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Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Browse Source 
Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
Fabio
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00
parent 511d65f9a0
commit 76b8ec33a7
48603 changed files with 3677193 additions and 4 deletions
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legal/us/code/title-35/chapter-15/section-161.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "35 U.S.C. § 161"
description: "Patents for plants"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 35
title_name: "PATENTS"
chapter_number: "15"
chapter_name: "PLANT PATENTS"
section: "161"
citation: "35 U.S.C. § 161"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc35@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t35/s161"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-35/usc35.xml"
source_hash: "45a22f9008ec39e996709f39b3d021fbbf4fff00225e2f228aabe93df6b92a06"
raw_snapshot_hash: "736cab508592dcf50013a1aed5ab108f72fd8493e76afc46848cdc35da38bbe3"
text_hash: "858bb34de845cacd0bfed7571383e1547e5baaf73993ea5217fc2d61fe85bc7a"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 35 U.S.C. § 161 - Patents for plants
## Text
Whoever invents or discovers and asexually reproduces any distinct and new variety of plant, including cultivated sports, mutants, hybrids, and newly found seedlings, other than a tuber propagated plant or a plant found in an uncultivated state, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title. The provisions of this title relating to patents for inventions shall apply to patents for plants, except as otherwise provided.
(July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 804; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1259, 68 Stat. 1190.)
## Notes
Historical and Revision NotesBased on Title 35, U.S.C., 1946 ed., § 31, part (R.S. 4886, amended (1) Mar. 3, 1897, ch. 391, § 1, 29 Stat. 692, (2) May 23, 1930, ch. 312, § 1, 46 Stat. 376, (3) Aug. 5, 1939, ch. 450, § 1, 53 Stat. 1212). The provision relating to plants in the corresponding section of existing statute is made a separate section.
Editorial Notes
Amendments1954—Act Sept. 3, 1954, provided that plant seedlings, discovered, propagated asexually, and proved to have new characteristics distinct from other known plants are patentable.
legal/us/code/title-35/chapter-15/section-162.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "35 U.S.C. § 162"
description: "Description, claim"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 35
title_name: "PATENTS"
chapter_number: "15"
chapter_name: "PLANT PATENTS"
section: "162"
citation: "35 U.S.C. § 162"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc35@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t35/s162"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-35/usc35.xml"
source_hash: "fbf50c375f8ff88463078335985fd51515bee1190b00d8d8fb2df09ca099601d"
raw_snapshot_hash: "736cab508592dcf50013a1aed5ab108f72fd8493e76afc46848cdc35da38bbe3"
text_hash: "fef66609d0f86c4b39aa37a55ceafdc8660dde4657e8d98f98d5fb044aa5c9de"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 35 U.S.C. § 162 - Description, claim
## Text
No plant patent shall be declared invalid for noncompliance with section 112 if the description is as complete as is reasonably possible. The claim in the specification shall be in formal terms to the plant shown and described.
(July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 804; Pub. L. 112–29, § 20(j), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 335.)
## Notes
Historical and Revision NotesBased on Title 35, U.S.C., 1946 ed., § 33, part (R.S. 4888, amended (1) Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 94, § 1, 38 Stat. 958, (2) May 23, 1930, ch. 312, § 2, 46 Stat. 376). The first paragraph is the provision in R.S. 4888 (see section 112). The second paragraph is not in the statute but represents the actual practice.
Editorial Notes
Amendments2011—Pub. L. 112–29 struck out “of this title” after “112”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2011 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 112–29 effective upon the expiration of the 1-year period beginning on Sept. 16, 2011, and applicable to proceedings commenced on or after that effective date, see section 20(l) of Pub. L. 112–29, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-35/chapter-15/section-163.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "35 U.S.C. § 163"
description: "Grant"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 35
title_name: "PATENTS"
chapter_number: "15"
chapter_name: "PLANT PATENTS"
section: "163"
citation: "35 U.S.C. § 163"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc35@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t35/s163"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-35/usc35.xml"
source_hash: "b62fcd9a8b44a5cb880fdf1492a69c6ce189ce8f56e5cc7b949e5bbedc92528a"
raw_snapshot_hash: "736cab508592dcf50013a1aed5ab108f72fd8493e76afc46848cdc35da38bbe3"
text_hash: "fdd5f0b82c7db2180f7df0be982966e3c95c3e07bf1ba2ff10ae7b2e4a535fc6"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 35 U.S.C. § 163 - Grant
## Text
In the case of a plant patent, the grant shall include the right to exclude others from asexually reproducing the plant, and from using, offering for sale, or selling the plant so reproduced, or any of its parts, throughout the United States, or from importing the plant so reproduced, or any parts thereof, into the United States.
