c1aefb4402c8a791c889fbc8bb1a931948e4a78bfebd800eb9278e548906"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7475 - Practice fee
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general The Tax Court is authorized to impose a periodic registration fee on practitioners admitted to practice before such Court. The frequency and amount of such fee shall be determined by the Tax Court, except that such amount may not exceed $30 per year.
+
+(b) Use of fees The fees described in subsection (a) shall be available to the Tax Court to employ independent counsel to pursue disciplinary matters and to provide services to pro se taxpayers.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1553(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2754; amended Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 860(a), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1020.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2006—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–280 inserted “and to provide services to pro se taxpayers” before period at end.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2006 AmendmentPub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 860(b), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1020, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 17, 2006].”
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1553(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2754, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 7472 and 7473 of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 1987.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7476.md

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7476"
+description: "Declaratory judgments relating to qualification of certain retirement plans"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7476"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7476"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7476"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "9e936b6b76abfead77ea0df5c2379fb11deefc8331d4a441aaa9fdd739690fa2"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "bdcf437e679c67dd95baaf029e8d6323056ab363109b06bb75873a864a844093"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7476 - Declaratory judgments relating to qualification of certain retirement plans
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Creation of remedy In a case of actual controversy involving—
+
+(1) a determination by the Secretary with respect to the initial qualification or continuing qualification of a retirement plan under subchapter D of chapter 1, or
+
+(2) a failure by the Secretary to make a determination with respect to—
+
+(A) such initial qualification, or
+
+(B) such continuing qualification if the controversy arises from a plan amendment or plan termination,
+
+upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, the Tax Court may make a declaration with respect to such initial qualification or continuing qualification. Any such declaration shall have the force and effect of a decision of the Tax Court and shall be reviewable as such. For purposes of this section, a determination with respect to a continuing qualification includes any revocation of or other change in a qualification.
+
+(b) Limitations (1) Petitioner A pleading may be filed under this section only by a petitioner who is the employer, the plan administrator, an employee who has qualified under regulations prescribed by the Secretary as an interested party for purposes of pursuing administrative remedies within the Internal Revenue Service, or the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.
+
+(2) Notice For purposes of this section, the filing of a pleading by any petitioner may be held by the Tax Court to be premature, unless the petitioner establishes to the satisfaction of the court that he has complied with the requirements prescribed by regulations of the Secretary with respect to notice to other interested parties of the filing of the request for a determination referred to in subsection (a).
+
+(3) Exhaustion of administrative remedies The Tax Court shall not issue a declaratory judgment or decree under this section in any proceeding unless it determines that the petitioner has exhausted administrative remedies available to him within the Internal Revenue Service. A petitioner shall not be deemed to have exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to a failure by the Secretary to make a determination with respect to initial qualification or continuing qualification of a retirement plan before the expiration of 270 days after the request for such determination was made.
+
+(4) Plan put into effect No proceeding may be maintained under this section unless the plan (and, in the case of a controversy involving the continuing qualification of the plan because of an amendment to the plan, the amendment) with respect to which a decision of the Tax Court is sought has been put into effect before the filing of the pleading. A plan or amendment shall not be treated as not being in effect merely because under the plan the funds contributed to the plan may be refunded if the plan (or the plan as so amended) is found to be not qualified.
+
+(5) Time for bringing action If the Secretary sends by certified or registered mail notice of his determination with respect to the qualification of the plan to the persons referred to in paragraph (1) (or, in the case of employees referred to in paragraph (1), to any individual designated under regulations prescribed by the Secretary as a representative of such employee), no proceeding may be initiated under this section by any person unless the pleading is filed before the ninety-first day after the day after such notice is mailed to such person (or to his designated representative, in the case of an employee).
+
+(c) Retirement plan For purposes of this section, the term “retirement plan” means—
+
+(1) a pension, profit-sharing, or stock bonus plan described in section 401(a) or a trust which is part of such a plan, or
+
+(2) an annuity plan described in section 403(a).
