Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 -> 59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun, verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make legal-us-code default now covers every title. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00
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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 1821"
+description: "Per diem and mileage generally; subsistence"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "119"
+chapter_name: "EVIDENCE; WITNESSES"
+section: "1821"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 1821"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s1821"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "56a69965fdf586097349917097ff4f13c6d34df435cc82cab9de634ef241fb21"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "13d91190a32357bbccdabbab0bf60c1ace7bae18236046b636963a5f2a4434e5"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 1821 - Per diem and mileage generally; subsistence
+
+## Text
+
+(a) (1) Except as otherwise provided by law, a witness in attendance at any court of the United States, or before a United States Magistrate Judge, or before any person authorized to take his deposition pursuant to any rule or order of a court of the United States, shall be paid the fees and allowances provided by this section.
+
+(2) As used in this section, the term “court of the United States” includes, in addition to the courts listed in section 451 of this title, any court created by Act of Congress in a territory which is invested with any jurisdiction of a district court of the United States.
+
+(b) A witness shall be paid an attendance fee of $40 per day for each day’s attendance. A witness shall also be paid the attendance fee for the time necessarily occupied in going to and returning from the place of attendance at the beginning and end of such attendance or at any time during such attendance.
+
+(c) (1) A witness who travels by common carrier shall be paid for the actual expenses of travel on the basis of the means of transportation reasonably utilized and the distance necessarily traveled to and from such witness’s residence by the shortest practical route in going to and returning from the place of attendance. Such a witness shall utilize a common carrier at the most economical rate reasonably available. A receipt or other evidence of actual cost shall be furnished.
+
+(2) A travel allowance equal to the mileage allowance which the Administrator of General Services has prescribed, pursuant to section 5704 of title 5, for official travel of employees of the Federal Government shall be paid to each witness who travels by privately owned vehicle. Computation of mileage under this paragraph shall be made on the basis of a uniformed table of distances adopted by the Administrator of General Services.
+
+(3) Toll charges for toll roads, bridges, tunnels, and ferries, taxicab fares between places of lodging and carrier terminals, and parking fees (upon presentation of a valid parking receipt), shall be paid in full to a witness incurring such expenses.
+
+(4) All normal travel expenses within and outside the judicial district shall be taxable as costs pursuant to section 1920 of this title.
+
+(d) (1) A subsistence allowance shall be paid to a witness when an overnight stay is required at the place of attendance because such place is so far removed from the residence of such witness as to prohibit return thereto from day to day.
+
+(2) A subsistence allowance for a witness shall be paid in an amount not to exceed the maximum per diem allowance prescribed by the Administrator of General Services, pursuant to section 5702(a) of title 5, for official travel in the area of attendance by employees of the Federal Government.
+
+(3) A subsistence allowance for a witness attending in an area designated by the Administrator of General Services as a high-cost area shall be paid in an amount not to exceed the maximum actual subsistence allowance prescribed by the Administrator, pursuant to section 5702(c)(B) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 5, for official travel in such area by employees of the Federal Government.
+
+(4) When a witness is detained pursuant to section 3144 of title 18 for want of security for his appearance, he shall be entitled for each day of detention when not in attendance at court, in addition to his subsistence, to the daily attendance fee provided by subsection (b) of this section.
+
+(e) An alien who has been paroled into the United States for prosecution, pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5)), or an alien who either has admitted belonging to a class of aliens who are deportable or has been determined pursuant to section 240 of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1252(b)) 1 to be deportable, shall be ineligible to receive the fees or allowances provided by this section.
