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Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

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Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Fabio
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00
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commit 76b8ec33a7
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legal/us/code/title-45/chapter-1/section-1-to-14.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 1 to 14"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS"
section: "1 to 14"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 1 to 14"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s1...14"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
source_hash: "24e7a3e15a3ad10bfddb23915947a1fdbfad3e9852b356013145fcf2151e24bf"
raw_snapshot_hash: "6ff04cb352e22f8a18f24c94e9adb8036909cf2a75f41489d768a5934fb9667c"
text_hash: "062ca702ab9c13e99e0f2ca451f59b795f034a7b337d16b349aea74df15943e8"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 1 to 14 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section 1, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, § 1, 27 Stat. 531; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(1)(A), 102 Stat. 630, related to use of power driving-wheel brakes and appliances for operating train-brake systems. See section 20302 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 2, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, § 2, 27 Stat. 531; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(1)(B), 102 Stat. 630, related to use of cars not equipped with automatic couplers. See section 20302 of Title 49.
Section 3, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, § 3, 27 Stat. 531; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(1)(C), 102 Stat. 630, related to refusal to receive insufficiently equipped cars from connecting lines. See section 20302 of Title 49.
Section 4, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, § 4, 27 Stat. 531; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(A), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(1)(D), 102 Stat. 630, related to grab irons or handholds for security in coupling and uncoupling cars. See section 20302 of Title 49.
Section 5, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, § 5, 27 Stat. 531; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(1)(E), 102 Stat. 630, related to exclusion from traffic of freight cars not complying with prescribed standard for height of drawbars.
Section 6, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, § 6, 27 Stat. 532; Apr. 1, 1896, ch. 87, 29 Stat. 85; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 1, 62 Stat. 909; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–135, § 1(1), 71 Stat. 352; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(A), 80 Stat. 939; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, § 3(a), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, § 7(a), 92 Stat. 2461; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, § 8(b), 94 Stat. 1814; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(1)(F), 102 Stat. 630; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §§ 4(a)(1), (c)(3), 9(a)(3), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 977, related to use of cars in violation of sections 1 to 7 of this title and enforcement duties of United States attorneys and Secretary of Transportation. See sections 20301, 21302, and 21304 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 7, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, § 8, 27 Stat. 532; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(1)(H), 102 Stat. 631, related to assumption of risk by railroad employees. See section 20304 of Title 49.
Section 8, acts Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, § 1, 32 Stat. 943; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(2)(A), 102 Stat. 631, extended provisions of sections 1 to 7 of this title to include railroads in the Territories and the District of Columbia and to apply in other cases. See sections 20301, 20302, 20304, and 21302 of Title 49.
Section 9, acts Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, § 2, 32 Stat. 943; Apr. 11, 1958, Pub. L. 85–375, 72 Stat. 86; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(B), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(2)(B), 102 Stat. 631, provided that locomotive engineers were to operate power and train brakes on not less than 50 percent of cars of trains operated with power or train brakes, and retained rules, standards, and instructions of Association of American Railroads for installation, inspection, maintenance, and repair of such brakes. See sections 20301, 20302, and 21302 of Title 49.
Section 10, acts Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, § 3, 32 Stat. 943; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 1, 62 Stat. 909; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(B), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(2)(C), 102 Stat. 631; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, § 9(a)(4), 106 Stat. 977, related to continuation of duties, requirements, and liabilities specified under sections 1 to 7 of this title unless specifically amended by sections 8 to 10 of this title. See section 21302 of Title 49.
Section 11, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, § 2, 36 Stat. 298; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(3)(A), 102 Stat. 631, related to use of cars not equipped as required by sections 11 to 16 of this title. See section 20302 of Title 49.
Section 12, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, § 3, 36 Stat. 298; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(C), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(3)(B), 102 Stat. 631, continued to maintain designations of safety appliances by Secretary of Transportation as standards of equipment for railroad cars, unless changed by order of Secretary, and authorized Secretary to modify standard height of drawbars. See sections 20302 and 21302 of Title 49.
Section 13, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, § 4, 36 Stat. 299; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–135, § 1(2), 71 Stat. 352; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, § 3(b), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, § 7(b), 92 Stat. 2461; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, title VII, § 704, 96 Stat. 2580; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(3)(C), 102 Stat. 632; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §§ 4(a)(1), (c)(4), 9(a)(5), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 978, related to penalty for using cars not equipped as provided by sections 1 to 16 of this title, with provisos for hauling cars for repairs when equipment becomes defective, liability for death or injury to employees in connection with such hauling, and use of chains instead of drawbars in conducting such hauling. See sections 20303, 21302, and 21304 of Title 49.
Section 14, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, § 5, 36 Stat. 299; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(C), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(3)(D), 102 Stat. 632, related to liability for using cars with defective or insecure equipment. See section 21302 of Title 49.
legal/us/code/title-45/chapter-1/section-15.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 15"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 97–449, § 7(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2444"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS"
section: "15"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 15"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s15"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
source_hash: "34a811b78c27577247dab483745af0b7ee9dcecea8e9da25de760eba31ddbd99"
raw_snapshot_hash: "6ff04cb352e22f8a18f24c94e9adb8036909cf2a75f41489d768a5934fb9667c"
text_hash: "c270175b0043128d3ed82aa4cc0a72b9b906754d278765d2284db3c54e104277"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 15 - Repealed. Pub. L. 97–449, § 7(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2444
## Notes
Section, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, § 6, 36 Stat. 299; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(C), 80 Stat. 939, provided that it was the duty of the Secretary of Transportation to enforce the provisions of sections 11 to 16 of this title as to equipment of each car with safety appliances and that all powers theretofore granted to the Interstate Commerce Commission were extended to the Secretary for the purpose of such enforcement. See section 501(b) of Title 49, Transportation.
legal/us/code/title-45/chapter-1/section-16.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 16"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS"
section: "16"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 16"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s16"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
source_hash: "5773f8067e86576ca07d587fa60b1d18d05712345f28d0bc7b1c2d1f7434e216"
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text_hash: "850d6ed24ef08762856d513cf703495143fa6744fd42dbfe3d15b9db080660e9"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 16 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, § 1, 36 Stat. 298; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(3)(E), 102 Stat. 632, defined “railroad” as used in sections 1 to 16 of this title. See section 20102 of Title 49, Transportation.
legal/us/code/title-45/chapter-1/section-17-to-21.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 17 to 21"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 97–468, title VII, § 705, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2580"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS"
section: "17 to 21"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 17 to 21"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s17...21"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
source_hash: "ac11241bf582ace0ba94399a7056c325d52a37891bf93ff495983e1fb0b88739"
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text_hash: "6c1a8b8a253744700cb67f7f94666c2f2096d0ec222049ba81dfa8c1847ec12b"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 17 to 21 - Repealed. Pub. L. 97–468, title VII, § 705, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2580
## Notes
Section 17, act May 30, 1908, ch. 225, §§ 1, 2, 35 Stat. 476, related to locomotives to be equipped with safety ash pans.
Section 18, acts May 30, 1908, ch. 225, § 3, 35 Stat. 476; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 1, 62 Stat. 909; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(D), 80 Stat. 939, set forth penalties for violations and authorized United States attorneys to bring actions for enforcement of provisions.
Section 19, acts May 30, 1908, ch. 225, § 4, 35 Stat. 476; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(D), 80 Stat. 939, provided for enforcement of the provisions of sections 17 to 21 of this title by the Secretary of Transportation.
Section 20, act May 30, 1908, ch. 225, § 5, 35 Stat. 476, specified those to be included in the term “common carrier”.
Section 21, act May 30, 1908, ch. 225, § 6, 35 Stat. 476, provided that the provisions of sections 17 to 21 of this title not be applicable to locomotives on which an ash pan is not necessary.
legal/us/code/title-45/chapter-1/section-22-to-43a.md
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 22 to 43a"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "1"
chapter_name: "SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS"
section: "22 to 43a"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 22 to 43a"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s22...43a"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
source_hash: "9b11fa39adcdb14965fe2fd2d1a2e3871e2851709a2a6b167878a010fa7de5b6"
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text_hash: "e12cdde6accc1707c550add54b0955a51658e5007fbf87d81e67f9954e994486"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 22 to 43a - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section 22, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 1, 36 Stat. 913; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, § 1, 43 Stat. 659; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(1), 102 Stat. 632, defined “railroad” as used in sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title. See section 20102 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 23, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 2, 36 Stat. 913; Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, § 1, 38 Stat. 1192; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, § 2, 43 Stat. 659; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(2), 102 Stat. 632, made it unlawful for railroads to use locomotives and appurtenances unless they were safe and inspected in accordance with provisions of sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title and tested as prescribed by rules and regulations. See section 20701 of Title 49.
Section 24, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 3, 36 Stat. 914; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; May 27, 1947, ch. 85, § 1, 61 Stat. 120; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title XI, § 1106(a), 63 Stat. 972; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(3), 102 Stat. 633, provided for appointment and salaries of a director of locomotive inspection and two assistant directors of locomotive inspection, and was previously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, eff. July 27, 1965, 30 F.R. 9351, 79 Stat. 1320, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which abolished the offices of director of locomotive inspection, assistant directors of locomotive inspection, and district inspectors of locomotives. Acts June 26, 1918, ch. 105, 40 Stat. 616; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, § 6, 43 Stat. 659; June 27, 1930, ch. 644, § 1, 46 Stat. 822, which provided for the pay of chief inspector, assistant inspectors, and district directors of locomotives, and related to office allowances for each inspector, and which were cited as a credit to section 24, were repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 643, 646, 648.
Section 25, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 3, 36 Stat. 914; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, § 3, 43 Stat. 659; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; May 27, 1947, ch. 85, § 1, 61 Stat. 120, provided for location of office of director of locomotive inspection in Washington, D.C., and for staffing of such office, and was previously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5.
Section 26, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 4, 36 Stat. 914; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; May 27, 1947, ch. 85, § 2, 61 Stat. 120, directed director of locomotive inspection to divide country into 50 locomotive boiler inspection districts so as to most effectively divide up work of inspector for each such district, and was previously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5, which abolished the offices of director of locomotive inspection, assistant directors of locomotive inspection, and district inspectors of locomotives, together with the function of the director of locomotive inspection with respect to dividing the country into districts. Acts June 26, 1918, ch. 105, 40 Stat. 616; June 27, 1930, ch. 644, § 2, 46 Stat. 823, which were cited as a credit to section 26, were repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 643, 648.
Section 27, act Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 4 (par), as added June 7, 1924, ch. 355, § 4, 43 Stat. 659; amended Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148, authorized appointment of 15 additional boiler inspectors over and above number authorized by section 26 of this title as the needs of the service may require, and was previously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5.
Section 28, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 5, 36 Stat. 914; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(E), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(4), 102 Stat. 633, related to rules and instructions for inspection of locomotive boilers. See section 20702 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 29, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 6, 36 Stat. 915; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(E), 80 Stat. 939; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, § 13, 94 Stat. 1816; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(5), 102 Stat. 633, related to duties of district inspectors to make railroads inspect and repair locomotive boilers and notify railroads when boilers were not in serviceable condition and provided that railroads could appeal to director of locomotive inspection to have boiler reexamined and could then appeal to Secretary of Transportation if district inspector’s decision was sustained by director. See section 20702 of Title 49.
Section 30, acts Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, § 2, 38 Stat. 1192; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 2, 54 Stat. 148, related to powers, duties, and examinations of locomotive inspectors and provided that provisions of sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title were applicable to all parts of locomotives and tenders. See sections 20701 to 20703 and 21302 of Title 49.
Section 31, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 7, 36 Stat. 916; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(E), 80 Stat. 939, related to annual report of director of locomotive inspection to Secretary of Transportation.
Section 32, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 8, 36 Stat. 916; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(6), 102 Stat. 633, required railroad to report accidents resulting from failure of locomotive boilers or appurtenances to director of locomotive inspection and to preserve disabled parts for inspection, investigation, and report by director. See section 20703 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 33, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 8, 36 Stat. 916; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(E), 80 Stat. 939; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, title III, § 304, 88 Stat. 2168, related to reports by Secretary of Transportation of accident investigations conducted pursuant to section 32 of this title. See section 20703 of Title 49.
Section 34, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 9, 36 Stat. 916; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–135, § 3, 71 Stat. 352; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, § 3(c), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, § 7(c), 92 Stat. 2461; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, § 8(c), 94 Stat. 1814; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(7), 102 Stat. 633; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §§ 4(a)(1), (c)(7), 9(a)(8), 106 Stat. 973, 975, 978, related to penalty for willful violations of sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title, or rules or regulations made thereunder, or any lawful order of any inspector, duty of United States attorney to sue for such violations, and duty of director of locomotive inspection to inform proper United States attorney of violations coming to his knowledge. See sections 21302 and 21304 of Title 49.
Section 35, acts June 30, 1906, No. 46, 34 Stat. 838; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(H), 80 Stat. 939, directed Secretary of Transportation to investigate and report on block-signal systems and appliances for automatic control of trains and empowered Secretary to obtain evidence to carry out and give effect to this provision.
Section 36, acts May 27, 1908, ch. 200, § 1, 35 Stat. 325; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(I), 80 Stat. 939, related to investigation and testing by Secretary of Transportation of appliances or systems to promote safety of railway operation. See section 20504 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 37, acts May 27, 1908, ch. 200, § 1, 35 Stat. 325; Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 299, § 1, 35 Stat. 965; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91–375, § 4(a), 84 Stat. 773, related to inspection of mail cars. See section 20305 of Title 49.
Section 38, acts May 6, 1910, ch. 208, § 1, 36 Stat. 350; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86–762, § 1, 74 Stat. 903; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(K), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 15(1), 102 Stat. 633, related to duty of railroad to make monthly reports of railroad accidents to Secretary of Transportation and defined “railroad” for purposes of sections 38 to 43 of this title. See sections 20102 and 20901 of Title 49.
Section 39, acts May 6, 1910, ch. 208, § 2, 36 Stat. 351; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, title II, § 204(b), 88 Stat. 2166; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 15(2), 102 Stat. 634; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, § 4(a)(3), 106 Stat. 973, related to penalty for failure of railroad to make report provided for in section 38 of this title. See sections 20901 and 21311 of Title 49.
Section 40, acts May 6, 1910, ch. 208, § 3, 36 Stat. 351; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(K), 80 Stat. 939; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, title III, § 304, 88 Stat. 2168; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 15(3), 102 Stat. 634, authorized Secretary of Transportation to investigate railroad accidents, with proviso that Secretary cooperate with State commissions in such investigations if convenient and make reports of such investigations when in the public interest. See section 20902 of Title 49.
Section 41, act May 6, 1910, ch. 208, § 4, 36 Stat. 351, provided that reports required by sections 38 and 40 of this title were not admissible as evidence in suits for damages. See section 20903 of Title 49.
Section 42, acts May 6, 1910, ch. 208, § 5, 36 Stat. 351; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86–762, § 2, 74 Stat. 904; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(K), 80 Stat. 939, authorized Secretary of Transportation to prescribe rules, regulations, and forms for making reports as necessary to implement and effectuate purposes of sections 38 to 43 of this title.
Section 43, acts May 6, 1910, ch. 208, § 7, 36 Stat. 351; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86–762, § 3, 74 Stat. 904; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 15(4), 102 Stat. 634; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §§ 4(a)(1), (c)(5), 9(a)(6), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 978, related to penalty for willful violations by any person of sections 38 to 43 of this title or any rule, regulation, order, or standard issued under such sections or the Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 (formerly 45 U.S.C. § 431 et seq.) and duty of United States attorney to sue for such violations. See sections 21302 and 21304 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 43a, Pub. L. 100–342, § 24, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 639, related to accident reports in which railroads assign human error as cause of accident or incident and provision that such reports contain an explanatory statement by employees involved. See section 20901 of Title 49.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short TitleAct May 6, 1910, ch. 208, 36 Stat. 350, as amended, popularly known as the “Accident Reports Act”, was classified to sections 38 to 43 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 44 to 46 - Transferred
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Sections 44 to 46 were transferred to sections 1201 to 1203, respectively, of former Title 49, Transportation, and were subsequently repealed and restated in section 80504 of Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 103–272, §§ 1(e), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1358, 1379. Section 44, acts Feb. 23, 1905, ch. 744, § 1, 33 Stat. 743; June 13, 1957, Pub. L. 85–50, § 1(1), 71 Stat. 69, related to awards for acts of heroism involving railroads or motor vehicles. Section 45, act Feb. 23, 1905, ch. 744, § 2, 33 Stat. 743, related to issuance of rosettes and ribbons. Section 46, acts Feb. 23, 1905, ch. 744, § 3, 33 Stat. 743; June 13, 1957, Pub. L. 85–50, § 1(2), 71 Stat. 69, related to authorization of appropriations for carrying out sections 44 and 45 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 241 to 253 - Repealed. June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 11, 50 Stat. 440
## Notes
Section 241, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 1, 49 Stat. 974, defined terms for purposes of this subchapter.
Section 242, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 2, 49 Stat. 975, related to income tax on employees.
Section 243, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 3, 49 Stat. 975, related to deduction of tax from wages.
Section 244, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 4, 49 Stat. 975, related to excise tax on carriers.
Section 245, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 5, 49 Stat. 975, related to adjustment of tax.
Section 246, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 6, 49 Stat. 975, related to refunds and deficiencies.
Section 247, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 7, 49 Stat. 975, related to income tax on employees’ representatives.
Section 248, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 8, 49 Stat. 976, related to collection and payment of taxes.
Section 249, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 9, 49 Stat. 976, related to court jurisdiction.
Section 250, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 10, 49 Stat. 976, related to penalties under this subchapter.
Section 251, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 11, 49 Stat. 976, related to meaning of “employment”.
Section 252, acts Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 12, 49 Stat. 976; Feb. 27, 1937, ch. 19, 50 Stat. 23, related to termination of taxes.
Section 253, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, § 13, 49 Stat. 977, related to separability of provisions.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 261 to 273 - Omitted
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Sections 261 to 273 were omitted pursuant to section 4 of act Feb. 10, 1939, ch. 2, 53 Stat. 1, which provided that all laws or parts of laws codified into the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, enacted by act Feb. 10, 1939, to the extent they related exclusively to internal revenue laws, were repealed. The Internal Revenue Code of 1939 was generally repealed by section 7851 of act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 919 (section 7851 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code), which act enacted the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986]. See section 7807 of Title 26, relating to applicability of rules in effect upon the enactment of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Section 261, acts June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 1, 50 Stat. 435; Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, §§ 1, 3, 54 Stat. 785, 786, defined terms for purposes of this subchapter. Section 262, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 2, 50 Stat. 437, related to income tax on employees. Section 263, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 3, 50 Stat. 437, related to excise tax on employers. Section 264, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 4, 50 Stat. 438, related to refunds and deficiencies. Section 265, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 5, 50 Stat. 438, related to income tax on employee representatives. Section 266, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 6, 50 Stat. 439, related to deductibility from regular income tax. Section 267, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 7, 50 Stat. 439, related to collection and payment of taxes. Section 268, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 8, 50 Stat. 439, related to court jurisdiction. Section 269, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 9, 50 Stat. 439, related to Social Security Act. Section 270, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 10, 50 Stat. 440, related to separability of provisions. Section 271, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 11, 50 Stat. 440, related to repeals. Section 272, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 12, 50 Stat. 440, related to rules and regulations. Section 273, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, § 13, 50 Stat. 440, related to short title of this subchapter. For provisions formerly set out in this subchapter which were covered by sections of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, see the sections of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, indicated in the following table: Omitted sectionsI.R.C. 1939I.R.C. 1986 261 (as amended Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, §§ 1, 3, 54 Stat. 785, 786)15323231, 7701. 2621500, 15013201, 3202, 6205(a)(1), 6413(a)(1). 2631520, 15213221, 6205(a)(1), 6413(a)(1). 2641502, 15226205(b), 6413(b). 2651510, 15113211, 3212. 2661503, 1508, 15123502. 2671422, 1530, 1531, 15363501, 3503, 6011(a), 6071, 6081(a), 6091(a), 6151(a), 6313, 6601(a), (f)(1). 26815343232. 2691426(b)(9), (10), 14283121(b)(9), (10), 3124. 27038027511. 271  27215357805(a), (c). 273
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Compensation From Local Division of Railway-Labor-Organization Employer Tax—Unpaid Before July 1, 1940Act Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, § 27(b), 54 Stat. 1101, provided that, for the purpose of determining the amount of taxes under sections 262(a) and 263(a) of this title, compensation earned in the service of a local lodge or division of a railway-labor-organization employer shall be disregarded with respect to any calendar month if the amount thereof is less than $3 and the taxes thereon under such sections are not paid before July 1, 1940.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 353 - Qualifying condition
## Text
An employee shall be a “qualified employee” if the Board finds that his compensation with respect to the base year will have been not less than 2.5 times the monthly compensation base for months in such base year as computed under section 351(i) of this title, and, if such employee has had no compensation prior to such year, that he will have had compensation with respect to each of not less than five months in such year.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 3, 52 Stat. 1097; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, § 10, 53 Stat. 845; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, § 13, 54 Stat. 1097; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, § 308, 60 Stat. 737; May 15, 1952, ch. 290, § 2, 66 Stat. 73; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. III, § 303, 68 Stat. 1041; Pub. L. 86–28, pt. III, § 304, May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 31; Pub. L. 88–133, title III, § 301(a), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 222; Pub. L. 90–257, title II, § 203, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 24; Pub. L. 94–92, title I, § 1(f), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 463; Pub. L. 98–76, title IV, § 411(a)(2), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 436; Pub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7202(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3776.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1988—Pub. L. 100–647 inserted “with respect to the base year” after “his compensation” and substituted “2.5 times the monthly compensation base for months in such base year as computed under section 351(i) of this title” for “$1,500 with respect to the base year”. 1983—Pub. L. 98–76 substituted “$1,500” for “$1,000”. 1975—Pub. L. 94–92 substituted “five” for “seven” months. 1968—Pub. L. 90–257 substituted “$1,000” for “$750”. 1963—Pub. L. 88–133 increased from $500 to $750 the amount of compensation in a base year required to qualify for benefits and provided that if employee has had no compensation prior to such year he will have had compensation with respect to each of not less than 7 months in such year. 1959—Pub. L. 86–28 substituted “$500” for “$400”. 1954—Act Aug. 31, 1954, substituted “$400” for “$300”. 1952—Act May 15, 1952, substituted “$300” for “$150” to conform to the new table of daily benefit rates as set out in section 352 of this title. 1946—Act July 31, 1946, changed section to relate to compensation paid instead of compensation earned during a year. 1940—Act Oct. 10, 1940, reorganized structure by striking out designations for subsecs. “(a)” and “(b)” and, as so restructured, provisions of former subsec. (a) became entire section and defined “qualified employee” and provisions of former subsec. (b), which related to the employee’s waiting period, were omitted. 1939—Subsec. (b). Act June 20, 1939, substituted provisions relating to half-months as the waiting period, for provisions relating to fifteen consecutive days of unemployment or two half months.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentPub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7202(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3776, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988].”
Effective Date of 1983 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–76 applicable to compensation paid for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 411(b) of Pub. L. 98–76, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1975 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 94–92 effective for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1973, see section 2 of Pub. L. 94–92, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1968 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 90–257 effective with respect to base years beginning in calendar years after December 31, 1966, except that with respect to the base year in calendar year 1967 such amendments not to be applicable to an employee whose compensation with respect to that base year was not less than $750 but was less than $1,000, see section 208 of Pub. L. 90–257, set out as a note under section 352 of this title.
Effective Date of 1963 AmendmentPub. L. 88–133, title III, § 301(b), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 222, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be fully effective with respect to base years after 1963. With respect to the base year 1963, they shall be applicable only to an employee concerning whom the Railroad Retirement Board finds that his compensation in that portion of the calendar year 1963 preceding the first day of the calendar month next following the month of enactment of this Act [October 1963] will have been less than $500.”
Effective Date of 1959 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 86–28 effective with respect to base years after the base year ending Dec. 31, 1957, see section 309 of Pub. L. 86–28, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1954 AmendmentAmendment by act Aug. 31, 1954, effective July 1, 1954, see section 401 of act Aug. 31, 1954, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1952 AmendmentAmendment by act May 15, 1952, effective with respect to benefit years beginning on and after July 1, 1952, see section 3 of act May 15, 1952, set out as a note under section 352 of this title.
Effective Date of 1946 AmendmentAmendment by act July 31, 1946, effective July 1, 1947, see section 403 of act July 31, 1946, set out as a note under section 352 of this title.
Effective Date of 1940 AmendmentFor effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 354 - Disqualifying conditions
## Text
(a–1) Day of unemployment or day of sickness There shall not be considered as a day of unemployment, or as a day of sickness, with respect to any employee—
(i) any of the seventy-five days beginning with the first day of any registration period with respect to which the Board finds that he knowingly made or aided in making or caused to be made any false or fraudulent statement or claim for the purpose of causing benefits to be paid;
(ii) any day in any period with respect to which the Board finds that he is receiving or will have received annuity payments under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.], or insurance benefits under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.], or unemployment, maternity, or sickness benefits under an unemployment, maternity, or sickness compensation law other than this chapter, or any other social-insurance payments under any law: Provided, That if an employee receives or is held entitled to receive any such payments, other than unemployment, maternity, or sickness payments, with respect to any period which include days of unemployment or sickness in a registration period, after benefits under this chapter for such registration period will have been paid, the amount by which such benefits under this chapter will have been increased by including such days as days of unemployment or as days of sickness shall be recoverable by the Board: Provided further, That, if that part of any such payment or payments, other than unemployment, maternity, or sickness payments, which is apportionable to such days of unemployment or days of sickness is less in amount than the benefits under this chapter which, but for this paragraph, would be payable and not recoverable with respect to such days of unemployment or days of sickness, the preceding provisions of this paragraph shall not apply but such benefits under this chapter for such days of unemployment or days of sickness shall be diminished or recoverable in the amount of such part of such other payment or payments;
(iii) if he is paid a separation allowance, any of the days in the period beginning with the day following his separation from service and continuing for that number of consecutive fourteen-day periods which is equal, or most nearly equal, to the amount of the separation allowance divided (i) by ten times his last daily rate of compensation prior to his separation if he normally works five days a week, (ii) by twelve times such rate if he normally works six days a week, and (iii) by fourteen times such rate if he normally works seven days a week; 11 So in original. The semicolon probably should be a period.
(a–2) Day of unemployment (i) (A) subject to the provisions of subdivision (B) hereof, any of the days in the period beginning with the day with respect to which the Board finds that he left work voluntarily, and continuing until he has been paid compensation of not less than $1,500 with respect to time after the beginning of such period and before 1989 or, if any part of such compensation is paid in a calendar year after 1988, not less than an amount that is equal to 2.5 times the monthly compensation base for months in such calendar year, as computed under section 351(i) of this title;
(B) if the Board finds that he left work voluntarily with good cause, the provisions of subdivision (A) shall not apply, with respect to him, to any day in a registration period if such period does not include any day which is in a period for which he could receive benefits under an unemployment compensation law other than this chapter, and he so certifies. Such certification shall, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, be accepted subject to the penalty provisions of section 359(a) of this title;
(ii) any of the thirty days beginning with the day with respect to which the Board finds that he failed, without good cause, to accept suitable work available on such day and offered to him, or to comply with instructions from the Board requiring him to apply for suitable work or to report, in person or by mail as the Board may require, to an employment office;
(iii) subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, any day with respect to which the Board finds that his unemployment was due to a stoppage of work because of a strike in the establishment, premises, or enterprise at which he was last employed, and the Board finds that such strike was commenced in violation of the provisions of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.] or in violation of the established rules and practices of a bona fide labor organization of which he was a member.
(b) Participation, interest, or financial assistance in labor dispute The disqualification provided in subsection (a–2)(iii) of this section shall not apply if the Board finds that—
(i) the employee is not participating in or financing or directly interested in the strike which causes the stoppage of work: Provided, That payment of regular union dues shall not be construed to constitute financing a strike or direct interest in a strike within the meaning of this and the following paragraphs; and
(ii) he does not belong to a grade or class of workers of which, immediately before the commencement of the stoppage, there were members employed in the establishment, premises, or enterprise at which the stoppage occurs, any of whom are participating in or financing or directly interested in the dispute: Provided, That if separate types of work are commonly conducted in separate departments of a single enterprise, each such department shall, for the purposes of this subsection, be deemed to be a separate establishment, enterprise, or other premises.
(c) Unsuitable work No work shall be deemed suitable for the purposes of subsection (a–2)(ii) of this section, and benefits shall not be denied under this chapter to any otherwise qualified employee for refusing to accept work if—
(i) the position offered is vacant due directly to a strike, lockout, or other labor dispute;
(ii) the remuneration, hours, or other conditions of work offered are substantially less favorable to the employee than those prevailing for similar work in the locality, or the rate of remuneration is less than the union wage rate, if any, for similar work in the locality;
(iii) as a condition of being employed he would be required to join a company union or to resign from or refrain from joining any bona fide labor organization;
(iv) acceptance of the work would require him to engage in activities in violation of law or which, by reason of their being in violation of reasonable requirements of the constitution, bylaws, or similar regulations of a bona fide labor organization of which he is a member, would subject him to expulsion from such labor organization; or
(v) acceptance of the work would subject him to loss of substantial seniority rights under any collective bargaining agreement between a railway labor organization, organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], and any other employer.
(d) Factors in determination of suitable work In determining, within the limitations of subsection (c) of this section, whether or not any work is suitable for an employee for the purposes of subsection (a–2)(ii) of this section, the Board shall consider, in addition to such other factors as it deems relevant, (i) the current practices recognized by management and labor with respect to such work; (ii) the degree of risk involved to such employee’s health, safety, and morals; (iii) his physical fitness and prior training; (iv) his experience and prior earnings; (v) his length of unemployment and prospects for securing work in his customary occupation; and (vi) the distance of the available work from his residence and from his most recent work.
(e) Voluntarily leaving unsuitable work For the purposes of subsection (a–2)(i) of this section, no voluntary leaving of work shall be deemed to have been without good cause if the Board finds that such work would not have been suitable for the purposes of subsection (a–2)(ii) of this section.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 4, 52 Stat. 1098; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, § 11, 53 Stat. 846; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, §§ 14–18, 54 Stat. 1097, 1098; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §§ 309, 310, 60 Stat. 737, 738; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, § 27, 65 Stat. 691; Pub. L. 85–927, pt. II, § 202, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1782; Pub. L. 86–28, pt. III, § 305, May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 31; Pub. L. 88–133, title III, § 302(a), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 222; Pub. L. 90–257, title II, § 204, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 24; Pub. L. 93–445, title IV, § 402, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1359; Pub. L. 98–76, title IV, § 411(a)(3), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 436; Pub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7101(d), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3758.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (a–1)(ii), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, § 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§ 231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of this title. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of this title, section 231t of this title, and Tables. The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (a–1)(ii), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620. Title II of the Social Security Act is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a–1)(ii), (a–2)(i)(B), and (c), was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which enacted this chapter and amended sections 503 and 1104 and former section 1107 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsecs. (a–2)(iii) and (c)(v), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§ 151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of this title and Tables.
Amendments1988—Subsec. (a–2)(i)(A). Pub. L. 100–647 inserted “and before 1989 or, if any part of such compensation is paid in a calendar year after 1988, not less than an amount that is equal to 2.5 times the monthly compensation base for months in such calendar year, as computed under section 351(i) of this title” after “such period”. 1983—Subsec. (a–2)(i)(A). Pub. L. 98–76 substituted “$1,500” for “$1,000”. 1974—Subsec. (a–1)(ii). Pub. L. 93–445 substituted “annuity payments under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974” for “annuity payments or pensions under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 or the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937”. 1968—Subsec. (a–1)(iii). Pub. L. 90–257, § 204(a), added cl. (iii). Subsec. (a–2)(i)(A). Pub. L. 90–257, § 204(b), substituted “$1,000” for “$750”. 1963—Subsec. (a–2)(i). Pub. L. 88–133 substituted cl. (i) providing in subd. (A) that an employee who voluntarily leaves his work shall not be considered as having days of unemployment for a period beginning with the day he so leaves and continuing until he has been paid compensation of not less than $750 with respect to time after the beginning of such period and subd. (B) that if the Board finds that the employee left work voluntarily with good cause, such disqualification shall not apply, except that in such case the employee would not be considered as having days of unemployment with respect to any day in a registration period if such period includes a day which is in a period for which he could receive benefits under an unemployment law other than this chapter and he so certifies, for former cl. (i) providing that an employee who leaves work voluntarily is not considered as having days of unemployment with respect to any of the first 30 days after he so leaves if the Board finds that he left work voluntarily without good cause. 1959—Subsec. (a–2)(iv). Pub. L. 86–28 struck out cl. (iv) which prevented Sundays and holidays from being considered as days of unemployment unless they were preceded and succeeded by a day of unemployment. 1958—Subsec. (a–1)(ii). Pub. L. 85–927 substituted “other than this chapter or any other social-insurance payments under any law” for “of any State of the United States other than this chapter, or any other social-insurance payments under a law of any State or of the United States”. 1951—Subsec. (a–1). Act Oct. 30, 1951, struck out cls. (iii) and (iv) which excepted from consideration as a day of unemployment or as a day of sickness, any days in any registration period in which the employee had certain specified earnings. 1946—Subsec. (a–1). Act July 31, 1946, § 309(a), (b), designated provisions of former subsec. (a) which apply both to days of unemployment and to days of sickness as subsec. (a–1) and changed cl. (ii) to include sickness and maternity benefits. Subsec. (a–2). Act July 31, 1946, § 309(c), designated provisions of former subsec. (a) which apply only to days of unemployment as subsec. (a–2). Subsecs. (b) to (e). Act July 31, 1946, § 310, changed references to subsec. (a) of this section to refer to subsec. (a–2). 1940—Subsec. (a)(ii). Act Oct. 10, 1940, § 14, inserted provisions relating to employee’s failure to comply with instructions of the Board. Subsec. (a)(iv). Act Oct. 10, 1940, § 15, substituted “registration period” for “half-month”. Subsec. (a)(v). Act Oct. 10, 1940, § 16, struck out applicability to employee having a right to receive compensation or other wages in lieu of notice, and inserted provisions relating to recovery of certain other payments and inapplicability of paragraph under specified conditions. Subsec. (a)(vi). Act Oct. 10, 1940, § 17, substituted provisions relating to earnings of employees during any day in any registration period, for provisions relating to earnings of employees during any day in any half-month. Subsec. (a)(vii), (viii). Act Oct. 10, 1940, § 18, added cls. (vii) and (viii). 1939—Subsec. (a). Act June 20, 1939, generally revised criteria for determining what shall not be considered as a day of unemployment with respect to any employee. Subsec. (b). Act June 20, 1939, substituted provisions setting forth criteria for determining nonapplicability of disqualification provided in subsec. (a)(iii) of this section, for provisions setting forth criteria for determining nonapplicability of disqualification provided in subsec. (a)(v) of this section. Subsecs. (c) to (e). Act June 20, 1939, substituted references to subsec. (a)(ii) of this section for references to subsec. (a)(iii) or (iv) of this section.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1983 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–76 applicable to compensation paid for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 411(b) of Pub. L. 98–76, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1974 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 93–445 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 603 of Pub. L. 93–445, set out as a note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Effective Date of 1968 AmendmentAmendment by section 204(a) of Pub. L. 90–257 effective with respect to calendar days in benefit years beginning after June 30, 1968, and amendment by section 204(b) of Pub. L. 90–257 effective with respect to voluntary leaving of work (within the meaning of subsec. (a–2)(i) this section) after February 15, 1968, see section 208 of Pub. L. 90–257, set out as a note under section 352 of this title.
Effective Date of 1963 AmendmentPub. L. 88–133, title III, § 302(b), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 222, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be effective only with respect to an employee who leaves work voluntarily after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 1963].”
Effective Date of 1959 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 86–28 effective with respect to benefits accruing in general benefit years which begin after the benefit year ending June 30, 1958, and in extended benefit periods which begin after Dec. 31, 1957, see section 309 of Pub. L. 86–28, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1958 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 85–927 effective with respect to days in benefit years after the benefit year ending on June 30, 1958, see section 207(a) of Pub. L. 85–927, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1951 AmendmentAmendment by act Oct. 30, 1951, effective with respect to registration periods beginning on and after Jan. 1, 1952, see section 28 of act Oct. 30, 1951, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1946 AmendmentAmendment by act July 31, 1946, effective July 1, 1947, see section 403 of act July 31, 1946, set out as a note under section 352 of this title.
Effective Date of 1940 AmendmentFor effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-45/chapter-11/section-355.md
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 355 - Claims for benefits
## Text
(a) Publication of Board’s regulations Claims for benefits and appeals from determinations with respect thereto shall be made in accordance with such regulations as the Board shall prescribe. Each employer shall post and maintain, in places readily accessible to employees in his service, such printed statements concerning such regulations as the Board supplies to him for such purpose, and shall keep available to his employees copies of such printed statements. Such printed statements shall be supplied by the Board to each employer without cost to him.
(b) Findings, hearings, investigations, etc., by Board The Board is authorized and directed to make findings of fact with respect to any claim for benefits and to make decisions as to the right of any claimant to benefits. The Board is further authorized to hold such hearings, to conduct such investigations and other proceedings, and to establish, by regulations or otherwise, such procedures as it may deem necessary or proper for the determination of a right to benefits. When a claim for benefits is filed with the Board, the Board shall provide notice of such claim to the claimant’s base-year employer or employers and afford such employer or employers an opportunity to submit information relevant to the claim before making an initial determination on the claim. When the Board initially determines to pay benefits to a claimant under this chapter, the Board shall provide notice of such determination to the claimant’s base-year employer or employers.
(c) Hearing and review of decisions on claims (1) Each qualified employee whose claim for benefits has been denied in whole or in part upon an initial determination with respect thereto upon a basis other than one which is reviewable pursuant to one of the succeeding paragraphs of this subsection, shall be granted an opportunity for a fair hearing thereon before a referee or such other reviewing body as the Board may establish or assign thereto. In any such case the Board or the person or reviewing body so established or assigned shall, by publication or otherwise, notify all parties properly interested of their right to participate in the hearing and of the time and place of the hearing.
(2) Any claimant whose claim for benefits has been denied in an initial determination with respect thereto upon the basis of his not being a qualified employee, and any claimant who contends that under an initial determination of his claim he has been awarded benefits at less than the proper rate, may appeal to the Board for the review of such determination. Thereupon the Board shall review the determination and for such review may designate one of its officers or employees to receive evidence and to report to the Board thereon together with recommendations. In any such case the Board or the person so designated shall, by publication or otherwise, notify all parties properly interested of their right to participate in the proceeding and, if a hearing is to be held, of the time and place of the hearing. At the request of any party properly interested the Board shall provide for a hearing, and may provide for a hearing on its own motion. The Board shall prescribe regulations governing the appeals provided for in this paragraph and for decisions upon such appeal.
(3) Any base-year employer of a claimant whose claim for benefits has been granted in whole or in part, either in an initial determination with respect thereto or in a determination after a hearing pursuant to paragraph (1), and who contends that the determination is erroneous for a reason or reasons other than a reason that is reviewable under paragraph (4), may appeal to the Board for review of such determination. Despite such an appeal, the benefits awarded shall be paid to such claimant, subject to recovery by the Board if and to the extent found on the appeal to have been erroneously awarded. The Board shall take such action as is appropriate to recover the amount of such benefits including if feasible adjustment in subsequent payments pursuant to the first two paragraphs of section 352(d) of this title. Upon an appeal, the Board shall review the determination appealed from and for such review may designate one of its officers or employees to receive evidence and report to the Board thereof together with recommendations. In any such case the Board or the person so designated shall, by publication or otherwise, notify all parties properly interested of their right to participate in the proceeding and, if a hearing is to be held, of the time and place of the hearing. At the request of any party properly interested the Board shall provide for a hearing, and may provide for a hearing on its own motion. The Board shall prescribe regulations governing the appeals provided for in this paragraph and for decisions upon such appeal.