+
+(d) Cross reference For provisions concerning intervention by Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation and Secretary of Labor in actions brought under this section and right of Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation to bring action, see section 3001(c) of subtitle A of title III of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 93–406, title II, § 1041(a), Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 949; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title X, § 1042(d)(2)(C), title XIII, § 1306(b)(3), title XIX, §§ 1906(a)(48), (b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1639, 1719, 1831, 1834; Pub. L. 95–600, title III, § 336(b)(2)(A), title VII, § 701(dd)(1), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2842, 2924; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 491(d)(52), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 852; Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, § 1899A(59), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2962.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 3001(c) of subtitle A of title III of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (d), is classified to section 1201(c) of Title 29, Labor.
+
+Amendments1986—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “plan, or” for “plan,, or”. 1984—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 98–369 struck out par. (3) which included a bond purchase plan described in section 405(a) within the term “retirement plan”. 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–600, § 701(dd)(1), inserted provision relating to revocation of qualification. Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 95–600, § 336(b)(2)(A), redesignated subsecs. (d) and (e) as (c) and (d), respectively. Former subsec. (c), which authorized the chief judge to assign proceedings under this section or section 7428 to be heard by the commissioners of the court, was struck out. 1976—Pub. L. 94–455, § 1042(d)(2)(C), inserted “relating to qualification of certain retirement plans” after “Declaratory judgments” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §§ 1906(a)(48), (b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing, and “United States” after “appropriate pleading, the” in provisions following par. (2). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out in pars. (1) to (3) and (5), “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1306(b)(3), substituted “this section or section 7428” for “this section”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to obligations issued after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 491(f)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 62 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by section 336(b)(2)(A) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to requests for determinations made after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 336(d) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7478 of this title. Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, § 701(dd)(3), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2924, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: “The amendments made by paragraphs (1) and (2) [amending this section and section 7428 of this title] shall take effect as if included in section 7476 or 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as the case may be) at the respective times such sections were added to such Code.”
+
+Effective Date of 1976 AmendmentAmendment by section 1042(d)(2)(C) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to pleadings filed with the Tax Court after Oct. 4, 1976, but only with respect to transfers beginning after Oct. 9, 1975, see section 1042(e)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 367 of this title. Amendment by section 1306(b)(3) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to pleadings filed with the United States Tax Court, the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia, or the United States Court of Claims more than 6 months after Oct. 4, 1976 but only with respect to determinations (or requests for determinations) made after Jan. 1, 1976, see section 1306(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7428 of this title. Amendment by section 1906(a)(48), (b)(13)(A) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective on first day of first month which begins more than 90 days after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1906(d)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 6013 of this title.
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 93–406, title X, § 1041(d), Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 951, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 7451, 7459, and 7482 of this title] shall apply to pleadings filed more than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 2, 1974].”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7477.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7477"
+description: "Declaratory judgments relating to value of certain gifts"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7477"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7477"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7477"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "e6d52176f2cc32712247fc880aafd1a0113955a0ae6ea6dce8da88e1b6d1ef11"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7477 - Declaratory judgments relating to value of certain gifts
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Creation of remedy In a case of an actual controversy involving a determination by the Secretary of the value of any gift shown on the return of tax imposed by chapter 12 or disclosed on such return or in any statement attached to such return, upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, the Tax Court may make a declaration of the value of such gift. Any such declaration shall have the force and effect of a decision of the Tax Court and shall be reviewable as such.
+
+(b) Limitations (1) Petitioner A pleading may be filed under this section only by the donor.
+
+(2) Exhaustion of administrative remedies The court shall not issue a declaratory judgment or decree under this section in any proceeding unless it determines that the petitioner has exhausted all available administrative remedies within the Internal Revenue Service.
