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Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Browse Source 
Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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legal/us/code/title-44/chapter-31/section-3101.md
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legal/us/code/title-44/chapter-31/section-3102.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "44 U.S.C. § 3102"
description: "Establishment of program of management"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 44
title_name: "PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS"
chapter_number: "31"
chapter_name: "RECORDS MANAGEMENT BY FEDERAL AGENCIES"
section: "3102"
citation: "44 U.S.C. § 3102"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc44@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t44/s3102"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-44/usc44.xml"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 44 U.S.C. § 3102 - Establishment of program of management
## Text
The head of each Federal agency shall establish and maintain an active, continuing program for the economical and efficient management of the records of the agency. The program, among other things, shall provide for
(1) effective controls over the creation and over the maintenance and use of records in the conduct of current business;
(2) procedures for identifying records of general interest or use to the public that are appropriate for public disclosure, and for posting such records in a publicly accessible electronic format;
(3) cooperation with the Archivist in applying standards, procedures, and techniques designed to improve the management of records, promote the maintenance and security of records deemed appropriate for preservation, and facilitate the segregation and disposal of records of temporary value; and
(4) compliance with sections 2101–2117, 2501–2507, 2901–2909, and 3101–3107, of this title and the regulations issued under them.
(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 94–575, § 3(a)(1), (2), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2726; Pub. L. 98–497, title I, § 107(b)(19), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2290; Pub. L. 113–187, § 9(f), formerly § 9(g), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2014, renumbered § 9(f), Pub. L. 115–85, § 2(a)(5), Nov. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 1275; Pub. L. 114–185, § 4, June 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 544.)
## Notes
Historical and Revision NotesBased on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., § 396(b) (June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title V, § 506(b), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, § 6(d), 64 Stat. 583).
Editorial Notes
Amendments2016—Pars. (2) to (4). Pub. L. 114–185 added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively. 2014—Par. (2). Pub. L. 113–187 struck out “the Administrator of General Services and” before “the Archivist”. 1984—Pars. (2), (3). Pub. L. 98–497 inserted “and the Archivist” after “Administrator of General Services” in par. (2), and substituted “sections 2101–2117” for “sections 2101–2113” and struck out “2701,” before “2901” in par. (3). 1976—Pub. L. 94–575, § 3(a)(1), (2), substituted in par. (1) “the creation and over the maintenance” for “the creation, maintenance,” and in par. (3) reference to sections “2901–2909” for “2901, 2903–2909” of this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2016 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–185 applicable to any request for records under section 552 of title 5 made after June 30, 2016, see section 6 of Pub. L. 114–185, set out as a note under section 552 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under section 2102 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-44/chapter-31/section-3103.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "44 U.S.C. § 3103"
description: "Transfer of records to records centers"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 44
title_name: "PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS"
chapter_number: "31"
chapter_name: "RECORDS MANAGEMENT BY FEDERAL AGENCIES"
section: "3103"
citation: "44 U.S.C. § 3103"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc44@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t44/s3103"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-44/usc44.xml"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 44 U.S.C. § 3103 - Transfer of records to records centers
## Text
When the head of a Federal agency determines that such action may affect substantial economies or increased operating efficiency, the head of such agency shall provide for the transfer of records to a records center maintained and operated by the Archivist, or, when approved by the Archivist, to a center maintained and operated by the head of the Federal agency.
(Added Pub. L. 94–575, § 3(a)(3), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2726; amended Pub. L. 98–497, title I, § 107(b)(20), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2290; Pub. L. 113–187, § 8(9), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2012.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Prior ProvisionsA prior section 3103, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298, contained provisions similar to those comprising this section, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–575, § 3(a)(3).
Amendments2014—Pub. L. 113–187 substituted “the head of such agency” for “he”. 1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted “Archivist” for “Administrator” wherever appearing.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under section 2102 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-44/chapter-31/section-3104.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "44 U.S.C. § 3104"
description: "Certifications and determinations on transferred records"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 44
title_name: "PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS"
chapter_number: "31"
chapter_name: "RECORDS MANAGEMENT BY FEDERAL AGENCIES"
section: "3104"
citation: "44 U.S.C. § 3104"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc44@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t44/s3104"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-44/usc44.xml"
source_hash: "45b994543f9eaa63cf82206db1800a17d160cc4d29b1d89347b752fb3b821aeb"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 44 U.S.C. § 3104 - Certifications and determinations on transferred records
## Text
An official of the Government who is authorized to certify to facts on the basis of records in such official’s custody, may certify to facts on the basis of records that have been transferred by such official or such official’s predecessors to the Archivist, and may authorize the Archivist to certify to facts and to make administrative determinations on the basis of records transferred to the Archivist, notwithstanding any other law.
(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 98–497, title I, § 107(b)(21), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2290; Pub. L. 113–187, § 8(10), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2012.)
## Notes
Historical and Revision NotesBased on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., § 396(d) (June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title V, § 506(d), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, § 6(d), 64 Stat. 583, and amended Feb. 5, 1964, Pub. L. 88–265, 78 Stat. 8).
Editorial Notes
Amendments2014—Pub. L. 113–187 substituted “such official’s custody” for “his custody” and “such official or such official’s predecessors” for “him or his predecessors”. 1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted “Archivist” for “Administrator of General Services” and “Archivist” for “Administrator” wherever appearing.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under section 2102 of this title.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "44 U.S.C. § 3105"
description: "Safeguards"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 44
title_name: "PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS"
chapter_number: "31"
chapter_name: "RECORDS MANAGEMENT BY FEDERAL AGENCIES"
section: "3105"
citation: "44 U.S.C. § 3105"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc44@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t44/s3105"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-44/usc44.xml"
source_hash: "e5352c365fac919d5a22eeed28fee12aad75bf4797a2eb2af51d432d6e5c8174"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 44 U.S.C. § 3105 - Safeguards
## Text
The head of each Federal agency shall establish safeguards against the removal or loss of records the head of such agency determines to be necessary and required by regulations of the Archivist. Safeguards shall include making it known to officials and employees of the agency—
(1) that records in the custody of the agency are not to be alienated or destroyed except in accordance with sections 3301–3314 of this title, and
(2) the penalties provided by law for the unlawful removal or destruction of records.