(July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 804; Pub. L. 105–289, § 3(a), Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2781.)
## Notes
Historical and Revision NotesBased on Title 35, U.S.C., 1946 ed., § 40, part (R.S. 4884, amended May 23, 1930, ch. 312, § 1, 46 Stat. 376). This provision is from R.S. 4884 (see section 154) amended in language.
Editorial Notes
Amendments1998—Pub. L. 105–289 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In the case of a plant patent the grant shall be of the right to exclude others from asexually reproducing the plant or selling or using the plant so reproduced.”
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentPub. L. 105–289, § 3(b), Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2781, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to any plant patent issued on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 27, 1998].”
Findings and PurposesPub. L. 105–289, § 2, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2780, provided that: “(a) Findings.—The Congress makes the following findings:“(1) The protection provided by plant patents under title 35, United States Code, dating back to 1930, has historically benefited American agriculture and horticulture and the public by providing an incentive for breeders to develop new plant varieties. “(2) Domestic and foreign agricultural trade is rapidly expanding and is very different from the trade of the past. An unforeseen ambiguity in the provisions of title 35, United States Code, is undermining the orderly collection of royalties due breeders holding United States plant patents. “(3) Plant parts produced from plants protected by United States plant patents are being taken from illegally reproduced plants and traded in United States markets to the detriment of plant patent holders. “(4) Resulting lost royalty income inhibits investment in domestic research and breeding activities associated with a wide variety of crops—an area where the United States has historically enjoyed a strong international position. Such research is the foundation of a strong horticultural industry. “(5) Infringers producing such plant parts from unauthorized plants enjoy an unfair competitive advantage over producers who pay royalties on varieties protected by United States plant patents. “(b) Purposes.—The purposes of this Act [see section 1 of Pub. L. 105–289, set out as a Short Title of 1998 Amendments note under section 1 of this title] are—“(1) to clearly and explicitly provide that title 35, United States Code, protects the owner of a plant patent against the unauthorized sale of plant parts taken from plants illegally reproduced; “(2) to make the protections provided under such title more consistent with those provided breeders of sexually reproduced plants under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq.), as amended by the Plant Variety Protection Act Amendments of 1994 (Public Law 103–349); and “(3) to strengthen the ability of United States plant patent holders to enforce their patent rights with regard to importation of plant parts produced from plants protected by United States plant patents, which are propagated without the authorization of the patent holder.”
legal/us/code/title-35/chapter-15/section-164.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "35 U.S.C. § 164"
description: "Assistance of Department of Agriculture"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 35
title_name: "PATENTS"
chapter_number: "15"
chapter_name: "PLANT PATENTS"
section: "164"
citation: "35 U.S.C. § 164"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc35@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t35/s164"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-35/usc35.xml"
source_hash: "0e05d526000ad8dbbe7b1a61da20cf6749275748c10a77439554495abd56a3b9"
raw_snapshot_hash: "736cab508592dcf50013a1aed5ab108f72fd8493e76afc46848cdc35da38bbe3"
text_hash: "b544aca0194e81b14c367c8a19b10f36a94279b5386f4d8b86c9db559ff936a1"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 35 U.S.C. § 164 - Assistance of Department of Agriculture
## Text
The President may by Executive order direct the Secretary of Agriculture, in accordance with the requests of the Director, for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this title with respect to plants (1) to furnish available information of the Department of Agriculture, (2) to conduct through the appropriate bureau or division of the Department research upon special problems, or (3) to detail to the Director officers and employees of the Department.
(July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 804; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(a)(10)(A)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–582; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title III, § 13206(b)(1)(B), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1906.)
## Notes
Historical and Revision NotesBased on Title 35, U.S.C., 1946 ed., § 56a (May 23, 1930, ch. 312, § 4, 46 Stat. 376). Language is changed.
Editorial Notes
Amendments2002—Pub. L. 107–273 made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 106–113. See 1999 Amendment note below. 1999—Pub. L. 106–113, as amended by Pub. L. 107–273, substituted “Director” for “Commissioner” in two places.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1999 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 106–113 effective 4 months after Nov. 29, 1999, see section 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4731] of Pub. L. 106–113, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions For transfer of functions of other officers, employees, and agencies of Department of Agriculture, with certain exceptions, to Secretary of Agriculture, with power to delegate, see Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1953, § 1, eff. June 4, 1953, 18 F.R. 3219, 67 Stat. 633, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.