+
+(3) Time for bringing action If the Secretary sends by certified or registered mail notice of his determination as described in subsection (a) to the petitioner, no proceeding may be initiated under this section unless the pleading is filed before the 91st day after the date of such mailing.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 105–34, title V, § 506(c)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 855.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7477, added Pub. L. 94–455, title X, § 1042(d)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1637; amended Pub. L. 95–600, title III, § 336(b)(2)(B), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2842, provided for declaratory judgments relating to transfers of property from the United States, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, § 131(e)(1), (g), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 664, 665, applicable to transfers or exchanges after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, with special rules for certain transfers and ruling requests before Mar. 1, 1984.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection applicable to gifts made after Aug. 5, 1997, see section 506(e)(1) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as an Effective Date of 1997 Amendment note under section 2001 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7478.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7478"
+description: "Declaratory judgments relating to status of certain governmental obligations"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7478"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7478"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7478"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "07ab8b1482d5d950f5232b612abc46f4e5b691eea1cb6d1e290541f248b6e796"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "c6b89724b2ad001b361ab4c97efdc724c6ae6591d15e07fc57d186fbc4a8e8e8"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7478 - Declaratory judgments relating to status of certain governmental obligations
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Creation of remedy In a case of actual controversy involving—
+
+(1) a determination by the Secretary whether interest on prospective obligations will be excludable from gross income under section 103(a), or
+
+(2) a failure by the Secretary to make a determination with respect to any matter referred to in paragraph (1),
+
+upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, the Tax Court may make a declaration whether interest on such prospective obligations will be excludable from gross income under section 103(a). Any such declaration shall have the force and effect of a decision of the Tax Court and shall be reviewable as such.
+
+(b) Limitations (1) Petitioner A pleading may be filed under this section only by the prospective issuer.
+
+(2) Exhaustion of administrative remedies The court shall not issue a declaratory judgment or decree under this section in any proceeding unless it determines that the petitioner has exhausted all available administrative remedies within the Internal Revenue Service. A petitioner shall be deemed to have exhausted its administrative remedies with respect to a failure of the Secretary to make a determination with respect to an issue of obligations at the expiration of 180 days after the date on which the request for such determination was made if the petitioner has taken, in a timely manner, all reasonable steps to secure such determination.
+
+(3) Time for bringing action If the Secretary sends by certified or registered mail notice of his determination as described in subsection (a)(1) to the petitioner, no proceeding may be initiated under this section unless the pleading is filed before the 91st day after the date of such mailing.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 95–600, title III, § 336(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2841; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1013(a)(42), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3544.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted “whether interest on prospective obligations will be excludable from gross income under section 103(a)” for “whether prospective obligations are described in section 103(a)” in par. (1) and “whether interest on such prospective obligations will be excludable from gross income under section 103(a)” for “whether such prospective obligations are described in section 103(a)” in concluding provisions.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 95–600, title III, § 336(d), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2842, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 7456, 7476, 7477, and 7482 of this title] shall apply to requests for determinations made after December 31, 1978.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7479.md

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7479"
+description: "Declaratory judgments relating to eligibility of estate with respect to installment payments under section 6166"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7479"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7479"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7479"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "d19bb4ba33f437d6faf69d44965fd5d8c35eb04ba5c848294ae63a245930106b"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "aaf040e068f72f85d081b5be87c60a95c697428196b4436d55d4ceb16057220e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7479 - Declaratory judgments relating to eligibility of estate with respect to installment payments under section 6166
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Creation of remedy In a case of actual controversy involving a determination by the Secretary of (or a failure by the Secretary to make a determination with respect to)—
+
+(1) whether an election may be made under section 6166 (relating to extension of time for payment of estate tax where estate consists largely of interest in closely held business) with respect to an estate (or with respect to any property included therein), or
+
+(2) whether the extension of time for payment of tax provided in section 6166(a) has ceased to apply with respect to an estate (or with respect to any property included therein),
+
+upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, the Tax Court may make a declaration with respect to whether such election may be made or whether such extension has ceased to apply. Any such declaration shall have the force and effect of a decision of the Tax Court and shall be reviewable as such.
+
+(b) Limitations (1) Petitioner A pleading may be filed under this section, with respect to any estate, only—
+
+(A) by the executor of such estate, or
+
+(B) by any person who has assumed an obligation to make payments under section 6166 with respect to such estate (but only if each other such person is joined as a party).
+
+(2) Exhaustion of administrative remedies The court shall not issue a declaratory judgment or decree under this section in any proceeding unless it determines that the petitioner has exhausted all available administrative remedies within the Internal Revenue Service. A petitioner shall be deemed to have exhausted its administrative remedies with respect to a failure of the Secretary to make a determination at the expiration of 180 days after the date on which the request for such determination was made if the petitioner has taken, in a timely manner, all reasonable steps to secure such determination.
+
+(3) Time for bringing action If the Secretary sends by certified or registered mail notice of his determination as described in subsection (a) to the petitioner, no proceeding may be initiated under this section unless the pleading is filed before the 91st day after the date of such mailing.