+
+(f) Any witness who is incarcerated at the time that his or her testimony is given (except for a witness to whom the provisions of section 3144 of title 18 apply) may not receive fees or allowances under this section, regardless of whether such a witness is incarcerated at the time he or she makes a claim for fees or allowances under this section.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 950; May 10, 1949, ch. 96, 63 Stat. 65; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 94, 63 Stat. 103; Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, § 51(a), 65 Stat. 727; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1263, § 45, 68 Stat. 1242; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 826, 70 Stat. 798; Pub. L. 90–274, § 102(b), Mar. 27, 1968, 82 Stat. 62; Pub. L. 95–535, § 1, Oct. 27, 1978, 92 Stat. 2033; Pub. L. 101–650, title III, §§ 314(a), 321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5115, 5117; Pub. L. 102–417, § 2(a)–(c), Oct. 14, 1992, 106 Stat. 2138; Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title III, § 308(g)(5)(E), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–623.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes
+
+1948 ActBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 600c, section 1115(a) of title 26, U.S.C., 1940, Internal Revenue Code, and section 11–1514 of the D.C. Code, 1940 ed. (R.S. §§ 823, 848; Apr. 26, 1926, ch. 183, § 3, 44 Stat. 324; May 17, 1932, ch. 190, 47 Stat. 158; June 25, 1936, ch. 804, 49 Stat. 1921; Feb. 10, 1939, ch. 2, § 1115(a), 53 Stat. 160; Dec. 24, 1942, ch. 825, § 1, 56 Stat. 1088. Section consolidates part of section 600c of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with section 1115(a) of title 26, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and section 11–1514 of the D.C. Code, 1940 ed. Words “or person taking his deposition pursuant to any order of a court of the United States” were added to cover that circumstance. Reference in section 600c of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and section 11–1514 of the D.C. Code, 1940 ed., to the district courts of Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia, were omitted as covered by the words “any court of the United States”. Provision of section 600c of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., for payment of witnesses is incorporated in section 1825 of this title. Changes were made in phraseology.
+
+Senate Revision AmendmentBy Senate amendments, all provisions relating to the Tax Court were eliminated. Therefore, as finally enacted, section 1115(a) of Title 26, U.S.C., Internal Revenue Code, was not one of the sources of this section. However, no change in the text of this section was necessary. See 80th Congress Senate Report No. 1559.
+
+1949 ActThis section restores certain provisions of the original statute, R.S. § 848, which were inadvertently omitted from revised title 28, U.S.C., § 1821.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSubsection (c) of section 5702 of title 5, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), which related to conditions under which an employee could be reimbursed for actual and necessary expenses of official travel when the maximum per diem allowance was less than these expenses, was repealed, and subsec. (e) of section 5702 of title 5, was redesignated as subsec. (c), by Pub. L. 99–234, title I, § 102, Jan. 2, 1986, 99 Stat. 1756. Section 240 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in subsec. (e), is classified to section 1229a of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
+
+Amendments1996—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–208 substituted “section 240” for “section 242(b)”. 1992—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 102–417, § 2(b), struck out “(other than a witness who is incarcerated)” after “paid to a witness”. Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 102–417, § 2(c), substituted “3144” for “3149”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102–417, § 2(a), added subsec. (f). 1990—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–650 substituted “$40” for “$30”. 1978—Pub. L. 95–535 increased the daily witness attendance fee from $20 to $30, substituted provisions relating to compensation for the actual expenses of travel based on the form of transportation used, to a travel allowance equal to the mileage allowance under section 5704 of Title 5 for a witness travelling by privately owned vehicle, and to tolls, taxi fares, and parking fees for provisions that a witness would receive 10 cents per mile and that mileage computation would be based on a uniform table of distances regardless of the mode of travel employed, provisions relating to a subsistence allowance in amounts not to exceed those which Government employees receive for official travel for provisions that such subsistence allowance would be $16 per day, provisions relating to a witness detained for want of security for his appearance being entitled to the daily attendance fee in addition to subsistence for provisions that such a witness would be entitled to $1 per day in addition to his subsistence, and inserted provisions defining “court of the United States” and relating to travel expenses being taxable as costs and to certain aliens being ineligible to receive fees and allowances. 