(4) In any case in which benefits are awarded to a claimant in whole or in part upon the basis of pay earned in the service of a person or company found by the Board to be an employer as defined in this chapter but which denies that it is such an employer, such benefits awarded on such basis shall be paid to such claimant subject to a right of recovery of such benefits. The Board shall thereupon designate one of its officers or employees to receive evidence and to report to the Board on whether such benefits should be repaid. The Board may also designate one of its officers or employees to receive evidence and report to the Board whether or not any person or company is entitled to a refund of contributions or should be required to pay contributions under this chapter, regardless of whether or not any claims for benefits will have been filed upon the basis of service in the employ of such person or company, and shall follow such procedure if contributions are assessed and payment is refused or payment is made and a refund claimed upon the basis that such person or company is or will not have been liable for such contributions. In any such case the Board or the person so designated shall, by publication or otherwise, notify all parties properly interested of their right to participate in the proceeding and, if a hearing is to be held, of the time and place of the hearing. At the request of any party properly interested the Board shall provide for a hearing, and may provide for a hearing on its own motion. The Board shall prescribe regulations governing the proceedings provided for in this paragraph and for decisions upon such proceedings.
(5) Final decision of the Board in the cases provided for in the preceding three paragraphs shall be communicated to the claimant and to the other interested parties within fifteen days after it is made. Any properly interested party notified, as hereinabove provided, of his right to participate in the proceedings may obtain a review of any such decision by which he claims to be aggrieved or the determination of any issue therein in the manner provided in subsection (f) of this section with respect to the review of the Board’s decisions upon claims for benefits and subject to all provisions of law applicable to the review of such decisions. Subject only to such review, the decision of the Board upon all issues determined in such decision shall be final and conclusive for all purposes and shall conclusively establish all rights and obligations, arising under this chapter, of every party notified as hereinabove provided of his right to participate in the proceedings.
(6) For purposes of this subsection and subsections (d) and (f), any base-year employer of the claimant is a properly interested party.
(7) Any issue determinable pursuant to this subsection and subsection (f) of this section shall not be determined in any manner other than pursuant to this subsection and subsection (f).
(d) Decisions of reviewing bodies; review and finality The Board shall prescribe regulations governing the filing of cases with and the decision of cases by reviewing bodies, and the review of such decisions. The Board may provide for intermediate reviews of such decisions by such bodies as the Board may establish or assign thereto. The Board may (i) on its own motion review a decision of an intermediate reviewing body on the basis of the evidence previously submitted in such case, and may direct the taking of additional evidence, or (ii) permit such parties as it finds properly interested in the proceedings to take appeals to the Board. Unless a review or an appeal is had pursuant to this subsection, the decision of an intermediate reviewing body shall, subject to such regulations as the Board may prescribe, be deemed to be the final decision of the Board.
(e) Application of rules of evidence in law and equity; notice of findings In any proceeding other than a court proceeding, the rules of evidence prevailing in courts of law or equity shall not be controlling, but a full and complete record shall be kept of all proceedings and testimony, and the Board’s final determination, together with its findings of fact and conclusions of law in connection therewith, shall be communicated to the parties within fifteen days after the date of such final determination.
(f) Review of final decision of Board by Courts of Appeals; costs Any claimant, or any railway labor organization organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], of which claimant is a member, or any base-year employer of the claimant, or any other party aggrieved by a final decision under subsection (c) of this section, may, only after all administrative remedies within the Board will have been availed of and exhausted, obtain a review of any final decision of the Board by filing a petition for review within ninety days after the mailing of notice of such decision to the claimant or other party, or within such further time as the Board may allow, in the United States court of appeals for the circuit in which the claimant or other party resides or will have had his principal place of business or principal executive office, or in the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit or in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. A copy of such petition, together with initial process, shall forth-with be served upon the Board or any officer designated by it for such purpose. A copy of such petition also shall forthwith be served upon any other properly interested party, and such party shall be a party to the review proceeding. Service may be made upon the Board by registered mail addressed to the Chairman. Within thirty days after receipt of service, or within such additional time as the court may allow, the Board shall file with the court in which such petition has been filed the record upon which the findings and decision complained of are based, as provided in section 2112 of title 28. Upon the filing of such petition the court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of the proceeding and of the question determined therein. It shall have power to enter a decree affirming, modifying, or reversing the decision of the Board, with or without remanding the cause for rehearing. The findings of the Board as to the facts, if supported by evidence and in the absence of fraud, shall be conclusive. No additional evidence shall be received by the court but the court may order additional evidence to be taken before the Board, and the Board may, after hearing such additional evidence, modify its findings of fact and conclusions and file such additional or modified findings and conclusions with the court, and the Board shall file with the court the additional record. The judgment and decree of the court shall be final, subject to review as in equity cases. An applicant for review of a final decision of the Board concerning a claim for benefits shall not be liable for costs, including costs of serv­ice, or costs of printing records, except that costs may be assessed by the court against such applicant if the court determines that the proceedings for such review have been instituted or continued without reasonable ground.
(g) Finality of Board decisions Findings of fact and conclusions of law of the Board in the determination of any claim for benefits or refund, the determination of any other matter pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, and the determination of the Board that the unexpended funds in the account are available for the payment of any claim for benefits or refund under this chapter, shall be, except as provided in subsection (f) of this section, binding and conclusive for all purposes and upon all persons, including the Comptroller General and any other administrative or accounting officer, employee, or agent of the United States, and shall not be subject to review in any manner other than that set forth in subsection (f) of this section.
(h) Benefits payable prior to final decision of Board Except as may be otherwise prescribed by regulations of the Board, benefits payable with respect to any period prior to the date of a final decision of the Board with respect to a claim therefor, shall be paid only after such final decision.
(i) Fees for presenting claims; penalties No claimant or other properly interested person claiming benefits shall be charged fees of any kind by the Board, its employees or representatives, with respect to such claim. Any such claimant or other properly interested person may be represented by counsel or other duly authorized agent, in any proceeding before the Board or its representatives or a court, but no such counsel or agent for a claimant shall either charge or receive for such services more than an amount approved by the Board or by the court before whom the proceedings of the Board are reviewed. Any person who violates any provision of this subsection shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 5, 52 Stat. 1099; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, §§ 19, 20, 54 Stat. 1098; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §§ 311–316, 60 Stat. 738; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, §§ 1, 32(a), 62 Stat. 870, 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 127, 63 Stat. 107; Pub. L. 85–791, § 23, Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 948; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1128(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 98–620, title IV, § 402(47), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3360; Pub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7104(a)–(c), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3771.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b), (c)(4), (5), and (g), was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which enacted this chapter and amended sections 503 and 1104 and former section 1107 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsec. (f), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§ 151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of this title and Tables.
Codification In subsec. (f), “Courts of Appeals”, “United States court of appeals for the circuit”, “United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit” substituted for “Circuit Courts of Appeals”, “United States circuit court of appeals for the circuit”, and “United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit”, respectively, on authority of act June 25, 1948, § 32(a), as amended by act May 24, 1949, § 127. “United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia” substituted for “Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia” pursuant to act June 7, 1934, ch. 426, 48 Stat. 926.
Amendments1988—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7104(a), inserted at end “When a claim for benefits is filed with the Board, the Board shall provide notice of such claim to the claimant’s base-year employer or employers and afford such employer or employers an opportunity to submit information relevant to the claim before making an initial determination on the claim. When the Board initially determines to pay benefits to a claimant under this chapter, the Board shall provide notice of such determination to the claimant’s base-year employer or employers.” Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7401(b)(1), (2), inserted “(1)” after “(c)” and inserted at end “In any such case the Board or the person or reviewing body so established or assigned shall, by publication or otherwise, notify all parties properly interested of their right to participate in the hearing and of the time and place of the hearing.” Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7104(b)(3), inserted “(2)” before “Any claimant whose claim”. Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7104(b)(4), added par. (3). Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7104(b)(5), inserted “(4)” before “In any case in which”. Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7104(b)(6), (7), inserted “(5)” before “Final decision of the Board” and substituted “preceding three paragraphs” for “preceding two paragraphs”. Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7104(b)(8), added par. (6). Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7104(b)(9), inserted “(7)” before “Any issue determinable”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7104(c), inserted “or any base-year employer of the claimant,” after “member,” and inserted after second sentence “A copy of such petition also shall forthwith be served upon any other properly interested party, and such party shall be a party to the review proceeding.” 1984—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–620 struck out provision requiring court to give precedence in adjudication of petition over all other civil cases not otherwise entitled by law to precedence. 1981—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97–35 substituted “Within thirty days” for “Within fifteen days”. 1958—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 85–791, in fourth sentence, struck out “certify and” after “shall” and “a transcript of” after “filed”, and inserted “as provided in section 2112 of title 28”; in fifth sentence, substituted “the filing of such petition” for “such filing”; in sixth sentence, struck out “upon the pleadings and transcript of the record,” after “enter”; and in eighth sentence struck out “a transcript of” before “the additional record”. 1946—Subsec. (c). Act July 31, 1946, § 311, struck out provisions for district boards, placing their functions in referees or such other reviewing bodies as Board may establish; changed third par. to allow Board to determine if a person or company is covered by this chapter regardless of whether or not benefit claims are pending; and added last par. Subsec. (d). Act July 31, 1946, § 312, changed references to district boards to refer to reviewing bodies. Subsec. (e). Act July 31, 1946, § 313, struck out provisions restricting subsection to proceedings on a claim for benefits. Subsec. (f). Act July 31, 1946, § 314, changed first sentence to provide for review by circuit courts of appeals instead of district courts. Subsec. (g). Act July 31, 1946, § 315, inserted reference to determination of any other matter pursuant to subsec. (c) of this section. Subsec. (i). Act July 31, 1946, § 316, extended provisions to other properly interested persons besides a claimant. 1940—Subsec. (c). Act Oct. 10, 1940, substituted provisions relating to a fair hearing for each qualified employee for provisions relating to a fair hearing for each claimant, and added paragraphs relating to review for claimants denied benefits on basis of not being a qualified employee or awarded benefits at an improper rate, payment of benefits to employees of noncomplying employers, and final decisions of Board.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentPub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7104(f), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3772, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 362 of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 1990.”
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–620 not applicable to cases pending on Nov. 8, 1984, see section 403 of Pub. L. 98–620, set out as a note under section 1657 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
Effective Date of 1981 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, and applicable only with respect to annuities awarded on or after that date, see section 1129 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title.
Effective Date of 1946 AmendmentAmendment by act July 31, 1946, effective July 31, 1946, see section 401 of act July 31, 1946.
Effective Date of 1940 AmendmentFor effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-45/chapter-11/section-355a.md
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# 45 U.S.C. § 355a - Acceptance of claims for benefits
## Text
Whenever there is duly tendered to the Board, by any person, any claim for unemployment compensation pursuant to the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.], such claim shall be accepted by the Board without delay and appropriate administrative action for the allowance or disallowance of such claim shall be taken by the Board at the earliest practicable time.
(June 29, 1956, ch. 477, title V, § 501, 70 Stat. 437.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in text, is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables.
Codification Section was enacted as part of act June 29, 1956, popularly known as the Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare, Appropriation Act, 1957, and not as a part of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act which comprises this chapter.
Prior ProvisionsSimilar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act: Aug. 1, 1955, ch. 437, title V, § 501, 69 Stat. 411.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 356 - Returns of compensation; conclusiveness; failure to make
## Text
Employers shall file with the Board, in such manner and at such times as the Board by regulations may prescribe, returns of compensation of employees, and, if the Board shall so require, shall distribute to employees annual statements of compensation: Provided, That no returns shall be required of employers which would duplicate information contained in similar returns required under any other Act of Congress administered by the Board. The Board’s record of the compensation so returned shall, for the purpose of determining eligibility for and the amount of benefits, be conclusive as to the amount of compensation paid to an employee during the period covered by the return, and the fact that the Board’s records show that no return was made of the compensation claimed to have been paid to an employee during a particular period shall, for the purposes of determining eligibility for and the amount of benefits, be taken as conclusive that no compensation was paid to such employee during that period, unless the error in the amount of compensation in the one case, or failure to make or record return of the compensation in the other case, is called to the attention of the Board within eighteen months after the date on which the last return covering any portion of the calendar year which includes such period is required to have been made.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 6, 52 Stat. 1101; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, § 12, 53 Stat. 847; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, § 21, 54 Stat. 1099; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, § 317, 60 Stat. 739; Pub. L. 89–700, title II, § 203, Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1966—Pub. L. 89–700 struck out provisions which required returns of compensation of employees to be under oath. 1946—Act July 31, 1946, changed references to compensation earned by an employee to refer to compensation paid to an employee. 1940—Act Oct. 10, 1940, inserted provisions relating to conclusiveness of returns for purpose of determining eligibility for and amount of benefits, and struck out requirements that returns relate to monthly compensation and that distributed statements of compensation be prepared by Board. 1939—Act June 20, 1939, struck out requirement that return shall be in form required by Board, inserted proviso relating to return containing duplicative information, and substituted provisions relating to conclusiveness of returns not questioned within eighteen months after last return is filed, for provisions relating to conclusiveness of returns not questioned within four years after last date on which return was required to be made.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1946 AmendmentAmendment by act July 31, 1946, effective July 31, 1946, see section 401 of act July 31, 1946.
Effective Date of 1940 AmendmentFor effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 357 - Free transportation
## Text
It shall not be unlawful for carriers to furnish free transportation to employees qualified for benefits or serving waiting periods under this chapter.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 7, 52 Stat. 1102.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which enacted this chapter and amended sections 503 and 1104 and former section 1107 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 359 - Penalties
## Text
(a) Failure to make report or furnish information; false or fraudulent statement or claim Any officer or agent of an employer, or any employee representative, or any employee acting in his own behalf, or any person whether or not of the character hereinbefore defined, who shall willfully fail or refuse to make any report or furnish any information required by the Board in the administration of this chapter, or who shall knowingly make or aid in making or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statement or report when a statement or report is required to be made for the purposes of this chapter, or who shall knowingly make or aid in making or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statement or claim for the purpose of causing benefits or other payment to be made or not to be made under this chapter, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.
(b) Agreement by employee to bear employer’s contribution Any agreement by an employee to pay all or any portion of the contribution required of his employer under this chapter shall be void, and it shall be unlawful for any employer, or officer or agent of an employer, to make, require, or permit any employee to bear all or any portion of such contribution. Any employer, or officer or agent of an employer, who violates any provision of this subsection shall be punished for each such violation by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.
(c) Punishments not specifically provided Any person who violates any provision of this chapter, the punishment for which is not otherwise provided, shall be punished for each such violation by a fine of not more than $1,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.
(d) Payment and disposition of fines or penalties All fines and penalties imposed by a court pursuant to this chapter shall be paid to the court and be remitted from time to time by order of the judge to the Treasury of the United States to be credited to the account.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 9, 52 Stat. 1103.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which enacted this chapter and amended sections 503 and 1104 and former section 1107 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 360 - Railroad unemployment insurance account
## Text
(a) Funds constituting account; availability for benefits or refunds The Secretary of the Treasury shall maintain in the unemployment trust fund established pursuant to section 1104 of title 42 an account to be known as the railroad unemployment insurance account. This account shall consist of (i) such part of all contributions collected pursuant to section 358 of this title as is in excess of 0.65 per centum of the total compensation on which such contributions are based, together with all interest collected pursuant to section 358(g) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title; (ii) all amounts transferred or paid into the account pursuant to section 363 or section 364 of this title; (iii) all additional amounts appropriated to the account in accordance with any provision of this chapter or with any provision of law now or hereafter adopted; (iv) a proportionate part of the earnings of the unemployment trust fund, computed in accordance with the provisions of section 1104(e) of title 42; (v) all amounts realized in recoveries for overpayments or erroneous payments of benefits; (vi) all amounts transferred thereto pursuant to section 361 of this title; (vii) all fines or penalties collected pursuant to the provisions of this chapter; and (viii) all amounts credited thereto pursuant to section 352(f) or section 362(g) of this title. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all moneys credited to the account shall be mingled and undivided, and are permanently appropriated to the Board to be continuously available to the Board without further appropriation, for the payment of benefits and refunds under this chapter, and no part thereof shall lapse at any time, or be carried to the surplus fund or any other fund.
(b) Payment of benefits or refunds All moneys in the account shall be used solely for the payment of the benefits and refunds provided for by this chapter. The Board shall, from time to time, certify to the Secretary of the Treasury the name and address of each person or company entitled to receive benefits or a refund payment under this chapter, the amount of such payment, and the time at which it shall be made. Prior to audit or settlement by the Government Accountability Office, the Secretary of the Treasury, through the Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department, shall make payments from the account directly to such person or company of the amount of benefits or refund so certified by the Board: Provided, however, That if the Board shall so request, the Secretary of the Treasury, through the Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department, shall transmit benefits payments to the Board for distribution by it through employment offices or in such other manner as the Board deems proper.
(c) Annual report to Congress The Board shall include in its annual report to Congress a statement with respect to the status and operation of the account.
(d) Transfer and retransfer of funds; interest Whenever the Board finds at any time that the balance in the railroad unemployment insurance account will be insufficient to pay the benefits and refunds which it estimates are due, or will become due, under this chapter, it shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the credit of the railroad unemployment insurance account such moneys as the Board estimates would be necessary for the payment of such benefits and refunds, and the Secretary shall make such transfer. Whenever the Board finds that the balance in the railroad unemployment insurance account, without regard to the amounts transferred pursuant to the next preceding sentence, is sufficient to pay such benefits and refunds, it shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to retransfer from the railroad unemployment insurance account to the credit of the Railroad Retirement Account such moneys as in its judgment are not needed for the payment of such benefits and refunds, plus interest at a rate for each fiscal year equal to the average rate of interest borne by all special obligations held by the Railroad Retirement Account on the last day of the preceding fiscal year, rounded to the nearest multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum, and the Secretary shall make such retransfer. In determining the balance in the railroad unemployment insurance account as of September 30 of any year pursuant to section 358(a) of this title, any moneys transferred from the Railroad Retirement Account to the credit of the railroad unemployment insurance account which have not been retransferred as of such date from the latter account to the credit of the former, plus the interest accrued thereon to that date, shall be disregarded.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 10 (less (e)–(g)), 52 Stat. 1104; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, § 13, 53 Stat. 848; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. III, § 1(a)(1), eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231; June 23, 1948, ch. 608, § 7, 62 Stat. 578; Pub. L. 86–28, pt. III, § 308(a), May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 88–133, title III, § 305, Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 223; Pub. L. 89–700, title II, § 205, Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 90–257, title II, § 205, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 24; Pub. L. 93–445, title IV, § 403, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1359; Pub. L. 94–92, title I, § 1(i), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 464; Pub. L. 98–76, title III, § 302, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 432; Pub. L. 99–107, § 4, Sept. 30, 1985, 99 Stat. 479; Pub. L. 99–155, § 2(c), Nov. 14, 1985, 99 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 99–181, § 3, Dec. 13, 1985, 99 Stat. 1172; Pub. L. 99–189, § 3, Dec. 18, 1985, 99 Stat. 1184; Pub. L. 99–272, title XIII, § 13302, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 327; Pub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7103(b)(1), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3770; Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 358(g) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was redesignated section 358(j) of this title by Pub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7102(d)(1), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3769. This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), and (d), was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which enacted this chapter and amended sections 503 and 1104 and former section 1107 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables.
Codification Section 10(e)–(g) of act June 25, 1938, amended section 1104 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Amendments2004—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–271 substituted “Government Accountability Office” for “General Accounting Office”. 1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted “0.65” for “0.5”. 1986—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–272 struck out at end “No transfer shall be made under this subsection from Railroad Retirement Account after December 19, 1985, and no such transfer shall be made on or before December 19, 1985, for purposes of paying benefits and refunds due after such date.” 1985—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–189 substituted “December 19, 1985” for “December 18, 1985” wherever appearing. Pub. L. 99–181 substituted “December 18, 1985” for “December 14, 1985” wherever appearing. Pub. L. 99–155 substituted “December 14, 1985” for “November 14, 1985” wherever appearing. Pub. L. 99–107 substituted “November 14, 1985” for “September 30, 1985” wherever appearing. 1983—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–76 inserted provisions that no transfer shall be made under this subsection from Railroad Retirement Account after September 30, 1985, and no such transfer shall be made on or before September 30, 1985, for purposes of paying benefits and refunds due after such date. 1975—Subsec. (a)(i). Pub. L. 94–92, § 1(i)(1), substituted “0.5” for “0.25”. Subsec. (a)(ii). Pub. L. 94–92, § 1(i)(2), struck out “and pursuant to subsection (h)[e] of this section”. Congress probably intended to strike out internal reference to subsec. (e) of this section in view of repeal of subsection by section 403 of Pub. L. 93–445 and it being last subsection of section. 1974—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 93–445 repealed subsec. (e) which was added by Pub. L. 90–257 as subsec. (h) and redesignated (e) for purposes of codification, and which provided for annual adjustment of account and transfer of funds from Railroad Retirement Account. 1968—Subsec. (a)(ii). Pub. L. 90–257 inserted reference to amounts transferred or paid into account pursuant to subsec. (e) of this section. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 90–257 added subsec. (e) which was subsec. (h) in original and was redesignated (e) for purposes of codification. 1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–700 substituted “0.25 per centum” for “0.2 per centum”. 1963—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 88–133 substituted “a rate for each fiscal year equal to the average rate of interest borne by all special obligations held by the Railroad Retirement Account on the last day of the preceding fiscal year, rounded to the nearest multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum” for “the rate of 3 per centum per annum.” 1959—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 86–28 substituted provisions authorizing Board to request transfer and retransfer of funds for provisions which directed Secretary of the Treasury to advance not more than $25,000,000 for purpose of paying benefits. 1948—Subsec. (a)(i). Act June 23, 1948, changed computation of insurance account. 1939—Subsec. (a). Act June 20, 1939, substituted “(f)” for “(g)”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–647 applicable with respect to compensation paid in months beginning after Sept. 30, 1988, see section 7103(c) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 358 of this title.
Effective Date of 1975 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 94–92 effective with respect to compensation paid for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1975; and effective Aug. 9, 1975, respectively, see section 2 of Pub. L. 94–92, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1974 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 93–445 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 603 of Pub. L. 93–445, set out as a note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Effective Date of 1963 AmendmentPub. L. 88–133, title III, § 305, Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 223, provided that the amendment made by section 305 is effective after June 30, 1964.
Effective Date of 1959 AmendmentPub. L. 86–28, pt. III, § 308(b), May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 33, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [May 19, 1959].”
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions “Fiscal Service” substituted for “Division of Disbursements” in two places in subsec. (b) on authority of section 1(a)(1) of Reorg. Plan No. III of 1940, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which consolidated such division into Fiscal Service of Treasury Department. See section 306 of Title 31, Money and Finance.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 361 - Railroad unemployment insurance administration fund
## Text
(a) Maintenance of account; amounts constituting fund The Secretary of the Treasury shall maintain in the unemployment trust fund established pursuant to section 904 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1104] an account to be known as the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund. This unemployment insurance administration fund shall consist of (i) such part of all contributions collected pursuant to section 358 of this title as equals 0.65 per centum of the total compensation on which such contributions are based; (ii) all amounts advanced to the fund by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to this section; (iii) all amounts appropriated by subsection (b) of this section; and (iv) such additional amounts as Congress may appropriate for expenses necessary or incidental to administering this chapter. Such additional amounts are authorized to be appropriated.
(b) Authorization of appropriations; advance of sums; repayment In addition to the other moneys herein provided for expenses necessary or incidental to administering this chapter, there is appropriated to the fund such amount as the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board shall jointly estimate to have been collected or to be collectible with respect to the calendar years 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939, from employers subject to this chapter, under title IX of the Social Security Act, less such amount as the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board shall jointly estimate will be appropriated or has been appropriated to States or Territories pursuant to the Act of Congress approved August 24, 1937 (Public, Numbered 353, Seventy-fifth Congress), as proceeds of taxes paid by employers pursuant to title IX of the Social Security Act. Until the amount appropriated by this subsection is credited to the fund, the Secretary of the Treasury is directed to advance to the credit of the fund such sums, but not more than $2,000,000, as the Board requests for the purpose of financing the costs of administering this chapter. Such advance shall be repaid from the fund at such time after the amount appropriated by this subsection is credited to the fund as the Board by agreement with the Secretary of the Treasury may determine, but not later than January 1, 1940.
(c) Availability for administrative expenses Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all moneys at any time credited to the fund are permanently appropriated to the Board to be continuously available to the Board without further appropriation for any expenses necessary or incidental to administering this chapter, including personal services in the District of Columbia and elsewhere; travel expenses, including expenses of attendance at meetings when authorized by the Board; actual transportation expenses and not to exceed $10 per diem to cover subsistence and other expenses while in attendance at and en route to and from the place to which he is invited, to any person other than an employee of the Federal Government who may, from time to time, be invited to the city of Washington or elsewhere for conference or advisory purposes in furthering the work of the Board; when found by the Board to be in the interest of the Government, not exceeding 3 per centum, in any fiscal year, of the amounts credited during such year to the fund, for engaging persons or organizations, by contract or otherwise, for any special technical or professional services, determined necessary by the Board, including but not restricted to accounting, actuarial, statistical, and reporting services, without regard to section 6101 of title 41 and the provisions of other laws applicable to the employment and compensation of officers and employees of the United States; services; advertising, postage, telephone, telegraph, teletype, and other communication services and tolls; supplies; reproducing, photographing, and all other equipment, office appliances, and laborsaving devices, including devices for internal communication and conveyance; purchase and exchange, operation, maintenance and repair of motor-propelled passenger-carrying vehicles to be used only for official purposes in the District of Columbia and in the field; printing and binding; purchase and exchange of law books, books of reference, and directories; periodicals, newspapers and press clippings, in such amounts as the Board deems necessary, without regard to the provisions of section 192 of the Revised Statutes; manuscripts and special reports; membership fees or dues in organizations which issue publications to members only, or to members at a lower price than to others, payment for which may be made in advance; rentals, including garages, in the District of Columbia or elsewhere; alterations and repairs; if found by the Board to be necessary to expedite the certification to the Board by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management of persons eligible to be employed by the Board, and to the extent that the Board finds such expedition necessary, meeting the expenses of the Director of the Office of Personnel Management in holding examinations for testing the fitness of applicants for admission to the classified service for employment by the Board pursuant to the second paragraph of section 362(l) of this title, but not to exceed the additional expenses found by the Board to have been incurred by reason of the holding of such examinations; and miscellaneous items, including those for public instruction and information deemed necessary by the Board: Provided, That section 6101 of title 41 shall not be construed to apply to any purchase or procurement of supplies or services by the Board from moneys in the fund when the aggregate amount involved does not exceed $300. Determinations of the Board whether the fund or an appropriation for the administration of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.] is properly chargeable with the authorized expenses, or parts thereof, incurred in the administration of such Act, or of this chapter, shall be binding and conclusive for all purposes and upon all persons, including the Comptroller General and any other administrative or accounting officer, employee, or agent of the United States and shall not be subject to review in any manner.
(d) Transfer of excess to insurance account So much of the balance in the fund as of September 30 of each year as is in excess of $6,000,000 shall as of such date be transferred from the fund and credited to the account.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 11, 52 Stat. 1105; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, §§ 14, 15, 53 Stat. 848; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, § 22, 54 Stat. 1099; June 23, 1948, ch. 608, § 8, 62 Stat. 578; Pub. L. 85–927, pt. II, § 205, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1783; Pub. L. 89–700, title II, § 205, Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 93–445, title IV, § 404, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1359; Pub. L. 94–92, title I, § 1(j), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 464; Pub. L. 94–273, § 2(22), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 376; 1978 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 102, eff. Jan. 1, 1979, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783; Pub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7103(b)(2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3770.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), and (c), was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which enacted this chapter and amended sections 503 and 1104 and former section 1107 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620. Title IX of the Social Security Act was formerly classified generally to subchapter IX (§ 1101 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and, except for section 1104 of Title 42, was omitted from the Code pursuant to section 4 of act Feb. 10, 1939, ch. 2, 53 Stat. 1. For further details, see Prior Provisions note preceding section 1101 of Title 42. For complete classification of the Social Security Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. Act of Congress approved August 24, 1937, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Aug. 24, 1937, ch. 755, 50 Stat. 754, which is not classified to the Code. Section 192 of the Revised Statutes, referred to in subsec. (c), which related to expenditures for newspapers and which was classified to section 102 of former Title 5, was repealed by act Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 744, § 17(a), 60 Stat. 811. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (c), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, § 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§ 231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of this title. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of this title, section 231t of this title, and Tables.
Codification In subsec. (c), “section 6101 of title 41” substituted for “section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (U.S.C., title 41, sec. 5)” and for “section 3709 of Revised Statutes (U.S.C., title 41, sec. 5)” on authority of Pub. L. 111–350, § 6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.
Amendments1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted “0.65” for “0.5”. 1976—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–273 substituted “September” for “June”. 1975—Subsec. (a)(i). Pub. L. 94–92 substituted “0.5” for “0.25”. 1974—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–445 substituted “Railroad Retirement Act of 1974” and “such Act” for “Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 and the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935” and “such Acts”, respectively. 1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–700 substituted “0.25 per centum” for “0.2 per centum”. 1958—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85–927 substituted provisions directing Secretary of the Treasury to maintain in unemployment trust fund established pursuant to section 1104 of title 42 an account to be known as the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund, for provisions which established railroad unemployment insurance administration fund in Treasury of United States. 1948—Subsec. (a)(i). Act June 23, 1948, changed computation of administration funds. 1940—Subsec. (d). Act Oct. 10, 1940, substituted provisions relating to transfer of balance remaining in fund in excess of $6,000,000, for provisions relating to lapsing of fund, carryovers to surplus or other fund, and transfers from fund. 1939—Subsec. (b). Act June 20, 1939, § 14, substituted “. Such advance shall be repaid from the fund at” for “, including personal services in the District of”. Subsec. (c). Act June 20, 1939, § 15, substituted “, including personal services in the District of” for “. Such advance shall be repaid from the fund at”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–647 applicable with respect to compensation paid in months beginning after Sept. 30, 1988, see section 7103(c) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 358 of this title.
Effective Date of 1975 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 94–92 effective with respect to compensation paid for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 2 of Pub. L. 94–92, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1974 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 93–445 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 603 of Pub. L. 93–445, set out as a note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Effective Date of 1958 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 85–927 effective Sept. 6, 1958, except as otherwise indicated, see section 207(c) of Pub. L. 85–927, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1940 AmendmentFor effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, see note set out under section 351 of this title.
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions “Director of the Office of Personnel Management” substituted for “Civil Service Commission” in subsec. (c), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1978, § 102, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783, set out under section 1101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which transferred functions vested by statute in United States Civil Service Commission to Director of Office of Personnel Management (except as otherwise specified), effective Jan. 1, 1979, as provided by section 1–102 of Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055, set out under section 1101 of Title 5.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 362 - Duties and powers of Board
## Text
(a) Witnesses; subpenas, service, fees, etc. For the purpose of any investigation or other proceeding relative to the determination of any right to benefits, or relative to any other matter within its jurisdiction under this chapter, the Board shall have the power to issue subpenas requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of any evidence, documentary or otherwise, that relates to any matter under investigation or in question, before the Board or any member, employee, or representative thereof. Any member of the Board or any of its employees or representatives designated by it may administer oaths and affirmations, examine witnesses, and receive evidence. Such attendance of witnesses and production of evidence may be required from any place in the United States or any Territory or possession thereof at any designated place of hearing. All subpenas may be served and returned by anyone authorized by the Board in the same manner as is now provided by law for the service and return by United States marshals of subpenas in suits in equity. Such service may also be made by registered mail or by certified mail and in such case the return post-office receipt shall be proof of service. Witnesses summoned in accordance with this subsection shall be paid the same fees and mileage as are paid witnesses in the district courts of the United States.
(b) Enforcement of subpenas by courts; contempts; service of orders, writs, or processes In case of contumacy by, or refusal to obey a subpena lawfully issued to, any person, the Board may invoke the aid of the district court of the United States or the United States courts of any Territory or possession, where such person is found or resides or is otherwise subject to service of process, or the United States District Court for the District of Columbia if the investigation or proceeding is being carried on in the District of Columbia, or the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, if the investigation or proceeding is being carried on in the Northern District of Illinois, in requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence. Any such court shall issue an order requiring such person to appear before the Board or its specified employee or representative at the place specified in the subpena of the Board, whether within or without the judicial district of the court, there to produce evidence, if so ordered, or there to give testimony concerning the matter under investigation or in question; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by said court as a contempt thereof. All orders, writs, and processes in any such proceeding may be served in the judicial district of the district court issuing such order, writ, or process, except that the orders, writs, and processes of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia or of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois in such proceedings may run and be served anywhere in the United States.
(c) Repealed. Pub. L. 91–452, title II, § 239, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 930
(d) Information as confidential Information obtained by the Board in connection with the administration of this chapter shall not be revealed or open to inspection nor be published in any manner revealing an employee’s identity: Provided, however, That (i) the Board may arrange for the exchange of any information with governmental agencies engaged in functions related to the administration of this chapter; (ii) the Board may disclose such information in cases in which the Board finds that such disclosure is clearly in furtherance of the interest of the employee or his estate; (iii) any claimant of benefits under this chapter shall, upon his request, be supplied with information from the Board’s records pertaining to his claim; and (iv) the Board shall disclose to any base-year employer of a claimant for benefits any information, including information as to the claimant’s identity, that is necessary or appropriate to notify such employer of the claim for benefits or to full and fair participation by such employer in an appeal, hearing, or other proceeding relative to the claim pursuant to section 355 of this title. Subject to the provisions of this section, the Board may furnish such information to any person or organization upon payment by such person or organization to the Board of the cost incurred by the Board by reason thereof; and the amounts so paid to the Board shall be credited to the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund established pursuant to section 361(a) of this title;
(e) Certification of claims; authorization of employee to make payments; bond The Board shall provide for the certification of claims for benefits and refunds and may arrange total or partial settlements at such times and in such manner as may appear to the Board to be expedient. The Board shall designate and authorize one or more of its employees to sign vouchers for the payment of benefits and refunds under this chapter. Each such employee shall give bond, in form and amount fixed by the Board, conditioned upon the faithful performance of his duties. The premiums due on such bonds shall be paid from the fund and deemed to be a part of the expenses of administering this chapter.
(f) Cooperation with other agencies administering unemployment or sickness compensation laws; agreements The Board may cooperate with or enter into agreement with the appropriate agencies charged with the administration of State, Territorial, Federal, or foreign unemployment-compensation or sickness laws or employment offices, with respect to investigations, the exchange of information and services, the establishment, maintenance, and use of free employment service facilities, and such other matters as the Board deems expedient in connection with the administration of this chapter, and may compensate any such agency for services or facilities supplied to the Board in connection with the administration of this chapter. The Board may enter also into agreements with any such agency, pursuant to which any unemployment or sickness benefits provided for by this chapter or any other unemployment-compensation or sickness law, may be paid through a single agency to persons who have, during the period on the basis of which eligibility for and duration of benefits is determined under the law administered by such agency or under this chapter, or both, performed services covered by one or more of such laws, or performed services which constitute employment as defined in this chapter: Provided, That the Board finds that any such agreement is fair and reasonable as to all affected interests.
(g) Benefits also subject to a State law; mutual reimbursement In determining whether an employee has qualified for benefits in accordance with section 353 of this title, and in determining the amount of benefits to be paid to such employee in accordance with section 352(a) and (c) of this title, the Board is authorized to consider as employment (and compensation therefor) services for hire other than employment (and remuneration therefor) if such services for hire are subject to an unemployment or sickness compensation law of any State, provided that such State has agreed to reimburse the United States such portion of the benefits to be paid upon such basis to such employee as the Board deems equitable. Any amounts collected pursuant to this paragraph shall be credited to the account. If a State, in determining whether an employee is eligible for unemployment or sickness benefits under an unemployment or sickness compensation law of such State, and in determining the amount of unemployment or sickness benefits to be paid to such employee pursuant to such unemployment or sickness compensation law, considers as services for hire (and remuneration therefor) included within the provisions of such unemployment or sickness compensation law, employment (and compensation therefor), the Board is authorized to reimburse such State such portion of such unemployment or sickness benefits as the Board deems equitable; such reimbursements shall be paid from the account, and are included within the meaning of the word “benefits” as used in this chapter.
(h) Assistance from employers and labor organizations; compensation The Board may enter into agreements or arrangements with employers, organizations of employers, and railway-labor organizations which are duly organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], for securing the performance of services or the use of facilities in connection with the administration of this chapter, and may compensate any such employer or organization therefor upon such reasonable basis as the Board shall prescribe, but not to exceed the additional expense incurred by such employer or organization by reason of the performance of such services or making available the use of such facilities pursuant to such agreements or arrangements. Such employers and organizations, and persons employed by either of them, shall not be subject to section 209 of title 18.
(i) Free employment offices; registration of unemployed; statements of sickness; reemployment The Board may establish, maintain, and operate free employment offices, and may designate as free employment offices facilities maintained by (i) a railway labor organization which is duly authorized and designated to represent employees in accordance with the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], or (ii) any other labor organization which has been or may be organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act, or (iii) one or more employers, or (iv) an organization of employers, or (v) a group of such employers and labor organizations, or (vi) a State, Territorial, foreign, or the Federal Government. The Board may also enter into agreements or arrangements with one or more employers or railway labor organizations organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act, pursuant to which notice of the availability of work and the rights of employees with respect to such work under agreements between such employers and railway labor organizations may be filed with employment offices and pursuant to which employees registered with employment offices may be referred to such work. The Board shall prescribe a procedure for registration of unemployed employees at employment offices. Such procedure for registration shall be prescribed with a view to such registration affording substantial evidence of the days of unemployment of the employees who register. The Board may, when such registration is made personally by an employee, accept such registration as initial proof of unemployment sufficient to certify for payment a claim for benefits. The Board shall provide a form or forms for statements of sickness and a procedure for the execution and filing thereof. Such forms and procedure shall be designated with a view to having such statements provide substantial evidence of the days of sickness of the employee. Such statements may be executed by any doctor (authorized to practice in the State or foreign jurisdiction in which he practices his profession) or any officer or supervisory employee of a hospital, clinic, group health association, or other similar organization, who is qualified under such regulations as the Board may prescribe to execute such statements. The Board shall issue regulations for the qualification of such persons to execute such statements. When so executed by any such person, or, in the discretion of the Board, by others designated by the Board individually or by groups, they may be accepted as initial proof of days of sickness sufficient to certify for payment a claim for benefits. The regulations of the Board concerning registration at employment offices by unemployed persons may provide for group registration and reporting, through employers, and need not be uniform with respect to different classes of employees. The operation of any employment facility operated by the Board shall be directed primarily toward the reemployment of employees who have theretofore been substantially employed by employers.
(j) Advisory councils; members’ remuneration The Board may appoint national or local advisory councils composed of equal numbers of representatives of employers, representatives of employees, and persons representing the general public, for the purpose of discussing problems in connection with the administration of this chapter and aiding the Board in formulating policies. The members of such councils shall serve without remuneration, but shall be reimbursed for any necessary traveling and subsistence expenses or on a per diem basis in lieu of subsistence expenses.
(k) Reduction of unemployment; training and reemployment of unemployed employees, etc. The Board, with the advice and aid of any advisory council appointed by it, shall take appropriate steps to reduce and prevent unemployment and loss of earnings; to encourage and assist in the adoption of practical methods of vocational training, retraining, and vocational guidance; to promote the reemployment of unemployed employees; and to these ends to carry on and publish the results of investigations and research studies.
