Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 -> 59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun, verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make legal-us-code default now covers every title. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00
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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2401"
+description: "Time for commencing action against United States"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2401"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2401"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2401"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "78175269a4626741da69a0f2d95e3e6e84466ac87183fe093efacb3dc38b2423"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "60117e124a42f0155ebd26bfc4605d5fdb355a1cf8a4d8aa9fd66a8a3aa14d89"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2401 - Time for commencing action against United States
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Except as provided by chapter 71 of title 41, every civil action commenced against the United States shall be barred unless the complaint is filed within six years after the right of action first accrues. The action of any person under legal disability or beyond the seas at the time the claim accrues may be commenced within three years after the disability ceases.
+
+(b) A tort claim against the United States shall be forever barred unless it is presented in writing to the appropriate Federal agency within two years after such claim accrues or unless action is begun within six months after the date of mailing, by certified or registered mail, of notice of final denial of the claim by the agency to which it was presented.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 971; Apr. 25, 1949, ch. 92, § 1, 63 Stat. 62; Pub. L. 86–238, § 1(3), Sept. 8, 1959, 73 Stat. 472; Pub. L. 89–506, § 7, July 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 307; Pub. L. 95–563, § 14(b), Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2389; Pub. L. 111–350, § 5(g)(8), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3848.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 41(20), 942 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 24, part 20, 36 Stat. 1093; Nov. 23, 1921, ch. 136, § 1310(c), 42 Stat. 311; June 2, 1924, 4:01 p.m., ch. 234, § 1025(c), 43 Stat. 348; Feb. 24, 1925, ch. 309, 43 Stat. 972; Feb. 26, 1926, ch. 27, §§ 1122(c), 1200, 44 Stat. 121, 125; Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 753, § 420, 60 Stat. 845). Section consolidates provision in section 41(20) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., as to time limitation for bringing actions against the United States under section 1346(a) of this title, with section 942 of said title 28. Words “or within one year after the date of enactment of this Act whichever is later”, in section 942 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., were omitted as executed. Provisions of section 41(20) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., relating to jurisdiction of district courts and trial by the court of actions against the United States are the basis of sections 1346(a) and 2402 of this title. Words in subsec. (a) of this revised section, “person under legal disability or beyond the seas at the time the claim accrues” were substituted for “claims of married women, first accrued during marriage, of persons under the age of twenty-one years, first accrued during minority, and of idiots, lunatics, insane persons, and persons beyond the seas at the time the claim accrued, entitled to the claim.” (See reviser’s note under section 2501 of this title.) Words in section 41(20) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., “nor shall any of the said disabilities operate cumulatively” were omitted. (See reviser’s note under section 2501 of this title.) A provision in section 41(20) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., that disabilities other than those specifically mentioned should not prevent any action from being barred was omitted as superfluous. Subsection (b) of the revised section simplifies and restates said section 942 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., without change of substance. Changes were made in phraseology.
+
+Senate Revision AmendmentSubsection (b) amended in the Senate to insert the 1 year limitation on the bringing of tort actions and to include the limitation upon the time in which tort claims not exceeding $1000 must be presented to the appropriate Federal agencies for administrative disposition. 80th Congress Senate Report No. 1559, Amendment No. 48.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2011—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–350 substituted “chapter 71 of title 41” for “the Contract Disputes Act of 1978”. 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–563 inserted Contract Disputes Act of 1978 exception. 1966—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–506 struck out provisions dealing with a tort claim of $2,500 or under as a special category of tort claim requiring preliminary administrative action and substituted provisions requiring presentation of all tort claims to the appropriate Federal agency in writing within two years after the claim accrues and commencement of an action within six months of the date of mailing of notice of final denial of the claim by the agency to which it was presented for provisions requiring commencement of an action within two years after the claim accrues. 1959—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86–238 substituted “$2,500” for “$1,000” in two places. 1949—Subsec. (b). Act Apr. 25, 1949, the time limitation on bringing tort actions from 1 year to 2 years.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–563 effective with respect to contracts entered into 120 days after Nov. 1, 1978, and, at the election of the contractor, with respect to any claim pending at such time before the contracting officer or initiated thereafter, see section 16 of Pub. L. 95–563, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2391, formerly set out as an Effective Date note under section 601 of former Title 41, Public Contracts.
+
+Effective Date of 1966 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 89–506 applicable to claims accruing six months or more after July 18, 1966, see section 10 of Pub. L. 89–506, set out as a note under section 2672 of this title.