(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 98–497, title I, § 107(b)(22), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2290; Pub. L. 113–187, § 8(11), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2012.)
## Notes
Historical and Revision NotesBased on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., § 396(e) (June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title V, § 506(e), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, § 6(d), 64 Stat. 583).
Editorial Notes
References in TextSections 3304 to 3307 of this title, included in the reference in par. (1) to sections 3301 to 3314 of this title, were repealed by Pub. L. 91–287, § 2(c), June 23, 1970, 84 Stat. 321.
Amendments2014—Pub. L. 113–187 substituted “the head of such agency” for “he” in introductory provisions. 1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted “Archivist” for “Administrator of General Services”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under section 2102 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-44/chapter-31/section-3106.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "44 U.S.C. § 3106"
description: "Unlawful removal, destruction of records"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 44
title_name: "PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS"
chapter_number: "31"
chapter_name: "RECORDS MANAGEMENT BY FEDERAL AGENCIES"
section: "3106"
citation: "44 U.S.C. § 3106"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc44@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t44/s3106"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-44/usc44.xml"
source_hash: "529c8641ddbb5af434e1844ec7ceb771bcad38f5aef7aa0c026d3236b8ede764"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 44 U.S.C. § 3106 - Unlawful removal, destruction of records
## Text
(a) Federal Agency Notification.— The head of each Federal agency shall notify the Archivist of any actual, impending, or threatened unlawful removal, defacing, alteration, corruption, deletion, erasure, or other destruction of records in the custody of the agency, and with the assistance of the Archivist shall initiate action through the Attorney General for the recovery of records the head of the Federal agency knows or has reason to believe have been unlawfully removed from that agency, or from another Federal agency whose records have been transferred to the legal custody of that Federal agency.
(b) Archivist Notification.— In any case in which the head of a Federal agency does not initiate an action for such recovery or other redress within a reasonable period of time after being notified of any such unlawful action described in subsection (a), or is participating in, or believed to be participating in any such unlawful action, the Archivist shall request the Attorney General to initiate such an action, and shall notify the Congress when such a request has been made.
(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 98–497, title I, § 107(b)(21), title II, § 203(b), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2290, 2294; Pub. L. 113–187, § 4, Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2009.)
## Notes
Historical and Revision NotesBased on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., § 396(f) (June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title V, § 506(f), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, § 6(d), 64 Stat. 583).
Editorial Notes
Amendments2014—Pub. L. 113–187 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The head of each Federal agency shall notify the Archivist of any actual, impending, or threatened unlawful removal, defacing, alteration, or destruction of records in the custody of the agency of which he is the head that shall come to his attention, and with the assistance of the Archivist shall initiate action through the Attorney General for the recovery of records he knows or has reason to believe have been unlawfully removed from his agency, or from another Federal agency whose records have been transferred to his legal custody. In any case in which the head of the agency does not initiate an action for such recovery or other redress within a reasonable period of time after being notified of any such unlawful action, the Archivist shall request the Attorney General to initiate such an action, and shall notify the Congress when such a request has been made.” 1984—Pub. L. 98–497, § 107(b)(21), substituted “Archivist” for “Administrator of General Services” and “Archivist” for “Administrator”. Pub. L. 98–497, § 203(b), inserted at end “In any case in which the head of the agency does not initiate an action for such recovery or other redress within a reasonable period of time after being notified of any such unlawful action, the Archivist shall request the Attorney General to initiate such an action, and shall notify the Congress when such a request has been made.”
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under section 2102 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-44/chapter-31/section-3107.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "44 U.S.C. § 3107"
description: "Authority of Comptroller General"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 44
title_name: "PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS"
chapter_number: "31"
chapter_name: "RECORDS MANAGEMENT BY FEDERAL AGENCIES"
section: "3107"
citation: "44 U.S.C. § 3107"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc44@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t44/s3107"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-44/usc44.xml"
source_hash: "b64dea6a4a1bafb6e446aa479b7df3e6ab714963a2a9b528eb96ff52035b2a8a"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 44 U.S.C. § 3107 - Authority of Comptroller General
## Text
Chapters 21, 25, 27,11 See References in Text note below. 29, and 31 of this title do not limit the authority of the Comptroller General of the United States with respect to prescribing accounting systems, forms, and procedures, or lessen the responsibility of collecting and disbursing officers for rendition of their accounts for settlement by the Government Accountability Office.
(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 94–575, § 3(a)(4), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2726; Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814.)
## Notes
Historical and Revision NotesBased on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., § 396(g) (June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title V, § 506(g), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, § 6(d), 64 Stat. 583).
Editorial Notes
References in TextChapter 27 of this title, referred to in text, was repealed by Pub. L. 95–378, § 2(a), Sept. 22, 1978, 92 Stat. 723.
Amendments2004—Pub. L. 108–271 substituted “Government Accountability Office” for “General Accounting Office”. 1976—Pub. L. 94–575 substituted “Chapters 21, 25, 27, 29, and 31 of this title” for “Sections 2101–2113, 2501–2507, 2701, 2901, 2904–2910, and 3101–3107, of this title”.