(l) Necessary and incidental powers; employees of Board, employment, remuneration, civil-service laws, registration of unemployed, and detail In addition to the powers and duties expressly provided, the Board shall have and exercise all the powers and duties necessary to administer or incidental to administering this chapter, and in connection therewith shall have such of the powers, duties, and remedies provided in subdivisions (5), (6), and (9) of section 7(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231f(b)] with respect to the administration of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.], as are not inconsistent with the express provisions of this chapter. A person in the employ of the Board under section 205 of the Act of Congress approved June 24, 1937 (50 Stat. 307), shall acquire a competitive classified civil-service status if, after recommendation by the Board to the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, he shall pass such noncompetitive tests of fitness as the Director of the Office of Personnel Management may prescribe. A person in the employ of the Board on June 30, 1939, and on June 30, 1940, and who has had experience in railroad service, shall acquire a competitive classified civil-service status if, after recommendation by the Board to the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, he shall pass such noncompetitive tests of fitness for the position for which the Board recommends him as the Director of the Office of Personnel Management may prescribe. The Board may employ such persons and provide for their remuneration and expenses, as may be necessary for the proper administration of this chapter. Such persons shall be employed and their remuneration prescribed in accordance with the civil-service laws and chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5: Provided, That all positions to which such persons are appointed, except one administrative assistant to each member of the Board, shall be in and under the competitive civil service and shall not be removed or excepted therefrom: Provided, That in the employment of such persons the Board shall give preference, as between applicants attaining the same grades, to persons who have had experience in railroad service, and notwithstanding any other provisions of law, rules, or regulations, no other preference shall be given or recognized: And provided further, That certification by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management of persons for appointment to any positions at minimum salaries of $4,600 per annum, or less, shall, if the Board so requests, be upon the basis of competitive examinations, written, oral, or both, as the Board may request: And provided further, That, for the purpose of registering unemployed employees who reside in areas in which no employer facilities are located, or in which no employer will make facilities available for the registration of such employees, the Board may, without regard to civil-service laws and chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, appoint persons to accept, in such areas, registration of such employees and perform services incidental thereto and may compensate such persons on a piece-rate basis to be determined by the Board. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Board may detail employees from stations outside the District of Columbia to other stations outside the District of Columbia or to service in the District of Columbia, and may detail employees in the District of Columbia to service outside the District of Columbia: Provided, That all details hereunder shall be made by specific order and in no case for a period of time exceeding one hundred and twenty days. Details so made may, on expiration, be renewed from time to time by order of the Board, in each particular case, for periods not exceeding one hundred and twenty days.
(m) Delegation of powers The Board is authorized to delegate to any member, officer, or employee of the Board any of the powers conferred upon the Board by this chapter, excluding only the power to prescribe rules and regulations.
(n) Sickness benefits; examinations; information and reports; contracts and expenses for examinations Any employee claiming, entitled to, or receiving sickness benefits under this chapter may be required to take such examination, physical, medical, mental, or otherwise, in such manner and at such times and by such qualified individuals, including medical officers or employees of the United States or a State, as the Board may prescribe. The place or places of examination shall be reasonably convenient for the employee. No sickness benefits shall be payable under this chapter with respect to any period during which the employee unreasonably refuses to take or willfully obstructs an examination as prescribed by the Board. Any doctor who renders any attendance, treatment, attention, or care, or performs any examination with respect to a sickness of an employee, upon which a claim or right to benefits under this chapter is based, shall furnish the Board, in such manner and form and at such times as the Board by regulations may prescribe, information and reports relative thereto and to the condition of the employee. An application for sickness benefits under this chapter shall contain a waiver of any doctor-patient privilege that the employee may have with respect to any sickness period upon which such application is based: Provided, That such information shall not be disclosed by the Board except in a proceeding relating to any claim for benefits by the employee under this chapter. The Board may enter into agreements or arrangements with doctors, hospitals, clinics, or other persons for securing the examination, physical, medical, mental, or otherwise, of employees claiming, entitled to, or receiving sickness benefits under this chapter and the performance of services or the use of facilities in connection with the execution of statements of sickness. The Board may compensate any such doctors, hospitals, clinics, or other persons upon such reasonable basis as the Board shall prescribe. Such doctors, hospitals, clinics, or other persons and persons employed by any of them shall not be subject to section 209 of title 18. In the event that the Board pays for the physical or mental examination of an employee or for the execution of a statement of sickness and such employee’s claim for benefits is based upon such examination or statement, the Board shall deduct from any sickness benefits payable to the employee pursuant to such claim such amount as, in the judgment of the Board, is a fair and reasonable charge for such examination or execution of such statement.
(o) Liability of third party for sickness; reimbursement of Board Benefits payable to an employee with respect to days of sickness shall be payable regardless of the liability of any person to pay damages for such infirmity. The Board shall be entitled to reimbursement from any sum or damages paid or payable to such employee or other person through suit, compromise, settlement, judgment, or otherwise on account of any liability (other than a liability under a health, sickness, accident, or similar insurance policy) based upon such infirmity, to the extent that it will have paid or will pay benefits for days of sickness resulting from such infirmity. Upon notice to the person against whom such right or claim exists or is asserted, the Board shall have a lien upon such right or claim, any judgment obtained thereunder, and any sum or damages paid under such right or claim, to the extent of the amount to which the Board is entitled by way of reimbursement.
(p) Disqualification to execute statements of sickness or receive fees The Board may, after hearing, disqualify any person from executing statements of sickness who, the Board finds, (i) will have solicited, or will have employed another to solicit, for himself or for another the execution of any such statement, or (ii) will have made false or misleading statements to the Board, to any employer, or to any employee, in connection with the awarding of any benefits under this chapter, or (iii) will have failed to submit medical reports and records required by the Board under this chapter, or will have failed to submit any other reports, records, or information required by the Board in connection with the administration of this chapter or any other Act heretofore or hereafter administered by the Board, or (iv) will have engaged in any malpractice or other professional misconduct. No fees or charges of any kind shall accrue to any such person from the Board after his disqualification.
(q) Investigations and research with respect to accidents and disabilities The Board shall engage in and conduct research projects, investigations, and studies with respect to the cause, care, and prevention of, and benefits for, accidents and disabilities and other subjects deemed by the Board to be related thereto, and shall recommend legislation deemed advisable in the light of such research projects, investigations, and studies.
(r) Duty of Board to make certain computations (1) Compensation base On or before December 1, 1988, and on or before December 1 of each year thereafter, the Board shall compute—
(A) in accordance with section 351(i) of this title, the monthly compensation base which shall be applicable with respect to months in the next succeeding calendar year; and
(B) the amounts described in section 351(k) of this title, section 352(c) of this title, section 353 of this title, and section 354(a–2)(i)(A) of this title that are related to changes in the monthly compensation base.
(2) Maximum daily benefit rate On or before June 1, 1989, and on or before June 1 of each year thereafter, the Board shall compute in accordance with section 352(a)(3) of this title the maximum daily benefit rate which shall be applicable with respect to days of unemployment and days of sickness in registration periods beginning after June 30 of that year.
(3) Notice in Federal Register and to employers Not later than 10 days after each computation made under this subsection, the Board shall publish notice in the Federal Register and shall notify each employer and employee representative of the amount so computed.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 12, 52 Stat. 1107; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, § 16, 53 Stat. 848; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, §§ 23, 24, 54 Stat. 1099; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §§ 319–323, 60 Stat. 739, 740; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, §§ 1, 32(b), 62 Stat. 878, 895, 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 127, 63 Stat. 107; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title II, § 202(29), title XI, § 1106(a), 63 Stat. 956, 972; Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, § 6, 69 Stat. 716; Pub. L. 85–927, pt. II, § 206, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1783; Pub. L. 86–507, § 1(37), June 11, 1960, 74 Stat. 202; Pub. L. 89–700, title II, § 206, Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 90–257, title II, § 206, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 25; Pub. L. 91–452, title II, § 239, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 930; Pub. L. 93–445, title IV, § 405, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1359; 1978 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 102, eff. Jan. 1, 1979, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783; Pub. L. 100–647, title VII, §§ 7101(e), 7104(d), (e), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3758, 3772.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which enacted this chapter and amended sections 503 and 1104 and former section 1107 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsecs. (h) and (i), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§ 151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of this title and Tables. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (l), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, § 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§ 231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of this title. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of this title, section 231t of this title, and Tables. Section 205 of the Act of Congress approved June 24, 1937 (50 Stat. 307), referred to in subsec. (l), is section 205 of act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, 50 Stat. 307, which is not classified to the Code.
Codification In subsecs. (h) and (n), “section 209 of title 18” substituted for reference to the Act of March 3, 1917, 39 Stat. 1106 (5 U.S.C. 66) on authority of (1) act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 683, section 1 of which enacted Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and which enacted in section 1914 of Title 18 the provisions formerly classified to section 66 of former Title 5; and (2) section 2 of Pub. L. 87–849, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1126, which repealed section 1914 of Title 18 and supplanted it with section 209, and which provided that exemptions from section 1914 shall be deemed exemptions from section 209. For further details, see Exemptions note set out under section 203 of Title 18. In subsec. (l), “chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5” substituted for “the Classification Act of 1949, as amended” on authority of Pub. L. 89–554, § 7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. In penultimate sentence of subsec. (l), following the first word “Notwithstanding”, the words “the provisions of the Act of June 22, 1906 (34 Stat. 449), or” have been omitted as obsolete. The provisions were enacted as section 3342 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 425. Section 3342 of Title 5 was repealed by Pub. L. 89–762, § 1(a), Nov. 5, 1966, 80 Stat. 1312.
Amendments1988—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7104(d), added cl. (iv). Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7104(e), struck out “court” before “proceeding” in proviso of second par. Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 100–647, § 7101(e), added subsec. (r). 1974—Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 93–445 substituted “subdivisions (5), (6), and (9) of section 7(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974” for “section 10(b)(4) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937”. 1970—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–452 struck out subsec. (c) which related to immunity from prosecution of any person compelled to testify or produce evidence, documentary or otherwise, after claiming his privilege against self-incrimination. 1968—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 90–257, § 206(a), struck out references to maternity benefits and laws and made changes in punctuation and grammar necessitated thereby. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 90–257, § 206(b), struck out references to maternity benefits and maternity compensation laws and made changes in punctuation and grammar necessitated thereby. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 90–257, § 206(c), struck out provisions making reference to maternity sickness and to expected and actual date of birth of the child required to be included in report of maternity sickness. Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 90–257, § 206(d), struck out references to maternity benefits and to services of a doctor as to expected date of birth of a female employee’s child, or the birth of such a child. 1966—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 89–700 authorized Board to furnish such information to any person or organization upon payment of the cost incurred by reason thereof, and requiring amounts so paid to Board to be credited to railroad unemployment insurance administration fund. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89–700 substituted “section 353 of this title” for “section 353(a) of this title”. 1960—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–507 inserted “or by certified mail” after “registered mail”. 1958—Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 85–927 struck out “except that the Board may fix the salary of a director of unemployment insurance at $10,000 per annum” before first proviso in second paragraph, and substituted “Classification Act of 1949” for “Classification Act of 1923”, immediately preceding such first proviso, which substitution had already been executed in accordance with act Oct. 28, 1949. 1955—Subsec. (l). Act Aug. 12, 1955, specifically provided for employees of Railroad Retirement Board to be in and under competitive civil service. 1949—Subsec. (l). Act Oct. 28, 1949, substituted “Classification Act of 1949” for “Classification Act of 1923” in two places. 1946—Subsec. (b). Act July 31, 1946, § 319, inserted provisions relating to the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois. Subsec. (f). Act July 31, 1946, § 320, inserted references to sickness or maternity laws and benefits. Subsec. (g). Act July 31, 1946, § 321, inserted references to sickness or maternity laws and benefits and struck out phrase limiting second paragraph to eligibility with respect to unemployment after June 30, 1939. Subsec. (i). Act July 31, 1946, § 322, added third par., providing for form, execution and filing of statements of sickness. Subsecs. (n) to (q). Act July 31, 1946, § 323, added subsecs. (n) to (q). 1940—Subsec. (l). Act Oct. 10, 1940, § 22, inserted provisions relating to acquisition of competitive classified civil-service status by a person in the employ of Board on June 30, 1939, and June 30, 1940. Act Oct. 10, 1940, § 23, inserted provisos relating to personnel for registering unemployed employees. 1939—Subsec. (g). Act June 20, 1939, inserted “, with respect to unemployment after June 30, 1939” after “employee is eligible” and struck out “June 30, 1939” after “therefor) after”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name Subsec. (b) of this section was amended by act June 25, 1948, § 32(b), eff. Sept. 1, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, which substituted “United States District Court for the District of Columbia” for “District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia”. “United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois” substituted for “District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois” in view of act June 25, 1948, which states that “There shall be in each judicial district a district court which shall be a court of record known as the United States District Court for the district”, and that “Illinois is divided into three judicial districts to be known as the Northern, Southern, and Eastern Districts of Illinois.” See sections 88 and 132 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by section 7104(d), (e) of Pub. L. 100–647, effective Jan. 1, 1990, see section 7104(f) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 355 of this title.
Effective Date of 1974 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 93–445 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 603 of Pub. L. 93–445, set out as a note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Effective Date of 1970 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–452 effective on sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, and not to affect any immunity to which any individual is entitled under this section by reason of any testimony given before sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91–452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provisions note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Effective Date of 1968 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 90–257 effective July 1, 1968, see section 208 of Pub. L. 90–257, set out as a note under section 352 of this title.
Effective Date of 1958 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 85–927 effective Sept. 6, 1958, except as otherwise indicated, see section 207(c) of Pub. L. 85–927, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
Effective Date of 1946 AmendmentAmendment by act July 31, 1946, effective July 31, 1946, see section 401 of act July 31, 1946.
Effective Date of 1940 AmendmentFor effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title.
RepealsAct Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed (subject to a savings clause) by Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, § 8, 80 Stat. 632, 655.
Termination of Advisory CouncilsAdvisory councils in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a council established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such council is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a council established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. Advisory councils established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a council established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such council is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a council established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. See sections 1001(2) and 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Railroad Unemployment Compensation CommitteePub. L. 98–76, title V, § 504, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 441, provided that: “(a) Representatives of railroad labor and railroad management shall jointly establish (and jointly appoint the members of) a committee to be known as the ‘Railroad Unemployment Compensation Committee’ (hereinafter in this section referred to as the ‘Committee’). “(b) The Committee shall consist of five members—“(1) two of whom shall be representatives of railroad labor, “(2) two of whom shall be representatives of railroad management, and “(3) one of whom shall be an individual who shall not be in the employment of or pecuniarily or otherwise interested in any employer (as defined in section 1 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231]) or any organization of employees (as defined in section 1 of such Act). “(c) The Committee shall review all aspects of the unemployment and sickness insurance systems provided by the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [this chapter] including (but not limited to) a review of—“(1) benefit levels, “(2) experience rating, “(3) debt repayment and interest on debt, “(4) waiting period for unemployment benefits and qualifying requirements, and “(5) alternatives to the railroad unemployment insurance system such as covering railroad employees under the Federal-State unemployment compensation system. “(d) Not later than April 1, 1984, the Committee shall submit a report to the Congress containing recommendations—“(1) with respect to the review conducted under subsection (c), and “(2) with respect to the repayment of funds which the railroad unemployment insurance system has borrowed from the Railroad Retirement Account. Any recommendation submitted under paragraph (2) shall contain adjustments in contributions and benefits which will enable the railroad unemployment compensation system to repay all loans from the Railroad Retirement Account before December 31, 2000. “(e) The Railroad Retirement Board (and any other department, agency, or instrumentality of the Federal Government) is authorized to cooperate with, and assist, the Committee (at its request) in carrying out its duties by furnishing services, information, data, or other material which the Committee determines will be helpful in carrying out its duties.”
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions “Director of the Office of Personnel Management” substituted for “Civil Service Commission” in subsec. (l), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1978, § 102, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783, set out under section 1101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which transferred functions vested by statute in United States Civil Service Commission to Director of Office of Personnel Management (except as otherwise specified), effective Jan. 1, 1979, as provided by section 1–102 of Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055, set out under section 1101 of Title 5.
Delegation of Functions Functions of President under subsec. (l) of this section delegated to Chairman of the Railroad Retirement Board by Memorandum of President of the United States, Feb. 9, 2005, 70 F.R. 7631, set out as a note under section 231f of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 363a - Refunds of State unemployment contributions by employees; amount; application period; definitions
## Text
(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in any case where an employee amount (as hereinafter defined) was paid from a State unemployment fund to the Unemployment Trust Fund, an aggregate amount equal thereto shall be paid from the Unemployment Trust Fund, as refunds, to employees who paid into the State fund the contributions upon which such payment into the Unemployment Trust Fund was based, except that in case any such employee is deceased, payment shall be made to his estate; and the payment so made in the case of any employee shall be in proportion to the contributions paid by such employee into the State fund: Provided, That payment in any such case shall be made only if application therefor is made to the Railroad Retirement Board within two years after August 2, 1946.
(b) As used in this section—
(1) The term “employee amount” means any amount paid from a State unemployment fund to the Unemployment Trust Fund which would not have been required to be paid, under the provisions of section 363(c) of this title, if said section had not required payment of amounts based on contributions collected from employees.
(2) The term “Unemployment Trust Fund” means the fund established by section 1104 of title 42.
(3) The term “employees” has the same meaning as in the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.].
(Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 743, 60 Stat. 806; Aug. 6, 1947, ch. 509, 61 Stat. 793.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables.
Codification Section was not enacted as a part of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act which comprises this chapter.
Amendments1947—Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 6, 1947, extended time for application for refund from twelve months to two years after Aug. 2, 1946.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 364 - District of Columbia account, transfer of funds to railroad unemployment insurance account
## Text
The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to transfer from the account of the District of Columbia in the unemployment trust fund to the railroad unemployment insurance account in the unemployment trust fund, an amount equal to the “preliminary amount” and an amount equal to the “liquidating amount”, whenever such amounts, respectively, have been determined, with respect to the District of Columbia, pursuant to section 363 of this title.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 14(b), 52 Stat. 1113.)
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# 45 U.S.C. § 365 - Omitted
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section, acts June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 15, 52 Stat. 1113; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, § 19, 53 Stat. 844, related to transitional provisions occurring before July 1, 1939.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 366 - Separability
## Text
If any provision of this chapter or the application there of to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances, and the remainder of this chapter shall not be affected thereby.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 16, 52 Stat. 1113.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which enacted this chapter and amended sections 503 and 1104 and former section 1107 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 366a - Effect of Internal Revenue Code
## Text
The provisions of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, as herein amended, shall be in full force and effect notwithstanding the enactment of the Internal Revenue Code.
(June 20, 1939, ch. 227, § 22, 53 Stat. 848.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in text, is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. The Internal Revenue Code, referred to in text, probably means the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, which was generally repealed by section 7851 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, Title 26. The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was redesignated the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095. For table of comparisons of the 1939 Code to the 1986 Code, see Table I preceding section 1 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. See also section 7852(b) of Title 26 for provision that references in any other law to a provision of the 1939 Code, unless expressly incompatible with the intent thereof, shall be deemed a reference to the corresponding provision of the 1986 Code.
Codification Section was not enacted as a part of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act which comprises this chapter.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 367 - Short title
## Text
This chapter may be cited as the “Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act”.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 17, 52 Stat. 1113.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which enacted this chapter and amended sections 503 and 1104 and former section 1107 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
Codification Another section 17 of Act June 25, 1938, was classified to section 368 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–251, § 5(c), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3165.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short Title of 2020 AmendmentPub. L. 116–260, div. N, title II, § 231, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1957, provided that: “This subchapter [subchapter III (§§ 231–235) of title II of div. N of Pub. L. 116–260, amending section 352 of this title, section 906 of Title 2, The Congress, and section 9030 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 352 of this title, section 906 of Title 2, and section 9030 of Title 15] may be cited as the ‘Continued Assistance to Rail Workers Act of 2020’.”
Short Title of 1996 AmendmentPub. L. 104–251, § 1, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3161, provided that: “This Act [amending section 352 of this title, repealing section 368 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 352 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Railroad Unemployment Insurance Amendments Act of 1996’.”
Short Title of 1988 AmendmentPub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7001, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3757, provided that: “This title [enacting section 369 of this title, amending sections 231, 231a, 231e, 351 to 355, 358, 360, 361, and 362 of this title and sections 3321, 3322, 6157, 6201, 6317, 6513, and 6601 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, omitting section 3323 of Title 26, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 231, 231a, 351 to 353, 355, and 358 of this title and section 3321 of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 231n of this title] may be cited as the ‘Railroad Unemployment Insurance and Retirement Improvement Act of 1988’.”
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---
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 368 - Repealed. Pub. L. 104–251, § 5(c), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3165
## Notes
Section, act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, § 17, as added Mar. 24, 1983, Pub. L. 98–8, title I, § 102(a), 97 Stat. 32; amended Nov. 30, 1983, Pub. L. 98–181, title II, § 2005(a), 97 Stat. 1298, related to payment of supplemental employment benefits.
Another section 17 of act June 25, 1938, is classified to section 367 of this title.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 369"
description: "Annual report"
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title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 369 - Annual report
## Text
On or before July 1 of 1989, and of each calendar year thereafter, the Railroad Retirement Board shall submit to the Congress a report on the financial status of the railroad unemployment insurance system under various economic and employment assumptions. Such report shall include any recommendation for financing changes which might be advisable, including any adjustment the Railroad Retirement Board recommends regarding the rates of employer contributions.
(Pub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7105, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3772.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was enacted as part of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance and Retirement Improvement Act of 1988 and also as part of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, and not as part of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act which comprises this chapter.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 401"
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title_number: 45
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 401 - Payment of compensation; eligibility; duration; maximum aggregate amount payable; duplication of benefits; application of railroad unemployment insurance provisions
## Text
An employee as defined in the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.] who has, after June 30, 1960, and before April 1, 1962, exhausted (within the meaning prescribed by the Railroad Retirement Board by regulation) his right to unemployment benefits under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, shall be paid unemployment benefits in accordance otherwise with the provisions of such Act for days of unemployment, not exceeding sixty-five, and not exceeding in the aggregate, an amount equal to 50 per centum of the total amount of unemployment benefits which were payable to him in the benefit year in which he last exhausted his rights before making his first claim under this chapter, which occur in registration periods, as defined in the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, beginning on or after the fifteenth day after the date of enactment of the Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1961 [March 24, 1961], and before April 1, 1962, and which would not be days with respect to which he would be held entitled otherwise to receive unemployment benefits under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act: Provided, That an employee entitled under this section to benefits for a day before April 1, 1962, may receive such benefits for days in registration periods which begin before July 1, 1962: Provided further, That payment of benefits otherwise provided for in this chapter shall not be made with respect to any individual for any day of unemployment to the extent that such payment, when added to the sum of the benefits under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act and under this chapter paid such individual with respect to prior days in the benefit year, would exceed one hundred and ninety-five times such individual’s daily benefit rate for such benefit year. An employee who has filed, and established, a first claim for benefits under the provisions of the Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1961, may not thereafter establish a claim under this section, and an employee who has registered for, and established, a claim under this section may not thereafter establish a claim under the provisions of the Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1961. Except to the extent inconsistent with this section, the provisions of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act shall be applicable in the administration of this section.
(Pub. L. 87–7, § 2, Mar. 24, 1961, 75 Stat. 16.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in text, is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (§ 351 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. The Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1961, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 87–6, Mar. 24, 1961, 75 Stat. 8, which enacted sections 1105 and 1400l to 1400v of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amended sections 3301 and 3302 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 1101 and 1400l of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short TitlePub. L. 87–7, § 1, Mar. 24, 1961, 75 Stat. 16, provided: “That this Act [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Temporary Extended Railroad Unemployment Insurance Benefits Act of 1961’.”
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# 45 U.S.C. § 402 - Exchange of information between Secretary of Labor and Railroad Retirement Board
## Text
The Secretary of Labor, upon request, shall furnish the Railroad Retirement Board information deemed necessary by such Board for the administration of section 401 of this title, and such Board, upon request, shall furnish the Secretary of Labor information deemed necessary by the Secretary for the administration of the Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1961.
(Pub. L. 87–7, § 3, Mar. 24, 1961, 75 Stat. 17.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1961, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 87–6, Mar. 24, 1961, 75 Stat. 8, which enacted sections 1105 and 1400l to 1400v of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amended sections 3301 and 3302 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 1101 and 1400l of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 403"
description: "Appropriation to railroad unemployment insurance account; transfer and repayment of funds; interest"
jurisdiction: "us"
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kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
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chapter_name: "TEMPORARY RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE PROGRAM"
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citation: "45 U.S.C. § 403"
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 403 - Appropriation to railroad unemployment insurance account; transfer and repayment of funds; interest
## Text
There are authorized to be appropriated to the railroad unemployment insurance account, without fiscal year limitation, such amounts as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter. The amounts so appropriated shall be transferred from time to time to the railroad unemployment insurance account on the basis of estimates by the Secretary of the Treasury after consultation with the Railroad Retirement Board of the amounts required from time to time to carry out the provisions of this chapter. Amounts so transferred shall be repayable advances without interest.
(Pub. L. 87–7, § 4, Mar. 24, 1961, 75 Stat. 17; Pub. L. 88–133, title III, § 303(c), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 222.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1963—Pub. L. 88–133 repealed provision for repayment of advances by transfers from account to general fund of Treasury when funds of account derived from increase in employers’ contribution rate are adequate for such purpose, which is now covered by section 303(b) of Pub. L. 88–133, set out as a note below.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1963 AmendmentPub. L. 88–133, title III, § 303(c), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 222, provided that the amendment made by such section 303(c) is effective with respect to contributions collected on compensation paid after Dec. 31, 1963.
Repayment by Account of Advances From General Fund of Treasury From Contributions Collected on Compensation Paid After December 31, 1963Pub. L. 88–133, title III, § 303(b), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 222, provided that: “Effective with respect to contributions collected by the Railroad Retirement Board pursuant to section 8(f) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [section 358(f) of this title] on compensation paid after December 31, 1963, that part of such contributions equal to one-fourth of 1 per centum of the compensation on which such contributions are based shall, notwithstanding the provisions of section 10(b) of such Act [section 360(b) of this title], be applied by the Board exclusively for transfers from the railroad unemployment insurance account to the general fund of the Treasury until the full amount advanced from the general fund of the Treasury to the railroad unemployment insurance account pursuant to section 4 of the Temporary Extended Railroad Unemployment Insurance Benefits Act of 1961 [this section] has been repaid.”
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# 45 U.S.C. § 404 - Temporary increase in employers’ contribution rate
## Text
Notwithstanding the provisions of section 358(a)2 11 See References in Text note below. of this title, the rate of contribution required to be paid under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.] by every employer as defined in such Act shall be 4 per centum with respect to compensation as defined in such Act, paid after December 31, 1961, and before January 1, 1964.
(Pub. L. 87–7, § 5, Mar. 24, 1961, 75 Stat. 17.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 358(a) of this title, referred to in text, was amended generally by Pub. L. 100–647, title VII, § 7102(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3759, and, as so amended, does not contain a cl. “2”. The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in text, is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (§ 351 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 421 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 91–458, title I, § 101, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 971, stated congressional declaration of purpose for this chapter. See section 20101 of Title 49, Transportation.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 431 to 447 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section 431, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 202, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 971; Pub. L. 94–348, § 5, July 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 819; Pub. L. 96–423, § 14, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1817; Pub. L. 97–468, title VII, § 702(a), (c), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2579; Pub. L. 100–342, §§ 4(a), 7, 9, 10, 19(a), 21–23, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 625, 628, 629, 637–639; Pub. L. 102–143, title V, § 4, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 957; Pub. L. 102–365, §§ 2, 5(a)(1), 7, 8, 10, Sept. 3, 1992, 106 Stat. 972, 975, 976, 978; Pub. L. 102–533, § 14, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3522, authorized Secretary of Transportation to promulgate rules, regulations, orders, and standards for all areas of railroad safety. See sections 20102, 20103, 20103 note, 20108, 20110, 20114, 20131 to 20143, and 24902 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 432, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 203, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 972; Pub. L. 96–423, § 3, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1811, related to emergency powers of Secretary of Transportation. See section 20104 of Title 49.
Section 433, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 204, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 972, required Secretary of Transportation to submit comprehensive study and recommendation of means of eliminating and protecting railroad grade crossings and protecting pedestrians. See section 20134 of Title 49.
Section 434, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 205, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 972, declared that laws, rules, regulations, orders, and standards relating to railroad safety were to be nationally uniform, but permitted more stringent yet compatible State regulation. See section 20106 of Title 49.
Section 435, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 206, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 972; Pub. L. 96–423, § 4, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1812; Pub. L. 101–615, § 28(a)–(d), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3276, 3277, related to investigative and surveillance activities by State in connection with any rule, regulation, order, or standard related to railroad safety prescribed by Secretary of Transportation. See sections 20105, 20111, and 20117 of Title 49.
Section 436, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 207, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 974; Pub. L. 95–574, § 8, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2461; Pub. L. 96–423, § 5, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1812; Pub. L. 101–615, § 28(e), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3277, related to actions by State agencies to enforce compliance with Federal railroad safety rules, regulations, orders, and standards. See section 20113 of Title 49.
Section 437, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 208, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 974; Pub. L. 93–633, title II, § 206, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2166; Pub. L. 95–574, § 9, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2462; Pub. L. 96–423, § 6, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1813; Pub. L. 100–342, § 8, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 628, related to general powers of Secretary of Transportation. See section 54a of this title and sections 20107, 20108, 20111, and 20112 of Title 49.
Section 438, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 209, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 975; Pub. L. 93–633, title II, § 204(a), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2165; Pub. L. 96–423, §§ 7, 8(a), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1814; Pub. L. 97–468, title VII, § 706, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2581; Pub. L. 100–342, § 3(a), June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 624; Pub. L. 102–365, §§ 4(a)(1), (c)(1), 9(a)(1), Sept. 3, 1992, 106 Stat. 973, 974, 977, related to civil penalties for violations of any railroad safety rule, regulation, order, or standard issued under this subchapter or violations of section 39 of this title. See sections 20111, 20112, 20114, 21301, 21302, 21304, and 21311 of Title 49.
Section 439, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 210, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 975; Pub. L. 96–423, § 9, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1814; Pub. L. 101–615, § 28(f), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3277, related to restraint of violations of this subchapter and certain other statutes and to enforcement of rules, etc., established under such subchapter or statutes. See sections 20112 to 20114 of Title 49.
Section 440, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 211, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 976; Pub. L. 93–633, title II, § 203, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2164; Pub. L. 94–56, § 2, July 19, 1975, 89 Stat. 263; Pub. L. 96–470, title II, § 209(a), Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2245; Pub. L. 100–342, § 12, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 630, related to annual report by Secretary of Transportation on administration of this subchapter. See section 20116 of Title 49.
Section 441, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 212, as added Pub. L. 96–423, § 10, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1815; amended Pub. L. 100–342, § 5, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 627; Pub. L. 102–365, § 5(b), Sept. 3, 1992, 106 Stat. 975, related to protection and rights of railroad employees. See section 20109 of Title 49.
A prior section 441, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 212, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 Stat. 977; Pub. L. 93–90, § 2, Aug. 14, 1973, 87 Stat. 305; Pub. L. 93–633, title II, § 205, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2166; Pub. L. 94–56, § 3, July 19, 1975, 89 Stat. 263; Pub. L. 94–348, § 2(a), July 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 817; Pub. L. 95–574, § 2, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2459, authorized appropriations to carry out this chapter, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96–423, § 2, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1811.
Section 442, Pub. L. 95–574, § 3, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2459, related to limitations on funding for railroad research and development programs. See section 20117 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 443, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 213, as added Pub. L. 96–423, § 11, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1816, related to pay classifications of railroad safety inspectors and railroad safety specialists. See section 5109(c) of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Section 444, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 214, as added Pub. L. 96–423, § 2, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1811; amended Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1195, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 702; Pub. L. 97–468, title VII, § 703, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2580; Pub. L. 100–342, § 2, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 624; Pub. L. 101–508, title X, § 10501(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–400; Pub. L. 102–365, § 12, Sept. 3, 1992, 106 Stat. 980, authorized appropriations to carry out this chapter. See sections 20108 and 20117 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 445, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 215, as added Pub. L. 100–342, § 20, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 638, related to grade crossing demonstration projects to reduce accidents involving trains. See sections 20117 and 20134 of Title 49.
Section 446, Pub. L. 101–647, title XVII, § 1704, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4846, related to railroad police officers. See section 28101 of Title 49.
Section 447, Pub. L. 91–458, title II, § 216, as added Pub. L. 101–508, title X, § 10501(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–399, related to railroad user fees. See section 20115 of Title 49.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 501 to 502"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "14"
chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "501 to 502"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 501 to 502"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
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tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
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# 45 U.S.C. § 501 to 502 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section 501, Pub. L. 91–518, title I, § 101, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1328; Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 102, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 537; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1171, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 687, related to congressional findings on needs for cost- and energy-efficient intercity rail passenger service. See section 24101 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 501a, Pub. L. 91–518, title I, § 102, as added Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 103(a), Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 537; amended Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1172, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 688, enumerated goals established by Congress for Amtrak. See section 24101 of Title 49.
A prior section 102 of Pub. L. 91–518 was renumbered section 103 and classified to section 502 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b).
Section 502, Pub. L. 91–518, title I, § 103, formerly § 102, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1328; Pub. L. 93–146, § 2, Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 548; renumbered § 103 and amended Pub. L. 96–73, title I, §§ 103(a), 104, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 537, 538; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1173, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 689; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4012, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 109; Pub. L. 102–533, § 8, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3519, defined terms for purposes of this chapter. See section 24102 of Title 49, Transportation.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short TitlePub. L. 91–518, § 1, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1327, as amended by Pub. L. 93–496, § 12, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1531, provided that Pub. L. 91–518 (enacting this chapter and section 250 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, amending section 856 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, and enacting provision set out as a note under section 250 of Title 26) could be cited as the “Rail Passenger Service Act”, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379.
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title: "45 U.S.C. § 541 to 548"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
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title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
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chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "541 to 548"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 541 to 548"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 541 to 548 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section 541, Pub. L. 91–518, title III, § 301, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1330; Pub. L. 95–421, § 11, Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 928; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1188(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 699; Pub. L. 100–342, § 18(a), June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 636, authorized establishment of National Railroad Passenger Corporation. See sections 24101 and 24301 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 542, Pub. L. 91–518, title III, § 302, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1330, related to Presidential appointment of incorporators to establish National Railroad Passenger Corporation.
Section 543, Pub. L. 91–518, title III, § 303, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1330; Pub. L. 92–316, § 1(a), June 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 227; Pub. L. 93–146, § 3(a), Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 548; Pub. L. 94–25, § 2, May 26, 1975, 89 Stat. 90; Pub. L. 94–210, title VII, § 706(f), formerly § 705(f), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 124, renumbered Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 206(a), May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 412; Pub. L. 94–555, title I, § 103, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2615; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1174(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 689; Pub. L. 97–216, title I, § 101, July 18, 1982, 96 Stat. 187; Pub. L. 100–342, § 18(b), (c), June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 636, related to board of directors, officers, bylaws, and stock voting rights of National Railroad Passenger Corporation. See sections 24302 and 24303 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 544, Pub. L. 91–518, title III, § 304, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1331; Pub. L. 93–496, § 2, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1526; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1175, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 691; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4003, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 107; Pub. L. 102–533, § 5, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3517, related to issuance by National Railroad Passenger Corporation of stock, bonds, and other certificates of indebtedness. See section 24304 of Title 49.
Section 545, Pub. L. 91–518, title III, § 305, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1332; Pub. L. 92–316, § 2, June 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 228; Pub. L. 93–146, §§ 4–6, Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 549, 550; Pub. L. 93–496, §§ 3, 4, 6, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1527, 1528; Pub. L. 94–25, § 3, May 26, 1975, 89 Stat. 90; Pub. L. 94–210, title VII, § 706(g), formerly § 705(g), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 125, renumbered Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 206(a), May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 412; Pub. L. 94–555, title I, § 104, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2615; Pub. L. 95–421, § 10, Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 928; Pub. L. 96–73, title I, §§ 105–111(a), Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 539–541; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, §§ 1176, 1177(a), 1188(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 692, 699; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4007(e), title XIII, § 13031(h)(1), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 108, 310, enumerated general powers of National Railroad Passenger Corporation. See sections 24301, 24305 to 24307, 24311, 24709, and 24902 of Title 49.
Section 545a, Pub. L. 95–421, § 19, Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 930, directed National Railroad Passenger Corporation to attract and serve bulk mail needs of Postal Service. See section 24305 of Title 49.
Section 546, Pub. L. 91–518, title III, § 306, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1332; Pub. L. 92–316, § 3, June 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 228; Pub. L. 93–146, § 7, Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 551; Pub. L. 94–210, title VII, § 706(e), formerly § 705(e), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 124, renumbered Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 206(a), May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 412; Pub. L. 94–555, title I, §§ 105, 106, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2615, 2616; Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 112, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 541; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1178, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 692; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, §§ 4004, 4007(b), 4013, 4015, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 107–110; Pub. L. 101–610, title VI, § 601(a), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3185; Pub. L. 102–533, § 6, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3517, related to laws applicable to National Railroad Passenger Corporation. See sections 24301, 24305, and 24306 of Title 49.
Section 546a, Pub. L. 95–421, § 7, Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 927, related to jurisdiction of Interstate Commerce Commission over rate, fare, charge, and marketing practices of National Railroad Passenger Corporation. See section 24301 of Title 49.
Section 546b, Pub. L. 97–257, title I, Sept. 10, 1982, 96 Stat. 852, exempted National Railroad Passenger Corporation from taxes or other fees imposed by any State, political subdivision, or local taxing authority levied on Corporation or any railroad subsidiary and provided United States district courts with jurisdiction to enforce exemption. See section 24301 of Title 49.
Section 547, Pub. L. 91–518, title III, § 307, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1333; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1179, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 693, related to jurisdiction of United States district courts to impose sanctions. See section 24103 of Title 49.
Section 548, Pub. L. 91–518, title III, § 308, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1333; Pub. L. 92–316, § 4, June 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 228; Pub. L. 93–146, § 8, Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 551; Pub. L. 94–25, § 4, May 26, 1975, 89 Stat. 90; Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 113, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 542; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1180, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 693; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4005, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 107; Pub. L. 100–342, § 18(d), June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 637, related to reports by National Railroad Passenger Corporation to President and Congress. See section 24315 of Title 49.
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title: "45 U.S.C. § 561 to 563"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379"
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corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "14"
chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "561 to 563"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 561 to 563"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s561...563"
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# 45 U.S.C. § 561 to 563 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section 561, Pub. L. 91–518, title IV, § 401, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1334; Pub. L. 93–146, § 9, Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 551, related to assumption of intercity rail passenger service by National Railroad Passenger Corporation. See section 24701 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 562, Pub. L. 91–518, title IV, § 402, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1335; Pub. L. 92–316, § 5, June 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 229; Pub. L. 93–146, § 10, Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 552; Pub. L. 94–210, title VII, § 706(a), (h), formerly § 705(a), (h), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 123, 125, renumbered Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 206(a), May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 412; Pub. L. 95–421, § 15, Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 929; Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 114, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 542; Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 216, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 418; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, §§ 1181, 1188(c), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 693, 699; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, §§ 4006, 4017(b), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 107, 110; Pub. L. 101–641, § 9(a), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4658, related to facilities and service agreements. See sections 24308, 24311, and 24903 of Title 49.
Section 563, Pub. L. 91–518, title IV, § 403, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1335; Pub. L. 92–316, § 6, June 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 229; Pub. L. 93–146, § 11(a), Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 553; Pub. L. 93–496, § 5, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1527; Pub. L. 94–25, §§ 5, 6, May 26, 1975, 89 Stat. 90; Pub. L. 94–210, title VII, § 706(c), (i), formerly § 705(c), (i), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 124, 125, renumbered Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 206(a), May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 412; Pub. L. 94–555, title I, § 107, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2616; Pub. L. 95–421, §§ 16–18, Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 929, 930; Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 115, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 542; Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 213, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 417; Pub. L. 96–448, title V, § 508(f), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1958; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, §§ 1182(a), 1183(e), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 693, 697; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4014(a)(1), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 109; Pub. L. 102–533, §§ 7(b), 10, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3519, 3520, related to State supported institution or retention of rail passenger service. See sections 24703, 24704, and 24708 of Title 49.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 564"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379; Pub. L. 103–429, § 8(6), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4390"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "14"
chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "564"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 564"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
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# 45 U.S.C. § 564 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379; Pub. L. 103–429, § 8(6), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4390
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 91–518, title IV, § 404, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1336; Pub. L. 93–146, § 11(b), Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 553; Pub. L. 93–496, § 7, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1530; Pub. L. 94–25, §§ 7, 8, May 26, 1975, 89 Stat. 90; Pub. L. 94–210, title VII, § 706(d), formerly § 705(d), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 124, renumbered Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 206(a), May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 412; Pub. L. 96–73, title I, §§ 116(a), 117–119, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 545, 546; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1183(a)–(d), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 695–697; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, §§ 4008, 4014(a)(2)–(7), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 108–110; Pub. L. 104–287, § 7(1), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3400, related to addition to or discontinuance of routes and services. See sections 24703 and 24705 to 24707 of Title 49, Transportation.