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2402"
+description: "Jury trial in actions against United States"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2402"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2402"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2402"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "1463f14f167298e9e14e046c091f20d849a43f50b7f1ce16c2e59fc1bc8f7610"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "70e50de4389f022412f9e9c4bdb04343044b6701e0183f1242420ad8ce4c77d1"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2402 - Jury trial in actions against United States
+
+## Text
+
+Subject to chapter 179 of this title, any action against the United States under section 1346 shall be tried by the court without a jury, except that any action against the United States under section 1346(a)(1) shall, at the request of either party to such action, be tried by the court with a jury.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 971; July 30, 1954, ch. 648, § 2(a), 68 Stat. 589; Pub. L. 104–331, § 3(b)(3), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4069.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 41(20), 931(a) (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 24, par. 20, 36 Stat. 1093; Nov. 23, 1921, ch. 136, § 1310(c), 42 Stat. 311; June 2, 1924, 4:01 p.m., ch. 234, § 1025(c), 43 Stat. 348; Feb. 24, 1925, ch. 309, 43 Stat. 972; Feb. 26, 1926, ch. 27, §§ 1122(c), 1200, 44 Stat. 121, 125; Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 753, § 410(a), 60 Stat. 843). Section consolidates non-jury provisions of sections 41(20) and 931(a) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed. For other provisions of said section 931(a) relating to tort claims, see Distribution Table. Word “actions” was substituted for “suits”, in view of Rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Provisions of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 41(20) relating to jurisdiction of district courts and time for bringing actions against the United States are the basis of sections 1346 and 2401 of this title.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1996—Pub. L. 104–331 substituted “Subject to chapter 179 of this title, any action” for “Any action”. 1954—Act July 30, 1954, permitted a jury trial at the request of either party in actions under section 1346(a)(1) of this title.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–331 effective Oct. 1, 1997, see section 3(d) of Pub. L. 104–331, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1296 of this title.
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2403"
+description: "Intervention by United States or a State; constitutional question"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2403"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2403"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2403"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "dbc64f498626bb53cdcb9af5497b37261088cb37a81f06933b8af7e09cff5716"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "e76467c3bb7ee1349a9da782ee3b583e690cb062204538d8f60c56adedfc0e4c"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2403 - Intervention by United States or a State; constitutional question
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In any action, suit or proceeding in a court of the United States to which the United States or any agency, officer or employee thereof is not a party, wherein the constitutionality of any Act of Congress affecting the public interest is drawn in question, the court shall certify such fact to the Attorney General, and shall permit the United States to intervene for presentation of evidence, if evidence is otherwise admissible in the case, and for argument on the question of constitutionality. The United States shall, subject to the applicable provisions of law, have all the rights of a party and be subject to all liabilities of a party as to court costs to the extent necessary for a proper presentation of the facts and law relating to the question of constitutionality.
+
+(b) In any action, suit, or proceeding in a court of the United States to which a State or any agency, officer, or employee thereof is not a party, wherein the constitutionality of any statute of that State affecting the public interest is drawn in question, the court shall certify such fact to the attorney general of the State, and shall permit the State to intervene for presentation of evidence, if evidence is otherwise admissible in the case, and for argument on the question of constitutionality. The State shall, subject to the applicable provisions of law, have all the rights of a party and be subject to all liabilities of a party as to court costs to the extent necessary for a proper presentation of the facts and law relating to the question of constitutionality.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 971; Pub. L. 94–381, § 5, Aug. 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 1120.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 401 (Aug. 24, 1937, ch. 754, § 1, 50 Stat. 751). Word “action” was added before “suit or proceeding”, in view of Rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Since this section applies to all Federal courts, the word “suit” was not required to be deleted by such rule. “Court of the United States” is defined in section 451 of this title. Direct appeal from decisions invalidating Acts of Congress is provided by section 1252 of this title. Changes were made in phraseology.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1976—Pub. L. 94–381, § 5(b), inserted “or a State” after “United States” in section catchline. Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 94–381, § 5(a), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1976 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 94–381 not applicable to any action commenced on or before Aug. 12, 1976, see section 7 of Pub. L. 94–381, set out as a note under section 2284 of this title.
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2404"
+description: "Death of defendant in damage action"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2404"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2404"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2404"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "83d7511e3999f589863979545d6e7feda359f56c0ec9b0f820c9c39502de4fe2"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "ceaa5b6304e23cb61d6a3905c6690ec08241f08b2bdcf0c75e0c5fab409ae31e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2404 - Death of defendant in damage action
+
+## Text
+
+A civil action for damages commenced by or on behalf of the United States or in which it is interested shall not abate on the death of a defendant but shall survive and be enforceable against his estate as well as against surviving defendants.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 971.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 780a (June 16, 1933, ch. 103, 48 Stat. 311). Substitution of parties, see rule 25(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Changes in phraseology were made.