1968—Pub. L. 90–274 increased the per diem allowance from $4 to $20, increased the mileage allowance from 8 cents per mile to 10 cents per mile, increased the daily subsistence allowance from $8 to $16, and directed that witnesses in the district courts for the districts of the Canal Zone, Guam, and the Virgin Islands receive the same fees and allowances provided in this section for witnesses in other district courts of the United States. 1956—Act Aug. 1, 1956, substituted “, or before any person authorized to take his deposition pursuant to any rule or order” for “or person taking his disposition pursuant to any order”, increased the payments for mileage from 7 to 8 cents per mile and subsistence allowance from $5 to $8 per day, and authorized the computation of mileage on the basis of a uniform table of distances adopted by the Attorney General. 1954—Act Sept. 3, 1954, struck out language which had restricted section’s applicability to those depositions taken pursuant to order of the court. 1951—Act Oct. 31, 1951, substituted “residences” for “residence” in that part of second sentence which precedes first proviso. 1949—Act May 24, 1949, inserted last par. Act May 10, 1949, increased witnesses’ fees from $2 to $4 per day, mileage allowance from 5 cents to 7 cents a mile, subsistence allowance from $3 to $5 per day, and inserted provisos.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Change of Name “United States Magistrate Judge” substituted for “United States Magistrate” in subsec. (a)(1) pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under section 631 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–208 effective, with certain transitional provisions, on the first day of the first month beginning more than 180 days after Sept. 30, 1996, see section 309 of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1101 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
+
+Effective Date of 1992 AmendmentPub. L. 102–417, § 2(d), Oct. 14, 1992, 106 Stat. 2138, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective on and after the date of the enactment of this act [Oct. 14, 1992] and shall apply to any witness who testified before such date and has not received any fee or allowance under section 1821 of title 28, United States Code, relating to such testimony.”
+
+Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentPub. L. 95–535, § 2, Oct. 27, 1978, 92 Stat. 2034, provided that: “The amendments made by this Act [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1978, or on the date of enactment [Oct. 27, 1978], whichever occurs later.”
+
+Effective Date of 1968 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 90–274 effective 270 days after Mar. 27, 1968, except as to cases in which an indictment has been returned or a petit jury empaneled prior to such effective date, see section 104 of Pub. L. 90–274, set out as a note under section 1861 of this title.
+
+Payment of Fact Witness Fee to Incarcerated Person ProhibitedPub. L. 102–395, title I, § 108, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1841, provided that notwithstanding this section, no funds appropriated to the Department of Justice in fiscal year 1993 or any prior fiscal year would be obligated or expended to pay a fact witness fee to an incarcerated person in a court of the United States. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts: Pub. L. 102–140, title I, § 110, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 795. Pub. L. 102–27, title II, § 102, Apr. 10, 1991, 105 Stat. 136.
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 1822"
+description: "Competency of interested persons; share of penalties payable"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "119"
+chapter_name: "EVIDENCE; WITNESSES"
+section: "1822"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 1822"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s1822"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "fc2a0549a26c14678bd45e137ddb98fe6adfb247169812bd3b8e09d35f315503"
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+text_hash: "c620ffc5a46d94ee2a60b1aa15ab38cdb9f9dca046bb374bebf7ff69608fed5f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 1822 - Competency of interested persons; share of penalties payable
+
+## Text
+
+Any person interested in a share of any fine, penalty or forfeiture incurred under any Act of Congress, may be examined as a witness in any proceeding for the recovery of such fine, penalty or forfeiture by any party thereto. Such examination shall not deprive the witness of his share.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 950.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on section 644 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure, R.S. § 5295. Changes were made in phraseology.