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title_name: "RAILROADS"
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# 45 U.S.C. § 581 to 591 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section 581, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 501, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1137, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 647; amended Pub. L. 100–457, title III, § 336, Sept. 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 2153, related to establishment and incorporation of Amtrak Commuter Services Corporation. See section 24501 of Title 49, Transportation.
A prior section 581, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 501, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1338, provided for appointment of a fifteen-man financial advisory panel by President, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–25, § 9, May 26, 1975, 89 Stat. 92.
Section 582, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 502, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1137, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 648, related to Board of Directors and officers of Amtrak Commuter Services Corporation. See sections 24502 and 24503 of Title 49, Transportation.
A prior section 582, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 502, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1338, directed advisory panel to advise directors of Corporation on ways and means of increasing capitalization of Corporation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–25, § 9, May 26, 1975, 89 Stat. 92.
Section 583, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 503, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1137, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 648, enumerated general powers of Amtrak Commuter Services Corporation. See sections 24501 and 24504 of Title 49, Transportation.
A prior section 583, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 503, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1338, provided for a report to Congress by advisory panel, evaluating initial capitalization of Corporation, and prospects for increasing its capitalization, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–25, § 9, May 26, 1975, 89 Stat. 92.
Section 584, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 504, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1137, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 648, related to commuter services provided by Amtrak Commuter Services Corporation. See sections 24501, 24504, and 24505 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 585, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 505, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1137, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 650; amended Pub. L. 97–468, title V, § 508, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2554, related to duties and composition of Northeast Corridor Coordination Board.
Section 586, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 506, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1137, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 650, related to transfers of property and commuter service to Amtrak Commuter Services Corporation and commuter authorities. See section 24506 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 587, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 507, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1137, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 652, exempted transfers of property and assumptions of service responsibilities pursuant to section 586 of this title from judicial review.
Section 588, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 508, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1145, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 669, related to negotiations for implementing agreement governing transfer of Conrail employees.
Section 589, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 509, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1145, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 671, established factfinding panel to recommend changes in operating practices to maximize productivity.
Section 590, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 510, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1145, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 671, related to collective bargaining agreements for Amtrak Commuter Services Corporation or commuter authorities, contingency emergency boards, and dispute resolution procedures.
Section 591, Pub. L. 91–518, title V, § 511, as added Pub. L. 97–468, title V, § 509, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2554, provided for applicability of laws to commuter authorities operating commuter services under this subchapter. See section 24505 of Title 49, Transportation.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 601"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "14"
chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "601"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 601"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s601"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 601 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 91–518, title VI, § 601, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1338; Pub. L. 92–316, § 9, June 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 231; Pub. L. 93–146, § 12, Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 553; Pub. L. 93–496, § 8, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1530; Pub. L. 94–25, § 10, May 26, 1975, 89 Stat. 92; Pub. L. 94–555, title I, § 102(a), (b), Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2613, 2614; Pub. L. 95–421, §§ 2(a), (b)(1), 3, Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 923; Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 122(a), (b)(1), Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 550, 551; Pub. L. 96–254, title II, §§ 208, 211, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 414, 415; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, §§ 1138, 1139(a), 1185, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 652, 697; Pub. L. 97–468, title III, § 302(c), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2550; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4002, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 106; Pub. L. 101–322, § 2, July 6, 1990, 104 Stat. 295; Pub. L. 102–533, § 7(a), Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3517, related to authorization and administration of appropriations for capital expenditures, new corridor development, operating expenses, and mandatory payments.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 602"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 102–533, § 7(c), Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3519"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "14"
chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "602"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 602"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s602"
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tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 602 - Repealed. Pub. L. 102–533, § 7(c), Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3519
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 91–518, title VI, § 602, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1338; Pub. L. 92–316, § 10(a), June 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 231; Pub. L. 93–146, § 13, Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 553; Pub. L. 93–496, § 9, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1531; Pub. L. 94–25, § 11, May 26, 1975, 89 Stat. 92; Pub. L. 94–555, title I, § 102(c), Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2614; Pub. L. 95–421, § 2(b)(2), Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 923; Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 122(b)(2), Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 551; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1186, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 698; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 100–342, § 18(e), June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 637, related to authority of Secretary of Transportation to guarantee any lender or lessor against loss of principal or interest on loans issued to improve rail passenger service.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 641"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 111(b), Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 541"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "14"
chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "641"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 641"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s641"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 641 - Repealed. Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 111(b), Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 541
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 801, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1339; Pub. L. 93–146, § 14, Nov. 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 554; Pub. L. 93–496, § 10, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1531; Pub. L. 94–555, title I, § 108, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2616, provided for promulgation and revision of regulations for adequacy of service and for maintenance of civil actions for enforcement of provisions.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of RepealRepeal effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 501(a) of Pub. L. 96–73.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 642 to 644"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "14"
chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "642 to 644"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 642 to 644"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s642...644"
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tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 642 to 644 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section 642, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 802, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1340, prohibited discontinuance of intercity rail passenger service other than in accordance with provisions of this chapter. See section 24705 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 643, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 803, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1340, related to separability of provisions of this chapter.
Section 644, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 805, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1340; Pub. L. 92–316, § 11, June 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 233; Pub. L. 93–496, § 11, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1531; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4007(a), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 108, related to records and audit of National Railroad Passenger Corporation and certain railroads. See section 24315 of Title 49, Transportation.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 645"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4007(b), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 108"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "14"
chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "645"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 645"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s645"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 645 - Repealed. Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4007(b), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 108
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 806, as added Pub. L. 92–316, § 12, June 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 233, provided for a report by Secretary of Transportation to Congress evaluating intercity rail passenger service operations.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 646 to 650c"
description: "Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "14"
chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "646 to 650c"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 646 to 650c"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s646...650c"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 646 to 650c - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section 646, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 807, as added Pub. L. 95–421, § 13, Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 929, related to development and implementation of a Railroad Safety System Program. See section 24313 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 647, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 808, as added Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 123, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 551, related to composition and duties of Employee Compensation and Incentive Commission.
Section 648, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 809, as added Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 124, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 551, related to development of Model Job Placement Program to accommodate employees displaced by route restructuring.
Section 649, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 810, as added Pub. L. 101–322, § 3, July 6, 1990, 104 Stat. 295, related to incentives for passenger service operating agreements. See section 26102 of Title 49, Transportation.
A prior section 649, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 810, as added Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 125, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 552, provided for a study of payment of taxes by Corporation to State and local governments, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4007(b), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 108.
Section 650, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 811, as added Pub. L. 102–533, § 2, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3515, related to elimination of all highway at-grade crossings on main line of the Northeast Corridor, except where elimination deemed impracticable or unnecessary. See section 24906 of Title 49, Transportation.
A prior section 650, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 811, as added Pub. L. 96–73, title I, § 126, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 552, provided for a report to Congress on the ratio of revenue to expenses, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4007(b), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 108.
Section 650a, Pub. L. 100–342, § 18(g), June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 637, related to petitions by National Railroad Passenger Corporation seeking relocation or other remedial assistance for dangerous conditions, and recommendations by Secretary to Congress to fund such measures.
Section 650b, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 812, as added Pub. L. 102–533, § 3, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3515, directed National Railroad Passenger Corporation to develop and report to Congress its plans for experimentation with new technologies. See section 24314 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 650c, Pub. L. 91–518, title VIII, § 813, as added Pub. L. 102–533, § 9, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3520, directed National Railroad Passenger Corporation to assist in and report to Congress on high-speed rail corridor development outside the Northeast Corridor.
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type: "LegalText"
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title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "14"
chapter_name: "RAIL PASSENGER SERVICE"
section: "651 to 658"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 651 to 658"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 651 to 658 - Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
## Notes
Section 651, Pub. L. 91–518, title X, § 1001, as added Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 212, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 415; amended H. Res. 549, Mar. 25, 1980, required Secretary to develop and submit to Congress a proposed method for evaluating rail passenger corridors, ranking those with greatest potential.
Section 652, Pub. L. 91–518, title X, § 1002, as added Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 212, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 415, directed National Railroad Passenger Corporation to develop design and engineering plans for rail corridors in consultation with Secretary and rail carriers owning facilities to be used in the corridors.
Section 653, Pub. L. 91–518, title X, § 1003, as added Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 212, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 416; amended H. Res. 549, Mar. 25, 1980, provided for submission of final corridor evaluation to Congress.
Section 654, Pub. L. 91–518, title X, § 1004, as added Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 212, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 416, directed National Railroad Passenger Corporation to acquire equipment necessary to provide service in rail passenger corridors.
Section 655, Pub. L. 91–518, title X, § 1005, as added Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 212, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 416, directed Secretary to encourage private sector development of potential rail passenger corridors by removing institutional barriers and coordinating funding.
Section 656, Pub. L. 91–518, title X, § 1006, as added Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 212, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 417, related to speed restrictions imposed on Amtrak trains by State or local governments.
Section 657, Pub. L. 91–518, title X, § 1007, as added Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 212, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 417, related to provision of service between corridors to increase ridership.
Section 658, Pub. L. 91–518, title X, § 1008, as added Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 212, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 417, authorized appropriations for evaluation of corridors, acquisition of equipment, and private sector development.
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---
type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 661"
description: "Definitions"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
chapter_number: "15"
chapter_name: "EMERGENCY RAIL SERVICES"
section: "661"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 661"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
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confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---
# 45 U.S.C. § 661 - Definitions
## Text
For the purposes of this chapter—
(1) “Secretary” means the Secretary of Transportation.
(2) “Board” means the Surface Transportation Board.
(3) “Railroad” means any rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49.
(4) “Certificate” means certificates issued by trustees of a railroad pursuant to subsection 77(c)(3) of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended.
(Pub. L. 91–663, § 2, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1975; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, § 325(1), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 951.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 77(c)(3) of the Bankruptcy Act, referred to in par. (4), was classified to section 205(c)(3) of former Title 11, Bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Act (act July 1, 1898, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544) was repealed effective Oct. 1, 1979, by Pub. L. 95–598, §§ 401(a), 402(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2682, section 101 of which enacted revised Title 11. For current provisions relating to railroad reorganization, see subchapter IV (§ 1161 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 11.
Amendments1995—Par. (2). Pub. L. 104–88, § 325(1)(A), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “ ‘Commission’ means the Interstate Commerce Commission.” Par. (3). Pub. L. 104–88, § 325(1)(B), substituted “rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49” for “common carrier by railroad subject to part I of the Interstate Commerce Act (49 U.S.C. 1–27)”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1995 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of Title 49, Transportation.
Short TitlePub. L. 91–663, § 1, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1975, provided: “That this Act [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Emergency Rail Services Act of 1970’.”
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# 45 U.S.C. § 662 - Guarantee of certificates
## Text
(a) Authority of Secretary; prerequisites; procedures; waiver The trustees of any railroad undergoing reorganization under section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended, upon approval of the court, may apply to the Secretary for the guarantee of certificates. The Secretary, after consultation with the Board, is authorized to guarantee such certificates upon findings in writing that—
(1) cessation of essential transportation services by the railroad would endanger the public welfare;
(2) cessation of such services is imminent;
(3) there is no other practicable means of obtaining funds to meet payroll and other expenses necessary to provide such services than the issuance of such certificates;
(4) such certificates cannot be sold without a guarantee;
(5) the railroad can reasonably be expected to become self-sustaining; and
(6) the probable value of the assets of the railroad in the event of liquidation provides reasonable protection to the United States.
The Secretary shall publish notice of his intention to make such finding in the Federal Register not less than fifteen days prior to such finding, give interested persons, including agencies of the Federal Government, an opportunity to submit written data, views, or arguments (with or without opportunity for oral presentation), and give consideration to the relevant matter presented. The Secretary for good cause shown and upon a finding that extraordinary circumstances warrant doing so may waive the requirements of the preceding sentence. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Secretary, in guaranteeing certificates under this section, is authorized to waive the findings required by paragraphs (1), (5), and (6) of this subsection.
(b) Conditions to guarantee As a condition to a guarantee, the Secretary, after consultation with the Board, shall require that:
(1) the proceeds of the sale of certificates guaranteed under this chapter, will be used solely for meeting payroll and other expenses which, if not met, would preclude continued provision of essential transportation services by the railroad;
(2) other revenues of the railroad will be used, to the fullest extent possible, for such expenses;
(3) proceeds from the sale of assets will be devoted to the fullest extent possible to the provision of essential transportation services by the railroad; and
(4) in the event of actual or threatened cessation of essential transportation services by the railroad, the Secretary shall have the option to procure by purchase or lease trackage rights over the lines of the railroad and such equipment as may be necessary to provide such services by the Secretary or his assignee, and, in the event of a default in the payment of principal or interest as provided by the certificates, the money paid or expenses incurred by the United States as a result thereof shall be deemed to have been applied to the purchase or lease price. The terms of purchase or lease shall be subject to the approval of the reorganization court and the operation over the lines shall be subject to the approval of the Board pursuant to subchapter II of chapter 113 of title 49, but in no event shall the rendition of services by the Secretary or his assignee await the outcome of proceedings before the reorganization court or the Board.
(c) Certificate as administrative expense; priority of certificate The Secretary shall not guarantee any certificate under this section unless such certificate is treated as an expense of administration and receives the highest lien on the railroad’s property and priority in payment under the Bankruptcy Act, except that this subsection shall not apply to certificates guaranteed for a railroad that is actively engaged in restructuring, as defined by the Secretary. For purposes of this subsection, the term “restructuring” includes an employee ownership plan or an employee-shipper ownership plan.
(d) Interest rate; date of maturity; other terms and conditions A certificate under this chapter shall bear interest at such per annum rate as the Secretary deems reasonable, taking into account the range of interest rates prevailing in the private market for similar loans and the risks assumed by the Federal Government; nor may its maturity date, including all extensions and renewals thereof, be later than fifteen years from the date of original issuance. The Secretary may prescribe such other terms and conditions as he deems appropriate. In each case, the Secretary shall consider the feasibility of requiring the railroad to dispose of nonrailroad assets as a condition to a guarantee.
(e) Maximum aggregate principal amount outstanding At any one time the outstanding aggregate principal amount of all certificates guaranteed under this chapter shall not exceed $200,000,000.
(f) Rules and regulations The Secretary shall issue such rules and regulations as are appropriate to carry out the authority granted by this chapter.
(Pub. L. 91–663, § 3, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1975; Pub. L. 95–598, title III, § 333, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2679; Pub. L. 95–611, § 3(b), Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3089; Pub. L. 96–86, § 115(a), Oct. 12, 1979, 93 Stat. 662; Pub. L. 96–101, § 7(a)–(c), Nov. 4, 1979, 93 Stat. 739, 740; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, § 325(2), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 951.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Bankruptcy Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c), is act July 1, 1898, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544, which was classified generally to former Title 11, Bankruptcy. Section 77 of this Act was classified to section 205 of former Title 11. The Act was repealed effective Oct. 1, 1979, by Pub. L. 95–598, §§ 401(a), 402(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2682, section 101 of which enacted revised Title 11. For current provisions relating to railroad reorganization, see subchapter IV (§ 1161 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 11.
Amendments1995—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–88, § 325(2)(B), substituted “Board” for “Commission” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted “Board” for “Commission” wherever appearing and “subchapter II of chapter 113 of title 49” for “the provisions of section 5 of the Interstate Commerce Act” in par. (4). 1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–101, § 7(a), struck out “upon a finding that the guarantee of certificates is necessary in order for a railroad which has received continued loan advances, pursuant to section 721(d)(1) of this title, to maintain rail services in the region (as such term is defined in section 702(15) of this title)” after “of this subsection” and provision requiring that Secretary not make any waiver under preceding sentence after Dec. 31, 1979. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–101, § 7(b), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) was repealed by Pub. L. 95–598. See 1978 Amendment note below. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–101, § 7(c), substituted “$200,000,000” for “$125,000,000” and struck out provision requiring that with respect to a railroad which filed a petition for reorganization during fiscal year 1978, during period Oct. 1, 1979, through Nov. 30, 1979, certificates be issued without regard to limitations of subsec. (a) of this section and with such priority in payment as Secretary deems appropriate to secure repayment, for purpose of continuing service on railroad system at level in effect on Oct. 1, 1979. Pub. L. 96–86 provided that, with respect to a railroad which filed a petition for reorganization during fiscal year 1978, during period Oct. 1, 1979, through Nov. 30, 1979, certificates shall be issued without regard to limitations of subsec. (a) of this section and with such priority in payment as Secretary deems appropriate to secure repayment, for purpose of continuing service on railroad system at level in effect on Oct. 1, 1979. 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–611 inserted provision authorizing Secretary to waive requirements of paragraphs (1), (5), and (6) of subsec. (a) until Dec. 31, 1979. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–598 struck out subsec. (c) which related to treatment of a certificate as an administrative expense and priority of the certificate.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1995 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of Title 49, Transportation.
Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–598 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 402(a) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.
legal/us/code/title-45/chapter-15/section-663.md
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# 45 U.S.C. § 663 - Inspection of accounts, books, etc., of railroad receiving financial assistance
## Text
The Secretary is authorized to, and shall as necessary, inspect and copy all accounts, books, records, memorandums, correspondence, and other documents of any railroad which has received financial assistance under this chapter concerning any matter which may bear upon (1) the ability of such railroad to repay the loan within the time fixed therefor, (2) the interest of the United States in the property of such railroad, and (3) to insure that the purpose of this chapter is being carried out.
(Pub. L. 91–663, § 4, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1976.)
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# 45 U.S.C. § 664 - Issuance of obligations to Secretary of the Treasury
## Text
(a) Forms and denominations; maturity dates; terms and conditions; interest rate; purchase and sale of obligations by Secretary of the Treasury; authorization of appropriations To enable the Secretary to carry out his rights and responsibilities under section 662 of this title, he is authorized to issue to the Secretary of the Treasury notes or other obligations in such forms and denominations, bearing such maturities, and subject to such terms and conditions, as may be prescribed by the Secretary with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. Such notes or other obligations shall bear interest at a rate determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, taking into consideration the current average market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States of comparable maturities during the month preceding the issuance of the notes or other obligations. The Secretary of the Treasury shall purchase any notes and other obligations issued hereunder and for that purpose he is authorized to use as a public debt transaction the proceeds from the sale of any securities issued under chapter 31 of title 31, and the purposes for which securities may be issued under that chapter are extended to include any purchase of such notes and obligations. The Secretary of the Treasury may at any time sell any of the notes or other obligations acquired by him under this subsection. All redemptions, purchases, and sales by the Secretary of the Treasury of such notes or other obligations shall be treated as public debt transactions of the United States. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as may be necessary to pay the principal and interest on the notes or obligations issued by him to the Secretary of the Treasury.
(b) Revocation of guarantee; legal effect of guarantee; validity and incontestability of guaranteed certificate Any guarantee made by the Secretary under this chapter shall not be terminated, canceled, or otherwise revoked, except as provided by the terms and conditions prescribed by the Secretary under section 662(d) of this title; shall be conclusive evidence that such guarantee complies fully with the provisions of this chapter, and of the approval and legality of the principal amount, interest rate, and all other terms of the certificates and the guarantee; and shall be valid and incontestable in the hands of a holder of a guaranteed certificate except for fraud or material misrepresentation on the part of such holder.
(c) Enforcement by Attorney General of rights accruing to United States because of guarantee The Attorney General shall take such action as may be appropriate to enforce any right accruing to the United States by reason of its having paid money or incurred expenses as a result of making such guarantees.
(Pub. L. 91–663, § 5, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1976.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification In subsec. (a), “chapter 31 of title 31” and “that chapter” substituted for “the Second Liberty Bond Act, as amended” and “that Act, as amended,”, respectively, on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, § 4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 665 - Utilization of services and facilities of Federal departments and agencies; reimbursement; consultation with Board; coordination of activities with Federal departments and agencies
## Text
(a) In carrying out the provisions of this chapter the Secretary may use available services and facilities of other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Federal Government with their consent and on a reimbursable basis, and shall consult with the Board in carrying out the provisions of this chapter.
(b) Departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Federal Government shall exercise their powers, duties, and functions in such manner as will assist in carrying out the provisions of this chapter.
(Pub. L. 91–663, § 6, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1977; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, § 325(3), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 951.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1995—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted “Board” for “Interstate Commerce Commission”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1995 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of Title 49, Transportation.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 666 - Court supervision of expenditures; findings; report to Secretary
## Text
In addition to other duties prescribed by section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, the court shall maintain supervision of the expenditure of funds obtained pursuant to section 662 of this title for the purpose of assuring that such funds are used solely for purposes set forth in subsection (b) of such section, shall make periodic findings regarding such expenditures, and shall report those findings to the Secretary.
(Pub. L. 91–663, § 7, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1977.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, referred to in text, was classified to section 205 of former Title 11, Bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Act (act July 1, 1898, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544) was repealed effective Oct. 1, 1979, by Pub. L. 95–598, §§ 401(a), 402(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2682, section 101 of which enacted revised Title 11. For current provisions relating to railroad reorganization, see subchapter IV (§ 1161 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 11.
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---
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title: "45 U.S.C. § 667"
description: "Audit by Comptroller General; report to Congress"
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title_number: 45
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# 45 U.S.C. § 667 - Audit by Comptroller General; report to Congress
## Text
The Comptroller General of the United States, or any of his duly authorized representatives, shall have access to such information, books, records, and documents as he determines necessary effectively to audit financial transactions and operations carried out by the Secretary in the administration of this chapter. The Comptroller General shall make such reports to the Congress on the results of any such audits as are appropriate.
(Pub. L. 91–663, § 8, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1977.)
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# 45 U.S.C. § 668 - Guarantee fees; amount; deposit
## Text
The Secretary shall prescribe a guarantee fee in connection with each loan guaranteed under this chapter which shall be collected from the railroad upon repayment of the loan guaranteed. Such fee shall be in an amount that the Secretary estimates to be necessary to cover the administrative costs of carrying out the provisions of this chapter with respect to such loan. Sums realized from such fees shall be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts.
(Pub. L. 91–663, § 9, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1978.)
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# 45 U.S.C. § 669 - Repealed. Pub. L. 97–375, title I, § 111(e), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1821
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 91–663, § 10, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1978; Pub. L. 96–470, title I, § 112(h), Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2240, directed the Secretary to make a report to the President and Congress on financial condition of each railroad except Central Railroad Company of New Jersey and Penn Central Transportation Company, having a loan guaranteed under this chapter ninety days after the making of such guarantee and annually thereafter throughout existence of such loan.
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title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
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chapter_name: "REGIONAL RAIL REORGANIZATION"
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# 45 U.S.C. § 701 - Congressional declaration of policy
## Text
(a) Findings The Congress finds and declares that—
(1) Essential rail service in the midwest and northeast region of the United States is provided by railroads which are today insolvent and attempting to undergo reorganization under the Bankruptcy Act.
(2) This essential rail service is threatened with cessation or significant curtailment because of the inability of the trustees of such railroads to formulate acceptable plans for reorganization. This rail service is operated over rail properties which were acquired for a public use, but which have been permitted to deteriorate and now require extensive rehabilitation and modernization.
(3) The public convenience and necessity require adequate and efficient rail service in this region and throughout the Nation to meet the needs of commerce, the national defense, the environment, and the service requirements of passengers, United States mail, shippers, States and their political subdivisions, and consumers.
(4) Continuation and improvement of essential rail service in this region is also necessary to preserve and maintain adequate national rail services and an efficient national rail transportation system.
(5) Rail service and rail transportation offer economic and environmental advantages with respect to land use, air pollution, noise levels, energy efficiency and conservation, resource allocation, safety, and cost per ton-mile of movement to such extent that the preservation and maintenance of adequate and efficient rail service is in the national interest.
(6) These needs cannot be met without substantial action by the Federal Government.
(b) Purposes It is therefore declared to be the purpose of Congress in this chapter to provide for—
(1) the identification of a rail service system in the midwest and northeast region which is adequate to meet the needs and service requirements of this region and of the national rail transportation system;
(2) the reorganization of railroads in this region into an economically viable system capable of providing adequate and efficient rail service to the region;
(3) the establishment of the United States Railway Association, with enumerated powers and responsibilities;
(4) the establishment of the Consolidated Rail Corporation, with enumerated powers and responsibilities;
(5) assistance to States and local and regional transportation authorities for continuation of local rail services threatened with cessation; and
(6) necessary Federal financial assistance at the lowest possible cost to the general tax­payer.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title I, § 101, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 986.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThe Bankruptcy Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is act July 1, 1898, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544, which was classified generally to former Title 11, Bankruptcy. The Act was repealed effective Oct. 1, 1979, by Pub. L. 95–598, §§ 401(a), 402(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2682, section 101 of which enacted revised Title 11. For current provisions relating to railroad reorganization, see subchapter IV (§ 1161 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 11.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Short Title of 1978 AmendmentPub. L. 95–565, § 1, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2397, provided: “That this Act [amending sections 726, 747, and 825 of this title and section 975 of Title 43, Public Lands, and enacting provision set out as a note under section 975 of Title 43] may be cited as the ‘United States Railway Association Amendments Act of 1978’.”
Short Title of 1976 AmendmentPub. L. 94–555, title II, § 201, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2616, provided that: “This title [amending sections 702, 711, 716, 720, 721, 743, 744, 771, 774, 775, 779, 823, 824, 825, 826, 829, 831, and 854 of this title, section 960 of Title 20, Education, sections 1a, 5, 5c, 13, 15, 17, 22, 26c, and 1653 of former Title 49, Transportation, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 80a–3 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and sections 1a and 1654 of former Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Rail Amendments of 1976’.”
Short Title of 1975 AmendmentPub. L. 94–5, § 1, Feb. 28, 1975, 89 Stat. 7, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 794 of this title and amending sections 712, 715, 716, 717, 721, 723, 725, and 743 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Regional Rail Reorganization Act Amendments of 1975’.”
Short TitlePub. L. 93–236, § 1, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 985, provided in part that this Act [enacting this chapter and amending section 856 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, and section 1(16) of former Title 49, Transportation], may be cited as the “Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973”.
SeparabilityPub. L. 93–236, title VI, § 604, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1023, provided that: “If any provision of this Act [enacting this chapter and amending section 856 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, and section 1(16) of former Title 49, Transportation] or the application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the remainder of this Act and the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby.”
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 702 - Definitions
## Text
As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires—
(1) “Association” means the United States Railway Association, established under section 711 of this title;
(2) “Commission” means the Interstate Commerce Commission;
(3) “Commuter authority” means any State, local, or regional authority, corporation, or other entity established for purposes of providing commuter service, and includes the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the Connecticut Department of Transportation, the Maryland Department of Transportation, the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, the New Jersey Transit Corporation, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation, any successor agencies, and any entity created by one or more such agencies for the purpose of operating, or contracting for the operation of, commuter service;
(4) “Commuter service” means short-haul rail passenger service operated in metropolitan and suburban areas, whether within or across the geographical boundaries of a State, usually characterized by reduced fare, multiple-ride, and commutation tickets, and by morning and evening peak period operations;
(5) “Corporation” means the Consolidated Rail Corporation required to be established under section 741 of this title or its successor by merger, consolidation or other form of succession carried out under applicable law for the purpose of changing the State of its incorporation;
(6) “effective date of the final system plan” means the date on which the final system plan or any revised final system plan is deemed approved by Congress, in accordance with section 718 of this title;
(7) “employee stock ownership plan” means a technique of corporate finance that uses a stock bonus trust or a company stock money purchase pension trust which qualifies under section 401(a) of title 26 in connection with the financing of corporate improvements, transfers in the ownership of corporate assets, and other capital requirements of a corporation and which is designed to build beneficial equity ownership of shares in the employer corporation into its employees substantially in proportion to their relative incomes, without requiring any cash outlay, any reduction in pay or other employee benefits, or the surrender of any other rights on the part of such employees;
(8) “final system plan” means the plan of reorganization for the restructure, rehabilitation, and modernization of railroads in reorganization prepared pursuant to section 716 of this title and approved pursuant to section 718 of this title;
(9) “Finance Committee” means the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors of the Association established under section 711(i) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title;
(10) “includes” and variants thereof should be read as if the phrase “but is not limited to” were also set forth;
(11) “local or regional transportation authority” includes a political subdivision of a State.22 So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.
(12) “Office” means the Rail Services Planning Office established under section 10361 1 of title 49;
(13) “profitable railroad” means a railroad which is not a railroad in reorganization. The term does not include the Corporation, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, or a railroad leased, operated, or controlled by a railroad in reorganization in the region;
(14) “rail properties” means assets or rights owned, leased, or otherwise controlled by a railroad (or a person owned, leased, or otherwise controlled by a railroad) which are used or useful in rail transportation service; except that the term, when used in conjunction with the phrase “railroads leased, operated, or controlled by a railroad in reorganization”, shall not include assets or rights owned, leased, or otherwise controlled by a Class I railroad which is not wholly owned, operated, or leased by a railroad in reorganization but is controlled by a railroad in reorganization;
(15) “railroad” means a rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49. The term includes the Corporation and the National Railroad Passenger Corporation;
(16) “railroad in reorganization” means a railroad which is subject to a bankruptcy proceeding and which has not been determined by a court to be reorganizable or not subject to reorganization pursuant to this chapter as prescribed in section 717(b) of this title. A “bankruptcy proceeding” includes a proceeding pursuant to section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act and an equity receivership or equivalent proceeding;
(17) “Region” means the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois; the District of Columbia; and those portions of contiguous States in which are located rail properties owned or operated by railroads doing business primarily in the aforementioned jurisdictions (as determined by the Commission by order);
(17A) “sale date” means the date on which the initial public offering of the securities of the Corporation is closed under the Conrail Privatization Act [45 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.];
(18) “Secretary” means the Secretary of Transportation or the designated representative of the Secretary;
(19) “State” means any State or the District of Columbia;
(20) “subsidiary” means any corporation 100 percent of whose total combined voting shares are, directly or indirectly, owned or controlled by the Corporation; and
(21) “supplemental transaction” means any transaction set forth in a proposal under section 745 of this title under which the Corporation or a subsidiary thereof would (A) acquire rail properties not designated for transfer or conveyance to it under the final system plan, (B) convey rail properties to a profitable railroad, a subsidiary of the Corporation or, other than as designated in the final system plan, to the National Railroad Passenger Corporation or to a State or a local or regional transportation authority, or to any other responsible person for use in providing rail service, or (C) enter into contractual or other arrangements with any person for the joint use of rail properties or the coordination or separation of rail operations or services.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title I, § 102, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 986; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, §§ 601(f), (g), 603(c), 607(t), 610(a), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 86, 88, 98, 100; Pub. L. 94–248, § 1, Mar. 25, 1976, 90 Stat. 286; Pub. L. 94–555, title II, § 211(a), Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2624; Pub. L. 96–448, title V, § 508(b), title VI, § 601(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1957, 1958; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1135(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 646; Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4033(b)(1), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1908; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, § 327(1), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 951.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 711(i) of this title, referred to in par. (9), which related to the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors of the Association, was repealed by Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1147, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 673. Section 10361 of title 49, referred to in par. (12), was omitted in the general amendment of subtitle IV of Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, § 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804. Previously, in par. (12) “section 10361 of title 49” was substituted for “section 205 of this Act”, meaning section 205 of Pub. L. 93–236, on authority of Pub. L. 95–473, § 3(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, the first section of which enacted subtitle IV (§ 10101 et seq.) of Title 49. Section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, referred to in par. (16), was classified to section 205 of former Title 11, Bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Act (act July 1, 1898, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544, as amended) was repealed effective Oct. 1, 1979, by Pub. L. 95–598, §§ 401(a), 402(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2682, section 101 of which enacted revised Title 11. For current provisions relating to railroad reorganization, see subchapter IV (§ 1161 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 11. The Conrail Privatization Act, referred to in par. (17A), is subtitle A (§§ 4001–4052) of title IV of Pub. L. 99–509, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1892, which is classified principally to chapter 22 (§ 1301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code see Short Title note set out under section 1301 of this title and Tables. The date on which the initial public offering of the securities of the corporation is closed under this Act was Apr. 2, 1987.
Codification In par. (21), formerly (19), “under section 743(b) of this title,” was struck out as the probable intent of Congress, in view of the amendment to par. (19) by section 601(b) of Pub. L. 96–448, which struck out the 6 year limitation within which the special court orders conveyances of rail properties to the Corporation, which conveyances were to be made under section 743(b) of this title. See 1980 Amendment note set out below.
Amendments1995—Par. (15). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted “rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49” for “common carrier by railroad as defined in section 1(3) of part I of the Interstate Commerce Act (49 U.S.C. 1(3))”. 1986—Par. (7). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”, which for purposes of codification was translated as “title 26” thus requiring no change in text. Par. (17A). Pub. L. 99–509 added par. (17A). 1981—Pub. L. 97–35 added pars. (3) and (4). Former pars. (3) to (19) redesignated (5) to (21), respectively. 1980—Par. (16). Pub. L. 96–448, § 508(b), substituted “or the designated representative of the Secretary” for “or the person at the time performing the duties of the Office of the Secretary of Transportation in accordance with law, or, in his absence, the Deputy Secretary of Transportation”. Par. (19). Pub. L. 96–448, § 601(b), struck out “, within 6 years after the date on which the special court orders conveyances of rail properties to the Corporation” after “section 745 of this title”. See Codification note above. 1976—Par. (3). Pub. L. 94–248 inserted provision relating to successor by merger, consolidation, etc., of the Corporation Par. (7). Pub. L. 94–210, § 603(c), added par. (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (8). Par. (8). Pub. L. 94–210, §§ 601(g), 603(c), redesignated former par. (7) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (10). Pars. (9) to (11). Pub. L. 94–210, § 601(g), added par. (9) and redesignated former pars. (8) and (9) as (10) and (11), respectively. Former pars. (10) and (11) redesignated (12) and (13), respectively. Par. (12). Pub. L. 94–210, §§ 601(g), 607(t), redesignated former par. (10) as (12), inserted “(or a person owned, leased, or otherwise controlled by a railroad)” before “which are used or useful”, and substituted “phrase” for “phase”. Former par. (12) redesignated (14). Pars. (13) to (15). Pub. L. 94–210, § 601(g), redesignated former pars. (11) to (13) as (13) to (15) respectively. Former pars. (13) to (15) redesignated (15) to (17) respectively. Par. (16). Pub. L. 94–555 substituted “, in his absence, the Deputy Secretary of Transportation” for “the duly authorized representative of either of them” after “accordance with law, or”. Pub. L. 94–210, §§ 601(f), (g), 610(a)(1), redesignated former par. (14) as (16) and substituted provisions relating to the person at the time performing the duties of the Office in accordance with the law, or the duly authorized representative of such person or the Secretary, for provisions relating to the delegate of the Secretary, unless the context indicated otherwise. Par. (17). Pub. L. 94–210, §§ 601(g), 610(a)(2), redesignated former par. (15) as (17) and substituted a semicolon for a period. Pars. (18), (19). Pub. L. 94–210, § 610(a)(3), added pars. (18) and (19).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1995 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of Title 49, Transportation.
Effective Date of 1981 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–35 effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1101 of this title.
Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–448 effective Oct. 1, 1980, see section 710(a) of Pub. L. 96–448, set out as a note under section 1170 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.
Effective Date of 1976 AmendmentPub. L. 94–555, title III, § 303, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2631, provided that: “The provisions of this Act and the amendments made by this Act [amending this section, sections 543, 545, 546, 563, 601, 602, 641, 711, 716, 720, 721, 743, 744, 771, 774, 775, 779, 823, 824, 825, 826, 829, 831, and 854 of this title, section 960 of Title 20, Education, and sections 1a, 5, 5c, 13, 15, 17, 22, 26c, and 1653 of former Title 49, Transportation, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 501, 641, 701, and 714 of this title, section 80a–3 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and sections 1a and 1654 of former Title 49] shall take effect on October 1, 1976.”
Abolition of Interstate Commerce Commission and Transfer of Functions Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 712 - Functions of Association
## Text
(a) General The Association is authorized to—
(1) monitor the financial performance of the Corporation;
(2) review whether the goals and requirements of this chapter are met;
(3) purchase or otherwise acquire or receive, and hold and dispose of securities (whether debt or equity) of the Corporation under sections 726 and 727 of this title and exercise all of the rights, privileges, and powers of a holder of any such securities;
(4) purchase accounts receivable of the Corporation in accordance with section 727 of this title;
(5) appoint and fix the compensation of such personnel as the Association considers necessary and appropriate; and
(11) 11 So in original. Probably should be “(6)”. determine the value of the Alaska Railroad, as required by section 1204 of this title.
(b) Investment of funds Uncommitted funds of the Association shall be kept in cash on hand or on deposit, or invested in obligations of the United States or guaranteed thereby, or in obligations, participations, or other investments which are lawful investments for fiduciary, trust, or public funds.
(c) Exemption from taxation The Association, including its franchise, capital reserves, surplus, security holdings, and income shall be exempt from all taxation now or hereafter imposed by the United States, any commonwealth, territory, dependency, or possession thereof, or by any State or political subdivision thereof, except that any real property of the Association shall be subject to taxation to the same extent according to its value as other real property is taxed.
(d) Reports (1) 22 Par. “(1)” designation supplied editorially. The Association shall transmit to the Congress and the President, not later than 90 days after the end of each fiscal year, a comprehensive and detailed report on all activities of the Association during the preceding fiscal year. Each such report shall include (A) the Association’s statement of specific and detailed objectives for the activities and programs conducted and assisted under this chapter; (B) statements of the Association’s conclusions as to the effectiveness of such activities and programs in meeting the stated objectives and the purposes of this chapter, measured through the end of the preceding fiscal year; (C) recommendations with respect to any legislation or administrative action which the Association deems necessary or desirable; (D) a statistical compilation of the obligations issued, certificates of value issued, securities purchased, and loans made under this chapter; (E) a summary of outstanding problems confronting the Association, in order of priority; (F) all other information required to be submitted to the Congress pursuant to any other provision of this chapter; and (G) the Association’s projections and plans for its activities and programs during the next fiscal year.
(2) For the fiscal year beginning October 1, 1977, and ending September 30, 1978, the Association shall transmit to the Congress and the President, not later than 30 days after the end of each quarter of such fiscal year, a comprehensive and detailed report on all expenditures and use of funds during the preceding fiscal quarter, including an assessment of the status of projects for such preceding fiscal quarter and a projection of activities proposed for the next fiscal quarter.
(3) The Association shall transmit to the Congress, no later than 30 days after the end of each fiscal quarter, a report with respect to the proceedings before the special court to determine the valuation of rail properties conveyed to the Corporation under section 743 of this title. Each such report shall include—
(A) a detailed accounting of the Federal funds expended during such quarter in connection with such proceedings, and the purposes for which such funds were expended;
(B) an explanation of the status of such proceedings, including the prospects for settlement or conclusion; and
(C) an identification of which responsibilities in connection with such proceedings are being carried out directly by the Association, and which are being carried out by contract with private organizations.
(e) Budget The receipts and disbursements of the Association (other than administrative expenses referred to in subsection (g) 33 So in original. Subsec. (g) redesignated (f) by Pub. L. 97–35. of this section and receipts and disbursements under section 726 of this title and section 746 of this title) in the discharge of its functions shall not be included in the totals of the budget of the United States Government, and shall be exempt from any annual expenditure and net lending (budget outlays) limitations imposed on a budget of the United States Government. The Chairman of the Association shall transmit annually to the Congress a budget for program activities and for administrative expenses of the Association. The Chairman shall report annually to the Congress the amount of net lending of the Association, which would be included in the totals of the budgets of the United States Government, if the Association’s activities were not excluded from those totals as a result of this section.