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2405"
+description: "Garnishment"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2405"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2405"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2405"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "2440dbb48273c257260411d835352fb178ea4f856313e768e755d02ae24d25fb"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "c9955e3655132fbb348fb84adf8c518efbcc51d246226a082266a8aac079371b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2405 - Garnishment
+
+## Text
+
+In any action or suit commenced by the United States against a corporation for the recovery of money upon a bill, note, or other security, the debtors of the corporation may be summoned as garnishees. Any person so summoned shall appear in open court and depose in writing to the amount of his indebtedness to the corporation at the time of the service of the summons and at the time of making the deposition, and judgment may be entered in favor of the United States for the sum admitted by the garnishee to be due the corporation as if it had been due the United States. A judgment shall not be entered against any garnishee until after judgment has been rendered against the corporation, nor until the sum in which the garnishee is indebted is actually due. When any garnishee deposes in open court that he is not and was not at the time of the service of the summons indebted to the corporation, an issue may be tendered by the United States upon such deposition. If, upon the trial of that issue, a verdict is rendered against the garnishee, judgment shall be entered in favor of the United States, pursuant to such verdict, with costs. Any garnishee who fails to appear at the term to which he is summoned shall be subject to attachment for contempt.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 971.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 748, 749, and 750 (R.S. §§ 935, 936, 937). Changes were made in phraseology.
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2406"
+description: "Credits in actions by United States; prior disallowance"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2406"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2406"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2406"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "0debf2e5a8cbcc2679fb4534352e7cad01d3c549b3d026a6561dae35f075b051"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "154d613a1dff4cf54579bf07357c714c1d37476b3dbafbe71e0937c913a436ca"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2406 - Credits in actions by United States; prior disallowance
+
+## Text
+
+In an action by the United States against an individual, evidence supporting the defendant’s claim for a credit shall not be admitted unless he first proves that such claim has been disallowed, in whole or in part, by the Government Accountability Office, or that he has, at the time of the trial, obtained possession of vouchers not previously procurable and has been prevented from presenting such claim to the Government Accountability Office by absence from the United States or unavoidable accident.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 972; Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 774 (R.S., §§ 236, 951; June 10, 1921, ch. 18, §§ 304, 305, 42 Stat. 24). Word “action” was substituted for “suits”, in view of Rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Section 774 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., provided that “no claim for a credit shall be admitted, upon trial”, etc. This was changed to “evidence supporting the defendant’s claim for a credit shall not be admitted”, to clarify the meaning of the section. The case of U.S. v. Heard, D.C.Va. 1940, 32 F.Supp. 39, reviews the conflicting decisions on the question whether compliance with the section must be pleaded, and offers persuasive argument that it need not be, and that the section was designed as a rule of evidence. The wording of the remainder of the section also supports this conclusion, as pointed out by Judge Learned Hand in U.S. v. Standard Aircraft Corp., D.C.N.Y. 1926, 16 F.2d 307, followed in the Heard case. Changes in phraseology were made.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2004—Pub. L. 108–271 substituted “Government Accountability Office” for “General Accounting Office” in two places.
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2407"
+description: "Delinquents for public money; judgment at return term; continuance"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2407"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2407"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2407"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "97fc4b0817e0fb4168308366e3b8cbc9e6cb603eaf70928dd11395c4d12cda7e"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "f6a4ede418cf8cc31acbd8a95cb4746f89c10370a7238034f4b531a970b8f1b4"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2407 - Delinquents for public money; judgment at return term; continuance
+
+## Text
+
+In an action by the United States against any person accountable for public money who fails to pay into the Treasury the sum reported due the United States, upon the adjustment of his account the court shall grant judgment upon motion unless a continuance is granted as specified in this section. A continuance may be granted if the defendant, in open court and in the presence of the United States attorney, states under oath that he is equitably entitled to credits which have been disallowed by the Government Accountability Office prior to the commencement of the action, specifying each particular claim so rejected, and stating that he cannot safely come to trial. A continuance may also be granted if such an action is commenced on a bond or other sealed instrument and the court requires the original instrument to be produced.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 972; Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 781 (R.S. § 957; June 10, 1921, ch. 18, § 304, 42 Stat. 24). Word “action” was substituted for “suit”, in view of Rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Words “court requires the original instrument to be produced” were substituted for “defendant pleads non est factum, verifying such plea or motion by his oath, and the court thereupon requires the production of the original bond, contract, or other paper certified in the affidavit”. The plea of non est factum is obsolete under Rule 7(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Furthermore, the words deleted are superfluous, since a court would not require the production of an original instrument unless the proper procedure were taken to require such production. Changes were made in phraseology.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2004—Pub. L. 108–271 substituted “Government Accountability Office” for “General Accounting Office” in second par.
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2408"
+description: "Security not required of United States"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2408"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2408"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2408"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "147bc961bf27d5704daa8d6b8f23d4d50275e2e3c1fe2fab3dc5e3bc6ca32d4e"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf"
+text_hash: "4d0c6a273f4886ec59963419fd9c554a088d01a2862cefc84907612528537225"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2408 - Security not required of United States
+
+## Text
+
+Security for damages or costs shall not be required of the United States, any department or agency thereof or any party acting under the direction of any such department or agency on the issuance of process or the institution or prosecution of any proceeding. Costs taxable, under other Acts of Congress, against the United States or any such department, agency or party shall be paid out of the contingent fund of the department or agency which directed the proceedings to be instituted.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 972.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 870 (R.S. § 1001; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, §§ 117, 289, 36 Stat. 1131, 1167; Jan. 31, 1928, ch. 14, § 1, 45 Stat. 54; June 19, 1934, ch. 653, § 7, 48 Stat. 1109). Section 870 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., applied only to the Supreme Court and district courts. The revised section applies to all courts. Words “process or the institution or prosecution of any proceeding” were substituted for “appeal, or other process in law, admiralty, or equity.” Word “agency” was substituted for “any corporation all the stock of which is beneficially owned by the United States, either directly or indirectly”, in view of the creation of many independent governmental agencies since the enactment of the original law on which this section is based. Changes were made in phraseology.