+
+(c) Extension of time to file refund suit The 2-year period in section 6532(a)(1) for filing suit for refund after disallowance of a claim shall be suspended during the 90-day period after the mailing of the notice referred to in subsection (b)(3) and, if a pleading has been filed with the Tax Court under this section, until the decision of the Tax Court has become final.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 105–34, title V, § 505(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 854; amended Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3104(b), title VI, § 6007(d), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 732, 809.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1998—Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 105–206, § 6007(d), substituted “an estate (or with respect to any property included therein),” for “an estate,”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3104(b), added subsec. (c).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentAmendment by section 3104(b) of Pub. L. 105–206 applicable to any claim for refund filed after July 22, 1998, see section 3104(c) of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 7422 of this title. Amendment by section 6007(d) of Pub. L. 105–206 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 6024 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 105–34, title V, § 505(c), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 855, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall apply to the estates of decedents dying after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997].”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7481.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7481"
+description: "Date when Tax Court decision becomes final"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7481"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7481"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7481"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "bae14c327994bdec7f5cbfbafd049d9880b0c75191b303a5446c83aca11907a6"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "eb9938714cb905de9453c7b8e0ce66efeb367178dc46a69f961e2b93ed87629e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7481 - Date when Tax Court decision becomes final
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Reviewable decisions Except as provided in subsections (b), (c), and (d), the decision of the Tax Court shall become final—
+
+(1) Timely notice of appeal not filed Upon the expiration of the time allowed for filing a notice of appeal, if no such notice has been duly filed within such time; or
+
+(2) Decision affirmed or appeal dismissed (A) Petition for certiorari not filed on time Upon the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari, if the decision of the Tax Court has been affirmed or the appeal dismissed by the United States Court of Appeals and no petition for certiorari has been duly filed; or
+
+(B) Petition for certiorari denied Upon the denial of a petition for certiorari, if the decision of the Tax Court has been affirmed or the appeal dismissed by the United States Court of Appeals; or
+
+(C) After mandate of Supreme Court Upon the expiration of 30 days from the date of issuance of the mandate of the Supreme Court, if such Court directs that the decision of the Tax Court be affirmed or the appeal dismissed.
+
+(3) Decision modified or reversed (A) Upon mandate of Supreme Court If the Supreme Court directs that the decision of the Tax Court be modified or reversed, the decision of the Tax Court rendered in accordance with the mandate of the Supreme Court shall become final upon the expiration of 30 days from the time it was rendered, unless within such 30 days either the Secretary or the taxpayer has instituted proceedings to have such decision corrected to accord with the mandate, in which event the decision of the Tax Court shall become final when so corrected.
+
+(B) Upon mandate of the Court of Appeals If the decision of the Tax Court is modified or reversed by the United States Court of Appeals, and if—
+
+(i) the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari has expired and no such petition has been duly filed, or
+
+(ii) the petition for certiorari has been denied, or
+
+(iii) the decision of the United States Court of Appeals has been affirmed by the Supreme Court, then the decision of the Tax Court rendered in accordance with the mandate of the United States Court of Appeals shall become final on the expiration of 30 days from the time such decision of the Tax Court was rendered, unless within such 30 days either the Secretary or the taxpayer has instituted proceedings to have such decision corrected so that it will accord with the mandate, in which event the decision of the Tax Court shall become final when so corrected.
+
+(4) Rehearing If the Supreme Court orders a rehearing; or if the case is remanded by the United States Court of Appeals to the Tax Court for a rehearing, and if—
+
+(A) the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari has expired and no such petition has been duly filed, or
+
+(B) the petition for certiorari has been denied, or
+
+(C) the decision of the United States Court of Appeals has been affirmed by the Supreme Court,
+
+then the decision of the Tax Court rendered upon such rehearing shall become final in the same manner as though no prior decision of the Tax Court has been rendered.
+
+(5) Definition of “mandate” As used in this section, the term “mandate”, in case a mandate has been recalled prior to the expiration of 30 days from the date of issuance thereof, means the final mandate.
+
+(b) Nonreviewable decisions The decision of the Tax Court in a proceeding conducted under section 7436(c) or 7463 shall become final upon the expiration of 90 days after the decision is entered.