(f) Accountability The Chairman of the Association shall transmit annually to the Office of Management and Budget a budget for administrative expenses of the Association. Whenever the Association submits any budget estimate or request to the Office of Management and Budget, it shall concurrently transmit a copy of the estimate or request to the Congress. Within budgetary constraints of the Congress, the maximum feasible and prudent budgetary flexibility shall be provided to the Association to permit effective operations.
(g) Transfer of litigation No later than March 1, 1980, the Association and the Attorney General of the United States shall develop and submit to the Congress a feasibility study for the transfer, to the appropriate department or agency of the Federal Government, of all responsibility for representing the United States in the proceedings before the special court to determine the valuation of rail properties conveyed to the Corporation under section 743 of this title.
(h) Transfer of other functions No later than March 1, 1980, the Association and the Secretary of Transportation shall develop and submit to the Congress a feasibility study for the transfer of all functions of the Association, other than those referred to in subsection (h) 44 So in original. Subsec. (h) redesignated (g) by Pub. L. 97–35. of this section, to the appropriate department or agency of the Federal Government, including the abolition of those functions which will no longer be necessary.
(i) Monitoring of contractors The Board of Directors of the Association shall adopt procedures to insure (1) that contractors, including law firms, provide reports containing written verification of tasks assigned, work performed, time worked, and costs incurred, including periodic status reports on work performed, (2) that such reports are audited by the Association, (3) that no funds are paid to contractors without written reports complying with the requirements of this subsection, and (4) that the Association applies such procedures uniformly to all contractors.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 202, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 990; Pub. L. 94–5, § 2(a), Feb. 28, 1975, 89 Stat. 7; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, §§ 601(c), 607(b), (c), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 84, 96; Pub. L. 95–199, § 2, Nov. 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 1423; Pub. L. 96–73, title II, §§ 202, 203, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 555; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1148(a), (b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 674; Pub. L. 97–468, title VI, § 605(e), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2564.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Subsec. (f), formerly (g), of this section as originally enacted consisted of pars. (1) and (2). Par. (1), which amended section 856 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, was repealed by Pub. L. 97–258, § 5(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1068, the first section of which enacted Title 31.
Amendments1983—Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 97–468 added par. (11). 1981—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–35, § 1148(a)(1), substituted provisions respecting financial performance monitoring, goal review, etc., for provisions respecting plan preparation and implementation, issuance of obligations, etc. Subsecs. (b) to (j). Pub. L. 97–35, § 1148(a), struck out subsec. (b) which related to additional duties of the Association, and redesignated subsecs. (c) to (j) as (b) to (i), respectively. 1979—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 96–73, § 202, added par. (3). Subsecs. (h) to (j). Pub. L. 96–73, § 203, added subsecs. (h) to (j). 1977—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–199 substituted “Reports” for “Annual report” in heading, redesignated cls. (1) through (7) as cls. (A) through (G) in first par., and added par. (2). 1976—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 94–210, § 601(c), inserted provisions relating to securities under section 726 of this title and certificates of value under section 746 of this title. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(b), in cl. (4) inserted “, certificates of value issued, securities purchased,” after “obligations issued”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(c), inserted provisions relating to receipts and disbursements under sections 726 and 746 of this title. 1975—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 94–5, § 2(a)(1), inserted “and express” after “rail” wherever appearing. Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 94–5, § 2(a)(2), substituted “; and” for a period at end of par. (7). Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 94–5, § 2(a)(3), added par. (8).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1981 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–35 effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1101 of this title.
Effective Date of 1979 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–73 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 501(a) of Pub. L. 96–73.
Termination of Reporting RequirementsFor termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which reports required under subsecs. (d)(1), (3), (e), and (f) of this section are listed as the 3rd through 6th items on page 195), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, and section 1(a)(4) [div. A, § 1402(1)] of Pub. L. 106–554, set out as notes under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.
Abolition of Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, and Transfer of Functions Special court abolished and all jurisdiction and functions transferred to United States District Court for District of Columbia, see section 719(b)(2) of this title.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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---
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citation: "45 U.S.C. § 713"
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release_date: "2026-06-26"
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 713 - Access to information
## Text
The Corporation shall make available to the Association such information as the Association determines necessary for the Association to carry out its functions under this chapter. The Association shall request from other parties which are affected by this chapter information which will enable the Association to fulfill its functions under this chapter.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 203, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 992; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 607(d), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 96; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1149, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 675.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1981—Pub. L. 97–35 substituted provisions relating to the Corporation making available to the Association all necessary information for provisions set out as subsecs. (a) to (d) respecting planning and other information availability, and enforcement procedures. 1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–210 struck out provisions prohibiting requests for information under this subsection after effective date of the final system plan.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1981 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–35 effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1101 of this title.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 714 - Omitted
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section, Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 204, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 993, directed the Secretary, within 30 days after Jan. 2, 1974, to prepare a report, with recommendations, with respect to the geographic zones within the region in which said service should be provided, to submit the report to the Office, the Association, the Governor, and the public utilities commission of each State studied in the report and to local governments, consumer organizations, environmental groups, the public, and to Congress, and to publish the report in the Federal Register.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Delaware-Maryland-Virginia Peninsula Rail Study; Report to CongressPub. L. 94–555, title III, § 302, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2631, directed Interstate Commerce Commission to submit a report to Congress, within six months of Oct. 19, 1976, regarding problems of and need for rail transportation services on Delaware-Maryland-Virginia peninsula.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 715 - Repealed. Pub. L. 95–473, § 4(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 205, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 993, Pub. L. 94–5, § 3, Feb. 28, 1975, 89 Stat. 7; Pub. L. 94–210, title III, § 309, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 57, established Rail Services Planning Office.
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 716 - Final system plan
## Text
(a) Goals The final system plan shall be formulated in such a way as to effectuate the following goals:
(1) the creation, through a process of reorganization, of a financially self-sustaining rail and express service system in the region;
(2) the establishment and maintenance of a rail service system adequate to meet the rail transportation needs and service requirements of the region;
(3) the establishment of improved high-speed rail passenger service, consonant with the recommendations of the Secretary in his report of September 1971, entitled “Recommendations for Northeast Corridor Transportation”;
(4) the preservation, to the extent consistent with other goals, of existing patterns of service by railroads (including short-line and terminal railroads), and of existing railroad trackage in areas in which fossil fuel natural resources are located, and the utilization of those modes of transportation in the region which require the smallest amount of scarce energy resources and which can most efficiently transport energy resources;
(5) the retention and promotion of competition in the provision of rail and other transportation services in the region;
(6) the attainment and maintenance of any environmental standards, particularly the applicable national ambient air quality standards and plans established under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970, taking into consideration the environmental impact of alternative choices of action;
(7) the movement of passengers and freight in rail transportation in the region in the most efficient manner consistent with safe operation, including the requirements of commuter and intercity rail passenger service; the extent to which there should be coordination with the National Railroad Passenger Corporation and similar entities; and the identification of all short-to-medium distance corridors in densely populated areas in which the major upgrading of rail lines for high-speed passenger operation would return substantial public benefits; and
(8) the minimization of job losses and associated increases in unemployment and community benefit costs in areas in the region presently served by rail service.
(b) Factors The final system plan shall be based upon due consideration of all factors relevant to the realization of the goals set forth in subsection (a) of this section. Such factors include the need for and the cost of rehabilitation and modernization of track, equipment, and other facilities; methods of achieving economies in the cost of rail operations in the region; means of achieving rationalization of rail services and the rail service system in the region; marketing studies; the impact on railroad employees; consumer needs; traffic analyses; financial studies; and any other factors identified by the Association under section 712(b) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title or in the report of the Secretary required under section 714(a) of this title.
(c) Designations The final system plan shall designate—
(1) which rail properties of railroads in reorganization in the region or of railroads leased, operated, or controlled by any railroad in reorganization in the region—
(A) shall be transferred to the Corporation: Provided, That the Corporation shall, within 95 days after the effective date of the final system plan, give notice to the Association of which such rail properties, if any, are to be transferred to a subsidiary of the Corporation in the event that the Board of Directors of the Association finds that such transfer would be consistent with the final system plan;
(B) shall be offered for sale to a profitable railroad operating in the region and, if such offer is accepted, operated by such railroad; the plan shall designate what additions shall be made to the designation under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph and what alternative designations shall be made under this paragraph in the event such profitable railroad fails to accept such offer;
(C) shall be purchased, leased, or otherwise acquired from the Corporation by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation in accordance with the exercise of its option under section 791(d) of this title for improvement to achieve the goal set forth in subsection (a)(3) of this section;
(D) may be purchased or leased from the Corporation by (i) a State or a local or regional transportation authority to meet the needs of commuter and intercity rail passenger service, or (ii) the National Railroad Passenger Corporation to meet the needs of improved rail passenger service over intercity routes, other than properties designated pursuant to subparagraph (C) of this paragraph; and
(E) if not otherwise required to be operated by the Corporation, a government entity, or a responsible person, are suitable for use for other public purposes, including highways, other forms of transportation, conservation, energy transmission, education or health care facilities, or recreation. In carrying out this subparagraph, the Association shall solicit the views and recommendations of the Secretary, the Secretary of the Interior, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and other agencies of the Federal Government and of the States and political subdivisions thereof within the region, and the general public; and
(2) which rail properties of profitable railroads operating in the region may be offered for sale to the Corporation or to other profitable railroads operating in the region subject to paragraphs (3) and (4) of subsection (d) of this section. Any rail properties designated to be offered for sale to the Corporation may be sold instead to a subsidiary of the Corporation.
(d) Transfers All transfers or conveyances pursuant to the final system plan shall be made in accordance with, and subject to, the following principles:
(1) All rail properties to be transferred to the Corporation or any subsidiary thereof by a profitable railroad, by trustees of a railroad in reorganization, or by any railroad leased, operated, or controlled by a railroad in reorganization in the region, shall be transferred in exchange for stock and other securities of the Corporation or any subsidiary thereof (including obligations of the Association) and the other benefits accruing to such railroad by reason of such transfer.
(2) All rail properties to be conveyed to a profitable railroad operating in the region by trustees of a railroad in reorganization, or by any railroad leased, operated, or controlled by a railroad in reorganization in the region, shall be conveyed in exchange for compensation from the profitable railroad.
(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, no acquisition under this chapter shall be made by any profitable railroad operating in the region without a determination with respect to each such transaction and all such transactions cumulatively (A) by the Association, upon adoption and release of the preliminary system plan, that such acquisition or acquisitions will not materially impair the profitability of any other profitable railroad operating in the region or of the Corporation, and (B) by the Commission, which shall be made within 90 days after adoption and release by the Association of the preliminary system plan, that such acquisition or acquisitions will be in full accord and comply with the provisions and standards of subchapter III 1 of chapter 113 of title 49. All determinations made by the Association in the correction to the preliminary system plan published on April 11, 1975 (40 Fed. Reg. 16377), shall be treated for all purposes as if they had been made upon adoption and release by the Association of the preliminary system plan. All determinations made by the Commission with respect to such correction shall be treated for all purposes as if they had been made within 90 days after adoption and release by the Association of the preliminary system plan. All determinations made by the Commission with respect to acquisitions by profitable railroads referred to in any supplement to the preliminary system plan published under section 717(b)(2) of this title shall be deemed to be timely if made prior to the adoption of the final system plan under section 717(c) of this title. The determination by the Association shall not be reviewable in any court. The determination by the Commission shall not be reviewable in any court.
(4) Where the final system plan designates specified rail properties of a railroad in reorganization in the region, or of a railroad leased, operated, or controlled by a railroad in reorganization in the region, to be offered for sale to and operated by a profitable railroad operating in the region, such designation shall terminate 7 days after February 5, 1976, unless, prior to such date, such profitable railroad has notified the Association in writing of its acceptance of such offer. Any such offer may be modified until the date of acceptance thereof, unless such modification results in an offer for the sale of rail properties at less than the net liquidation value thereof. Where the final system plan designates specified rail properties of a profitable railroad operating in the region as authorized to be offered for sale or lease to the Corporation or to other profitable railroads operating in the region, such designation and authorization shall terminate 95 days after the effective date of the final system plan unless, prior to such date, a binding agreement with respect to such properties has been entered into and concluded.
(5) All properties—
(A) transferred by the Corporation pursuant to subsection (c)(1)(C) of this section and section 791(d) of this title;
(B) transferred by the Corporation to any State (or local or regional transportation authority), pursuant to subsection (c)(1)(D) of this section, or
(C) transferred by the Corporation to any State, local or regional transportation authority, or the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, within 3 years after the date of conveyance, pursuant to section 743(b)(1) of this title, to meet the needs of commuter or intercity rail passenger service,
shall be transferred at a value related to the value received from the Corporation pursuant to the final system plan for the transfer to such Corporation of such properties. The value of any such properties, which are transferred pursuant to subparagraph (B) or (C) of this paragraph, shall be adjusted to reflect the value attributable to any applicable maintenance and improvement provided by the Corporation (to the extent the Corporation has not been released from the obligation to pay for such improvements) and the cost to the Corporation of transferring such properties. The Corporation, its Board of Directors, and its individual directors shall not be liable to any party, for money damages or in any other manner, solely by reason of the fact that the Corporation transferred property pursuant to section 743 of this title to meet the needs of commuter or intercity rail passenger service or for purposes of providing rail marine freight floating service, except as otherwise provided with respect to the Corporation pursuant to section 743(c)(2) of this title.
(6) Notwithstanding any statement to the contrary in the final system plan, a State (or a local or regional transportation authority) shall not be required to deliver to the Corporation a firm commitment to acquire rail properties designated to such State or authority prior to 7 days after February 5, 1976.
(7) Notwithstanding any contrary provision in the options conveyed to the Corporation by railroads in reorganization, or railroads leased, operated, or controlled by a railroad in reorganization, with respect to the acquisition by the Corporation pursuant to the final system plan, on behalf of a State (or a local or regional transportation authority) of rail properties designated under subsection (c)(1)(D) of this section, such options shall not be deemed to have expired prior to 7 days after September 30, 1976. The exercise by the Corporation of any such option shall be effective if it is made, prior to the expiration of such 7-day period, in the manner prescribed in such options.
(e) Corporation features The final system plan shall set forth—
(1) pro forma earnings for the Corporation, as reasonably projected and considering the additions or changes in the designation of rail properties to be operated by the Corporation which may be made under subsection (d)(4) of this section;
(2) the capital structure of the Corporation, based on the pro forma earnings of the Corporation as set forth, including such debt capitalization as shall be reasonably deemed to conform to the requirements of the public interest with respect to railroad debt securities, including the adequacy of coverage of fixed charges; and
(3) the manner in which employee stock ownership plans may, to the extent practicable, be utilized for meeting the capitalization requirements of the Corporation, taking into account (A) the relative cost savings compared to conventional methods of corporate finance; (B) the labor cost savings; (C) the potential for minimizing strikes and producing more harmonious relations between labor organizations and railway management; (D) the projected employee dividend incomes; (E) the impact on quality of service and prices to railway users; and (F) the promotion of the objectives of this chapter of creating a financially self-sustaining railway system in the region which also meets the service needs of the region and the Nation.
(f) Value The final system plan shall designate the value of all rail properties to be transferred under the final system plan and the value of the securities and other benefits to be received for transferring those rail properties to the Corporation in accordance with the final system plan.
(g) Other provisions The final system plan may recommend arrangements among various railroads for joint use or operation of rail properties on a shared ownership, cooperative, pooled, or condominium-type basis, subject to such terms and conditions as may be specified in the final system plan. The final system plan shall also make such designations as are determined to be necessary in accordance with the provisions of section 762 or 763 1 of this title.
(h) Obligational authority The final system plan shall recommend the amount of obligations of the Association which are necessary to enable it to implement the final system plan.
(i) Terms and conditions for securities The final system plan may include terms and conditions for any securities to be issued by the Corporation in exchange for the conveyance of rail properties under the final system plan which in the judgement of the Association will minimize any actual or potential debt burden on the Corporation. Any such terms and conditions for securities of the Corporation which purport to directly obligate the Association shall not become effective without affirmative approval, with or without modification by a joint resolution of the Congress.
(j) Additional properties deemed designated Any rail properties over which rail service was being provided as of February 5, 1976, and which were recommended in the preliminary system plan for transfer to the Corporation, shall be deemed to be designated in the final system plan for transfer to the Corporation under subsection (c)(1)(A) of this section. Any designation in the final system plan, pursuant to subsection (c)(1)(B) of this section, of overhead trackage rights to be acquired by a profitable railroad operating in the region over specified rail properties to be acquired by the Corporation, where such designation does not (1) authorize such profitable railroad to interchange traffic with at least one railroad, or (2) provide for the connection of portions of such profitable railroad’s rail properties, and where the transfer of ownership of such rail properties (including trackage rights) to such profitable railroad was recommended in the preliminary system plan, and the Commission has made a determination with respect thereto, in accordance with subsection (d)(3) of this section, shall be deemed to authorize such profitable railroad to interchange traffic with the Corporation and any other profitable railroad connecting with such specified rail properties.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 206, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 994; Pub. L. 94–5, § 2(b), Feb. 28, 1975, 89 Stat. 7; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 607(e)–(j), (o)–(q), title VIII, § 807, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 96–98, 143; Pub. L. 94–436, §§ 2, 4, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1398; Pub. L. 94–555, title II, § 202(a), (c), Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2616, 2617; Pub. L. 95–611, § 4(a), Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3090.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextClean Air Act Amendments of 1970, referred to in subsec. (a)(6), mean Pub. L. 91–604, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1676. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1970 Amendment note set out under section 7401 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and Tables. Section 712(b) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b), which related to additional duties of the Association, was repealed and section 712(c) of this title was redesignated section 712(b) by Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1148(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 674. Section 714 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b), was omitted from the Code. Subchapter III of chapter 113 of title 49, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), was omitted in the general amendment of subtitle IV of Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, § 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804. Previously, in subsec. (d)(3), “subchapter III of chapter 113 of title 49” was substituted for “section 5 of part I of the Interstate Commerce Act (49 U.S.C. 5)” on authority of Pub. L. 95–473, § 3(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1446, the first section of which enacted subtitle IV (§ 10101 et seq.) of Title 49. Sections 762 and 763 of this title, referred to in subsec. (g), were repealed by Pub. L. 94–210, title VIII, § 806, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 143, eff. Apr. 1, 1978.
Amendments1978—Subsec. (d)(5)(C). Pub. L. 95–611 substituted “3 years” for “900 days”. 1976—Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(g), inserted proviso relating to notice by the Corporation to the Association. Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(f), inserted provision relating to alternative designations to be made under this paragraph. Subsec. (c)(1)(D). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(j), designated existing provision as cl. (i) and added cl. (ii). Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(h), inserted provision relating to sale of designated properties to a subsidiary of the Corporation. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(i), inserted “or any subsidiary thereof” after “Corporation” wherever appearing. Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(e), inserted provisions relating to correction to the preliminary system plan published in 40 Fed. Reg. 16377, determinations made with respect to such correction by the Commission, and determinations made with respect to acquisitions referred to in any supplement to the preliminary system plan. Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(o), inserted provision relating to modification of offer until the date of acceptance, and substituted “95” for “60” and “7 days after February 5, 1976,” for “30 days after the effective date of the final system plan”. Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 94–555, § 202(a), inserted “or for purposes of providing rail marine freight floating service” after “intercity rail passenger service”. Pub. L. 94–436, § 2, inserted provision relieving the Corporation, its Board of Directors, and its individual directors from liability to any party by reason of the fact that the Corporation transferred property pursuant to section 743 of this title. Pub. L. 94–210, § 807, restructured provisions and substituted provisions relating to valuation of transferred properties transferred by the Corporation and adjustment of such valuation, for provisions relating to valuation of transferred properties sold by the Corporation. Subsec. (d)(6). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(p), added par. (6). Subsec. (d)(7). Pub. L. 94–555, § 202(c), inserted “by the Corporation pursuant to the final system plan” after “with respect to the acquisition”. Pub. L. 94–436, § 4, added par. (7). Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(q), added subsec. (j). 1975—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–5 inserted “and express” after “rail”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentPub. L. 95–611, § 4(b), Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3090, provided that: “The amendment made by this Act [probably meaning this section 4, which amended section 716 of this title] shall be effective on January 2, 1974.”
Effective Date of 1976 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 94–555 effective Oct. 1, 1976, see section 303 of Pub. L. 94–555, set out as a note under section 702 of this title.
Abolition of Interstate Commerce Commission and Transfer of Functions Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 717 - Adoption of final system plan
## Text
(a) Preliminary system plan (1) Within 420 days after January 2, 1974, the Association shall adopt and release a preliminary system plan prepared by it on the basis of reports and other information submitted to it by the Secretary, the Office, and interested persons in accordance with this chapter and on the basis of its own investigations, consultations, research, evaluation, and analysis pursuant to this chapter. Copies of the preliminary system plan shall be transmitted by the Association to the Secretary, the Office, the Governor and public utility commission of each State in the region, the Congress, each court having jurisdiction over a railroad in reorganization in the region, the special court, and interested persons, and a copy shall be published in the Federal Register. The Association shall invite and afford interested persons an opportunity to submit comments on the preliminary system plan to the Association within 60 days after the date of its release.
(2) The Office is authorized and directed to hold public hearings on the preliminary system plan and to make available to the Association a summary and analysis of the evidence received in the course of such proceedings, together with its critique and evaluation of the preliminary system plan, not later than 60 days after the date of release of such plan. The Office is authorized to hold public hearings on any supplement to the preliminary system plan and to make available to the Association a summary and analysis of the evidence received in the course of such proceedings, together with its critique and evaluation of such supplement, not later than 30 days after the release of such supplement.
(b) Approval (1) Within 120 days after January 2, 1974, each United States district court or other court having jurisdiction over a railroad in reorganization shall decide whether the railroad is reorganizable on an income basis within a reasonable time under section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act and that the public interest would be better served by continuing the present reorganization proceedings than by a reorganization under this chapter. Within 60 days after the submission of the report by the Office, under section 715(d)(1) of this title, on the Secretary’s report on rail services in the region, each United States district court or other court having jurisdiction over a railroad in reorganization shall decide whether or not such railroad shall be reorganized by means of transferring some of its rail properties to the Corporation pursuant to the provisions of this chapter. Because of the strong public interest in the continuance of rail transportation in the region pursuant to a system plan devised under the provisions of this chapter, each such court shall order that the reorganization be proceeded with pursuant to this chapter unless it (1) has found that the railroad is reorganizable on an income basis within a reasonable time under section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act and that the public interest would be better served by such a reorganization than by a reorganization under this chapter, or (2) finds that this chapter does not provide a process which would be fair and equitable to the estate of the railroad in reorganization in which case it shall dismiss the reorganization proceeding. If a court does not enter an order or make a finding as required by this subsection, the reorganization shall be proceeded with pursuant to this chapter. An appeal from an order made under this section may be made only to the special court. Appeal to the special court shall be taken within 10 days following entry of an order pursuant to this subsection, and the special court shall complete its review and render its decision within 80 days after such appeal is taken. There shall be no review of the decision of the special court.
(2) Whenever it has been finally determined pursuant to the procedures of paragraph (1) of this subsection, that the reorganization of a railroad subject to reorganization under section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act shall not be proceeded with pursuant to this chapter, the court having jurisdiction over such railroad may, upon a petition which is filed within 10 days after February 28, 1975, by the trustees of such railroad, reconsider such order. Such reorganization court shall (i) affirm its previous order or (ii) issue an order that the reorganization of such railroad be proceeded with pursuant to this chapter unless it finds that this chapter does not provide a process which would be fair and equitable. The provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection are applicable in such reconsideration, except that (A) such reorganization court shall make its decision within 30 days after such petition is filed, and (B) any decision by the special court on appeal from such a decision shall be rendered within 30 days after such reorganization court decision is made. There shall be no review of the decision of the special court. The Association shall take any steps it finds necessary, consistent with time limitations and other provisions of this chapter, to effectuate the consequences of such a revised order, including the preparation and submission of any necessary or appropriate supplements to the preliminary system plan.
(c) Adoption Within 540 days after January 2, 1974, the executive committee of the Association shall prepare and submit a final system plan for the approval of the Board of Directors of the Association. A copy of such submission shall be simultaneously presented to the Commission. The submission shall reflect evaluation of all responses and summaries of responses received, testimony at any public hearings, and the results of additional study and review. Within 30 days thereafter, the Board of Directors of the Association shall by a majority vote of all its members approve a final system plan which meets all of the requirements of section 716 of this title.
(d) Review of Commission Within 30 days following the adoption of the final system plan by the Association under subsection (c) of this section and the submission of such plan to Congress under section 718(a) of this title, the Commission shall submit to the Congress an evaluation of the final system plan delivered to both Houses of Congress.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 207, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 998; Pub. L. 93–488, § 1(a), (b), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1464; Pub. L. 94–5, § 4, Feb. 28, 1975, 89 Stat. 7.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), (2), was classified to section 205 of former Title 11, Bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Act (act July 1, 1898, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544, as amended) was repealed effective Oct. 1, 1979, by Pub. L. 95–598, §§ 401(a), 402(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2682, section 101 of which enacted revised Title 11. For current provisions relating to railroad reorganization, see subchapter IV (§ 1161 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 11. Section 715(d)(1) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is a reference to section 715(d)(1) prior to amendment by Pub. L. 94–210. Section 715 was repealed by Pub. L. 95–473, § 4(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, the first section of which enacted subtitle IV (§ 10101 et seq.) of Title 49, Transportation.
Amendments1975—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 94–5, § 4(b), inserted provisions authorizing the Office to hold public hearings on supplements to the preliminary system plan and to make available to the Association a summary and analysis of the evidence received in the course of such proceedings, together with its critique and evaluation of the supplement not later than 30 days after the release of the supplement. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–5, § 4(a), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). 1974—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 93–488, § 1(a), substituted “420” for “300”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–488, § 1(b), substituted “540” for “420”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Abolition of Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, and Transfer of Functions Special court abolished and all jurisdiction and functions transferred to United States District Court for District of Columbia, see section 719(b)(2) of this title.
Abolition of Interstate Commerce Commission and Transfer of Functions Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 718 - Review by Congress
## Text
(a) General The Board of Directors of the Association shall deliver the final system plan adopted by the Association to both Houses of Congress and to the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate. The final system plan shall be deemed approved at the end of the first period of 60 calendar days of continuous session of Congress after such date of transmittal unless either the House of Representatives or the Senate passes a resolution during such period stating that it does not favor the final system plan.
(b) Revised plan If either the House or the Senate passes a resolution of disapproval under subsection (a) of this section, the Association, with the cooperation and assistance of the Secretary and the Office, shall prepare, determine, and adopt a revised final system plan. Each such revised plan shall be submitted to Congress for review pursuant to subsection (a) of this section.
(c) Computation For purposes of this section—
(1) continuity of session of Congress is broken only by an adjournment sine die; and
(2) the days on which either House is not in session because of an adjournment of more than 3 days to a day certain are excluded in the computation of the 60-day period.
(d) Additions (1) The supplemental report, dated September 18, 1975, to the final system plan, and the provisions of the Association’s official errata supplement to the final system plan, dated December 1, 1975, including all designations made therein, shall be treated for all purposes as if they had been part of and included in the final system plan adopted by the Association and reviewed by the Congress. The final system plan shall, for all purposes, be deemed to be approved as modified and amended by such supplemental report and such supplement.
(2) The Association may, upon petition of any State, modify the final system plan to make further designations with respect to rail properties of railroads in reorganization in the region designated for transfer to the Corporation under such plan, if such designations (A) are likely to result in improved rail service on such rail properties and connecting rail properties, and (B) would not materially impair the profitability of the Corporation. Such designations, including designations of such rail properties to a State, a profitable railroad, or a responsible person, may be made at any time prior to delivery of the final system plan to the special court under section 719(c) of this title. Such further designations shall be treated for all purposes as if they had been included in the final system plan adopted by the Association and reviewed by the Congress, and the final system plan shall for all purposes be deemed to be approved as modified by such designations. Any action of the Association with respect to any such petition shall not be subject to review by any court.
(3) (A) Within 20 days after February 5, 1976, the Association may, by notice to the Congress and by publication in the Federal Register, modify, supplement, or add to the designations of rail properties in the final system plan if the Association finds such actions are necessary to—
(i) achieve the efficient implementation of the final system plan, or
(ii) provide for the offer to profitable railroads of rail properties designated in the final system plan to the Corporation, if such properties are not essential in the operation of other rail properties of the Corporation but are or would be integrally related to the operation of rail properties of (or which are offered pursuant to the final system plan to) such profitable railroad, or
(iii) provide for the designation of additional rail properties to the Corporation or to a subsidiary thereof to enable the Corporation to serve efficiently a line of railroad designated to the Corporation in the final system plan if such line does not connect with any other line of railroad so designated to the Corporation or if such line would be served more efficiently as a consequence of such designation.
Any designation to a profitable railroad pursuant to this paragraph shall comply with the second sentence of section 716(d)(4) of this title, and shall only be made upon a finding by the Association that such designation is integrally related to an offer of rail properties to a profitable railroad in the final system plan, that the goals of the final system plan require that the rail properties be operated as a part of the rail properties included in such offer, and that the implementation of such designation will not materially and adversely affect the impact of such offer on the profitability of the Corporation or any profitable railroad operating in the region. Any designation to a profitable railroad pursuant to this subsection, which amends any prior offer, shall terminate 30 days after February 5, 1976, unless, prior to such date, such profitable railroad has notified the Association in writing of its acceptance of such amendment to the prior offer.
(B) If a line of railroad or any segment thereof is designated for rail service in the final system plan, no designation may be made by the Association pursuant to this paragraph which would result in such line or segment not being so designated. Any designations made pursuant to this paragraph shall be treated for all purposes as if they had been included in the final system plan adopted by the Association and reviewed by the Congress. The final system plan shall for all purposes be deemed to be approved as amended by such designations.
(C) Any designations made pursuant to this paragraph shall not be subject to review by any court.
(D) Any labor agreements entered into under section 778 11 See References in Text note below. of this title shall be subject to further negotiations for any modifications which may be necessary to implement designations made pursuant to this paragraph.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 208, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 999; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 601(e), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 84; S. Res. 4, Feb. 4, 1977; H. Res. 549, Mar. 25, 1980.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 778 of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(3)(D), was repealed by Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1144(a)(1), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 669.
Amendments1976—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–210 added subsec. (d).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce of the House of Representatives changed to Committee on Energy and Commerce immediately prior to noon on Jan. 3, 1981, by House Resolution No. 549, Ninety-sixth Congress, Mar. 25, 1980. Committee on Energy and Commerce of House of Representatives treated as referring to Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of House of Representatives, in case of provisions of law relating to railroads, railway labor, or railroad retirement and unemployment, by section 1(c)(1) of Pub. L. 104–14, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress. Committee on Commerce of the Senate abolished and replaced by Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, effective Feb. 11, 1977. See Rule XXV of Standing Rules of the Senate, as amended by Senate Resolution No. 4 (popularly cited as the “Committee System Reorganization Amendments of 1977”), approved Feb. 4, 1977.
Abolition of Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, and Transfer of Functions Special court abolished and all jurisdiction and functions transferred to United States District Court for District of Columbia, see section 719(b)(2) of this title.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 719 - Judicial review
## Text
(a) General Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the final system plan which is adopted by the Association and which becomes effective after review by the Congress is not subject to review by any court except in accordance with this section. After the final system plan becomes effective under section 718 of this title, it may be reviewed with respect to matters concerning the value of the rail properties to be conveyed under the plan and the value of the consideration to be received for such properties.
(b) Special court (1) Within 30 days after January 2, 1974, the Association shall make application to the judicial panel on multi-district litigation authorized by section 1407 of title 28 for the consolidation in a single, three-judge district court of the United States of all judicial proceedings with respect to the final system plan. Within 30 days after such application is received, the panel shall make the consolidation in a district court (cited herein as the “special court”) which the panel determines to be convenient to the parties and the one most likely to be able to conduct any proceedings under this section with the least delay and the greatest possible fairness and ability. Such proceedings shall be conducted by the special court which shall be composed of three Federal judges who shall be selected by the panel, except that none of the judges selected may be a judge assigned to a proceeding involving any railroad in reorganization in the region under section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act. The special court is authorized to exercise the powers of a district judge in any judicial district with respect to such proceedings and such powers shall include those of a reorganization court. The special court shall have the power to order the conveyance of rail properties of railroads leased, operated, or controlled by a railroad in reorganization in the region. The special court may issue rules for the conduct of any proceedings under this section and under section 745 of this title, including rules with respect to the time within which motions may be filed, and with respect to appropriate representation of interests not otherwise represented (including the Secretary with respect to a petition by the Association in the case of a proposal developed by the Secretary, under such section 745 of this title). No determination by the panel under this subsection may be reviewed in any court.
(2) The special court referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection is abolished effective 90 days after October 19, 1996. On such effective date, all jurisdiction and other functions of the special court shall be assumed by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. With respect to any proceedings that arise or continue after the date on which the special court is abolished, the references in the following provisions to the special court established under this subsection shall be deemed to refer to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia:
(A) Subsections (c), (e)(1), (e)(2), (f) and (g) of this section.
(B) Sections 712(d)(3), (g), 717(a)(1), (b)(1), (b)(2), 718(d)(2), 741(e)(2), (g), (k)(3), (k)(15), 743(a)(1), (a)(2), (b)(1), (b)(6)(A), (c)(1), (c)(2), (c)(3), (c)(4), (c)(5), 744(a)(1)(B), (i)(3), 745(c), (d)(1), (d)(2), (d)(3), (d)(4), (d)(5), (d)(8), (e), (f)(1), (f)(2)(B), (f)(2)(D), (f)(2)(E), (f)(3), 746(a), (b), (c)(4), and 791(b)(3), (c) of this title).
(C) Sections 1105(a) and 1115 of this title.
(D) Sections 1323(2)(A)(iii), (2)(B), (2)(C), (3)(C), (3)(E), (4)(A) and 1324(b) of this title.
(E) Section 24907(b) of title 49.
(F) Any other Federal law (other than this subsection and section 605 of the Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1996), Executive order, rule, regulation, delegation of authority, or document of or relating to the special court as previously established under paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(c) Delivery of plan to special court Within 90 days after its effective date, the Association shall deliver a certified copy of the final system plan to the special court and shall certify to the special court—
(1) which rail properties of the respective railroads in reorganization in the region and of any person leased, operated, or controlled by such railroads in reorganization are to be transferred to the Corporation, or any subsidiary thereof, in accordance with the final system plan;
(2) which rail properties of the respective railroads in reorganization in the region or person leased,11 See Codification note below. operated, or controlled by such railroads in reorganization are to be conveyed to profitable railroads, in accordance with the final system plan;
(3) the amount, terms, and value of the securities of the Corporation or any subsidiary thereof (including any certificates of value of the Association) to be exchanged for those rail properties to be transferred to the Corporation or any subsidiary thereof pursuant to the final system plan, and as indicated in paragraph (1) of this subsection; and
(4) that the transfer of rail properties in exchange for securities of the Corporation or any subsidiary thereof (including any certificates of value of the Association) and other benefits is fair and equitable and in the public interest.
Notwithstanding any other provisions of this subsection and subsection (d) of this section, the time for the delivery of a certified copy of the final system plan shall be March 12, 1976, and may be extended to a date not more than 30 days thereafter, prescribed in a notice filed by the Association not later than February 17, 1976, with the special court, the Congress, and each court referred to in such subsection (d). Such notice shall contain the certification of the Association that an orderly conveyance of rail properties cannot reasonably be effected before the date for conveyance determined with respect to such notice. The time prescribed in section 743(a) of this title shall be determined with respect to the date prescribed in such notice.
(d) Bankruptcy courts Within 90 days after its effective date, the Association shall deliver a certified copy of the final system plan to each district court of the United States or any other court having jurisdiction over a railroad in reorganization in the region and shall certify to each such court—
(1) which rail properties of that railroad in reorganization are to be transferred to the Corporation or any subsidiary thereof under the final system plan; and
(2) which rail properties of that railroad in reorganization, if any, are to be conveyed to profitable railroads operating in the region, under the final system plan.
(e) Original and exclusive jurisdiction (1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any civil action—
(A) for injunctive or other relief against the Association from the enforcement, operation, or execution of this chapter or any provision thereof, or from any action taken by the Association pursuant to authority conferred or purportedly conferred under this chapter;
(B) challenging the constitutionality of this chapter or any provision thereof;
(C) challenging the legality of any action of the Association, or any failure of the Association to take any action, pursuant to authority conferred or purportedly conferred under this chapter;
(D) to obtain, inspect, copy, or review any document in the possession or control of the Association that would be discoverable in litigation pursuant to section 743(c) of this title;
(E) brought after a conveyance, pursuant to section 743(b) of this title, to set aside or annul such conveyance or to secure in any way the reconveyance of any rail properties so conveyed; or
(F) with respect to continuing reorganization and supplemental transactions, in accordance with section 745 of this title;
shall be within the original and exclusive jurisdiction of the special court. The special court shall not hear or determine any such action prior to the date of conveyance, pursuant to section 743(b)(1) of this title, except as the Constitution may require. Relief shall not be granted in any action referred to in subparagraph (A), (C), or (E) unless the person seeking such relief establishes that the Association acted in reckless or deliberate disregard of applicable law.
(2) The original and exclusive jurisdiction of the special court shall include any action, whether filed by any interested person or initiated by the special court itself, to interpret, alter, amend, modify, or implement any of the orders entered by such court pursuant to section 743(b) of this title in order to effect the purposes of this chapter or the goals of the final system plan. During the pendency of any proceeding described in this paragraph, the special court may enter such orders as it determines to be appropriate, including orders enjoining, restraining, conditioning, or limiting any conveyance, transfer, or use of any asset or right which is subject to such an order or which is at issue in such a proceeding, or which involves the enforcement of any liens or encumbrances upon such assets or rights. Any orders pursuant to this paragraph which interpret, alter, amend, modify, or implement orders entered by the special court shall be final and shall not be restrained or enjoined by any court.
(3) An order or judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in any action referred to in this section shall be reviewable in accordance with sections 1291, 1292, and 1294 of title 28.
(f) Disposition of cash deposits Whenever the compensation which is deposited with the special court under section 743(a) of this title is in the form of cash, such cash shall be invested and reinvested upon such terms and conditions as the special court shall determine, pending the making of the findings referred to in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of section 743(c) of this title. Notwithstanding section 743(c)(4) of this title, the special court may order (1) the income from such investments, (2) the dividends or interest, if any, received on any securities or obligations deposited with the special court under such section 743(a) of this title, and (3) the income, if any, received with respect to any other form of compensation so deposited, to be distributed to the trustee of each railroad in reorganization and to any person leased, operated or controlled by such a railroad which conveyed the right, title, and interest in the rail properties with respect to which such cash, securities, obligations, or other compensation have been so deposited with the special court. Notwithstanding section 743(c)(4) of this title, the special court may, within 90 days after the date of conveyance of rail properties pursuant to section 743(b) of this title, order up to 25 percent of any cash (including investments made with cash) and other compensation deposited with the special court to be distributed to such trustee or person. On petition of the applicable trustee or person, the special court may order such additional distributions as it finds reasonable and appropriate, prior to the making of the findings referred to in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of such section 743(c) of this title.