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2409"
+description: "Partition actions involving United States"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2409"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2409"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2409"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "45aacc4fd89fb29f92a185aa7ff497d5bbea528414ae4cc97260ce2166621bf2"
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+text_hash: "a71dc9a91ba5b2c5ae7845f76f722f3fa2be975ef314d3113d795c72dc93ad72"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2409 - Partition actions involving United States
+
+## Text
+
+Any civil action by any tenant in common or joint tenant owning an undivided interest in lands, where the United States is one of such tenants in common or joint tenants, against the United States alone or against the United States and any other of such owners, shall proceed, and be determined, in the same manner as would a similar action between private persons. Whenever in such action the court orders a sale of the property or any part thereof the Attorney General may bid for the same in behalf of the United States. If the United States is the purchaser, the amount of the purchase money shall be paid from the Treasury upon a warrant drawn by the Secretary of the Treasury on the requisition of the Attorney General.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 972.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 766 (May 17, 1898, ch. 339, §§ 1, 2, 30 Stat. 416). Provisions relating to service or commencement of the action and duty of United States attorneys to appear, defend, and file answer were omitted as surplusage and covered by Rules 2, 3, and 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and section 507 of this title. Words “shall proceed, and be determined, in the same manner as would a similar action between private persons” were substituted for “shall proceed as other cases for partition by courts of equity, and in making such partition the court shall be governed by the same principles of equity that control courts of equity, in partition proceedings between private persons,” in view of Rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Changes were made in phraseology.
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2409a"
+description: "Real property quiet title actions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2409a"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2409a"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2409a"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "81ed48d36d1d7b04e2554ebee86ed2792dc7147872f1ac46877af1cd10d4521b"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2409a - Real property quiet title actions
+
+## Text
+
+(a) The United States may be named as a party defendant in a civil action under this section to adjudicate a disputed title to real property in which the United States claims an interest, other than a security interest or water rights. This section does not apply to trust or restricted Indian lands, nor does it apply to or affect actions which may be or could have been brought under sections 1346, 1347, 1491, or 2410 of this title, sections 7424, 7425, or 7426 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (26 U.S.C. 7424, 7425, and 7426), or section 208 of the Act of July 10, 1952 (43 U.S.C. 666).
+
+(b) The United States shall not be disturbed in possession or control of any real property involved in any action under this section pending a final judgment or decree, the conclusion of any appeal therefrom, and sixty days; and if the final determination shall be adverse to the United States, the United States nevertheless may retain such possession or control of the real property or of any part thereof as it may elect, upon payment to the person determined to be entitled thereto of an amount which upon such election the district court in the same action shall determine to be just compensation for such possession or control.
+
+(c) No preliminary injunction shall issue in any action brought under this section.
+
+(d) The complaint shall set forth with particularity the nature of the right, title, or interest which the plaintiff claims in the real property, the circumstances under which it was acquired, and the right, title, or interest claimed by the United States.
+
+(e) If the United States disclaims all interest in the real property or interest therein adverse to the plaintiff at any time prior to the actual commencement of the trial, which disclaimer is confirmed by order of the court, the jurisdiction of the district court shall cease unless it has jurisdiction of the civil action or suit on ground other than and independent of the authority conferred by section 1346(f) of this title.
+
+(f) A civil action against the United States under this section shall be tried by the court without a jury.
+
+(g) Any civil action under this section, except for an action brought by a State, shall be barred unless it is commenced within twelve years of the date upon which it accrued. Such action shall be deemed to have accrued on the date the plaintiff or his predecessor in interest knew or should have known of the claim of the United States.
+
+(h) No civil action may be maintained under this section by a State with respect to defense facilities (including land) of the United States so long as the lands at issue are being used or required by the United States for national defense purposes as determined by the head of the Federal agency with jurisdiction over the lands involved, if it is determined that the State action was brought more than twelve years after the State knew or should have known of the claims of the United States. Upon cessation of such use or requirement, the State may dispute title to such lands pursuant to the provisions of this section. The decision of the head of the Federal agency is not subject to judicial review.
+
+(i) Any civil action brought by a State under this section with respect to lands, other than tide or submerged lands, on which the United States or its lessee or right-of-way or easement grantee has made substantial improvements or substantial investments or on which the United States has conducted substantial activities pursuant to a management plan such as range improvement, timber harvest, tree planting, mineral activities, farming, wildlife habitat improvement, or other similar activities, shall be barred unless the action is commenced within twelve years after the date the State received notice of the Federal claims to the lands.