+
+(c) Jurisdiction over interest determinations (1) In general Notwithstanding subsection (a), if, within 1 year after the date the decision of the Tax Court becomes final under subsection (a) in a case to which this subsection applies, the taxpayer files a motion in the Tax Court for a redetermination of the amount of interest involved, then the Tax Court may reopen the case solely to determine whether the taxpayer has made an overpayment of such interest or the Secretary has made an underpayment of such interest and the amount thereof.
+
+(2) Cases to which this subsection applies This subsection shall apply where—
+
+(A) (i) an assessment has been made by the Secretary under section 6215 which includes interest as imposed by this title, and
+
+(ii) the taxpayer has paid the entire amount of the deficiency plus interest claimed by the Secretary, and
+
+(B) the Tax Court finds under section 6512(b) that the taxpayer has made an overpayment.
+
+(3) Special rules If the Tax Court determines under this subsection that the taxpayer has made an overpayment of interest or that the Secretary has made an underpayment of interest, then that determination shall be treated under section 6512(b)(1) as a determination of an overpayment of tax. An order of the Tax Court redetermining interest, when entered upon the records of the court, shall be reviewable in the same manner as a decision of the Tax Court.
+
+(d) Decisions relating to estate tax extended under section 6166 If with respect to a decedent’s estate subject to a decision of the Tax Court—
+
+(1) the time for payment of an amount of tax imposed by chapter 11 is extended under section 6166, and
+
+(2) there is treated as an administrative expense under section 2053 either—
+
+(A) any amount of interest which a decedent’s estate pays on any portion of the tax imposed by section 2001 on such estate for which the time of payment is extended under section 6166, or
+
+(B) interest on any estate, succession, legacy, or inheritance tax imposed by a State on such estate during the period of the extension of time for payment under section 6166,
+
+then, upon a motion by the petitioner in such case in which such time for payment of tax has been extended under section 6166, the Tax Court may reopen the case solely to modify the Court’s decision to reflect such estate’s entitlement to a deduction for such administration expenses under section 2053 and may hold further trial solely with respect to the claim for such deduction if, within the discretion of the Tax Court, such a hearing is deemed necessary. An order of the Tax Court disposing of a motion under this subsection shall be reviewable in the same manner as a decision of the Tax Court, but only with respect to the matters determined in such order.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 889; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 960(h)(1), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 734; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §§ 6246(a), (b)(2), 6247(a), (b)(2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3751, 3752; Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, §§ 1452(a), 1454(b)(3), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1054, 1057.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1997—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1454(b)(3), substituted “section 7436(c) or 7463” for “section 7463”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1452(a), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Notwithstanding subsection (a), if— “(1) an assessment has been made by the Secretary under section 6215 which includes interest as imposed by this title, “(2) the taxpayer has paid the entire amount of the deficiency plus interest claimed by the Secretary, and “(3) within 1 year after the date the decision of the Tax Court becomes final under subsection (a), the taxpayer files a petition in the Tax Court for a determination that the amount of interest claimed by the Secretary exceeds the amount of interest imposed by this title, then the Tax Court may reopen the case solely to determine whether the taxpayer has made an overpayment of such interest and the amount of any such overpayment. If the Tax Court determines under this subsection that the taxpayer has made an overpayment of interest, then that determination shall be treated under section 6512(b)(1) as a determination of an overpayment of tax. An order of the Tax Court redetermining the interest due, when entered upon the records of the court, shall be reviewable in the same manner as a decision of the Tax Court.” 1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6247(b)(2), substituted “subsections (b), (c), and (d)” for “subsections (b) and (c)”. Pub. L. 100–647, § 6246(b)(2), substituted “subsections (b) and (c)” for “subsection (b)”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6246(a), added subsec. (c). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6247(a), added subsec. (d). 1976—Subsec. (a)(3)(A), (B)(iii). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”. 1969—Pub. L. 91–172 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted reference to the exception provided for in subsec. (b), substituted “notice of appeal” for “petition for review” in par. (1), and substituted references to dismissal of appeal for references to dismissal of petition for review in par. (2), and added subsec. (b).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1997 AmendmentPub. L. 105–34, title XIV, § 1452(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1055, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997].” Amendment by section 1454(b)(3) of Pub. L. 105–34 effective Aug. 5, 1997, see section 1454(c) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 6511 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by section 6246(a), (b)(2) of Pub. L. 100–647 applicable to assessments of deficiencies redetermined by the Tax Court made after Nov. 10, 1988, see section 6246(c) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 6512 of this title. Amendment by section 6247(a), (b)(2) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective with respect to Tax Court cases for which the decision is not final on Nov. 10, 1988, see section 6247(c) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 6512 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1969 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–172 effective 30 days after Dec. 30, 1969, see section 962(f) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 7483 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7483.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7483"