(g) Stay of court proceedings The special court may stay or enjoin any action or proceeding in any State court or in any court of the United States other than the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit if such action or proceeding is contrary to any provision of this chapter, impairs the effective implementation of this chapter, or interferes with the execution of any order of the special court pursuant to this chapter.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 209, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 999; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, §§ 602(a), (b), 607(i), (l), (r), (s), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 86, 97, 98; Pub. L. 94–216, § 2, Feb. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 191; Pub. L. 95–199, § 3, Nov. 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 1423; Pub. L. 100–352, § 6(d), June 27, 1988, 102 Stat. 663; Pub. L. 104–317, title VI, § 605(a), (b)(1), (c)(1), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3858, 3859.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), was classified to section 205 of former Title 11, Bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Act (act July 1, 1898, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544) was repealed effective Oct. 1, 1979, by Pub. L. 95–598, §§ 401(a), 402(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2682, section 101 of which enacted revised Title 11. For current provisions relating to railroad reorganization, see subchapter IV (§ 1161 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 11. Section 605 of the Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(F), is section 605 of Pub. L. 104–317, title VI, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3858, which amended this section and sections 743, 745, 1104, and 1105 of this title and enacted provisions set out as notes under this section.
Codification Amendment of subsec. (c)(2) by section 607(s) of Pub. L. 94–210 was executed by substituting “person leased” for “railroads leased” to reflect the probable intent of Congress, notwithstanding such section 607(s) requiring substitution of “person leased” for “railroad leased”.
Amendments1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–317, § 605(a), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 104–317, § 605(b)(1), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: “A final order or judgment of the special court in any action referred to in this section shall be reviewable only upon petition for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States. Such review is exclusive and any such petition shall be filed in the Supreme Court not more than 20 days after entry of such order or judgment.” Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–317, § 605(c)(1)(A), inserted “or Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit” after “Supreme Court”. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 104–317, § 605(c)(1)(B), struck out subsec. (h) relating to special masters. 1988—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 100–352 struck out “, except that any order or judgment enjoining the enforcement, or declaring or determining the unconstitutionality or invalidity, of this chapter, in whole or in part, or of any action taken under this chapter, shall be reviewable by direct appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States in the same manner that an injunctive order may be appealed under section 1253 of title 28” before the period at end of first sentence and substituted “such petition shall be filed in the Supreme Court” for “petition or appeal shall be filed” in second sentence. 1977—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 95–199 added subsec. (h). 1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–210, § 602(a), substituted provisions relating to issuance of rules by special court for conduct of proceedings under this section and section 745 of this title, for provisions relating to issuance of rules by panel for conduct of its functions under this provision. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(i), (l), (r), (s), inserted “or any subsidiary thereof” after “Corporation” wherever appearing, substituted “certificates of value” for “obligations” wherever appearing, inserted provisions at end relating to the time for the delivery of the final system plan on March 12, 1976, and conditions for extension of such date, and substituted references to person leased for references to railroad leased wherever appearing in pars. (1) and (2). See Codification note above. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(i), inserted “or any subsidiary thereof” after “Corporation”. Subsecs. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 94–210, § 602(b), added subsecs. (e) to (g).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentPub. L. 104–317, title VI, § 605(e), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3859, provided that: “The amendments made by subsections (b) and (c) of this section [amending this section and sections 743, 745, 1104, and 1105 of this title] shall take effect 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1996] and, except as provided in subsection (d) [enacting provisions set out as a note below], shall apply with respect to proceedings that arise or continue after such effective date.”
Effective Date of 1988 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–352 effective ninety days after June 27, 1988, except that such amendment not to apply to cases pending in Supreme Court on such effective date or affect right to review or manner of reviewing judgment or decree of court which was entered before such effective date, see section 7 of Pub. L. 100–352, set out as a note under section 1254 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Cases Pending in Special CourtPub. L. 104–317, title VI, § 605(d), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3859, provided that: “Effective 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1996], any case pending in the special court established under section 209(b) of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 719(b)) shall be assigned to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia as though the case had originally been filed in that court. The amendments made by subsection (b) of this section [amending this section and sections 743 and 1105 of this title] shall not apply to any final order or judgment entered by the special court for which— “(1) a petition for writ of certiorari has been filed before the date on which the special court is abolished; or “(2) the time for filing a petition for writ of certiorari has not expired before that date.”
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
Court Rules and Judicial Documents
Rules of the Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973Rules of the Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, formerly set out under this section, were omitted because the Special Court was abolished effective 90 days after Oct. 19, 1996. See subsec. (b)(2) of this section.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 720 - Obligations of Association
## Text
(a) General To carry out the purposes of this chapter, the Association is authorized to issue bonds, debentures, trust certificates, securities, or other obligations (herein cited as “obligations”) in accordance with this section. Such obligations shall have such maturities and bear such rate or rates of interest as are determined by the Association with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. Such obligations shall be redeemable at the option of the Association prior to maturity in the manner stipulated in each such obligation, and may be purchased by the Association in the open market at a price which is reasonable.
(b) Maximum obligational authority The aggregate principal amount (exclusive of interest or additions to principal on account of accrual of interest) of obligations issued by the Association under this section which may be outstanding at any one time shall not exceed $395,000,000. No obligations or proceeds thereof shall be issued or made available after February 5, 1976, except—
(1) to meet existing or potential commitments for loans under section 721 of this title made or applied for prior to January 1, 1976; and
(2) for the purpose of providing loans pursuant to subsections (g) and (h) of section 721 of this title.
(c) Guarantees The Secretary shall guarantee the payment of principal and interest on all obligations issued by the Association in accordance with this chapter and which the Association requests be guaranteed. All guarantees entered into by the Secretary under this section shall constitute general obligations of the United States for the payment of which its full faith and credit are pledged.
(d) Validity No obligation issued by the Association under this section shall be terminated, canceled, or otherwise revoked, except in accordance with lawful terms and conditions prescribed by the Association. Such an obligation shall be conclusive evidence that it is in compliance with this section, has been approved, and is legal as to principal, interest, and other terms. An obligation of the Association shall be valid and incontestable in the hands of a holder, except as to fraud, duress, mutual mistake of fact, or material misrepresentation by or involving such holder.
(e) The Secretary of the Treasury If at any time the moneys available to the Secretary are insufficient to enable him to discharge his responsibilities under subsection (c) of this section or under subsection (a) of section 746 of this title, he shall issue notes or other obligations to the Secretary of the Treasury in such forms and denominations, bearing such maturities, and subject to such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Such obligations shall bear interest at a rate to be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury taking into consideration the current average market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States of comparable maturities during the month preceding the issuance of such obligations. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to purchase any such obligations and for such purposes is authorized to use as a public debt transaction the proceeds from the sale of any securities issued under chapter 31 of title 31. The purposes for which securities may be issued under such chapter are extended to include any purchase of notes or other obligations issued under this subsection. At any time, the Secretary of the Treasury may sell any such obligations, and all sales, purchases, and redemptions of such obligations by the Secretary of the Treasury shall be treated as public debt transactions of the United States.
(f) Authorization for appropriations There are hereby authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such amounts as are necessary to discharge the obligations of the United States arising under this section.
(g) Lawful investments All obligations issued by the Association shall be lawful investments and may be accepted as security for all fiduciary, trust, and public funds, the investment or deposit of which shall be under the authority and control of the United States or any officer or officers thereof. All such obligations issued pursuant to this section shall be exempt securities within the meaning of laws administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 210, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1000; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, §§ 604, 607(k), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 88, 97; Pub. L. 94–555, title II, § 203(e), Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2620; Pub. L. 96–448, title VII, § 703(f)(3), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1965.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification In subsec. (e), “chapter 31 of title 31” and “such chapter” substituted for “the Second Liberty Bond Act, as amended” and “such Act”, respectively, on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, § 4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.
Amendments1980—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–448 inserted “or under subsection (a) of section 746 of this title” after “subsection (c) of this section”. 1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–555 inserted “(exclusive of interest or additions to principal on account of accrual of interest)” after “aggregate principal amount”, and raised maximum amount allowed for outstanding obligations issued by Association to $395,000,000. Pub. L. 94–210, § 604, substituted provisions authorizing $275,000,000 as maximum of aggregate amount of obligations outstanding at any one time and provisions relating to availability or issuance after Feb. 5, 1976, for provisions authorizing $1,500,000,000 as maximum of aggregate amount of obligations outstanding at any one time and provisions relating to limitations on amounts issued to Corporation and available for rehabilitation and modernization of rail properties. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(k), inserted provisions relating to guarantees as general obligations of the United States and pledge of full faith and credit for payment.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–448 effective Oct. 1, 1980, see section 710(a) of Pub. L. 96–448, set out as a note under section 1170 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.
Effective Date of 1976 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 94–555 effective Oct. 1, 1976, see section 303 of Pub. L. 94–555, set out as a note under section 702 of this title.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 722 - Records, audit, and examination
## Text
(a) Records Each recipient of financial assistance under this subchapter, whether in the form of loans, obligations, or other arrangements, shall keep such records as the Association or the Secretary shall prescribe, including records which fully disclose the amount and disposition by such recipient of the proceeds of such assistance and such other records as will facilitate an effective audit.
(b) Audit and examination The Association, the Secretary, and the Comptroller General of the United States, or any of their duly authorized representatives shall, until the expiration of 3 years after the implementation of the final system plan, have access for the purpose of audit and examination to any books, documents, papers, and records of such recipients which in the opinion of the Association, the Secretary, or the Comptroller General may be related or pertinent to the loans, obligations or other arrangements referred to in subsection (a) of this section. The Association or any of its duly authorized representatives shall, until any financial assistance received under this subchapter has been repaid to the Association, have access to any such materials which concern any matter that may bear upon—
(1) the ability of the recipient of such financial assistance to make repayment within the time fixed therefor;
(2) the effectiveness with which the proceeds of such assistance is used; and
(3) the implementation of the final system plan and the realization of the declaration of policy of this chapter.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 212, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1002.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 723 - Emergency assistance pending implementation
## Text
(a) Emergency assistance The Secretary is authorized, pending the implementation of the final system plan, to pay to the trustees of railroads in reorganization such sums as are necessary for the continued provision of essential transportation services by such railroads. Such payments shall be made by the Secretary upon such reasonable terms and conditions as the Secretary establishes, except that recipients must agree to maintain and provide service at a level no less than that in effect on January 2, 1974. Where the Secretary and the trustees agree that funds provided pursuant to this section are to be used (together with funds provided pursuant to section 725 of this title, if any) to perform program maintenance on designated rail properties until the date rail properties are conveyed under this chapter or to improve such designated properties, such agreement shall contain the conditions set forth in section 725(b) of this title.
(b) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for carrying out this section such sums as are necessary, not to exceed $282,000,000, to remain available until expended. Of amounts authorized to be appropriated under this subsection, $50,000,000 shall be available solely to pay to the trustees of railroads in reorganization such sums as may be necessary to provide such railroads with amounts equal to revenues attributable to tariff increases proposed by such railroads and suspended by the Interstate Commerce Commission during the calendar year 1975, if the Secretary determines that such payments are necessary to carry out this section.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 213, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1003; Pub. L. 94–5, § 6, Feb. 28, 1975, 89 Stat. 8.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1975—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–5, § 6(a), inserted provision that, where Secretary and trustees agree that funds provided pursuant to this section are to be used (together with funds provided pursuant to section 725 of this title, if any) to perform program maintenance on designated rail properties until date rail properties are conveyed under this chapter or to improve such designated properties, such agreement contain conditions set forth in section 725(b) of this title. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–5, § 6(b), substituted “$282,000,000” for “$85,000,000” and inserted provision that, of amounts authorized to be appropriated under this subsection $50,000,000 be available solely to pay to trustees of railroads in reorganization sums necessary to provide railroads with amounts equal to revenues attributable to tariff increases proposed by railroads and suspended by Interstate Commerce Commission during calendar year 1975, if Secretary determines that payments are necessary to carry out this section.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Abolition of Interstate Commerce Commission and Transfer of Functions Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 724 - Authorization of appropriations
## Text
(a) Secretary There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for purposes of preparing the reports and exercising other functions to be performed by him under this chapter such sums as are necessary, not to exceed $12,500,000, to remain available until expended. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as may be necessary to discharge the obligations of the United States arising under section 743(c)(5) of this title.
(b) Office There are authorized to be appropriated to the Commission for the use of the Office in carrying out its functions under this chapter such sums as are necessary, not to exceed $7,000,000, to remain available until expended. The budget for the Office shall be submitted by the Commission directly to the Congress and shall not be subject to review of any kind by any other agency or official of the United States. Moneys appropriated for the Office shall not be withheld by any agency or official of the United States or used by the Commission for any purpose other than the use of the Office. No part of any other moneys appropriated to the Commission shall be withheld by any other agency or official of the United States to offset any moneys appropriated pursuant to this subsection.
(c) Association There are authorized to be appropriated to the Association for purposes of carrying out its administrative expenses under this chapter not to exceed $13,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982, and not to exceed $4,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1983. Sums appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 214, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1003; Pub. L. 93–488, § 1(c), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1464; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 607(m), (n), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 97; Pub. L. 94–436, § 1, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1398; Pub. L. 95–199, § 1, Nov. 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 1423; Pub. L. 95–611, § 1, Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3089; Pub. L. 96–73, title II, § 201, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 555; Pub. L. 96–448, title VII, § 704, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1965; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1151, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 676.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1981—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–35 substituted provisions relating to authorization of appropriations for fiscal years ending Sept. 30, 1982, and 1983, for provisions relating to authorization of appropriations for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1981. 1980—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–448 substituted provision authorizing appropriations of not to exceed $30,000,000 for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1981, for provision authorizing appropriations of not to exceed $28,500,000 for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1980. 1979—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–73 substituted appropriations authorization of $28,500,000 for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1980 for $27,200,000 for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1979. 1978—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–611 substituted provision authorizing appropriations of $27,200,000 for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1979, to remain available until expended, for provision authorizing appropriations of $23,000,000 for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1978, to remain available until Sept. 30, 1979. 1977—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–199 substituted provisions authorizing appropriations for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1978, of not to exceed $23,000,000 and authorizing availability of sums to Sept. 30, 1979, for provisions authorizing appropriations for the period beginning May 1, 1976, and ending Sept. 30, 1977, of not to exceed $20,000,000 and authorizing availability of sums to Sept. 30, 1978. 1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(n), inserted provision authorizing appropriation of sums to discharge the obligation of the United States under section 743(c)(5) of this title. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(m)(1), substituted “$7,000,000” for “$5,000,000”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–436 substituted provisions authorizing appropriations of such sums as are necessary not to exceed $20,000,000 for the period beginning May 1, 1976, and ending Sept. 30, 1977 to remain available until Sept. 30, 1978 for provisions authorizing appropriations of such sums as are necessary not to exceed $40,000,000 to remain available until expended. Pub. L. 94–210, § 607(m)(2), authorized appropriation of not to exceed $14,000,000 for fiscal period which includes fiscal period ending Sept. 30, 1977. 1974—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–488 substituted “$40,000,000” for “$26,000,000”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1981 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–35 effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1101 of this title.
Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–448 effective Oct. 1, 1980, see section 710(a) of Pub. L. 96–448, set out as a note under section 1170 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.
Effective Date of 1979 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–73 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 501(a) of Pub. L. 96–73.
Abolition of Interstate Commerce Commission and Transfer of Functions Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 725 - Interim agreements
## Text
(a) Purposes Prior to the date upon which rail properties are conveyed to the Corporation under this chapter, the Secretary, with the approval of the Association, is authorized to enter into agreements with the trustees of the railroads in reorganization in the region (or railroads leased, operated, or controlled by railroads in reorganization)—
(1) to perform the program maintenance on designated rail properties of such railroads until the date rail properties are conveyed under this chapter;
(2) to improve rail properties of such railroads; and
(3) to acquire rail properties for lease or loan to any such railroads until the date such rail properties are conveyed under this chapter, and subsequently for conveyance pursuant to the final system plan, or to acquire interests in such rail properties owned by or leased to any such railroads or in purchase money obligations therefor.
(b) Conditions Agreements pursuant to subsection (a) of this section shall contain such reasonable terms and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe. In addition, agreements under paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) of this section shall provide that—
(1) to the extent that physical condition is used as a basis for determining, under section 716(f) or 743(c) of this title, the value of properties subject to such an agreement and designated for transfer to the Corporation under the final system plan, the physical condition of the properties on the effective date of the agreement shall be used; and
(2) in the event that property subject to the agreement is sold, leased, or transferred to an entity other than the Corporation, the trustees or railroad shall pay or assign to the Secretary that portion of the proceeds of such sale, lease, or transfer which reflects value attributable to the maintenance and improvement provided pursuant to the agreement.
(c) Obligations Notwithstanding section 720(b) of this title, the Association shall issue obligations under section 720(a) of this title in an amount sufficient to finance such agreements and shall require the Corporation to assume any such obligations. The aggregate amount of obligations issued under this section and outstanding at any one time shall not exceed $300,000,000. The Association, with the approval of the Secretary, shall designate in the final system plan that portion of such obligations issued or to be issued which shall be refinanced and the terms thereof, and that portion from which the Corporation shall be released of its obligations.
(d) Conveyance The Secretary may convey to the Corporation or any subsidiary thereof, with or without receipt of consideration, any property or interests acquired by, transferred to, or otherwise held by the Secretary pursuant to this section or section 723 of this title.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 215, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1004; Pub. L. 94–5, § 7, Feb. 28, 1975, 89 Stat. 8; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 607(i), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 97.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1976—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–210 inserted “or any subsidiary thereof” after “Corporation”. 1975—Pub. L. 94–5 expanded provisions covering interim agreements for the acquisition, maintenance, and improvement of railroad properties, substituted provisions setting out the requisite conditions of such agreements for provisions making only a general requirement that such agreements identify the type and quality of improvements to be made, raised from $150,000,000 to $300,000,000 the maximum amount of outstanding obligations, and substituted provisions directing the Association in the final system plan to designate that portion of the obligations which shall be refinanced and that portion from which the Corporation shall be released of its obligations for provisions prohibiting the Secretary’s entry into agreements unless he issues regulations setting forth procedures and guidelines for the administration of this section, substituted provisions authorizing the Secretary to convey to the Corporation property or interests held by the Secretary pursuant to this section or section 723 of this title for provisions relieving the Corporation of the duty of compensating railroads in reorganization for that portion of transferred properties attributable to the acquisition, maintenance, or improvement of such properties under this section.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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type: "LegalText"
title: "45 U.S.C. § 726"
description: "Debentures and series A preferred stock"
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title_number: 45
title_name: "RAILROADS"
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chapter_name: "REGIONAL RAIL REORGANIZATION"
section: "726"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 726"
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 726 - Debentures and series A preferred stock
## Text
(a) General The Association is authorized, in accordance with the provisions of this section, and such rules and regulations as it may prescribe, to invest from time to time in the securities of the Corporation by purchasing (1) up to $1,000,000,000 of debentures issued by the Corporation, and (2) after the acquisition of such debentures, up to $2,629,000,000 of the series A preferred stock of the Corporation.
(b) Purposes and procedure for investment (1) The Association is authorized to purchase debentures and, thereafter, series A preferred stock of the Corporation at such times and in such amounts as may be required and requested by the Corporation in accordance with the terms and conditions governing such purchases (which shall be prescribed by the Association), to provide—
(A) for the modernization, rehabilitation and maintenance of rail properties of the Corporation;
(B) for the acquisition of equipment and other capital needs;
(C) for the refinancing of indebtedness which was incurred by the Corporation under section 721 of this title or which was incurred under section 725 of this title and assumed by the Corporation; or
(D) working capital as contemplated by the final system plan.
(2) Purchases of up to $1,000,000,000 of debentures and, thereafter, of up to $2,300,000,000 of series A preferred stock shall be made by the Association as required and requested by the Corporation, unless the Finance Committee makes an affirmative finding that—
(A) the Corporation has failed in any material respect to comply with any covenants or undertakings made to the Association and such failure remains uncorrected;
(B) the Corporation has failed substantially (as determined by performance within the margins prescribed by the Board of Directors) to attain the overall operating (including rehabilitation) and financial results projected for the Corporation in the final system plan (including any modifications of such projected results and of the performance margins applicable to such projected results which are jointly approved by the Finance Committee and the Board of Directors and which would improve the possibility that the Corporation will attain such projected results and perform within such margins, as modified); or
(C) it is not reasonably likely, taking into consideration all relevant factors including the overall operating (including rehabilitation) and financial results achieved by the Corporation, that the Corporation will be able to become financially self-sustaining without requiring Federal financial assistance substantially in excess of the amounts authorized in this section.
(3) (A) Amounts transferred to the Association pursuant to section 509(b)(1) 11 See References in Text note below. of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 may be used to purchase series A preferred stock of the Corporation to provide for the implementation by the Corporation of a program to reduce the Corporation’s work force, if the Finance Committee finds that the implementation of such program will result in substantial savings to the United States.
(B) An employee who ceases to be an employee as a result of the reduction of work force under a program implemented pursuant to this paragraph shall not, by reason of so ceasing to be an employee, or by reason of any work or employment entered into after so ceasing to be an employee, lose such employee’s current connection with the railroad industry for the purposes of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.].
(4) Purchases of up to $329,000,000 of a series A preferred stock shall be made by the Association, subject to the availability of appropriations, as required and requested by the Corporation, if the Finance Committee makes an affirmative finding that the Corporation has taken appropriate action to eliminate losses on light density lines and other lines which are unprofitable. Such action shall include the imposition of surcharges on such lines, the abandonment of such lines, and the transfer of such lines.
(5) The authority of the Association to purchase debentures or series A preferred stock of the Corporation shall terminate October 21, 1986.
(c) Finding, direction, and review by Congress (1) If the Finance Committee makes an affirmative finding pursuant to subsection (b)(2) of this section, it may direct the Association—
(A) not to purchase any debentures or series A preferred stock of the Corporation after the date of such affirmative finding; or
(B) to purchase debentures or series A preferred stock of the Corporation, after the date of such affirmative finding, only in such amounts, at such times, and on such terms and conditions (notwithstanding subsection (e)(1) of this section) as the Finance Committee determines to be appropriate to the role of the Association as an investor in such debentures and series A preferred stock.
(2) A copy of each affirmative finding, the reasons therefor, and each direction made by the Finance Committee under paragraph (1) of this subsection, together with the comments and recommendations thereon of the Board of Directors of the Association, shall be transmitted to the Congress by the Association within 10 days after the date on which the Finance Committee makes such finding and direction, or if not so transmitted, shall be transmitted by the Finance Committee. Each such direction so transmitted shall become finally effective and is required to be implemented by the Association, unless within the first period of 30 calendar days of continuous session of Congress after the date of its transmittal to Congress either House of Congress disapproves such direction (except that such direction shall become finally effective immediately upon approval of such direction by both Houses of Congress) in accordance with the procedures specified in section 688 of title 2. For purposes of this paragraph, continuity of session of Congress is broken only in the circumstances described in section 682(5) of title 2. During review by the Association and Congress, the Association shall take no action inconsistent with the direction of the Finance Committee pursuant to paragraph (c)(1) of this section, except to the extent the Association finds necessary, in its discretion, to assure continuous orderly operation of the Corporation.
(3) If the Congress, pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection, disapproves a direction submitted to the Association pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Association shall continue to purchase the debentures or series A preferred stock of the Corporation as otherwise provided in this subchapter until such time as a direction is submitted under this section which is not so disapproved (or affirmatively approved). The powers of the Association and of the Board of Directors of the Association shall remain in effect except to the extent modified by any such direction. If any such direction is disapproved by either House of Congress, the Finance Committee may, not earlier than 30 days after the date of such disapproval, make (and the Board of Directors of the Association shall transmit) any additional affirmative finding and direction with respect to the same matter, which direction shall become effective in accordance with paragraph (2) of this subsection. An affirmative finding and direction under this subsection, or action by the Association during a review thereof by the Congress, may not be held unlawful or set aside by any reviewing court on the ground that such finding and direction or action were not adequate to meet the requirements of subparagraph (A), (E), or (F) of section 706(2) of title 5.
(4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, or any terms and conditions governing its purchase of securities of the Corporation, the Association shall, upon written application by the Corporation at least 30 days prior to such investment, make an initial investment in debentures of the Corporation within 60 days after the date of conveyance of rail properties pursuant to section 743(b)(1) of this title. Such initial investment shall be limited to such amounts as the Association and Finance Committee, acting jointly, determine are necessary for the continued and orderly operations of the Corporation prior to any additional investment.
(5) Not later than 60 days after the date of conveyance pursuant to section 743(b)(1) of this title, the Association shall select 6 individuals to serve as members of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, subject to the provisions of section 741(d) of this title.
(d) Terms and conditions Notwithstanding any other provision of State law, the debentures and the series A preferred stock of the Corporation shall have such terms and conditions, not inconsistent with the final system plan or this subchapter, as may be prescribed by the Association, except as follows:
(1) The Corporation shall not be required to issue to the Association additional shares of series A preferred stock of the Corporation as a dividend on any such stock.
(2) The dividends payable on series A preferred stock of the Corporation shall not be cumulative and shall be paid in cash when and to the extent that there is “cash available for restricted cash payments”, as that term is defined in the final system plan.
(3) After the Association calls for redemption of the certificates of value, no shares of series A preferred stock of the Corporation shall be issued in lieu of interest on the debentures of the Corporation and, to the extent such interest is not payable in cash by reason of the absence of sufficient “cash available for restricted cash payment”, the Corporation shall deliver to the holders of the debentures contingent interest notes in a face amount equal to such unpaid interest.
(4) If the Board of Directors of the Association and the Finance Committee, acting jointly, modify the terms or conditions governing the purchase of debentures or series A preferred stock of the Corporation pursuant to subsection (e)(1) of this section, or if the Finance Committee waives compliance with any term, condition, provision, or covenant of such securities pursuant to subsection (e)(2) of this section, the Finance Committee may require the Corporation to issue contingent interest notes in such amount as, in the determination of the Finance Committee, will provide protection for the United States, in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or receivership of the Corporation, equal to the protection the United States would have had in the absence of such modification or waiver.
(5) The contingent interest notes issued pursuant to this section shall bear interest compounded annually at the rate of 8 percent per annum and such notes and the accumulated interest thereon shall be payable only in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or receivership of the Corporation occurring prior to the repayment and redemption of all outstanding debentures and accumulated series A preferred stock of the Corporation. The contingent interest notes and the accumulated interest thereon shall have the same priority in bankruptcy, reorganization, or receivership as the debentures of the Corporation. The other terms and conditions of the contingent interest notes shall be as set forth in an agreement to be entered into between the Association and the Corporation prior to issuance of any debentures.
(e) Modifications, waivers, and conversions (1) The Board of Directors of the Association and the Finance Committee, acting jointly, may agree with the Corporation to modify any of the terms and conditions governing the purchase by the Association of securities of the Corporation, upon a finding that such action is necessary or appropriate to achieve the purposes of this chapter or the goals of the final system plan.
(2) The Finance Committee may, in its discretion and upon a finding that such action is necessary or appropriate to achieve the purposes of this chapter or the goals of the final system plan, waive compliance with any term, condition, provision, or covenant of the securities of the Corporation held by the Association, including any provision of such securities with respect to redemption of principal or issuance price, payment of interest or dividends, or any term or condition governing the purchase of such securities.
(3) Notwithstanding any provision of State law, there shall be no conversion of the debentures of the Corporation into series A preferred stock of the Corporation, as provided in the terms and conditions of the debentures and pursuant to the final system plan, unless the Board of Directors of the Association and the Finance Committee jointly determine to effect such conversion.
(f) Employee stock ownership plan (1) The Association shall not invest the final $345,000,000 of the additional investment in the Corporation authorized by the Regional Rail Reorganization Act Amendments of 1978 unless and until (A) the Corporation has in effect an employee stock ownership plan which satisfies the requirements of paragraphs (2) and (3), and (B) the requirements of the other paragraphs of this subsection have been satisfied.
(2) The employee stock ownership plan shall:
(A) provide:
(i) for a transfer to the plan and allocation to the accounts of plan participants in periodic installments of Series A preferred stock of the Corporation with a stated redemption value of at least $345,000,000 or any other securities in an amount determined by the Association, with the concurrence of the Finance Committee, as constituting a meaningful interest in the Corporation, or any combination thereof so determined by the Association, with the concurrence of the Finance Committee. The use of Series A preferred stock to fund the Employee Stock Ownership Plan shall not be interpreted to relieve ConRail of the responsibility for repaying in full to the United States Railway Association its indebtedness as represented by all shares originally issued under Public Law 94–210 and this chapter;
(ii) for immediate vesting of the rights of participants to such securities upon allocation, subject to defeasance as a result of the plan’s termination which termination shall occur in the event that, by the end of the 120th month beginning after the month in which securities or interests therein are first allocated to participants’ accounts, the Corporation has not attained for two consecutive quarters positive net income and a freight labor cost to freight revenue ratio equal to the average such ratio for all Class I railroads in 1977, as determined pursuant to procedures adopted by the Corporation pursuant to regulations promulgated by the Association with the concurrence of the Finance Committee;
(B) be an employee benefit plan which is designed to invest primarily in employer securities;
(C) meets such other requirements (similar to requirements applicable to employee stock ownership plans as defined in section 4975(e)(7) of title 26) as the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate may describe;
(D) have been approved by the Board of Directors of the Corporation to the extent and in the manner which may be required by the Corporation’s articles of incorporation and bylaws then in effect; and
(E) have been prepared in consultation with, and been approved by, the Association and the Finance Committee.
(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if a plan does not meet the requirements of section 401 of title 26—
(A) stock transferred under paragraph (2) and allocated to the account of any participant under paragraph (2) shall not be considered income of the participant or his beneficiary under title 26 until such stock or dividends are actually distributed or made available to the participant or his beneficiary and, at such time, shall be taxable under section 72 of title 26 (treating the participant or his beneficiary as having a basis of 0 in the stock);
(B) no amount shall be allocated to any participant under the plan in excess of the amount which might be allocated if the plan met the requirements of section 401 of title 26; and
(C) the plan must meet the requirements of sections 410 and 415 of title 26.
(4) The Corporation shall adopt such terms and conditions governing the securities of interests therein to be transferred to the plan (including limitations on voting rights) as the Association, with the concurrence of the Finance Committee, determines are necessary to protect reasonably the interests of the United States in the litigation pursuant to section 743(c) of this title and in the event of any action to further reorganize or restructure the Corporation’s assets or capital structure.
(5) The Corporation, the Association, and a representative appointed by the Chairman of the Railway Labor Executives’ Association as representative of all the classes or crafts of employees of the Corporation shall engage in negotiations to agree upon a plan in accordance with the provisions of this subsection. For purposes of this subsection, the Railway Labor Executives’ Association shall be deemed to represent all of the representatives of crafts or classes of employees of the Corporation and its subsidiaries as though that organization held powers of attorney from each representative of a craft or class for the limited purposes of negotiating and agreeing upon an employee stock ownership plan. The parties shall incorporate their agreement into a written plan instrument specifying the terms and conditions set forth in this subsection and such other terms and conditions as they may decide upon, with the concurrence of the Finance Committee, unless the parties are unable to reach on 22 So in original. an agreement on the plan following the exertion of every reasonable effort to do so, in accordance with the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], in which event, the Corporation and the Association, with the concurrence of the Finance Committee, shall establish a written plan with such terms and conditions as they may agree upon in accordance with this subsection. The plan shall not be subject to change under the provisions of section 6 of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 156] until after such time as securities have been distributed from the plan to the participants in the plan or their beneficiaries pursuant to the terms of the plan. Within one year after November 1, 1978, the Corporation shall transmit a draft of such plan to the Congress and shall report on its progress in establishing and administering the plan. The report shall include recommendations of contractual and statutory provisions necessary to reasonably (A) exempt any Trustee of the plan, the Corporation, the Association, any member of the Finance Committee, and any other person from any fiduciary duty, responsibility or liability for the acquisition of, investment in, or retention of any security or interest therein of the Corporation or for any other transaction contemplated by this subsection and (B) provide for the United States to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless such persons against any and all liabilities, claims, actions, judgments, amounts paid in settlement, and costs and expenses actually incurred in connection with any matter so exempted in which it is determined that such persons were acting in good faith and in a manner they believed to not be opposed to the best interests of the plan.
(6) Within fourteen months of November 1, 1978, the Association shall report to the Congress on the draft plan and on any legal obstacle to the ability of the Corporation to effectuate and implement an employee stock ownership plan of the nature contemplated by this subsection, including specific recommendations on amendments to this subsection and other relevant laws which would harmonize the requirements of this subsection with those other laws. The Department of Transportation and the Department of the Treasury, as each finds appropriate, shall provide separate comments to the Association for inclusion with such report.
(7) For the purposes of this subsection, the officers of each duly authorized representative of the crafts or classes of the employees of the Corporation who have been given leaves of absence by the Corporation to serve as such officers, are to be eligible to participate in such plan on the same basis as are employees whose employment is governed by a collective bargaining agreement with the Corporation.
(8) (A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, no person described in subparagraph (C) of this paragraph shall have or be subject to any fiduciary responsibility, obligation, or duty, nor shall any such person be subject to civil liability, under any Federal or State law, as a fiduciary or otherwise—
(i) in connection with the employee stock ownership plan and related trust established by the Corporation pursuant to the requirements of this subsection or with ConRail Equity Corporation (I) on account of any reorganization or restructuring of the Corporation, its successors or assigns, or their assets or capital structure, or (II) on account of any action taken or not taken by the Corporation which may affect its ability to attain the performance levels established in connection with the plan pursuant to paragraph (2)(A)(ii) of this subsection;
(ii) for or in connection with the establishment, continuation or implementation of the plan and related trust or of ConRail Equity Corporation or the acquisition of, investment in or retention of any security of the Corporation or ConRail Equity Corporation, or of any of their successors and assigns, by the plan or ConRail Equity Corporation, or the disposition of any such security to the extent that such disposition is made in connection with a reorganization or restructuring of the Corporation, its successors and assigns, or their assets or capital structure, as directed or approved by or on behalf of the Association or the United States, or the acquisition or retention of any cash, security or other property received in connection with any such reorganization or restructuring; or
(iii) for or in connection with any other action taken or not taken pursuant to any term or condition of the plan or related trust agreement or of the articles of incorporation or bylaws of ConRail Equity Corporation.
Any directions described in clauses (i)(I), (ii), or (iii) shall be taken at the direction, or with the consent, of the Association or of the Secretary or his designate.
(B) Subparagraph (A) of this paragraph shall not be interpreted to relieve any person from any fiduciary or other responsibility, obligation or duty under any Federal or State law to take or not to take actions with respect to the plan in connection with (i) receiving contributions, (ii) exercising custodial responsibilities, (iii) determining eligibility to participate in the plan, (iv) calculating, determining and paying benefits, (v) processing and deciding claims, (vi) preparing and distributing plan information, benefit statements, returns and reports, (vii) maintaining plan records, (viii) appointing plan fiduciaries and other persons to advise or assist in plan administration and (ix) other than as provided in subparagraph (A), acquiring, holding or disposing of plan assets.
(C) For purposes of subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the term “person” includes each of the following:
(i) the trustee or trustees of the plan, the Corporation and its subsidiaries, ConRail Equity Corporation, the Association, and any of their successors and assigns;
(ii) each director, officer, employee and agent of the Corporation of 33 So in original. Probably should be “or”. any of its subsidiaries, of ConRail Equity Corporation, of the plan, of the Association or of any of their successors and assigns; and
(iii) each member of the Finance Committee and any of their employees and agents.
(D) Neither this paragraph nor paragraph (9) of this subsection shall be construed to grant immunity from any criminal law of the United States or of any State or the District of Columbia.
(9) The United States shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless the persons described in paragraph (8)(C) of this subsection from and against any and all liabilities, claims, actions, judgments, amounts paid in settlement, and costs and expenses (including reasonable fees of accountants, experts, and attorneys) actually incurred in connection with the establishment, implementation, or operation of the plan or ConRail Equity Corporation or with any transaction which is required by or is appropriate to effectuate fully the provisions of this subsection, except as may arise in connection with the execution of a responsibility, obligation, or duty excluded from paragraph (8)(A) by paragraph (8)(B), if it is determined that such persons were acting in good faith. The indemnity provided in this paragraph shall be a full faith and credit obligation of the United States.
(10) All securities of the Corporation, all securities of any subsidiary of the Corporation and of ConRail Equity Corporation, and all interests in the employee stock ownership plan which are issued or transferred in connection with the employee stock ownership plan established by the Corporation pursuant to the requirements of this subsection shall be deemed for all purposes to have been issued subject to and authorized and approved pursuant to section 11301(b) 44 See References in Text note below. of title 49 and any corresponding provision of any successor statute.
(g) Authorization of appropriations; reappropriation of funds (1) There is authorized to be appropriated to the Association $3,629,000,000 to be used for the purchase of securities of the Corporation in accordance with this section. All sums received by the Association on account of the holding or disposition of any such securities shall be deposited in the general fund of the Treasury.
(2) To the extent provided in appropriation Acts, any funds appropriated under the authority of paragraph (1) of this subsection prior to January 14, 1983, may be reappropriated to the Secretary, to facilitate the transfer of rail commuter services from the Corporation to other operators, for distribution under the statutory provisions of section 1139(b) of the Northeast Rail Service Act of 1981.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 216, as added Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 605, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 89; amended Pub. L. 95–565, §§ 2, 3, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2397; Pub. L. 96–254, title I, § 118, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 406; Pub. L. 96–448, title IV, § 405(b)(2), title VII, § 703(e), (f)(1), (2), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1946, 1964, 1965; Pub. L. 97–468, title V, § 504(b), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2552; Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4011(d), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1896; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 509 of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(A), was classified to section 829 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, § 7203(a)(2), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 477. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(B), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, § 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§ 231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of this title. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of this title, section 231t of this title, and Tables. The Regional Rail Reorganization Act Amendments of 1978, referred to in subsec. (f)(1), probably means Pub. L. 95–565, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2397, known as the United States Railway Association Amendments Act of 1978, which amended sections 726, 747, and 825 of this title and section 975 of Title 43, Public Lands, and enacted a provision set out as a note under section 975 of Title 43. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1978 Amendment note set out under section 701 of this title and Tables. Public Law 94–210, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(A)(i), is Pub. L. 94–210, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 31, known as the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of this title and Tables. The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsec. (f)(5), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§ 151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of this title and Tables. Section 11301(b) of title 49, referred to in subsec. (f)(10), was omitted and a new section 11301 enacted in the general amendment of subtitle IV of Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, § 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, 837. The new section 11301 does not relate to issuance of securities. Section 1139(b) of the Northeast Rail Service Act of 1981, referred to in subsec. (g)(2), is section 1139(b) of Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 652, which is set out as a note under section 744a of this title.
Codification In subsec. (c)(2), “section 688 of title 2” and “section 682(5) of title 2” substituted for “section 1017 of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (31 U.S.C. 1407)” and “section 1011(5) of that Act (31 U.S.C. 1401(5))”, respectively, to reflect the transfer of sections 1407 and 1401 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, to sections 688 and 682 of Title 2, The Congress.
Amendments1986—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 99–509 added par. (5). Subsec. (f)(2)(C), (3). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954” wherever appearing, which for purposes of codification was translated as “title 26” thus requiring no change in text. 1983—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 97–468 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). 1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–448, § 703(f)(1), substituted “$2,629,000,000” for “$2,300,000,000”. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 96–448, § 405(b)(2), added par. (3). Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 96–448, § 703(e), added par. (4). Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 96–254, § 118(a), (b), inserted provisions that the plan not be subject to change under the provisions of section 6 of the Railway Labor Act until after such time as securities have been distributed from the plan to the participants in the plan or their beneficiaries pursuant to the terms of the plan and that, for purposes of this subsection, the Railway Labor Executives’ Association shall be deemed to represent all of the representatives of crafts or classes of employees of the Corporation and its subsidiaries as though that organization held powers of attorney from each representative of a craft or class for the limited purposes of negotiating and agreeing upon an employee stock ownership plan. Subsec. (f)(8) to (10). Pub. L. 96–254, § 118(c), added pars. (8) to (10). Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 96–448, § 703(f)(2), substituted “$3,629,000,000” for “$3,300,000,000”. 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–565, § 2(a), substituted “$2,300,000,000” for “$1,100,000,000”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 95–565, § 2(b), substituted “$2,300,000,000” for “$1,100,000,000”. Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 95–565, §§ 2(c), 3, added subsec. (f), redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g), and substituted “$3,300,000,000” for “$2,100,000,000”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–448 effective Oct. 1, 1980, see section 710(a) of Pub. L. 96–448, set out as a note under section 1170 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
legal/us/code/title-45/chapter-16/section-727.md
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# 45 U.S.C. § 727 - Additional purchases of Series A preferred stock
## Text
(a) Federal investment In addition to the authority provided under section 726 of this title, the Association shall purchase shares of Series A preferred stock and accounts receivable of the Corporation after August 13, 1981, in amounts not to exceed a total of $137,000,000.