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 1823"
+description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 91–563, § 5(a), Dec. 19, 1970, 84 Stat. 1478]"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "119"
+chapter_name: "EVIDENCE; WITNESSES"
+section: "1823"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 1823"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s1823"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "c6d7d686f481c9df7d621d3384316c50e17a579af952c4fb527a763fe6c2fd95"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "238a187b88e88fa2d113621cbee402c643e778646c32a9c1c9d14cd8089645af"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 1823 - Repealed. Pub. L. 91–563, § 5(a), Dec. 19, 1970, 84 Stat. 1478]
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 950; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 95, 63 Stat. 103; Oct. 5, 1949, ch. 601, 63 Stat. 704; July 7, 1952, ch. 581, 66 Stat. 439; July 28, 1955, ch. 424, § 3, 69 Stat. 394, related to payment of witnesses fees to officers and employees of the United States. See sections 5515, 5537, 5751, and 6322 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 1824"
+description: "Mileage fees under summons as both witness and juror"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "119"
+chapter_name: "EVIDENCE; WITNESSES"
+section: "1824"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 1824"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s1824"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "2873352fbb53b14d112c5293d22305f5d6844e2246ae2b343c983d79e7286286"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "fee55e410efce09ed8ead588b0fce1acf4abab3d1f8875ba52227a8c58e2606c"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 1824 - Mileage fees under summons as both witness and juror
+
+## Text
+
+No constructive or double mileage fees shall be allowed by reason of any person being summoned both as a witness and a juror.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 951.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 602 (May 27, 1908, ch. 200, § 1, 35 Stat. 377). Words “or as a witness in two or more cases pending in the same court and triable at the same term thereof” were omitted as covered by section 1821 of this title. Changes were made in phraseology.
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 1825"
+description: "Payment of fees"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "119"
+chapter_name: "EVIDENCE; WITNESSES"
+section: "1825"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 1825"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s1825"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "48645bf9b1fe692f85fffa3d243a5e2c95ca288bb37db50712e3f4f88e750a52"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "0ffbf013c065a04655765a13e39d3ddb361cef3913d03ff3e76fb60d7461d663"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 1825 - Payment of fees
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In any case in which the United States or an officer or agency of the United States is a party, the Attorney General shall pay all fees of witnesses on the certificate of the United States attorney or assistant United States attorney, and in the proceedings before a United States magistrate judge, on the certificate of such magistrate judge, except that any fees of defense witnesses, other than experts, appearing pursuant to subpoenas issued upon approval of the court, shall be paid by the Attorney General—
+
+(1) on the certificate of a Federal public defender or assistant Federal public defender, in a criminal case in which the defendant is represented by such Federal public defender or assistant Federal public defender, and
+
+(2) on the certificate of the clerk of the court upon the affidavit of such witnesses’ attendance given by other counsel appointed pursuant to section 3006A of title 18, in a criminal case in which a defendant is represented by such other counsel.
+
+(b) In proceedings in forma pauperis for a writ of habeas corpus, and in proceedings in forma pauperis under section 2255 of this title, the Attorney General shall pay, on the certificate of the district judge, all fees of witnesses for the party authorized to proceed in forma pauperis, except that any fees of witnesses for such party, other than experts, appearing pursuant to subpoenas issued upon approval of the court, shall be paid by the Attorney General—
+
+(1) on the certificate of a Federal public defender or assistant Federal public defender, in any such proceedings in which a party is represented by such Federal public defender or assistant Federal public defender, and
+
+(2) on the certificate of the clerk of the court upon the affidavit of such witnesses’ attendance given by other counsel appointed pursuant to section 3006A of title 18, in any such proceedings in which a party is represented by such other counsel.