+description: "Notice of appeal"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7483"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7483"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7483"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "301f242b7934713d284566db0cb8aa13aaf41b8a613910ab3c67b44f9342c724"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "a4b1e11f3e46d6f01ce6790c09e9d3a4a6c547baa8f89e76cda9b0346026a8c2"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7483 - Notice of appeal
+
+## Text
+
+Review of a decision of the Tax Court shall be obtained by filing a notice of appeal with the clerk of the Tax Court within 90 days after the decision of the Tax Court is entered. If a timely notice of appeal is filed by one party, any other party may take an appeal by filing a notice of appeal within 120 days after the decision of the Tax Court is entered.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 891; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 959(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 734.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1969—Pub. L. 91–172 substituted references to notice of appeal for references to petition for review, and otherwise generally altered the section as to time for appeal and terminology in order to conform section to the form of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1969 AmendmentPub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 962(f), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 736, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: “The amendments made by sections 959 and 960(h) [amending this section and sections 7481, 7482, and 7485 of this title] shall take effect 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969]. In the case of any decision of the Tax Court entered before the 30th day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969], the United States Courts of Appeals shall have jurisdiction to hear an appeal from such decision, if such appeal was filed within the time prescribed by Rule 13(a) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure or by section 7483 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] as in effect at the time the decision of the Tax Court was entered.”

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7484.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7484"
+description: "Change of incumbent in office"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7484"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7484"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7484"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "6b6a7528c8e94dc05e8f056e98ecea52ac0a623ec93be7f6864c35b87a54ebe6"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "e95b987a192e87b0fc25eafa1511c9e2972264dfd4d222c58c2f43d7f9e81df3"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7484 - Change of incumbent in office
+
+## Text
+
+When the incumbent of the office of Secretary changes, no substitution of the name of his successor shall be required in proceedings pending before any appellate court reviewing the action of the Tax Court.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 891; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7485.md

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7485"
+description: "Bond to stay assessment and collection"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7485"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7485"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7485"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "bbc014d98de2970c1dd850889211f1feab7bfcb4120d0ede8971f4c319af5fd0"
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+text_hash: "a9122c186a86666a5a93298e98793bcdad46a4199c1b7a669af813451a4a8252"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7485 - Bond to stay assessment and collection
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Upon notice of appeal Notwithstanding any provision of law imposing restrictions on the assessment and collection of deficiencies, the review under section 7483 shall not operate as a stay of assessment or collection of any portion of the amount of the deficiency determined by the Tax Court unless a notice of appeal in respect of such portion is duly filed by the taxpayer, and then only if the taxpayer—
+
+(1) on or before the time his notice of appeal is filed has filed with the Tax Court a bond in a sum fixed by the Tax Court not exceeding double the amount of the portion of the deficiency in respect of which the notice of appeal is filed, and with surety approved by the Tax Court, conditioned upon the payment of the deficiency as finally determined, together with any interest, additional amounts, or additions to the tax provided for by law, or
+
+(2) has filed a jeopardy bond under the income or estate tax laws.
+
+If as a result of a waiver of the restrictions on the assessment and collection of a deficiency any part of the amount determined by the Tax Court is paid after the filing of the appeal bond, such bond shall, at the request of the taxpayer, be proportionately reduced.
+
+(b) Bond in case of appeal of certain partnership-related decisions The condition of subsection (a) shall be satisfied if the partnership duly files notice of appeal from a decision under section 6234 and on or before the time the notice of appeal is filed with the Tax Court, a bond in an amount fixed by the Tax Court is filed, and with surety approved by the Tax Court, conditioned upon the payment of deficiencies attributable to the partnership-related items (as defined in section 6241) to which that decision relates as finally determined, together with any interest, penalties, additional amounts, or additions to the tax provided by law. Unless otherwise stipulated by the parties, the amount fixed by the Tax Court shall be based upon its estimate of the aggregate liability of the parties to the action.