(b) Accounts receivable (1) In any further purchase under this section or section 726 of this title the Association shall purchase accounts receivable of the Corporation attributable to the dispute over the right-of-way related costs described in section 1111 11 See References in Text note below. of this title until the Commission resolves such dispute under such section, and accounts receivable of the Corporation attributable to delays in reimbursement from commuter authorities.
(2) From funds provided under this section or section 726 of this title, the Association shall purchase Series A preferred stock of the Corporation, to the extent of losses on commuter service, in an amount not to exceed $15,000,000.
(c) States and localities The Corporation shall be exempt from liability for any State tax, except for any tax imposed by any political subdivision of a State applicable to any taxable period commencing before January 1, 1987.
(d) Debentures The Association shall return debentures to the Corporation in an amount equal to the value of the properties conveyed by the Corporation to Amtrak Commuter and any commuter authority.
(e) Rights retained The Corporation shall retain the right to collect any accounts receivable attributable to delays in reimbursement from commuter authorities that are purchased by the Association under this section. No agency or instrumentality of the United States shall be required to collect such accounts.
(f) Authorization of appropriations (1) There is authorized to be appropriated not to exceed $262,000,000—
(A) of which not to exceed $137,000,000 shall be appropriated to the Association for purposes of purchasing securities and accounts receivable of the Corporation under this section, such sums to remain available until the Secretary transfers the Corporation under subchapter IV 1 of this chapter;
(B) of which not to exceed $75,000,000 shall be appropriated to the Secretary, to facilitate the transfer of rail commuter services from the Corporation to other operators, for distribution under the statutory provisions of section 1139(b) of the Northeast Rail Service Act of 1981;
(C) of which not to exceed $35,000,000 shall be appropriated to the Secretary to be allocated for employee protection under section 1005 of this title; and
(D) of which not to exceed $15,000,000 shall be appropriated to the Secretary to facilitate the transfer of rail commuter services from railroads that entered reorganization after calendar year 1974 to any commuter authority that was providing commuter service, operated by a railroad that entered reorganization after calendar year 1974, as of January 1, 1979.
(2) All sums received on account of the holding or disposition of any securities or accounts receivable referred to in paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection shall be deposited in the general fund of the Treasury.
(3) The amount authorized to be appropriated under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection shall be reduced, in an amount equal to any amounts reappropriated under the authority of section 726(g)(2) of this title, upon the date of enactment of any Act which reappropriates such amounts.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 217, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1140(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 653; amended Pub. L. 97–468, title V, § 504(c), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2552; Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4033(b)(2), (3), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1908.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 1111 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), was repealed by Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, § 408, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2586. Subchapter IV of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (f)(1)(A), was repealed by Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4033(a)(1), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1908. Section 1139(b) of the Northeast Rail Service Act of 1981, referred to in subsec. (f)(1)(B), is section 1139(b) of Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 652, which is set out as a note under section 744a of this title.
Amendments1986—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–509, § 4033(b)(2), substituted “applicable to any taxable period commencing before January 1, 1987” for “, until the property of the Corporation is transferred by the Secretary under subchapter IV of this chapter”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–509, § 4033(b)(3), struck out “and shall collect” after “right to collect”. 1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–468, § 504(c)(1), substituted “$137,000,000” for “$262,000,000”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97–468, § 504(c)(2), designated existing provisions as pars. (1)(A) and (2), in (1)(A) as so designated, substituted $137,000,000 for $262,000,000 as limit of appropriations for purchase of securities and accounts receivable, and added pars. (1)(B) to (D) and (3).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.
Abolition of Interstate Commerce Commission and Transfer of Functions Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 728 - Reports to Congress
## Text
(a) Progress and evaluation (1) The Association shall prepare and submit to Congress periodic reports on the progress of the Secretary in carrying out the provisions of subchapters II, III, and IV 11 See References in Text note below. of this chapter.
(2) Reports submitted under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall also include an evaluation of the performance of the Corporation in order to keep the Congress informed as to matters which may affect the quality of rail service in the Northeast and which may affect the security of Federal funds invested in the Corporation.
(b) Transfer agreements (1) The Association shall prepare and submit to Congress a final report on the transfer agreements which the Secretary is required to transmit to Congress under section 767 1 of this title. Such report shall be submitted on the same date as the Secretary’s transmittal of such agreements to Congress.
(2) The report submitted under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall include an evaluation of the effect of the transfer agreements on rail service in the Northeast, railroad employees, the economy of the Region, other railroads in the Northeast and elsewhere, and any other matter which the Association considers appropriate. Such report shall also include recommendations with respect to approval, disapproval, or modification of the transfer agreements.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 218, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1150(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 675.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSubchapter IV of this chapter, including section 767 of this title, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1) and (b)(1), was repealed by Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4033(a)(1), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1908.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.
Termination of Reporting RequirementsFor termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which a report required under subsec. (a) of this section is listed as the 9th item on page 195), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 729 - Advisory Board
## Text
Members of the Board of Directors of the Association serving on the day before August 13, 1981, shall serve as an Advisory Board to the Association. A member of the Advisory Board who is not otherwise an employee of the Federal Government shall receive reimbursement for travel, subsistence, and other necessary expenses incurred in the performance of such duties. The Chairman of the Association shall serve as Chairman of the Advisory Board. Any vacancy on the Advisory Board shall be filled by the Association with a representative from the group which had a representative in the vacant position.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title II, § 219, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1150(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 675.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Termination of Advisory BoardsAdvisory boards established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a board established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such board is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a board established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See sections 1001(2) and 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 741 - Formation and structure
## Text
(a) Establishment There shall be established within 300 days after January 2, 1974, in accordance with the provisions of this section, a corporation to be known as the Consolidated Rail Corporation or such other corporate name as may be duly adopted by the Corporation.
(b) Status The Corporation shall be a for-profit corporation established under the laws of a State and shall not be an agency or instrumentality of the Federal Government. The Corporation shall be deemed a rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49, shall be subject to the provisions of this Act and, to the extent not inconsistent with such Act and subtitle IV of title 49, shall be subject to applicable State law. The principal office of the Corporation or of its principal railroad operating subsidiary shall be located in Philadelphia in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
(c) Incorporators (1) The members of the executive committee of the Association shall be the incorporators of the Corporation and shall take whatever steps are necessary to establish the Corporation, including the filing of articles of incorporation.
(2) Notwithstanding any provision of State law, after February 5, 1976, the members of the executive committee of the Association (including duly authorized representatives of members who are authorized by this chapter to be represented) and the chief executive officer and chief operating officer of the Corporation shall adopt the bylaws of the Corporation and serve as the Board of Directors of the Corporation until all members of the Board of Directors of the Corporation have been selected in accordance with subsection (d) of this section. The chief executive officer shall serve as chairman of such Board until a chairman thereof is selected pursuant to subsection (d) of this section, after which time such chairman shall serve at the pleasure of such Board.
(d) Board of Directors (1) Notwithstanding any provision of State law, the articles of incorporation and bylaws of the Corporation shall provide that the Board of Directors of the Corporation shall consist of 13 members selected in accordance with the articles and bylaws of the Corporation, as follows:
(A) six individuals selected by the holders of the Corporation’s debentures and series A preferred stock voting as one class, with every $100 principal amount of debentures, and every $100 liquidation amount of series A preferred stock each receiving one vote for directors;
(B) three individuals selected by the holders of the Corporation’s series B preferred stock; and
(C) two individuals selected by the holders of the Corporation’s common stock.
(2) The chief executive officer and the chief operating officer of the Corporation shall also serve on the Board, but the chief executive officer and chief operating officer of the Corporation shall not be entitled to vote on the election or removal of either. In the event a vacancy occurs on the Board of Directors due to death, disability or resignation of a director, such vacancy shall be filled only by a vote of the holders of the class of securities that initially elected such director.
(e) Initial capitalization (1) The Corporation is authorized to issue debentures, series A preferred stock, series B preferred stock, common stock, contingent interest notes, and other securities.
(2) Debentures and series A preferred stock shall be issued initially to the Association. Series B preferred stock and common stock shall be issued initially to the estates of railroads in reorganization in the region, to railroads leased, operated, and controlled by railroads in reorganization in the region, and to other persons leased, operated or controlled by a railroad in reorganization who are transferors of rail properties in exchange for rail properties transferred to the Corporation pursuant to the final system plan. Notwithstanding any other provisions of State or Federal law, the series B preferred stock and common stock shall have terms and conditions not inconsistent with the final system plan. As a condition of its investment in the Corporation, the Association may require that the Corporation adopt limitations consistent with the final system plan on the circumstances under which dividends on the series B preferred stock and common stock are payable so long as any of the debentures or series A preferred stock are outstanding. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the final system plan, the initial authorized number of shares of series B preferred stock may be 35,000,000, and the Corporation may issue initially for the purpose of the deposit required under section 743(a)(1) of this title such numbers of shares of series B preferred and common stock as the Association shall certify to the Special Court pursuant to section 719(c)(1)(3) 11 So in original. Probably should be section “719(c)(3)”. of this title, including any modifications in such numbers of shares as may be ordered by the Special Court for the purpose of, and in connection with, such deposit and certification.
(f) Officers The officers of the Corporation shall include a chief executive officer and a chief operating officer, who shall be appointed by the Board of Directors and who shall serve at the pleasure of the Board; and such other officers as shall be provided for in the bylaws of the Corporation.
(g) Voting trustees For and during the period between the deposit of securities of the Corporation with the special court, in accordance with section 743(a) of this title, and the distribution of such securities, in accordance with section 743(c) of this title, the special court shall, within 30 days after the date of conveyance pursuant to section 743(b)(1) of this title, appoint one or more voting trustees for each class of securities which is so deposited. Such voting trustees shall, on behalf of the distributees, exercise the rights of the holders of such securities as their interests may appear. Within 30 days after such appointment, such voting trustees shall select members of the Board of Directors of the Corporation on behalf of the holders of the class of securities whose rights they exercise pursuant to this subsection.
(h) Annual report The Corporation shall transmit to the Congress and the President, not later than 90 days after the end of each fiscal year, a comprehensive and detailed report on all activities and accomplishments of the Corporation during the preceding fiscal year.
(i) Liability of directors No director of the Corporation shall be liable, for money damages or otherwise, to any party by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director, if, with respect to the subject matter of the action, suit, or proceeding, such person was fulfilling a duty which he in good faith reasonably believed to be required by law or vested in him in his capacity as a director of the Association or as an officer of the United States. The United States shall indemnify such person against all judgments, amounts paid in settlement, and costs and expenses (including fees of accountants, experts, and attorneys), actually and reasonably incurred in connection with any such action, suit, or proceeding in which such person is determined to have met such standard of conduct. This subsection shall not be construed to grant any immunity from any criminal law of the United States.
(j) Signal systems If, within two years after August 13, 1981, the Corporation applies for the permission of the Secretary to substitute manual block signal systems for automatic block signal systems on lines on which less than 20,000,000 gross tons of freight are carried annually, the Secretary shall approve or disapprove such application within 90 days of its submission.
(k) Governing provisions after sale The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to the Corporation and to activities and other actions and responsibilities of the Corporation and its directors and employees after the sale date, other than with regard to—
(1) section 702 of this title;
(2) section 711(d) of this title;
(3) section 713 of this title, but only with respect to information relating to proceedings before the special court established under section 719(b) of this title;
(4) section 719 of this title, other than subsection (f) thereof;
(5) section 726(f)(8) of this title, but only as such authority applies to activities related to the ESOP and related trust before the sale date;
(6) section 726(f)(9) of this title, but only as such indemnification applies to activities relating to the ESOP and related trust before the sale date;
(7) section 726(f)(10) of this title with respect to all securities of the Corporation issued or transferred in connection with the public offering under the Conrail Privatization Act [45 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.] and all securities of ConRail Equity Corporation and all interests in the ESOP;
(8) section 727(c) and (e) of this title;
(9) subsection (b) of this section, but only with respect to matters covered by the last sentence of such subsection;
(10) subsection (i) of this section, but only as such authority applies to service as a director of the Corporation before the sale of the interest of the United States in the common stock of the Corporation;
(11) section 742 of this title, but only to the extent of (A) the creation and maintenance of the power and authority of the Corporation to operate rail service and to rehabilitate, improve, and modernize rail properties, and (B) the creation and maintenance of the powers of the Corporation as a railroad in any State in which it operates as of the sale date;
(12) section 743(b)(1) and (2) of this title, but only to the extent of establishing the legal effect of the conveyance of property ordered and of the deeds and other instruments executed, acknowledged, delivered, or recorded in connection therewith and the quality of title acquired in such property;
(13) section 743(b)(3)(B) of this title with respect to the effect of an assignment, conveyance, or assumption as set forth in the last sentence of such subparagraph (B);
(14) section 743(b)(5) of this title;
(15) section 743(b)(6) of this title, but only with respect to establishing and maintaining the rights of the Corporation with respect to, limiting its obligations with respect to, and establishing the status of, the employee pension and welfare benefit plans transferred to the Corporation thereunder and with respect to the exclusivity of the jurisdiction of the special court and the limitation of jurisdiction of other courts;
(16) section 743(e) of this title;
(17) section 744 of this title, but only with respect to the finality of abandonments completed before the sale date pursuant to the authority thereof;
(18) section 745 of this title, but only as to the effect, and continuing administration, of supplemental transactions consummated before the sale date;
(19) section 748 of this title, but only (A) as to the finality of abandonments completed before the sale date and (B) as to abandonments of lines where a notice or notices of insufficient revenues with respect to such lines have been filed before November 1, 1985;
(20) section 791(a)(2) of this title, but only with respect to activities before the sale date;
(21) section 791(b)(2) and (b)(3) of this title, but only with respect to issuance of and transactions in any security of the Corporation before the sale date;
(22) section 797a(e) of this title;
(23) section 797b of this title;
(24) section 797c of this title;
(25) sections 797e(a), 797f, and 797g(a) of this title, but only insofar as they establish part of the prevailing status quo for the Corporation’s employees’ rates of pay, rules, and working conditions, such provisions to continue to apply unless changed pursuant to section 156 of this title;
(26) section 797h of this title;
(27) section 797i(b)(1) of this title;
(28) section 797j of this title; and
(29) section 797m of this title, but only with regard to disputes or controversies specified in such section that arose before the sale date.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title III, § 301, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1004; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, §§ 608, 611, 612(j)(1), (3), (m), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 99, 105, 109, 110; Pub. L. 94–216, §§ 1, 3, Feb. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 191; Pub. L. 94–248, § 4, Mar. 25, 1976, 90 Stat. 286; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1141, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 653; Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4032, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1906; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, § 327(2), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 951.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextThis Act, referred to in subsec. (b), means the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, Pub. L. 93–236, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 985, which is classified principally to this chapter (§ 701 et seq.). For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 701 of this title and Tables. The Conrail Privatization Act, referred to in subsec. (k)(7), is subtitle A (§§ 4001–4052) of title IV of Pub. L. 99–509, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1892, which is classified principally to chapter 22 (§ 1301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1301 of this title and Tables.
Codification In subsec. (b), “such Act and subtitle IV of title 49” substituted for “such Acts”, on authority of Pub. L. 95–473, § 3(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, the first section of which enacted subtitle IV (§ 10101 et seq.) of Title 49, Transportation. The last sentence of subsec. (f) of this section as originally enacted, which amended section 856 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, was repealed by Pub. L. 97–258, § 5(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1068, the first section of which enacted Title 31.
Amendments1995—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–88, § 327(2), substituted “rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49” for “common carrier by railroad under section 1(3) of the Interstate Commerce Act (49 U.S.C. 1(3))”. 1986—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 99–509 added subsec. (k). 1981—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 97–35, § 1141(a), struck out provisions respecting resignations. Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 97–35, § 1141(b), substituted “The” for “In order to carry out the final system plan, the”. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 97–35, § 1141(c), substituted provisions relating to signal systems for provisions relating to corporate simplification. 1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–210, § 612(j)(1), inserted “or such other corporate name as may be duly adopted by the Corporation” after “Corporation”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–210, § 612(j)(3), inserted “or of its principal railroad operating subsidiary” after “of the Corporation”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–210, § 611(a), designated existing provisions as par. (1), struck out provision relating to service of the incorporators as the Board of Directors, and added par. (2). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–210, § 611(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted provision relating to applicability of State law, decreased membership from 15 to 13, and revised criteria for selection to membership, and added par. (2). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–210, § 608, designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted provisions authorizing issuance of debentures, series A preferred stock, series B preferred stock, common stock, contingent interest notes, and other securities, for provisions relating to issuance of stock and other securities, and added par. (2). Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 94–248 inserted provisions relating to initial authorized number of shares of series B preferred stock and provisions setting such number at 35,000,000. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–210, § 611(c), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f), which related to a Federal Government audit of the Corporation, was struck out. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 94–210, § 611(c), added subsec. (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h) “Annual report”. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 94–216, § 1, redesignated subsec. (h) “Liability of directors” as (i). Pub. L. 94–210, §§ 611(c), 612(m), redesignated former subsec. (g) as (h) “Annual report” and added subsec. (h) “Liability of directors”. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 94–216, §§ 1, 3, redesignated former subsec. (h) “Liability of directors” as (i) and substituted “a director of the Association” for “a director of the Corporation”. Former subsec. (i) redesignated (j). Pub. L. 94–210, § 612(m), added subsec. (i) “Corporate simplification”. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 94–216, § 1, redesignated former subsec. (i) “Corporate simplification” as (j).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1995 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of Title 49, Transportation.
Effective Date of 1981 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–35 effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1101 of this title.
Termination of Reporting RequirementsFor termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in subsec. (h) of this section relating to the requirement that the Corporation transmit an annual report to Congress, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and the 7th item on page 199 of House Document No. 103–7.
Abolition of Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, and Transfer of Functions Special court abolished and all jurisdiction and functions transferred to United States District Court for District of Columbia, see section 719(b)(2) of this title.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 742 - Powers and duties of Corporation
## Text
The Corporation shall have all of the powers and is subject to all of the duties vested in it under this chapter, in addition to the powers conferred upon it under the laws of the State or States in which it is incorporated and the powers of a railroad in any State in which it operates. The Corporation is authorized and directed to—
(a) acquire rail properties designated in the final system plan to be transferred or conveyed to it;
(b) operate rail service over such rail properties except as provided under sections 744(e) and 791(d)(3) of this title;
(c) rehabilitate, improve, and modernize such rail properties; and
(d) maintain adequate and efficient rail services.
So long as 50 per centum or more, as determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, of the outstanding indebtedness of the Corporation consists of obligations of the Association or other debts owing to or guaranteed by the United States, the Corporation shall not engage in activities which are not related to transportation.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title III, § 302, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1005.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 744a - End of Conrail commuter service obligation
## Text
Notwithstanding any other provision of law or contract, Conrail shall be relieved of any legal obligation to operate commuter service on January 1, 1983.
(Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1136, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 647.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was enacted as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 and also as part of the Northeast Rail Service Act of 1981, and not as part of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 which comprises this chapter.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective DateSection effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.
Authorization of Appropriation To Facilitate Transfer of Rail Commuter Service From Conrail to Other Operators; Standards for Distribution of Appropriated FundsPub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1139(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 652, as amended by Pub. L. 97–468, title V, § 504(a), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2552, provided that: “(1) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary not to exceed $50,000,000, to facilitate the transfer of rail commuter services from Conrail to other operators. The Secretary shall by regulation prescribe standards for the obligation of such funds, and shall ensure that distribution of such funds is equitably made between Amtrak Commuter and the commuter authorities that operate commuter service. In providing for the distribution of such funds, the Secretary shall consider any particular adverse financial impact upon any commuter authority that results from the termination of any lease or agreement between such commuter authority and Conrail. Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until October 1, 1986. “(2) Any funds appropriated under the authority of this subsection shall be distributed by the Secretary to Amtrak Commuter and commuter authorities according to the statutory provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection within 60 days after receipt of an application by Amtrak Commuter or such commuter authorities or within 60 days after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety and Service Improvement Act of 1982 [Jan. 14, 1983], whichever is later.”
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# 45 U.S.C. § 745 - Continuing reorganization; supplemental transactions
## Text
(a) Proposals If the Secretary or the Association determines that, as part of continuing reorganization, further restructuring of rail properties in the region through transactions supplemental to the final system plan would promote the establishment and retention of a financially self-sustaining rail service system in the region adequate to meet the needs of the region, the Secretary or the Association, as the case may be, may develop proposals for such supplemental transactions as are necessary or appropriate to implement the needed restructuring. Transfers of rail properties included in proposals developed by the Association shall be limited to (1) rail properties which would have qualified for designation under section 716(c)(1)(A) of this title but which were not transferred or conveyed under the final system plan, and which the Association finds to be essential to the efficient operations of the Corporation, and (2) transfers, consistent with the final system plan, of rail properties from the Corporation to a subsidiary thereof. Each proposal (other than a proposal developed by the Association) shall be submitted in writing to the Association and shall state and describe any transactions proposed, the rail properties involved, the parties to such transactions, the financial and other terms of such transactions, the purposes of the chapter or the goals of the final system plan intended to be effectuated by such transactions, and such other information incidental thereto as the Association may prescribe. Within 10 days after receipt of a proposal developed by the Secretary, and upon the development of a proposal developed by the Association, the Association shall publish a summary of such proposal in the Federal Register, and shall afford interested persons (including the Corporation when property is to be transferred to or from the Corporation) an opportunity to comment thereon.
(b) Evaluation by Association The Association shall analyze each proposal containing one or more supplemental transactions, taking into account the comments of interested persons and statements and exhibits submitted at any public hearings which may have been held. The Association shall, within 120 days after the publication of a summary thereof under subsection (a) of this section, publish in the Federal Register a report evaluating such proposal. Such evaluation shall state whether the supplemental transactions contained in such proposal, considered in their entirety, are (1) in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan, and (2) fair and equitable. If the Corporation opposes, or seeks modification of, any such proposed transfer, its written comments shall be given due consideration by the Association and shall be published as part of the evaluation. Within 30 days after the Association publishes its report, each proposed transferor or transferee shall notify the Association in writing as to whether any proposed supplemental transaction requiring the transfer of any property from or to such transferor or transferee is acceptable to such proposed transferor or transferee. If any such proposed transferor (other than the Corporation) or transferee fails to notify the Association that any proposed supplemental transaction requiring the transfer of any property from such transferor or to such transferee is acceptable to it, no further administrative or judicial proceedings shall be conducted with respect to such proposed supplemental transaction.
(c) Review by Commission Within 90 days after the publication in the Federal Register of each report referred to in subsection (b) of this section, the Commission shall determine whether the supplemental transactions referred to in the report, considered in their entirety, would be in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan. In making such determination, the Commission shall give due consideration to the views received by it, within 30 days after the publication of the applicable report, from the Corporation and the Secretary. The Commission may condition its approval of such supplemental transactions on such reasonable terms and conditions as it may deem necessary in the public interest. The approval by the Commission of such supplemental transactions shall not be a prerequisite to the consummation of such transactions, but any determination of the Commission modifying, approving, or disapproving any proposed supplemental transactions shall be given due weight and consideration by the special court in the proceedings prescribed in subsection (d) of this section. If the Commission fails to act within the time period provided in this subsection, the supplemental transactions involved shall be deemed to have been approved by the Commission. The Commission may prescribe such regulations as may be necessary for the administration of this section.
(d) Special court proceedings (1) If the Association has made the determination pursuant to subsection (b) of this section that a proposal for supplemental transactions is in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan, and is fair and equitable, the Association shall, within 40 days after the date of the Commission’s determination under subsection (c) of this section, or after the expiration of the 90-day period referred to in such subsection (c), whichever is applicable, petition the special court for an order of such court finding that such proposal for supplemental transactions is in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan, and is fair and equitable, and directing the Corporation to carry out the supplemental transactions specified in such proposal. If the Association has determined, pursuant to subsection (b) of this section that a proposal made by the Secretary is not in the public interest or is not consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan or is not fair and equitable, the Secretary may, if he determines that such proposal is in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan and is fair and equitable, petition the special court for an order of such court finding that such proposal for supplemental transactions is in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan and is fair and equitable, and directing the Corporation to carry out any supplemental transactions specified in such proposal. Such a petition shall be submitted to the special court within 90 days after the date of the Commission’s determination under such subsection (c), or after the expiration of the 90-day period referred to in such subsection (c), whichever is applicable.
(2) After the filing of a petition under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the special court shall decide, after a hearing, whether the proposed supplemental transactions contained in such petition, considered in their entirety, are in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan and are fair and equitable. If the special court determines that such proposed supplemental transactions, considered in their entirety, are in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan and are fair and equitable, it shall, upon making such determination, issue such orders as may be necessary to direct the Corporation to consummate the transactions. If the special court determines that such proposed supplemental transactions, considered in their entirety, are not in the public interest or not consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan, or are not fair and equitable, it shall file an opinion stating its conclusion and the reasons therefor. In such event the Association (in the case of a proposal developed by the Association) or the Secretary (in the case of a proposal developed by the Secretary) may, within 120 days after the filing of such opinion, certify to the special court that the terms and conditions of the proposal have been modified consistent with the opinion of the court and are acceptable to each proposed transferor (other than the Corporation) or transferee, and may petition the special court for reconsideration of the proposal as so modified. After the filing of such petition, the special court shall decide, after a hearing, whether the proposal as modified by the certification is in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of this chapter and the goals of the final system plan and is fair and equitable, and shall enter such further orders as are consistent with its determination.
(3) The Corporation is authorized to petition the special court and to be represented regarding any proposed supplemental transaction, contained in a proposal developed by either the Association or the Secretary, which involves the properties of the Corporation.
(4) In proceedings under this subsection, the special court is authorized to exercise the powers of a reorganization court.
(5) Any evaluation by the Association, the Secretary, or the Commission shall not be reviewable in any court except the special court in accordance with the provisions of this section. The supplemental transactions shall not be restrained or enjoined by any court nor shall they be otherwise reviewable by any court other than by the special court to the extent provided in this section.
(6) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, no findings, determinations, or proceedings shall be required with respect to any proposal for supplemental transactions other than as expressly set forth in this section.
(7) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1155(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 679.
(8) A final order or judgment of the special court entering or denying an order pursuant to this subsection shall be reviewable in the same manner as provided in section 719(e)(3) of this title.
(e) “Fair and equitable” defined As used in this section, the term “fair and equitable” means fair and equitable, in accordance with the standards applicable to the approval of a plan of reorganization (or a step in such plan) under section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act 11 See References in Text note below. to—
(1) the estates of railroads in reorganization in the region and persons leased, operated, or controlled by such railroads who have conveyed rail properties, under section 743(b)(1) of this title, in exchange for securities of the Corporation, the Association, or profitable railroads and other benefits provided as a consequence of this chapter and to any subsequent holders of such securities at the time of the supplemental transaction involved; and
(2) the holders of other securities of the Corporation.
Whenever any property or securities of the Corporation are required to be valued in order to determine whether the terms of a supplemental transaction are fair and equitable, the special court shall give proper recognition to the contributions to the Corporation by all classes of security holders, except that such court shall not assign to the series B preferred stock or the common stock of the Corporation any values added to those securities, by reason of investment by the Association in debentures and series A preferred stock of the Corporation, in excess of any value required by constitutional principles applicable to a reorganization process.
(f) Expedited proposals (1) Within 240 days after the effective date of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, the Secretary, after providing an opportunity for comments from interested parties, shall determine whether to initiate a proposal for a supplemental transaction under this section for the transfer of all rail properties of the Corporation in the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island to another railroad in the region. If the Secretary determines that—
(A) the proposed transferee railroad is financially and operationally capable of assuming the freight operations and freight service obligations of the Corporation on a financially self-sustaining basis;
(B) the proposed transfer would promote the establishment and retention of a financially self-sustaining rail system in the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island adequate to meet the needs of such States; and
(C) the proposed transfer is consistent with the goals set forth in section 716(a)(8) of this title,
the Secretary shall develop such a proposal and may, after providing the Association, the Commission, and the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island an opportunity to review and comment on such proposal, petition the special court for an order to carry out such proposal.
(2) (A) Within 10 days after August 13, 1981, the Secretary shall initiate discussions and negotiations for the transfer of some or all of the Corporation’s rail properties and freight service obligations in the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island to one or more parties under a plan which provides for continued rail freight service on all lines operated by the Corporation on August 13, 1981, for at least four years.
(B) Within 120 days after August 13, 1981, the Secretary shall petition the special court for an order to transfer all of the Corporation’s rail properties and freight service obligations in the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island to one or more railroads in the Region—
(i) which have under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph completed negotiations and submitted to the Secretary a proposal to assume all of the freight operations and freight service obligations of the Corporation in such States on a financially self-sustaining basis for a period of at least four years; or
(ii) which have developed a proposal to assume all of the freight operations and freight service obligations of the Corporation in such States under an agreement by and between the Corporation and such railroad or railroads; or
(iii) which have, prior to May 1, 1981, submitted a proposal to the Secretary for such a transfer.
For the purpose of this section, an order to transfer may include the Corporation if the Corporation agrees to maintain service over lines retained by the Corporation for four years.
(C) To permit efficient and effective rail operations consistent with the public interest, as a part of any transfer under paragraph (2)(B) of this subsection, the Secretary shall promote the transfer of additional non-mainline Corporation properties in adjoining States that connect with properties that are the subject of such transfer.
(D) The special court shall determine a fair and equitable price for the rail properties to be transferred under this subsection, and shall, unless the parties otherwise agree, establish divisions of joint rates for through routes over such properties which are fair and equitable to the parties. The special court shall establish a method to ensure that such divisions are promptly paid.
(E) Notwithstanding any other provision of law or agreement in effect on May 1, 1981, the special court shall require that the railroad or railroads to which properties are to be transferred under this subsection assume all charges payable by the Corporation to Amtrak for the carriage of property by rail over those portions of the Northeast Corridor in Connecticut and Rhode Island. If the Corporation operates any rail freight service over those portions of the Northeast Corridor in Connecticut and Rhode Island after the date of such transfer, the Corporation shall pay Amtrak any compensation that may be separately agreed upon by the Corporation and Amtrak, and the railroad or railroads to which properties are transferred under this subsection shall not be obligated to pay any compensation owed by the Corporation to Amtrak for such post-transfer operations by the Corporation.
(3) If the special court determines that a proposal developed under this subsection is fair and equitable, meets the requirements of this subsection, and is in the public interest, it shall issue such orders as may be necessary to carry out such proposal. The provisions of paragraphs (2)–(6) of subsection (d) of this section shall apply to the determination of the special court under this subsection, except that the standards for such determination shall be those set forth in this paragraph.
(4) (A) Any employee who was protected by the compensatory provisions of subchapter V 22 See References in Text note below. of this chapter immediately prior to August 13, 1981, and who is deprived of employment as a result of the transfer of rail properties under this subsection shall be eligible for benefits under section 797 2 of this title.
(B) As used in this paragraph, “employee deprived of employment” means any employee who is unable to secure employment through the normal exercise of seniority rights, but does not include any employee who refuses an offer of employment with a railroad acquiring properties under this subsection.
(g) Transfer of properties and freight service obligations of specific lines (1) Within 20 days after August 13, 1981, the Secretary shall initiate discussions and negotiations for the expedited transfer of all properties and freight service obligations of the Corporation with respect to the following lines: Canaan, Connecticut, to Pittsfield, Massachusetts; North Adams Junction, Massachusetts, to North Adams, Massachusetts; Hazardville, Connecticut, to Springfield, Massachusetts; Westfield, Massachusetts, to Easthampton, Massachusetts; Westfield, Massachusetts, to Holyoke, Massachusetts.
(2) Within 120 days after August 13, 1981, the Secretary shall transfer, provided a qualified purchaser offers to purchase, the Corporation’s properties and freight service obligations described in paragraph (1) of this subsection to another railroad or railroads in the Region which are determined by the Secretary to be qualified. A qualified purchaser is defined as a railroad financially self-sustaining which guarantees continuous service for at least four years.
(3) The Secretary shall determine a fair and equitable price for the rail properties to be transferred under this subsection, and shall, unless the parties otherwise agree, establish divisions of joint rates for through routes over such properties which are fair and equitable to the parties.
(4) The Secretary shall determine fair and equitable terms for the provision of such trackage rights, on segments of the Corporation’s lines not to exceed 5 miles per line transferred, to acquiring carriers as may be necessary to operate such transferred lines in an efficient manner.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title III, § 305, as added Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 610(b), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 100; amended Pub. L. 96–448, title VI, § 601(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1958; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1155, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 677; Pub. L. 98–620, title IV, § 402(48), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3360; Pub. L. 104–317, title VI, § 605(c)(2), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3859.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, referred to in subsec. (e), was classified to section 205 of former Title 11, Bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Act (act July 1, 1898, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544) was repealed effective Oct. 1, 1979, by Pub. L. 95–598, §§ 401(a), 402(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2682, section 101 of which enacted revised Title 11. For current provisions relating to railroad reorganization, see subchapter IV (§ 1161 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 11. The effective date of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (f)(1), probably means Oct. 1, 1980, the effective date of section 601(a) of Pub. L. 96–448, which enacted subsec. (f) of this section. See section 710 of Pub. L. 96–448, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 1170 of Title 11. Subchapter V of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (f)(4)(A), was repealed by Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1144(a)(1), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 669. Section 797 of this title, referred to in subsec. (f)(4)(A), was repealed by Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4024(c), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1904, effective on the sale date (Apr. 2, 1987).
Amendments1996—Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 104–317, which directed amendment of par. (4) by striking out “a judge of the United States district court with respect to such proceedings and such powers shall include those of”, was executed by striking out text which contained the words “judge of a United States” rather than “judge of the United States” to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 1984—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 98–620 substituted “After” for “Within 180 days after” at beginning of first and last sentences. 1981—Subsec. (d)(7). Pub. L. 97–35, § 1155(b), struck out par. (7) which related to applicable requirements to supplemental transactions. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97–35, § 1155(a), in par. (2) substituted provisions relating to discussions and negotiations, judicial procedures applicable, etc., for transfers, for provisions relating to establishment of a fair and equitable price for properties, and in par. (4) substituted provisions relating to eligibility for benefits of employees deprived of employment, for provisions relating to expedited supplemental transactions. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 97–35, § 1155(c), added subsec. (g). 1980—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 96–448 added subsec. (f).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–317 effective 90 days after Oct. 19, 1996, and except as otherwise provided, applicable to proceedings that arise or continue after such effective date, see section 605(e) of Pub. L. 104–317, set out as a note under section 719 of this title.
Effective Date of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 98–620 not applicable to cases pending on Nov. 8, 1984, see section 403 of Pub. L. 98–620, set out as a note under section 1657 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
Effective Date of 1981 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–35 effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1101 of this title.
Effective Date of 1980 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 96–448 effective Oct. 1, 1980, see section 710(a) of Pub. L. 96–448, set out as a note under section 1170 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.
Abolition of Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, and Transfer of Functions Special court abolished and all jurisdiction and functions transferred to United States District Court for District of Columbia, see section 719(b)(2) of this title.
Abolition of Interstate Commerce Commission and Transfer of Functions Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
Rail Abandonment and Discontinuance of Service ReportPub. L. 94–210, title IX, § 904, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 148, directed Secretary to submit to Congress, within ninety days of Feb. 5, 1976, a report on anticipated effect of any abandonment of lines of railroad and any discontinuances of rail service in States outside the region as defined in section 702 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 746 - Certificates of value
## Text
(a) General On the date when the Corporation is required to deposit securities with the special court pursuant to section 743(a)(1) of this title, the Association shall deposit with the special court the certificates of value of the Association required by this section. The Secretary shall guarantee the payment of all certificates of value delivered in accordance with this subchapter. All guarantees entered by the Secretary under this section shall constitute general obligations of the United States of America for the payment or redemption of which its full faith and credit are pledged. Such guarantees shall be valid and incontestable except as to mutual mistake of fact or as to fraud or material misrepresentation by the holder of such certificates or the transferor of rail properties to which certificates of value of any series so guaranteed are issued.
(b) Number and distribution A separate series of certificates of value shall be issued to each railroad in reorganization in the region and each person leased, operated, or controlled by such a railroad that transfers rail properties to the Corporation or a subsidiary thereof. The number of certificates of value of each series to be deposited pursuant to subsection (a) shall be equal to the number of shares of series B preferred stock of the Corporation which are required to be deposited by the Corporation with the special court, pursuant to section 743(a)(1) of this title in exchange for the rail properties transferred to the Corporation or a subsidiary thereof by such transferor. Certificates of value of the appropriate series shall be distributed by the special court, pursuant to section 743(c)(4) of this title, at the same time to the same transferors, and in the same numbers of units as shares of such series B preferred stock are distributed to such transferor.
(c) Redemption (1) Certificates of value, of any series, shall be redeemed by the Association on December 31, 1987, or on such earlier date as the Board of Directors of the Association and the Finance Committee jointly may determine and specify.
(2) Each certificate of value of each series shall be redeemable for an amount, payable in cash, equal to its base value on the redemption date, minus—
(A) the sum of the fair market value of the series B preferred stock applicable to such certificate, the fair market value of the common stock applicable to such certificate, and all cash dividends theretofore paid on any such series B preferred stock and on any such common stock; and
(B) any sums paid to a transferor of rail properties to whom such series of certificates of value was issued resulting from sales or leases by the Corporation of properties transferred to it by such transferor divided by the number of certificates of value distributed to such transferor.
(3) The number of shares of series B preferred stock and common stock applicable to each certificate of value of any series, pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection, shall be—
(A) one share of series B preferred stock (adjusted to reflect any stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar transactions affecting the number of shares of outstanding series B preferred stock following the date of distribution pursuant to section 743(c)(4) of this title); and
(B) the number of shares of common stock determined by dividing the total number of shares of common stock distributed pursuant to section 743(c)(4) of this title to the transferor receiving such series of certificates of value (adjusted to reflect any stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications, or similar transactions affecting the number of shares of outstanding common stock following the date of distribution pursuant to section 743(c)(4) of this title) by the total number of certificates of value in the series so distributed to such transferor.
(4) The base value of each certificate of value of any series shall be the value obtained by (A) taking the net liquidation value, as determined by the special court, to which the transferor to whom such series of certificates of value is issued is entitled by virtue of transfers of rail properties, under section 743(b)(1) of this title to the Corporation or a subsidiary thereof; (B) subtracting the value of other benefits provided under this chapter, as determined by the special court; (C) adding such amount, if any, as the special court may determine shall be required after taking into consideration compensable unconstitutional erosion, if any, in the estate of a railroad in reorganization, or of a railroad leased, operated, or controlled by such a railroad, which the special court finds to have occurred during any bankruptcy proceeding with respect to such railroad; (D) adding interest from the transfer date to the redemption date to be compounded annually at a rate of 8 percent per annum; and (E) dividing the resulting value by the number of certificates of value of such series distributed to such transferor. In determining such base value, the special court shall give due weight and consideration to the finding of the Association as to the net liquidation value to which each transferor is entitled by virtue of conveyances of rail properties under section 743(b)(1) of this title. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “rail properties” includes all rights with respect to employee benefit plans transferred and assigned to the Corporation pursuant to section 743(b)(6) of this title. Net liquidation value with respect to such rights shall be determined after taking into account all obligations finally transferred or assigned to the Corporation pursuant to such section.
(5) The fair market value of series B preferred stock and of common stock of the Corporation shall be determined in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Association, on the basis of the average price of each such security in the primary established market in which such securities are traded over a period of 120 consecutive trading days ending not less than 20 nor more than 40 trading days preceding the redemption date, or, in the case of a security for which there is not an established trading market, on the basis of the fair market value thereof as determined by the majority vote of three experts in the valuation of securities, one to be selected by the Association, one to be selected by the directors of the Corporation elected by the holders of the security to be valued, and one to be selected by the two first selected.