+
+(j) If a final determination in an action brought by a State under this section involving submerged or tide lands on which the United States or its lessee or right-of-way or easement grantee has made substantial improvements or substantial investments is adverse to the United States and it is determined that the State’s action was brought more than twelve years after the State received notice of the Federal claim to the lands, the State shall take title to the lands subject to any existing lease, easement, or right-of-way. Any compensation due with respect to such lease, easement, or right-of-way shall be determined under existing law.
+
+(k) Notice for the purposes of the accrual of an action brought by a State under this section shall be—
+
+(1) by public communications with respect to the claimed lands which are sufficiently specific as to be reasonably calculated to put the claimant on notice of the Federal claim to the lands, or
+
+(2) by the use, occupancy, or improvement of the claimed lands which, in the circumstances, is open and notorious.
+
+(l) For purposes of this section, the term “tide or submerged lands” means “lands beneath navigable waters” as defined in section 2 of the Submerged Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1301).
+
+(m) Not less than one hundred and eighty days before bringing any action under this section, a State shall notify the head of the Federal agency with jurisdiction over the lands in question of the State’s intention to file suit, the basis therefor, and a description of the lands included in the suit.
+
+(n) Nothing in this section shall be construed to permit suits against the United States based upon adverse possession.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 92–562, § 3(a), Oct. 25, 1972, 86 Stat. 1176; amended Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 99–598, Nov. 4, 1986, 100 Stat. 3351.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 208 of the Act of July 10, 1952, referred to in subsec. (a), is section 208(a) to (d) of act July 10, 1952, ch. 651, 66 Stat. 560. Section 208(a) to (c) is classified to section 666 of Title 43, Public Lands. Section 208(d) is not classified to the Code.
+
+Amendments1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”. Subsecs. (c) to (n). Pub. L. 99–598 added subsecs. (c) and (h) to (m), redesignated former subsecs. (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g) as (d), (e), (f), (g), and (n), respectively, and inserted “, except for an action brought by a State,” in subsec. (g).
+
+Short TitleThis section is popularly known as the “Quiet Title Act”.
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2410"
+description: "Actions affecting property on which United States has lien"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2410"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2410"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2410"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "dfedf55ef78fac24b03fe848c0c56512542c97c7336da1a33356f319953e1118"
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+text_hash: "c035b018cf87c6c7644228cce4deab1f64e68d65ecb7bf8eccb59070767553b6"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2410 - Actions affecting property on which United States has lien
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Under the conditions prescribed in this section and section 1444 of this title for the protection of the United States, the United States may be named a party in any civil action or suit in any district court, or in any State court having jurisdiction of the subject matter—
+
+(1) to quiet title to,
+
+(2) to foreclose a mortgage or other lien upon,
+
+(3) to partition,
+
+(4) to condemn, or
+
+(5) of interpleader or in the nature of interpleader with respect to,
+
+real or personal property on which the United States has or claims a mortgage or other lien.
+
+(b) The complaint or pleading shall set forth with particularity the nature of the interest or lien of the United States. In actions or suits involving liens arising under the internal revenue laws, the complaint or pleading shall include the name and address of the taxpayer whose liability created the lien and, if a notice of the tax lien was filed, the identity of the internal revenue office which filed the notice, and the date and place such notice of lien was filed. In actions in the State courts service upon the United States shall be made by serving the process of the court with a copy of the complaint upon the United States attorney for the district in which the action is brought or upon an assistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by the United States attorney in writing filed with the clerk of the court in which the action is brought and by sending copies of the process and complaint, by registered mail, or by certified mail, to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington, District of Columbia. In such actions the United States may appear and answer, plead or demur within sixty days after such service or such further time as the court may allow.
+
+(c) A judgment or decree in such action or suit shall have the same effect respecting the discharge of the property from the mortgage or other lien held by the United States as may be provided with respect to such matters by the local law of the place where the court is situated. However, an action to foreclose a mortgage or other lien, naming the United States as a party under this section, must seek judicial sale. A sale to satisfy a lien inferior to one of the United States shall be made subject to and without disturbing the lien of the United States, unless the United States consents that the property may be sold free of its lien and the proceeds divided as the parties may be entitled. Where a sale of real estate is made to satisfy a lien prior to that of the United States, the United States shall have one year from the date of sale within which to redeem, except that with respect to a lien arising under the internal revenue laws the period shall be 120 days or the period allowable for redemption under State law, whichever is longer, and in any case in which, under the provisions of section 505 of the Housing Act of 1950, as amended (12 U.S.C. 1701k), and subsection (d) of section 3720 of title 38 of the United States Code, the right to redeem does not arise, there shall be no right of redemption. In any case where the debt owing the United States is due, the United States may ask, by way of affirmative relief, for the foreclosure of its own lien and where property is sold to satisfy a first lien held by the United States, the United States may bid at the sale such sum, not exceeding the amount of its claim with expenses of sale, as may be directed by the head (or his delegate) of the department or agency of the United States which has charge of the administration of the laws in respect to which the claim of the United States arises. In any case where the United States is a bidder at the judicial sale, it may credit the amount determined to be due it against the amount it bids at such sales.