+
+(c) Cross references (1) For requirement of additional security notwithstanding this section, see section 7482(c)(3).
+
+(2) For deposit of United States bonds or notes in lieu of sureties, see section 9303 of title 31, United States Code.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 891; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 960(h)(3), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 735; Pub. L. 97–248, title IV, § 402(c)(16), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 668; Pub. L. 97–258, § 3(f)(15), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1065; Pub. L. 105–34, title XII, §§ 1222(b)(4), 1241(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1019, 1029; Pub. L. 114–74, title XI, § 1101(f)(14), Nov. 2, 2015, 129 Stat. 638; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title II, §§ 201(c)(8), 206(p)(8), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1173, 1182.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted “the partnership” for “a partner” and “partnership-related items (as defined in section 6241)” for “partnership items”. 2015—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–74 substituted “section 6234” for “section 6226, 6228(a), 6247, or 6252”. 1997—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1222(b)(4)(B), amended heading generally. Prior to amendment, heading read as follows: “Bond in case of appeal of decision under section 6226 or section 6228(a)”. Pub. L. 105–34, § 1222(b)(4)(A), substituted “, 6228(a), 6247, or 6252” for “or 6228(a)”. Pub. L. 105–34, § 1241(a), inserted “penalties,” after “any interest,” and substituted “aggregate liability of the parties to the action” for “aggregate of such deficiencies”. 1982—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 97–248 added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c). Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 97–258 substituted “section 9303 of title 31, United States Code” for “6 U.S.C. 15”. Notwithstanding the directory language that amendment be made to subsec. (b)(2), the amendment was executed to subsec. (c)(2) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening redesignation of subsec. (b) as (c) by Pub. L. 97–248. 1969—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–172 substituted “notice of appeal” for “petition for review” and “appeal bond” for “review bond”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2018 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 115–141 effective as if included in section 1101 of Pub. L. 114–74, see section 207 of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 6031 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–74 applicable to returns filed for partnership taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, with certain exceptions, see section 1101(g) of Pub. L. 114–74, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6221 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1997 AmendmentAmendment by section 1222(b)(4) of Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to partnership taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1997, see section 1226 of Pub. L. 105–34, as amended, set out as a note under section 6011 of this title. Pub. L. 105–34, title XII, § 1241(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1029, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the amendments made by section 402 of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 [Pub. L. 97–248].”
+
+Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to partnership taxable years beginning after Sept. 3, 1982, with provision for the applicability of the amendment to any partnership taxable year ending after Sept. 3, 1982, if the partnership, each partner, and each indirect partner requests such application and the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate consents to such application, see section 407(a)(1), (3) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 702 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1969 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–172 effective 30 days after Dec. 30, 1969, see section 962(f) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 7483 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7486.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7486"
+description: "Refund, credit, or abatement of amounts dis­allowed"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7486"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7486"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7486"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "f14b69b450a0901a30410a72abbc172860539c89c8e4385c03acd7d01e75e5f6"
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+text_hash: "b2ac1375ba622e6f04cd33a21bf21ce273ff8e10fd390ca90ef008db58642d5a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7486 - Refund, credit, or abatement of amounts dis­allowed
+
+## Text
+
+In cases where assessment or collection has not been stayed by the filing of a bond, then if the amount of the deficiency determined by the Tax Court is disallowed in whole or in part by the court of review, the amount so disallowed shall be credited or refunded to the taxpayer, without the making of claim therefor, or, if collection has not been made, shall be abated.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 891.)

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7487.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7487"
+description: "Cross references"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7487"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7487"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7487"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "3fbeff2cc256f9545537d922f59b932808b3d2bc72b9dc9bcf6970316219b1d6"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7487 - Cross references
+
+## Text
+
+(1) Nonreviewability.— For nonreviewability of Tax Court decisions in small claims cases, see section 7463(b).
+
+(2) Transcripts.— For authority of the Tax Court to fix fees for transcript of records, see section 7474.