(d) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as are necessary to discharge the obligations of the United States arising under this section.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title III, § 306, as added Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 610(b), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 104; amended Pub. L. 94–248, §§ 2, 3, Mar. 25, 1976, 90 Stat. 286.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1976—Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 94–248, § 2, substituted “adjusted to reflect” for “without regard to”. Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 94–248, § 3, inserted provisions relating to adjustment of number of shares of common stock to reflect any stock splits, stock combinations, etc.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Abolition of Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, and Transfer of Functions Special court abolished and all jurisdiction and functions transferred to United States District Court for District of Columbia, see section 719(b)(2) of this title.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 747 - Protection of Federal funds
## Text
(a) Audit (1) The Comptroller General of the United States is authorized to audit the programs, activities, and financial operations of the Corporation for any period during which (A) Federal funds provided pursuant to this chapter are being used to finance any portion of its operations, or (B) Federal funds have been invested therein pursuant to this chapter. Any such audit may be conducted under such rules and regulations as the Comptroller General may prescribe. The Comptroller General shall report to the Congress at such times and to such extent as he considers necessary to keep the Congress informed on the security of such Federal funds and guarantees and, to the extent appropriate, make recommendations for achieving greater economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in such programs, activities, and operations.
(2) For the purpose of any audit conducted pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, the Comptroller General, or a designated representative of the Comptroller General, shall have access to and the right to examine all books, accounts, records, reports, files, and other papers, items, or property belonging to or in use by the Corporation.
(b) Report The Association shall prepare and submit an annual report to Congress on the performance of the Corporation in order to keep the Congress informed as to matters which may affect the quality of rail services in the region and which may affect the security of Federal funds referred to in subsection (a) of this section. Each such report shall be submitted within 150 days after the end of the fiscal year of the Corporation. Each such report shall include an evaluation of—
(1) the degree to which the goals of section 716(a) of this title are being met;
(2) the amounts and causes of deviations, if any, from the financial projections of the final system plan;
(3) the amount of Federal funds made available to the Corporation and a clear description of the uses of such funds;
(4) the projected financial needs of the Corporation;
(5) the projected sources from which such financial needs are likely to be met; and
(6) the ability of the Corporation to become financially self-sustaining without requiring Federal funds in excess of those authorized by section 716(f) of this title.
(c) Monitoring of Corporation (1) The Association shall also report to the Congress, in accordance with this subsection, on the policies of the Corporation and the results of such policies with respect to operations, cost containment, and marketing.
(2) Within 90 days after November 1, 1978, the Association shall (A) subdivide each such policy area into constituent parts or groups of parts which are specific and significant, (B) identify the most appropriate indicia to reflect accurately such parts or groups of parts, and (C)(i) determine any and all deficiencies in data used to compute the values of such indicia including consistency and clarity of definitions, timeliness of data entry, editing and validation of input data, and processing, and (ii) outline the efforts of the Association and Corporation to correct the deficiencies and the results of such efforts. On or before the end of such 90-day period, the Association shall submit to the Congress such methodological information and additional information which the Association deems necessary or appropriate to further the purpose of this subchapter.
(3) Using such indicia, the Association shall report on (A) the relationship of each constituent part or groups of parts to the Corporation’s revenue and capital and operating expenses, (B) the extent to which such parts or group of parts contributes to profits or losses, (C) the efforts of management to contain or reduce the contribution of such part or group of parts to losses, (D) the results of such efforts, and (E) such other information as the Association deems necessary or appropriate.
(4) The Association shall (A) transmit to the Congress the first such monitoring report pursuant to paragraph (3) at the end of the first calendar quarter which begins after the end of the 90-day period for preparation and submission of the methodological information pursuant to paragraph (2), (B) report such monitoring information to the Congress at the end of the first quarter of each calendar year thereafter, (C) update methodological and monitoring information periodically as the Association deems necessary or appropriate, but in no case less frequently than once a year, and (D) where the results of such updating are statistically significant or relevant to Congressional policymaking, report them and the reasons for their significance at the end of the calendar quarter in which the updating occurred.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title III, § 307, as added Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 609, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 99; amended Pub. L. 95–565, § 7, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2400.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1978—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–565 added subsec. (c).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Conrail Funding Studies; Reports to Congress; Recommendations for Financially Self-Sustaining Rail System; Availability of Recommendations; Publication in Federal Register; Comments on Reports; Recommendations by Secretary on Future Structure and Operations by Corporation; Immunity From Antitrust Laws; Analysis of Effects on Corporation and Employees of Alternative Changes in Labor Agreements and Related Operational Changes; Projections on Benefits, Changes, Savings, and Increased RevenuesPub. L. 96–448, title VII, § 703(a)–(d), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1962, directed the United States Railway Association and the Consolidated Rail Corporation, not later than Apr. 1, 1980 (which probably should have been Apr. 1, 1981) to each submit a report to Congress analyzing the impact, upon the Corporation, rail service in the region, railroad employees, the economy of the region, other rail carriers in the region and elsewhere, and the Federal budget, of no further Federal funding for the Corporation, continued Federal funding of the rail system of the Corporation as then structured, and future Federal funding of the Corporation to the extent necessary to preserve rail service in the region which could be self-supporting, without undue interim disruption of operations, required publication of these reports in the Federal Register, directed the Interstate Commerce Commission, not later than May 1, 1981, to submit to Congress its comments on the report of the Association, the Secretary of Transportation, and the Corporation, directed the Secretary of Transportation, not later than Apr. 1, 1981, to submit to Congress his recommendations with respect to the future structure and operations of the Corporation, and not later than May 1, 1981, to submit to Congress his comments and recommendations with respect to the reports of the Association and Corporation, provided that the antitrust laws as defined in section 791(a)(3) of this title not apply to any action of the Association or Secretary of Transportation prior to May 1, 1981, directed the Corporation, not later than Mar. 15, 1981 to submit to Congress an analysis of the effects upon the Corporation and its employees of alternative changes in labor agreements and related operational changes, including an analysis of any Federal funding that would be required, and directed the Corporation, not later than Jan. 15, 1981, to submit to the Association its projections of the benefits to the Corporation of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, Pub. L. 96–448, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1895, its projections of changes needed in the structure of the rail system of the Corporation, including properties which might be abandoned or transferred, and other projections of potential savings or increased revenues to the Corporation.
Termination of Reporting RequirementsFor termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in subsecs. (b) and (c)(4)(B) of this section relating to the requirement that the Association submit annual reports to Congress, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and the 11th and 12th items on page 195 of House Document No. 103–7.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActApplication of National Environmental Policy Act to actions of Commission not affected by title VI of Pub. L. 94–210, see section 619 of Pub. L. 94–210, set out as a note under section 791 of this title.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 748 - Abandonments
## Text
(a) General The Corporation may, in accordance with this section, file with the Commission an application for a certificate of abandonment for any line which is part of the system of the Corporation. Any such application shall be governed by this section and shall not, except as specifically provided in this section, be subject to the provisions of chapter 109 of title 49.
(b) Applications for abandonment Any application for abandonment that is filed by the Corporation under this section before December 1, 1981, shall be granted by the Commission within 90 days after the date such application is filed unless, within such 90-day period, an offer of financial assistance is made in accordance with subsection (d) of this section with respect to the line to be abandoned.
(c) Notice of insufficient revenues (1) The Corporation may, prior to November 1, 1985, file with the Commission a notice of insufficient revenues for any line which is part of the system of the Corporation.
(2) At any time after the 90-day period beginning with the filing of a notice of insufficient revenues for a line, the Corporation may file an application for abandonment for such line. An application for abandonment that is filed by the Corporation under this subsection for a line for which a notice of insufficient revenues was filed under paragraph (1) shall be granted by the Commission within 90 days after the date such application is filed unless, within such 90-day period, an offer of financial assistance is made in accordance with subsection (d) of this section with respect to such line.
(d) Offers of financial assistance (1) The provisions of section 10904 of title 49 (including the timing requirements of subsection (d) thereof) shall apply to any offer of financial assistance under subsection (b) or (c) of this section.
(2) The Corporation shall provide any person that intends to make an offer of financial assistance under subsection (b) or (c) of this section with such information as the Commission may require.
(e) Liquidation (1) If any application for abandonment is granted under subsection (b) of this section, the Commission shall, as soon as practicable, appraise the net liquidation value of the line to be abandoned, and shall publish notice of such appraisal in the Federal Register.
(2) Appraisals made under paragraph (1) shall not be appealable.
(3) (A) If, within 120 days after the date on which an appraisal is published in the Federal Register under paragraph (1), the Corporation receives a bona fide offer for the sale, for 75 percent of the amount at which the liquidation value of such line was appraised by the Commission, of the line to be abandoned, the Corporation shall sell such line and the Commission shall, unless the parties otherwise agree, establish an equitable division of joint rates for through routes over such lines.
(B) If the Corporation receives no bona fide offer under subparagraph (A), within such 120-day period, the Corporation may abandon or dispose of the line as it chooses, except that the Corporation may not dismantle bridges, or other structures (not including rail, signals, and other rail facilities) for 120 days thereafter. The Secretary may require that bridges or other structures (not including rail, signals, and other rail facilities), not be dismantled for an additional 8 months if he assumes all liability of any sort related to such property.
(4) If the purchaser under paragraph (3)(A) of this subsection of any line of the Corporation abandons such line within five years after such purchase, the proceeds of any track liquidations shall be paid into the general fund of the Treasury of the United States.
(f) Employee protection The provisions of section 10903(b)(3) 11 So in original. Section 10903(b) of Title 49, Transportation, does not contain a par. (3). of title 49 shall not apply to any abandonment granted under this section. Any employee who was protected by the compensatory provisions of subchapter V 22 See References in Text note below. of this chapter immediately prior to August 13, 1981, who is deprived of employment by such an abandonment shall be eligible for employee protection under section 797 2 of this title.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title III, § 308, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1156(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 679; amended Pub. L. 98–181, title II, § 2003(c)(2), Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, § 327(4), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 952.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSubchapter V of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (f), was repealed by Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1144(a)(1), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 669. Section 797 of this title, referred to in subsec. (f), was repealed by Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4024(c), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1904, effective on the sale date (Apr. 2, 1987).
Amendments1995—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 104–88, § 327(4)(A), substituted “section 10904” for “section 10905(d)–(f)”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–88, § 327(4)(B), substituted “section 10903(b)(3)” for “section 10903(b)(2)”. 1983—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 98–181 substituted “1985” for “1983”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1995 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of Title 49, Transportation.
Effective DateSection effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.
Abolition of Interstate Commerce Commission and Transfer of Functions Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49.
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release_point: "119-100"
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# 45 U.S.C. § 761 to 769c - Repealed. Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4033(a)(1), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1908
## Notes
Section 761, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 401, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1142, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 654, related to sale of interest of United States in common stock of Consolidated Rail Corporation.
A prior section 761, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 401, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1010, related to Congressional findings and purpose in providing for a program of rail service continuation subsidies, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–210, title VIII, § 806, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 143, eff. Apr. 1, 1978.
Section 762, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 402, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1142, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 655, related to debt and preferred stock of Consolidated Rail Corporation.
A prior section 762, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 402, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1010; Pub. L. 93–488, § 1(d), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1464; Pub. L. 94–210, title VIII, § 805(a), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 139, directed Secretary to provide financial assistance to States and local or regional transportation authorities in facilitating and maintaining main line or local rail service, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–210, title VIII, § 806, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 143, eff. Apr. 1, 1978.
Section 763, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 403, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1142, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 655, related to determinations about profitability of Consolidated Rail Corporation.
A prior section 763, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 403, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1012; Pub. L. 93–488, § 1(e), Oct 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1465; Pub. L. 94–210, title VIII, § 805(b), (c), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 142, authorized Association to provide loans for acquisition of rail properties by States or local or regional transportation authorities and for modernization of those acquired properties, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–210, title VIII, § 806, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 143, eff. Apr. 1, 1978.
Section 764, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 404, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1142, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 656, related to failure to sell interest of United States in common stock of Consolidated Rail Corporation as an entity.
Section 765, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 405, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1142, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 657, related to plans to transfer Consolidated Rail Corporation’s freight rail properties and service responsibilities.
Section 766, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 406, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1142, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 658, related to consolidation and review of freight transfer agreements.
Section 767, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 407, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1142, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 658, related to public comment and Congressional notification regarding freight transfer agreements.
Section 768, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 408, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1142, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 659, related to performance under freight transfer agreements.
Section 769, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 409, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1142, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 659, provided that conveyance of interest in rail properties under freight transfer agreement is deemed to be an assignment.
Section 769a, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 410, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1142, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 660, related to identification and sale of unprofitable subsidiaries of Consolidated Rail Corporation.
Section 769b, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 411, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1146(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 672, related to labor transfer agreements.
Section 769c, Pub. L. 93–236, title IV, § 412, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1146(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 673, related to labor protection benefits.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 771 to 780 - Repealed. Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1144(a)(1), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 669
## Notes
Section 771, Pub. L. 93–236, title V, § 501, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1012; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, §§ 607(i), 613, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 97, 112; Pub. L. 94–248, § 5, Mar. 25, 1976, 90 Stat. 286; Pub. L. 94–555, title II, § 207(a), Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2621; Pub. L. 96–448, title V, § 508(d), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1957, set forth provisions defining terms applicable to employee protection rights.
Section 772, Pub. L. 93–236, title V, § 502, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1013; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 614, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 112, set forth provisions respecting employment offers.
Section 773, Pub. L. 93–236, title V, § 503, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1014, related to assignment of work.
Section 774, Pub. L. 93–236, title V, § 504, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1014; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 615, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 113; Pub. L. 94–555, title II, §§ 207(b), 208, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2622; Pub. L. 96–448, title V, § 506, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1956, set forth provisions respecting collective bargaining agreements.
Section 775, Pub. L. 93–236, title V, § 505, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1015; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 616(a)–(g), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 115, 116; Pub. L. 94–555, title II, §§ 209, 210, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2623; Pub. L. 96–448, title V, §§ 501–503, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1948–1954, set forth provisions relating to employee protection programs.
Section 776, Pub. L. 93–236, title V, § 506, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1019, related to contracting out of work.
Section 777, Pub. L. 93–236, title V, § 507, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1020; Pub. L. 96–448, title V, § 508(e), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1957, related to arbitration of disputes or controversies.
Section 778, Pub. L. 93–236, title V, § 508, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1020; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 617, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 117, related to duties of acquiring and selling railroads.
Section 779, Pub. L. 93–236, title V, § 509, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1020; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 616(h), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 116; Pub. L. 94–555, title II, § 207(c), Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2622; Pub. L. 96–448, title V, § 504, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1955, set forth provisions respecting benefit payments.
Section 780, Pub. L. 93–236, title V, § 510, as added Pub. L. 96–448, title V, § 505, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1956, related to railroad hiring.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal; Continuation of Benefits After Repeal; Law Governing Disputes; Prerequisites to Disbursement of BenefitsPub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1144(a)(2)–(4), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 669, provided that: “(2) Notwithstanding the repeal made by paragraph (1) of this subsection [repealing this subchapter]—“(A) benefits accrued as of the effective date of this subsection as a result of events that occurred wholly prior to October 1, 1981, shall be disbursed except as provided in paragraph (3); and “(B) any dispute or controversy regarding such benefits shall be determined under the terms of the law in effect on the date the claim arose. “(3) Benefits shall not be disbursed under paragraph (2)(A) unless the employee has filed a claim for such benefits within 90 days after the date of repeal; except that, with respect to a claim which is the subject of or is based upon any arbitration decision issued after the date of repeal, such 90-day period shall not commence until such arbitration decision is issued to the employee and the employee’s representative; and no benefits shall be disbursed unless appropriations for such purposes are or become available. “(4) The provisions of this subsection shall take effect on the first day of the first month beginning after the date of enactment of this subtitle [Aug. 13, 1981].”
Employee Protection Payments Under Former Provisions; ReimbursementPub. L. 96–448, title V, § 507, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1956, provided that notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Consolidated Rail Corporation and other employers with employees protected under this subchapter, until the effective date of Pub. L. 96–448 [probably means Oct. 1, 1980, see section 710 of Pub. L. 96–448, set out as a note under section 1170 of Title 11, Bankruptcy], continue to make payments for employee protection under such Act, [probably means this subchapter] in accordance with the provisions of such Act [probably means this subchapter], which were in effect on Jan. 1, 1979, and that notwithstanding any other provision of law, such Corporation and employers be reimbursed for such payments in accordance with former section 779(a) of this title.
Conrail Employee ProtectionPub. L. 96–254, title II, § 214, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 417, provided that the Consolidated Railroad Corporation make payments in accordance with this subchapter, and the United States Railway Association not, as a result of such payments, withhold any funds from the Corporation, and that this provision take effect as of Mar. 1, 1980, and remain in effect until the expiration of the 45-day period beginning on May 30, 1980, and after the expiration of such 45-day period, payments by the Consolidated Rail Corporation under this subchapter and funding of the Corporation by the United States Railway Association be governed by applicable law.
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title: "45 U.S.C. § 791"
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title_name: "RAILROADS"
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 791 - Relationship to other laws
## Text
(a) Antitrust (1) Except as specifically provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, no provision of this chapter shall be deemed to convey to any railroad or employee or director thereof any immunity from civil or criminal liability, or to create defenses to actions, under the antitrust laws.
(2) The antitrust laws are inapplicable with respect to any action taken to formulate or implement the final system plan where such action was in compliance with the requirements of such plan and with respect to any action taken to formulate or implement any supplemental transaction.
(3) As used in this subsection, “antitrust laws” includes the Act of July 2, 1890 (ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209), as amended; the Act of October 15, 1914 (ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730), as amended; the Federal Trade Commission Act (38 Stat. 717), as amended [15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.], sections 73 and 74 of the Act of August 27, 1894 (28 Stat. 570), as amended [15 U.S.C. 8, 9]; the Act of June 19, 1936 (ch. 592, 49 Stat. 1526), as amended; and the antitrust laws of any State or subdivision thereof.
(b) Commerce, securities, and bankruptcy (1) The provisions of subtitle IV of title 49 and the Bankruptcy Act, are inapplicable (A) to actions taken under this chapter to formulate and implement the final system plan where such action was in compliance with the requirements of such plan, and (B) to actions taken under this chapter to formulate or implement any supplemental transaction.
(2) All securities of the Corporation which are issued to the Association as the initial holder, or which are issued in connection with the transfer to the Corporation or a subsidiary thereof of rail properties under this chapter, shall be deemed for all purposes to have been issued subject to and authorized pursuant to section 11301 11 See References in Text note below. of title 49.
(3) The provisions of section 77e of title 15, shall not apply to transactions involving the issuance of any security of the Corporation to the Association, transactions involving the issuance of any security of the Corporation that is deposited with the special court pursuant to section 743(a) of this title, or transactions involving the issuance or distribution of any security of the Corporation, where the terms and conditions of such issuance or distribution are approved by the special court pursuant to section 743(c) of this title.
(4) The powers and duties of the Commission under section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, with respect to a railroad in reorganization in the region which conveys all or substantially all of its designated rail properties to the Corporation or a subsidiary thereof, or to profitable railroads in the region, pursuant to the final system plan, and the requirement that plans of reorganization be filed with the Commission, shall cease upon the date of such conveyance. The powers and duties of the Commission under section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act shall also so terminate, as of February 5, 1976, with respect to any railroad in reorganization under such section 77 but not subject to this chapter which (1) does not operate any line of railroad, and (2) has transferred all or substantially all of its rail properties to a railroad in reorganization in the region which was subject to this chapter prior to February 5, 1976. Thereafter, such powers and duties of the Commission shall be vested in the district court of the United States which has jurisdiction of the estate of any such railroad in reorganization at the time of such conveyance. Such court shall proceed to reorganize or liquidate such railroad in reorganization pursuant to such section 77 on such terms as the court deems just and reasonable, or pursuant to any other provisions of the Bankruptcy Act, if the court finds that such action would be in the best interests of such estate. This paragraph does not affect any obligation of any carrier by railroad subject to regulation under subtitle IV of title 49. The powers and duties of the Commission under section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act shall continue in effect only to the extent that the railroad in reorganization continues to operate any line of railroad.
(c) Environment The provisions of section 4332(2)(C) of title 42 shall not apply with respect to any action taken under authority of this chapter before, and including, the conveyance of rail properties ordered by the special court under section 743 (b)(1) of this title, and shall not apply thereafter to any action taken in compliance with the requirements of the final system plan.
(d) Northeast Corridor (1) Rail properties designated in accordance with section 716(c)(1)(C) of this title shall be purchased or leased by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation. The Corporation shall negotiate an appropriate sale or lease agreement with the National Railroad Passenger Corporation for the properties designated for transfer pursuant to section 716(c)(1)(C) of this title, which shall take effect on the date of conveyance of such properties to the Corporation.
(2) Properties acquired by purchase, lease, or otherwise pursuant to this subsection shall be improved in order to meet the goal set forth in section 716(a)(3) of this title, relating to improved highspeed passenger service, by the earliest practicable date after January 2, 1974.
(3) The Secretary shall begin the necessary engineering studies and improvements on January 2, 1974.
(4) The final system plan shall provide for any necessary coordination with freight or commuter services of use of the facilities designated in section 716(c)(1)(C) of this title. Such coordination may be effectuated through a single operating entity, designated in the final system plan, or as mutually agreed upon by the interested parties.
(5) Construction or improvements made pursuant to this subsection may be made in consultation with the Corps of Engineers.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title VI, § 601(a)–(d), Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1021; Pub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 618, title VII, § 706(b), formerly § 705(b), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 117, 123, renumbered Pub. L. 96–254, title II, § 206(a), May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 412.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextAct of July 2, 1890 (ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209), as amended, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), is known as the Sherman Act, which is classified to sections 1 to 7 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1 of Title 15 and Tables. Act of October 15, 1914 (ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730), as amended, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), is known as the Clayton Act, which is classified to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 21, and 22 to 27 of Title 15, and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of Title 15 and Tables. The Federal Trade Commission Act (38 Stat. 717), as amended, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 41 et seq.) of chapter 2 of Title 15. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of Title 15 and Tables. Sections 73 and 74 of the Act of August 27, 1894, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), are sections 73 and 74 of act Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat. 570. Sections 73 to 77 of this Act are known as the Wilson Tariff Act. Sections 73 to 76 enacted sections 8 to 11 of Title 15. Section 77 was not classified to the Code. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8 of Title 15 and Tables. Act of June 19, 1936 (ch. 592, 49 Stat. 1526), as amended, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), is popularly known as the Robinson-Patman Antidiscrimination Act and also as the Robinson-Patman Price Discrimination Act, which enacted sections 13a, 13b, and 21a of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and amended section 13 of Title 15. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. The Bankruptcy Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), (4), is act July 1, 1898, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544, as amended, which was classified generally to former Title 11, Bankruptcy. Section 77 of this Act was classified to section 205 of former Title 11. The Act was repealed effective Oct. 1, 1979, by Pub. L. 95–598, §§ 401(a), 402(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2682, section 101 of which enacted revised Title 11. For current provisions relating to railroad reorganization, see subchapter IV (§ 1161 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 11. Section 11301 of title 49, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), was omitted and a new section 11301 enacted in the general amendment of subtitle IV of Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, § 102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, 837. The new section 11301 does not relate to issuance of securities. Previously, in subsec. (b)(2), “section 11301 of title 49” was substituted for “section 20a of the Interstate Commerce Act (49 U.S.C. 20a)” on authority of Pub. L. 95–473, § 3(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, the first section of which enacted subtitle IV (§ 10101 et seq.) of Title 49.
Codification In subsec. (b)(1), (4), “subtitle IV of title 49” substituted for “the Interstate Commerce Act (49 U.S.C. 1 et seq.)” on authority of Pub. L. 95–473, § 3(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, the first section of which enacted subtitle IV (§ 10101 et seq.) of Title 49, Transportation. A subsec. (e) of section 601 of Pub. L. 93–236, which was designated in the original as “Emergency Service”, amended section 1(16) of former Title 49, Transportation.
Amendments1976—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 94–210, § 618(a), inserted provision relating to any action to formulate or implement any supplemental transaction. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–210, § 618(b), redesignated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted provisions relating to inapplicability to actions under this chapter to formulate and implement the final system plan and any supplemental transaction, for provisions relating to inapplicability to transactions under this chapter to the extent necessary to formulate and implement the final system plan whenever a provision of the Interstate Commerce or Bankruptcy Act is inconsistent with this chapter, and added pars. (2) to (4). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–210, § 618(c), substituted provisions relating to inapplicability to action taken before, and including, the conveyance of rail properties under section 743(b)(1) of this title, and action taken thereafter in compliance with the requirements of the final system plan, for provisions relating to inapplicability to action taken before the effective date of the final system plan. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 94–210, § 705(b), substituted mandatory for discretionary authority for purchase of properties by the Corporation and provisions relating to negotiations for properties for transfer pursuant to section 716(c)(1)(C) of this title, for provisions relating to negotiations as provided in the final system plan.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Abolition of Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, and Transfer of Functions Special court abolished and all jurisdiction and functions transferred to United States District Court for District of Columbia, see section 719(b)(2) of this title.
Abolition of Interstate Commerce Commission and Transfer of Functions Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49.
Abolition of United States Railway Association and Transfer of Functions and Securities See section 1341 of this title.
Applicability of National Environmental Policy ActPub. L. 94–210, title VI, § 619, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 119, provided that: “Nothing in this title [enacting sections 726 and 745 to 747 of this title and amending sections 702, 711 to 713, 716, 718 to 721, 724, 725, 741, 743, 744, 771, 772, 774, 775, 778, 779, and 791 of this title, and section 856 of former Title 31, Money and Finance] shall affect the application of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) to actions of the Commission.”
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# 45 U.S.C. § 792 - Repealed. Pub. L. 97–375, title I, § 111(b), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1821
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 93–236, title VI, § 602, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1022, provided that as part of his annual report, the Secretary transmit to Congress a comprehensive report on the effectiveness of the Association and the Corporation in implementing the purposes of this chapter, together with any recommendations for additional legislative or other action.
Subsequent to repeal by Pub. L. 97–375, section was repealed and the provisions thereof were reenacted as the last sentence of section 308(a) of Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 97–449, §§ 1(b), 7(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2413, 2443. Section 6(a) of Pub. L. 97–449 provided that: “Sections 1–5 of this act restate, without substantive change, laws enacted before November 15, 1982, that were replaced by those sections. * * * Laws enacted after November 14, 1982, that are inconsistent with this Act supersede this Act to the extent of the inconsistency.” Accordingly, the last sentence of section 308(a) of Title 49 was superseded by the repeal made by section 111(b) of Pub. L. 97–375, and was specifically repealed by Pub. L. 98–216, § 2(1)(A)(ii), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 4.
Pub. L. 97–375, title I, § 111(b), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1821, which repealed this section, was itself repealed by Pub. L. 98–216, § 6(b), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 8.
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section: "793"
citation: "45 U.S.C. § 793"
status: "current"
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# 45 U.S.C. § 793 - Repealed. Pub. L. 95–473, § 4(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466; Pub. L. 97–449, § 4(b)(2), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2441, eff. Oct. 17, 1978
## Notes
Section, Pub. L. 93–236, title VI, § 603, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 1023, related to freight rates for recyclables.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Investigation of Discriminatory Freight Rates for Transportation of Recyclable or Recycled MaterialsPub. L. 94–210, title II, § 204, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 40, which provided for an investigation by the Interstate Commerce Commission of discriminatory freight rates for transportation of recyclable or recycled materials, was repealed by Pub. L. 95–473, § 4(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466.
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---
type: "LegalText"
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description: "Tax payments to States"
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title_name: "RAILROADS"
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# 45 U.S.C. § 794 - Tax payments to States
## Text
(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no railroad in reorganization shall withhold from any State, or any political subdivision thereof, the payment of the portion of any tax owed by such railroad to such State or subdivision, which portion has been collected by such railroad from any tenant thereof.
(b) Any railroad which violates the provisions of subsection (a) of this section by withholding any portion of a tax referred to in such subsection shall be fined not more than $10,000 for each such violation.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title VI, § 605, as added Pub. L. 94–5, § 9, Feb. 28, 1975, 89 Stat. 9.)
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---
type: "LegalText"
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# 45 U.S.C. § 797a - Termination allowance
## Text
(a) General The Corporation may terminate the employment of certain employees, in accordance with this section, upon the payment of an allowance of $350 for each month of active service with the Corporation or with a railroad in reorganization, but in no event may any such termination allowance exceed $25,000.
(b) Employment needs Within 90 days after August 13, 1981, the Corporation shall determine, for each location, the number of employees that the Corporation intends to separate under subsection (a) of this section.
(c) Notification and separation procedure (1) Within 90 days after August 13, 1981, the Corporation shall notify its employees of their rights and responsibilities under this section.
(2) Within 90 days after August 13, 1981, the Corporation shall notify each train and engine service employee eligible to be separated under paragraph (3) that such employee may be entitled to receive a separation payment under this section if such employee files a written request to be separated. Such notice may be revised from time to time.
(3) If the number of employees who request to be separated pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection is greater, in engine service at any location, than the number of excess firemen at the location, and in train service at the location than the number of excess second and third brakemen, as determined by the Corporation, the Corporation shall separate the employees described in paragraph (2) of this subsection in order of seniority beginning with the most senior employee, until the excess firemen and second and third brakemen positions at that location, as determined by the Corporation, have been eliminated.
(d) Designated separations If the number of employees who are separated pursuant to subsection (c)(3) is less at any location than the number of excess firemen in freight and commuter service and second and third brakemen in freight service at such location, as determined by the Corporation, the Corporation may, after 210 days after August 13, 1981, designate for separation employees in engine service or train service respectively in inverse order of seniority, beginning with the most junior employee in active service at such location until the excess firemen in freight and commuter service and second and third brakemen in freight service, at that location have been eliminated. An employee designated under this subsection may choose (1) to furlough himself voluntarily, in which case the next most junior employee protected under the fireman manning or crew consist agreements or any other agreement or law, in the same craft or class at such location may be separated instead and receive the separation allowance, or (2) to exercise his seniority to another location, in which case the Corporation may separate, under the provisions of this subsection, the next most junior protected employee in active service at the location to which seniority ultimately is exercised.
(e) Effect on positions (1) The Corporation shall refrain from filling one fireman position in freight service, or in commuter service where applicable, for each employee in engine service separated in accordance with this section.
(2) The Corporation may refrain from filling one brakeman position in excess of one conductor and one brakeman on one crew in freight service for each employee in train service who is separated in accordance with this section.
(3) Positions permitted to be not filled under this subsection shall be not filled in different types of freight service actually operated at or from the location in a sequence to be agreed upon between the Corporation and the general chairman representative of classes or crafts of employees having jurisdiction over the positions to be not filled. If no such agreement is reached, the Corporation may designate the position to be not filled.
(4) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection, the Corporation shall retain all rights it has under any provision of law or agreement to refrain from filling any position of employment.
(f) Procedures The Corporation and representatives of the various classes and crafts of employees to be separated may agree on procedures to implement this section, but the absence of such agreement shall not interfere with implementation of the separations authorized by this section.
(g) Commuter employees The provisions of this section shall apply to the separation of firemen in commuter service, except that with respect to such employees the Corporation is required to make the separations authorized by this section.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title VII, § 702, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1143(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 662.)
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title_number: 45
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 797b - Preferential hiring
## Text
(a) General Any employee who is deprived of employment shall have the first right of hire by any other railroad for a vacancy for which he is qualified in a class or craft (or in the case of a non-agreement employee, for a non-agreement vacancy) in which such employee was employed by the Corporation or a predecessor carrier for not less than one year, except where such a vacancy is covered by (1) an affirmative action plan, or a hiring plan designed to eliminate discrimination, that is required by Federal or State statute, regulation, or Executive order, or by the order of a Federal court or agency, or (2) a permissible voluntary affirmative action plan. For purposes of this section, a railroad shall not be considered to be hiring new employees when it recalls any of its own furloughed employees.
(b) Status The first right of hire afforded to employees under this section shall be coequal to the first right of hire afforded under sections 907 and 1004 of this title.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title VII, § 703, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1143(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 663.)
## Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Exemption of National Railroad Passenger Corporation in Hiring Qualified Train and Engine EmployeesPub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4011(c), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 109, provided that: “The provisions of section 703 of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 797b), section 8 of the Milwaukee Railroad Restructuring Act (45 U.S.C. 907), and section 105 of the Rock Island Railroad Transition and Employee Assistance Act (45 U.S.C. 1004) shall not apply to the National Railroad Passenger Corporation in the hiring of qualified train and engine employees who hold seniority rights to work in intercity rail passenger service in connection with the assumption by such Corporation of functions previously performed under contract by other carriers.”
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---
# 45 U.S.C. § 797c - Central register of railroad employment
## Text
(a) Register (1) The Railroad Retirement Board (hereafter in this section referred to as the “Board”) shall prepare and maintain a register of persons separated from railroad employment after at least one year of completed service with a railroad who have declared their current availability for employment in the railroad industry. The register shall be subdivided by class and craft of prior employment and shall be updated periodically to reflect current availability.
(2) Each entry in the register shall include, or provide access to, basic information concerning the individual’s experience and qualifications.
(3) The Board shall place at the top of the register those former railroad employees entitled to priority under applicable provisions of law, including this chapter.
(b) Corporation employees As soon as is practicable after August 13, 1981, the Corporation shall provide to the Board the names of its former employees who elect to appear on the register and who have not been offered employment with acquiring railroads.
(c) Vacancy notices; warning; civil penalty (1) Each railroad shall timely file with the Board a notice of vacancy with respect to any position for which the railroad intends to accept applications from persons other than current employees of that carrier.
(2) (A) As soon as the Board becomes aware of any failure on the part of a railroad to comply with paragraph (1), the Board shall issue a warning to such railroad of its potential liability under subparagraph (B).
(B) Any railroad failing to comply with paragraph (1) of this subsection after being warned by the Board under subparagraph (A) shall be liable for a civil penalty in the amount of $500 for each subsequent vacancy with respect to which such railroad has so failed to comply.
(d) Placement The Board shall, through distribution of copies of the central register (or portions thereof) to railroads and representatives of classes or crafts of employees and through publication of employment information derived from vacancy notices filed with the Board, promote the placement of former railroad employees possessing requisite skills and experience in appropriate positions with other railroads.
(e) Employment applications In addition to its responsibilities under subsections (a) through (d) of this section, the Board shall facilitate the filing of employment applications with respect to current vacancies in the industry by former railroad employees entitled to priority under applicable provisions of law, including this chapter.
(f) Expiration The provisions of this section shall cease to be effective on the expiration of the 6-year period beginning on August 13, 1981.
(g) Resolution of disputes Any dispute, grievance, or claim arising under this section, section 797b of this title, section 907 of this title, or section 1004 of this title shall be subject to resolution in accordance with the following procedures:
(1) Any employee with such a dispute, grievance, or claim may petition the Board to review and investigate the dispute, grievance, or claim.
(2) The Board shall investigate the dispute, grievance, or claim, and if it concludes that the employee’s rights under this section, section 797b of this title, section 907 of this title, or section 1004 of this title may have been violated, the dispute, grievance, or claim shall be subject to resolution in accordance with the procedures set forth in section 153 of this title.
(3) In the case of any violation of this section, section 797b of this title, section 907 of this title, or section 1004 of this title, the Adjustment Board (or any division or delegate thereof) or any other board of adjustment created under section 153 of this title shall, where appropriate, award such relief, including back pay, as may be necessary to enforce the employee’s rights.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title VII, § 704, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1143(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 663; amended Pub. L. 97–468, title II, § 235, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2547; Pub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4011(a), (b), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 108, 109.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments1986—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–272, § 4011(a), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–272, § 4011(b), substituted “6-year” for “4-year”. 1983—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97–468, § 235(a), substituted “4-year” for “3-year”. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 97–468, § 235(b), substituted “this section, section 797b of this title, section 907 of this title, or section 1004 of this title” for “this section or section 797b of this title” wherever appearing.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1986 AmendmentPub. L. 99–272, title IV, § 4011(d), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 109, provided that: “The amendments made by subsections (a) and (c) [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 797b of this title] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Apr. 7, 1986], and the amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall be effective as of August 1, 1985.”
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# 45 U.S.C. § 797d - Election and treatment of benefits
## Text
(a) Election (1) Any employee who accepts any benefits under an agreement entered into under section 797 11 See References in Text note below. of this title or a termination allowance under section 797a of this title, shall, except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, be deemed to waive any employee protection benefits otherwise available under any other provision of law or any contract or agreement in effect on August 13, 1981, except benefits under sections 797b and 797c of this title, and shall be deemed to waive any cause of action for any alleged loss of benefits resulting from the provisions of or the amendments made by the Northeast Rail Service Act of 1981.
(2) Nothing in paragraph (1) of this subsection shall affect the right of any employee described in such paragraph to benefits under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.] or the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.].
(b) Treatment of benefits Any benefits received by an employee under an agreement entered into pursuant to section 797 1 of this title and any termination allowance received under section 797a of this title shall be considered compensation solely for purposes of—
(1) the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 (45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.); and
(2) determining the compensation received by such employee in any base year under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act (45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.).
(Pub. L. 93–236, title VII, § 705, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1143(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 664.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 797 of this title, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1) and (b), was repealed by Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4024(c), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1904, effective on the sale date (Apr. 2, 1987). The Northeast Rail Service Act of 1981, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is subtitle E (§§ 1131–1169) of title XI of Pub. L. 97–35, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 643. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1101 of this title and Tables. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2) and (b)(1), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, § 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§ 231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of this title. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of this title, section 231t of this title, and Tables. The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2) and (b)(2), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (§ 351 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables.
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# 45 U.S.C. § 797e - Assignment of work
## Text
(a) General With respect to any craft or class of employees not covered by a collective bargaining agreement that provides for a process substantially equivalent to that provided for in this section, the Corporation shall have the right to assign, allocate, reassign, reallocate, and consolidate work formerly performed on the rail properties acquired pursuant to the provisions of this chapter from a railroad in reorganization to any location, facility, or position on its system if it does not remove such work from coverage of a collective bargaining agreement and does not infringe upon the existing classification of work rights of any craft or class of employees at the location or facility to which such work is assigned, allocated, reassigned, reallocated, or consolidated. Prior to the exercise of authority under this subsection, the Corporation shall negotiate an agreement with the representatives of the employees involved permitting such employees the right to follow their work.
(b) Expiration The authority granted by this section shall apply only for as long as benefits are provided under this subchapter with funds made available under section 797l 11 See References in Text note below. of this title.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title VII, § 706, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1143(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 665.)
## Notes
Editorial Notes
References in TextSection 797l of this title, referred to in subsec. (b), was repealed by Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, § 4033(a)(2), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1908, and a new section 797l of this title was subsequently added by Pub. L. 104–88, § 327(5).
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# 45 U.S.C. § 797f - Contracting out
## Text
All work in connection with the operation or services provided by the Corporation on the rail lines, properties, equipment, or facilities acquired pursuant to the provisions of this chapter and the maintenance, repair, rehabilitation, or modernization of such lines, properties, equipment, or facilities which has been performed by practice or agreement in accordance with provisions of the existing contracts in effect with the representatives of the employees of the classes or crafts involved shall continue to be performed by the Corporation’s employees, including employees on furlough. Should the Corporation lack a sufficient number of employees, including employees on furlough, and be unable to hire additional employees, to perform the work required, it shall be permitted to subcontract that part of such work which cannot be performed by its employees, including those on furlough, except where agreement by the representatives of the employees of the classes or crafts involved is required by applicable collective-bargaining agreements. The term “unable to hire additional employees” as used in this section contemplates establishment and maintenance by the Corporation of an apprenticeship, training, or recruitment program to provide an adequate number of skilled employees to perform the work.
(Pub. L. 93–236, title VII, § 707, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1143(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 665.)

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