+
+(d) In any case in which the United States redeems real property under this section or section 7425 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, the amount to be paid for such property shall be the sum of—
+
+(1) the actual amount paid by the purchaser at such sale (which, in the case of a purchaser who is the holder of the lien being foreclosed, shall include the amount of the obligation secured by such lien to the extent satisfied by reason of such sale),
+
+(2) interest on the amount paid (as determined under paragraph (1)) at 6 percent per annum from the date of such sale, and
+
+(3) the amount (if any) equal to the excess of (A) the expenses necessarily incurred in connection with such property, over (B) the income from such property plus (to the extent such property is used by the purchaser) a reasonable rental value of such property.
+
+(e) Whenever any person has a lien upon any real or personal property, duly recorded in the jurisdiction in which the property is located, and a junior lien, other than a tax lien, in favor of the United States attaches to such property, such person may make a written request to the officer charged with the administration of the laws in respect of which the lien of the United States arises, to have the same extinguished. If after appropriate investigation, it appears to such officer that the proceeds from the sale of the property would be insufficient to wholly or partly satisfy the lien of the United States, or that the claim of the United States has been satisfied or by lapse of time or otherwise has become unenforceable, such officer may issue a certificate releasing the property from such lien.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 972; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 119, 63 Stat. 105; Pub. L. 85–508, § 12(h), July 7, 1958, 72 Stat. 348; Pub. L. 86–507, § 1(20), June 11, 1960, 74 Stat. 201; Pub. L. 89–719, title II, § 201, Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1147; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXVI, § 3630, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4966; Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(2), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406; Pub. L. 104–316, title I, § 114, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3834.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes
+
+1948 ActBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 901, 902, 904, 905 (Mar. 4, 1931, ch. 515, §§ 1, 2, 4, 5, 46 Stat. 1528, 1529; May 17, 1932, ch. 190, 47 Stat. 158; June 25, 1936, ch. 804, 49 Stat. 1921; June 6, 1940, ch. 242, 54 Stat. 234; Dec. 2, 1942, ch. 656, §§ 1–3, 56 Stat. 1026). Provisions including the districts of Hawaii and Puerto Rico, and the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia, in section 901 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., were omitted as covered by “any district court.” See section 451 of this title. Provisions in section 902 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., relating to process, were omitted as covered by Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Changes were made in phraseology.
+
+1949 ActThis amendment conforms the language of section 2410(b) of title 28, U.S.C., with that of the prior law with respect to service of process and complaint upon the United States in suits brought in State courts. This is provided for by rule 4(d)(4) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure with respect to such suits in United States district courts.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 7425 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (d), is classified to section 7425 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.
+
+Amendments1996—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–316 struck out “shall so report to the Comptroller General who” after “unenforceable, such officer” in second sentence. 1991—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–83 substituted “section 3720 of title 38” for “section 1820 of title 38”. 1990—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–647 inserted at end “In any case where the United States is a bidder at the judicial sale, it may credit the amount determined to be due it against the amount it bids at such sales.” 1986—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”. 1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–719 substituted “subject matter— “(1) to quiet title to, “(2) to foreclose a mortgage or other lien upon, “(3) to partition, “(4) to condemn, or “(5) of interpleader or in the nature of interpleader with respect to,” for “subject matter, to quiet title to or for the foreclosure of a mortgage or other lien upon”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–719 substituted “complaint or pleading shall set forth” for “complaint shall set forth”, and inserted sentence requiring the complaint or pleading, in actions or suits involving liens arising under the internal revenue laws, to include the name and address of the taxpayer whose liability created the lien and, if a notice of the tax lien was filed, the identity of the internal revenue office which filed the notice, and the date and place such notice of lien was filed. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–719 substituted “judgment or decree in such action” for “judicial sale in such action”, “discharge of the property from the mortgage or other lien” for “discharge of the property from liens and encumbrances”, and “place where the court is situated” for “place where the property is situated”, and inserted provisions requiring an action to foreclose a mortgage or other lien, in which the United States is named as a party under this section, to seek a judicial sale, providing that the period of redemption where a sale is made with respect to a lien arising under the internal revenue laws is 120 days or the period allowable for redemption under State law, whichever is longer, and prohibiting the right of redemption in any case which, under the provisions of section 1701k of Title 12 and section 1820(d) of Title 38, the right to redeem does not arise. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 89–719 added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e). 1960—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86–507 inserted “or by certified mail,” after “registered mail,”. 1958—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85–508 struck out provisions which extended section to District Court for Territory of Alaska. See section 81A of this title which establishes a United States District Court for the State of Alaska. 1949—Subsec. (b). Act May 24, 1949, conformed section with that of prior law with respect to service of process and complaint upon the United States in suits brought in State courts.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1990 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 101–647 effective 180 days after Nov. 29, 1990, see section 3631 of Pub. L. 101–647, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3001 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1966 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 89–719 applicable after Nov. 2, 1966, see section 203 of Pub. L. 89–719, set out as a note under section 1346 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1958 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 85–508 effective Jan. 3, 1959, on admission of Alaska into the Union pursuant to Proc. No. 3269, Jan. 3, 1959, 24 F.R. 81, 73 Stat. c16, as required by sections 1 and 8(c) of Pub. L. 85–508, see notes set out under section 81A of this title and preceding section 21 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2411"