+
+(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 892; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 960(i)(1), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 735.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1969—Pub. L. 91–172 inserted reference to section 7463(b) for nonreviewability of Tax Court decisions in small claims cases.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1969 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–172 effective one year after Dec. 30, 1969, see section 962(e) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7463 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-26/chapter-76/section-7491.md

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "26 U.S.C. § 7491"
+description: "Burden of proof"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 26
+title_name: "INTERNAL REVENUE CODE"
+chapter_number: "76"
+chapter_name: "JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS"
+section: "7491"
+citation: "26 U.S.C. § 7491"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc26@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t26/s7491"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-26/usc26.xml"
+source_hash: "50c8e0158e5d01fccb6a9da2622754e9f595c7a7f4895419e0716bbef1022078"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "a261f094809116f42a96648a3d5eee80fa010379d67412551c21dd5c900b27f4"
+text_hash: "d12a620c0898d96f521245914560542d454d894204049ee97faab45f6d0b6cd2"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 26 U.S.C. § 7491 - Burden of proof
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Burden shifts where taxpayer produces credible evidence (1) General rule If, in any court proceeding, a taxpayer introduces credible evidence with respect to any factual issue relevant to ascertaining the liability of the taxpayer for any tax imposed by subtitle A or B, the Secretary shall have the burden of proof with respect to such issue.
+
+(2) Limitations Paragraph (1) shall apply with respect to an issue only if—
+
+(A) the taxpayer has complied with the requirements under this title to substantiate any item;
+
+(B) the taxpayer has maintained all records required under this title and has cooperated with reasonable requests by the Secretary for witnesses, information, documents, meetings, and interviews; and
+
+(C) in the case of a partnership, corporation, or trust, the taxpayer is described in section 7430(c)(4)(A)(ii).
+
+Subparagraph (C) shall not apply to any qualified revocable trust (as defined in section 645(b)(1)) with respect to liability for tax for any taxable year ending after the date of the decedent’s death and before the applicable date (as defined in section 645(b)(2)).
+
+(3) Coordination Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any issue if any other provision of this title provides for a specific burden of proof with respect to such issue.
+
+(b) Use of statistical information on unrelated taxpayers In the case of an individual taxpayer, the Secretary shall have the burden of proof in any court proceeding with respect to any item of income which was reconstructed by the Secretary solely through the use of statistical information on unrelated taxpayers.
+
+(c) Penalties Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the Secretary shall have the burden of production in any court proceeding with respect to the liability of any individual for any penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount imposed by this title.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3001(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 726; amended Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, § 4002(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–906.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 7491, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 893, placed the burden of proof in establishing the applicability of an exemption upon the defendant in the case of marihuana offenses, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §§ 1101(b)(5)(A), 1103, 1105(a), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292, 1294, 1295, effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, with prosecutions commenced prior to such date not to be affected or abated by reason thereof. A prior section 7492, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 893, related to the enforceability of cotton futures contracts, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1952(n)(4)(A), (o), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1846, effective on the 90th day after Oct. 4, 1976. A prior section 7493, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 893, provided that no person whose evidence is deemed material by the officer prosecuting on behalf of the United States in any case brought under any provision of subchapter D of chapter 39 of this title withhold his testimony because of complicity by him in any violation of subchapter D of chapter 39 of this title or of any regulation made pursuant to such chapter, but that such person called by such officer who testifies in the case be exempt from prosecution for any offense to which his testimony relates, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 91–452, title II, §§ 232, 260, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 930, 931, effective on 60th day following Oct. 15, 1970, and not to affect any immunity to which any individual was entitled under by reason of any testimony given before 60th day following Oct. 15, 1970. See section 6001 et seq. of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
+
+Amendments1998—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–277 inserted concluding provisions.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective as if included in the provision of the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105–206, to which such amendment relates, see section 4002(k) of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3001(c), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 727, provided that: “(1) In general.—The amendments made by this section [enacting this subchapter] shall apply to court proceedings arising in connection with examinations commencing after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 22, 1998]. “(2) Taxable periods or events after date of enactment.—In any case in which there is no examination, such amendments shall apply to court proceedings arising in connection with taxable periods or events beginning or occurring after such date of enactment.”