+
+(c) Fees and mileage need not be tendered to a witness upon service of a subpoena issued on behalf of the United States or an officer or agency of the United States, upon service of a subpoena issued on behalf of a defendant represented by a Federal public defender, assistant Federal public defender, or other attorney appointed pursuant to section 3006A of title 18, or upon service of a subpoena issued on behalf of a party authorized to proceed in forma pauperis, if the payment of such fees and mileage is to be made by the Attorney General under this section.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 951; Pub. L. 89–162, Sept. 2, 1965, 79 Stat. 618; Pub. L. 99–651, title I, § 104, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3645; Pub. L. 101–650, title III, § 321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5117; Pub. L. 116–260, div. B, title II, § 220, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1266.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 600c, 608 (R.S. §§ 236, 823, 848, 855; June 10, 1921, ch. 18, § 305, 42 Stat. 24; Apr. 26, 1926, ch. 183, § 3, 44 Stat. 324; May 17, 1932, ch. 190, 47 Stat. 158; June 25, 1936, ch. 804, 49 Stat. 1921; Oct. 13, 1941, ch. 431, § 2, 55 Stat. 736; Dec. 24, 1942, ch. 825, § 1, 56 Stat. 1088). Section consolidates parts of sections 600c and 608 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., relating to payment of witnesses. Other provisions of such sections are incorporated in sections 1821 and 1871 of this title. Provisions in sections 600c and 608 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., for payment or certification on order of court were omitted as unnecessary and inappropriate on recommendation of the Judicial Conference Committee on Revision of the Judicial Code. Words in section 608 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., “to which they appear to be entitled on the certificate of attendance” following the words “all fees” and the concluding phrase “which sum shall be allowed the marshal in the General Accounting Office in his accounts were omitted as unnecessary.” The second paragraph is new. It conforms to Rule 45(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure but is inconsistent with Rule 17(d) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and supersedes that rule as to Federal criminal cases. The Department of Justice suggests that Rule 17(d) is unworkable. To attempt compliance each deputy marshal serving process must carry, on the average, $500 in cash on trips to serve process. The marshal must advance the money from his personal funds. The Comptroller General has not been able to set up any procedure to make it feasible to advance fees to Government witnesses. If a witness is served but fails or refuses to appear, the marshal is out of pocket the money advanced and has no recourse. In the exceptional cases of real necessity, the marshal supplies transportation to an indigent witness under established regulations which protect the disbursement. Changes were made in phraseology.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2020—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 116–260, § 220(a), substituted “Attorney General” for “United States marshal for the district” in two places in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 116–260, § 220(b), substituted “Attorney General” for “United States marshal”. 1986—Pub. L. 99–651 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: “In any case wherein the United States or an officer or agency thereof, is a party, the United States marshal for the district shall pay all fees of witnesses on the certificate of the United States Attorney or Assistant United States Attorney, and in the proceedings before a United States Commissioner, on the certificate of such commissioner. “In all proceedings, in forma pauperis, for a writ of habeas corpus or in proceedings under section 2255 of this title, the United States marshal for the district shall pay all fees of witnesses for the party authorized to proceed in forma pauperis, on the certificate of the district judge. “Fees and mileage need not be tendered to the witness upon service of a subpena issued in behalf of the United States or an officer or agency thereof, or upon service of a subpena issued on behalf of a party, authorized to proceed in forma pauperis, where the payment thereof is to be made by the United States marshal as authorized in this section.” 1965—Pub. L. 89–162 inserted provisions that, in all proceedings in forma pauperis, for a writ of habeas corpus, or in proceedings under section 2255 of this title, the United States marshal for the district shall pay all fees of witnesses for the party authorized to proceed in forma pauperis on the certificate of the district judge and that fees and mileage need not be tendered to the witness upon service of a subpena issued on behalf of a party authorized to proceed in forma pauperis where the payment thereof is to be made by the United States marshal as authorized in this section.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Change of Name “United States magistrate judge” and “magistrate judge” substituted for “United States magistrate” and “magistrate”, respectively, in subsec. (a) pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 99–651 effective 120 days after Nov. 14, 1986, see section 105 of Pub. L. 99–651, set out as a note under section 3006A of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 1826"
+description: "Recalcitrant witnesses"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "119"
+chapter_name: "EVIDENCE; WITNESSES"
+section: "1826"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 1826"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s1826"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "db66ad9d8b455655695f8dea6a4cbf499fd1a92b078f3a0557664361703f2b37"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "200254d0a38f306839a8fbedfcdb52ba2164295fd717b56e9e2592992528edf9"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 1826 - Recalcitrant witnesses
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Whenever a witness in any proceeding before or ancillary to any court or grand jury of the United States refuses without just cause shown to comply with an order of the court to testify or provide other information, including any book, paper, document, record, recording or other material, the court, upon such refusal, or when such refusal is duly brought to its attention, may summarily order his confinement at a suitable place until such time as the witness is willing to give such testimony or provide such information. No period of such confinement shall exceed the life of—
+
+(1) the court proceeding, or
+
+(2) the term of the grand jury, including extensions,
+
+before which such refusal to comply with the court order occurred, but in no event shall such confinement exceed eighteen months.