+description: "Interest"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2411"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2411"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2411"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "1efdd1deef9985679f95c4d9275744853c8eba7ca1fbdd8018a92eddee74ac27"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2411 - Interest
+
+## Text
+
+In any judgment of any court rendered (whether against the United States, a collector or deputy collector of internal revenue, a former collector or deputy collector, or the personal representative in case of death) for any overpayment in respect of any internal-revenue tax, interest shall be allowed at the overpayment rate established under section 6621 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 upon the amount of the overpayment, from the date of the payment or collection thereof to a date preceding the date of the refund check by not more than thirty days, such date to be determined by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. The Commissioner is authorized to tender by check payment of any such judgment, with interest as herein provided, at any time after such judgment becomes final, whether or not a claim for such payment has been duly filed, and such tender shall stop the running of interest, whether or not such refund check is accepted by the judgment creditor.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 973; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 120, 63 Stat. 106; Pub. L. 93–625, § 7(a)(2), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2115; Pub. L. 97–164, title III, § 302(b), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 56; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, title XV, § 1511(c)(18), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, 2746.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes
+
+1948 ActBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 765, 931(a), 932, Mar. 3, 1877, ch. 359, § 10, 24 Stat. 507; Feb. 13, 1925, ch. 229, § 8, 43 Stat. 940; Jan. 31, 1928, ch. 14, § 1, 45 Stat. 54; Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 753, §§ 410(a), 411, 60 Stat. 843, 844). Section consolidates section 765 with provisions of sections 931(a) and 932, all of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., relating to interest on judgments, the latter two sections being applicable to judgments in tort claims cases. For other provisions of said sections 931(a) and 932, see Distribution Table. Said section 932 made the provisions of said section 765 applicable to such judgments, therefore the provisions of said section 931(a) that “the United States shall not be liable for interest prior to judgment” was omitted as covered by the language of said section 765 providing that interest shall be computed from the date of the judgment. Provisions of section 765 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., that when the findings of fact and the law applicable thereto have been filed in any case as provided in “section 763” [764] of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and the judgment or decree is adverse to the Government, it shall be the duty of the district attorney to transmit to the Attorney General of the United States certified copies of all the papers filed in the cause, with a transcript of the testimony taken, the written findings of the court, and his written opinion as to the same, that, whereupon, the Attorney General shall determine and direct whether an appeal shall be taken or not, and that, when so directed, the district attorney shall cause an appeal to be perfected in accordance with the terms of the statutes and rules of practice governing the same were omitted as unnecessary and covered by section 507 of this title which provides for supervision of United States attorneys by the Attorney General. Words of section 765 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., “Until the time when an appropriation is made for the payment of the judgment or decree” were omitted and words “up to, but not exceeding, thirty days after the date of approval of any appropriation act providing for payment of the judgment” were substituted. Substituted words clarify meaning and are in accord with congressional procedure in annual deficiency appropriation acts for payment of judgments against the United States. The substituted words will obviate necessity of repeating such provisions in appropriation acts. Changes were made in phraseology.
+
+1949 ActThis section amends section 2411 of title 28, U.S.C., by restoring the provisions of section 177 of the former Judicial Code for the payment of interest on tax refunds.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 6621 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in text, is classified to section 6621 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.
+
+Amendments1986—Pub. L. 99–514, § 1511(c)(18), substituted “the overpayment rate established under section 6621” for “an annual rate established under section 6621”. Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”. 1982—Pub. L. 97–164 struck out “(a)” before “In any judgment” and struck out subsec. (b) which provided that, except as otherwise provided in subsection (a) of this section, on all final judgments rendered against the United States in actions instituted under section 1346 of this title, interest was to be computed at the rate of 4 per centum per annum from the date of the judgment up to, but not exceeding, thirty days after the date of approval of any appropriation Act providing for payment of the judgment. 1975—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–625 substituted “an annual rate established under section 6621 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954” for “the rate of 6 per centum per annum”. 1949—Act May 24, 1949, restored provisions relating to payment of interest on tax refunds.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable for purposes of determining interest for periods after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1511(d) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 6621 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.
+
+Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of this title.