+
+(b) No person confined pursuant to subsection (a) of this section shall be admitted to bail pending the determination of an appeal taken by him from the order for his confinement if it appears that the appeal is frivolous or taken for delay. Any appeal from an order of confinement under this section shall be disposed of as soon as practicable, but not later than thirty days from the filing of such appeal.
+
+(c) Whoever escapes or attempts to escape from the custody of any facility or from any place in which or to which he is confined pursuant to this section or section 4243 of title 18, or whoever rescues or attempts to rescue or instigates, aids, or assists the escape or attempt to escape of such a person, shall be subject to imprisonment for not more than three years, or a fine of not more than $10,000, or both.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 91–452, title III, § 301(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 932; amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 1013, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2142.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1984—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–473 added subsec. (c).
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 1828"
+description: "Special interpretation services"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "119"
+chapter_name: "EVIDENCE; WITNESSES"
+section: "1828"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 1828"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s1828"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "f324f5dbb85b79a3257d9e2f3c206a4a2c5ab590066019ea560bcffc43e59826"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "359067444b70968adfe7fa7e1757bd26768f57914fba5508c3e0e368d684fbe5"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 1828 - Special interpretation services
+
+## Text
+
+(a) The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall establish a program for the provision of special interpretation services in criminal actions and in civil actions initiated by the United States (including petitions for writs of habeas corpus initiated in the name of the United States by relators) in a United States district court. The program shall provide a capacity for simultaneous interpretation services in multidefendant criminal actions and multidefendant civil actions.
+
+(b) Upon the request of any person in any action for which special interpretation services established pursuant to subsection (a) are not otherwise provided, the Director, with the approval of the presiding judicial officer, may make such services available to the person requesting the services on a reimbursable basis at rates established in conformity with section 9701 of title 31, but the Director may require the prepayment of the estimated expenses of providing the services by the person requesting them.
+
+(c) Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the expenses incident to providing services under subsection (a) of this section shall be paid by the Director from sums appropriated to the Federal judiciary. A presiding judicial officer, in such officer’s discretion, may order that all or part of the expenses shall be apportioned between or among the parties or shall be taxed as costs in a civil action, and any moneys collected as a result of such order may be used to reimburse the appropriations obligated and disbursed in payment for such services.
+
+(d) Appropriations available to the Director shall be available to provide services in accordance with subsection (b) of this section, and moneys collected by the Director under that subsection may be used to reimburse the appropriations charged for such services. A presiding judicial officer, in such officer’s discretion, may order that all or part of the expenses shall be apportioned between or among the parties or shall be taxed as costs in the action.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 95–539, § 2(a), Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2042; amended Pub. L. 97–258, § 3(g), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1065.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1982—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–258 substituted “section 9701 of title 31” for “section 501 of the Act of August 31, 1951 (ch. 376, title 5, 65 Stat. 290; 31 U.S.C. 483a)”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection effective ninety days after Oct. 28, 1978, see section 10(b) of Pub. L. 95–539, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 602 of this title.