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2413"
+description: "Executions in favor of United States"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2413"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2413"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2413"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "52e027021b1ae3d7a3b54508a9eadc9c23801e265bec6d3485adec2164f14a49"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2413 - Executions in favor of United States
+
+## Text
+
+A writ of execution on a judgment obtained for the use of the United States in any court thereof shall be issued from and made returnable to the court which rendered the judgment, but may be executed in any other State, in any Territory, or in the District of Columbia.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 974.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 839 (R.S. § 986). Words “or in the District of Columbia” were added on the authority of 14 Op. Atty. Gen. 384, declaring that, under this section, a writ of execution in favor of the United States, obtained from a Federal court in any State, could be executed in the District of Columbia. (See, also, section 1963 of this title.) Changes in phraseology were made.
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2414"
+description: "Payment of judgments and compromise settlements"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2414"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2414"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2414"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
+source_hash: "8281d26cdf386d92c2c3d5d685eeb24ca974c0d79de94078ecc1d3be4b496511"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2414 - Payment of judgments and compromise settlements
+
+## Text
+
+Except as provided by chapter 71 of title 41, payment of final judgments rendered by a district court or the Court of International Trade against the United States shall be made on settlements by the Secretary of the Treasury. Payment of final judgments rendered by a State or foreign court or tribunal against the United States, or against its agencies or officials upon obligations or liabilities of the United States, shall be made on settlements by the Secretary of the Treasury after certification by the Attorney General that it is in the interest of the United States to pay the same. Whenever the Attorney General determines that no appeal shall be taken from a judgment or that no further review will be sought from a decision affirming the same, he shall so certify and the judgment shall be deemed final. Except as otherwise provided by law, compromise settlements of claims referred to the Attorney General for defense of imminent litigation or suits against the United States, or against its agencies or officials upon obligations or liabilities of the United States, made by the Attorney General or any person authorized by him, shall be settled and paid in a manner similar to judgments in like causes and appropriations or funds available for the payment of such judgments are hereby made available for the payment of such compromise settlements.
+
+(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 974; Pub. L. 87–187, § 1, Aug. 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 415; Pub. L. 95–563, § 14(d), Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2390; Pub. L. 96–417, title V, § 512, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1744; Pub. L. 104–316, title II, § 202(k), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3843; Pub. L. 111–350, § 5(g)(10), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3848.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision NotesBased on section 228 of title 31, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Money and Finance (Feb. 18, 1904, ch. 160, § 1, 33 Stat. 41; June 10, 1921, ch. 18, § 304, 42 Stat. 24). Similar provisions of section 228 of title 31, U.S.C., 1940 ed., relating to judgments of the court of claims are incorporated in section 2517 of this title. The second paragraph was added to make clear that the payment of judgments not appealed may be expedited by certificate to that effect. Changes were made in phraseology.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2011—Pub. L. 111–350 substituted “chapter 71 of title 41” for “the Contract Disputes Act of 1978” in first par. 1996—Pub. L. 104–316 in first par. substituted “Secretary of the Treasury” for “General Accounting Office” in two places. 1980—Pub. L. 96–417 provided for payment of final judgments rendered by the Court of International Trade against the United States on settlements by the General Accounting Office. 1978—Pub. L. 95–563 inserted Contract Disputes Act of 1978 exception. 1961—Pub. L. 87–187 provided for payment of final judgments rendered by a State or foreign court against the United States, its agencies or officials and compromise settlements and substituted “and compromise settlements” for “against the United States” in section catchline.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–417 effective Nov. 1, 1980, and applicable with respect to civil actions pending on or commenced on or after such date, see section 701(a) of Pub. L. 96–417, set out as a note under section 251 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–563 effective with respect to contracts entered into 120 days after Nov. 1, 1978, and, at the election of the contractor, with respect to any claim pending at such time before the contracting officer or initiated thereafter, see section 16 of Pub. L. 95–563, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2391, formerly set out as an Effective Date note under section 601 of former Title 41, Public Contracts.
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "28 U.S.C. § 2416"
+description: "Time for commencing actions brought by the United States—Exclusions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 28
+title_name: "JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE"
+chapter_number: "161"
+chapter_name: "UNITED STATES AS PARTY GENERALLY"
+section: "2416"
+citation: "28 U.S.C. § 2416"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t28/s2416"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 28 U.S.C. § 2416 - Time for commencing actions brought by the United States—Exclusions
+
+## Text
+
+For the purpose of computing the limitations periods established in section 2415, there shall be excluded all periods during which—
+
+(a) the defendant or the res is outside the United States, its territories and possessions, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; or
+
+(b) the defendant is exempt from legal process because of infancy, mental incompetence, diplomatic immunity, or for any other reason; or
+
+(c) facts material to the right of action are not known and reasonably could not be known by an official of the United States charged with the responsibility to act in the circumstances; or
+
+(d) the United States is in a state of war declared pursuant to article I, section 8, of the Constitution of the United States.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 89–505, § 1, July 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 305.)