Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 -> 59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun, verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make legal-us-code default now covers every title. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00
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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 151a"
+description: "General purposes"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "151a"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 151a"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s151a"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "fd54a4df73c02575a56407c08f073e578a80b484f68be2829a79906fc3adbb94"
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+text_hash: "b469b234f050b7d5e8453200f37a51c689420cec4f211b54fdc787fc5ab07f7e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 151a - General purposes
+
+## Text
+
+The purposes of the chapter are: (1) To avoid any interruption to commerce or to the operation of any carrier engaged therein; (2) to forbid any limitation upon freedom of association among employees or any denial, as a condition of employment or otherwise, of the right of employees to join a labor organization; (3) to provide for the complete independence of carriers and of employees in the matter of self-organization to carry out the purposes of this chapter; (4) to provide for the prompt and orderly settlement of all disputes concerning rates of pay, rules, or working conditions; (5) to provide for the prompt and orderly settlement of all disputes growing out of grievances or out of the interpretation or application of agreements covering rates of pay, rules, or working conditions.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 2, 44 Stat. 577; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, § 2, 48 Stat. 1186.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Codification Section is comprised of the first sentence of section 2 of act May 20, 1926, as added in the general amendment of section 2 by act June 21, 1934. The remainder of section 2 of act May 20, 1926, is classified to section 152 of this title.
+
+Amendments1934—Act June 21, 1934, amended section 2 of act May 20, 1926, generally, adding the text of this section.
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 156"
+description: "Procedure in changing rates of pay, rules, and working conditions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "156"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 156"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s156"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "0aabe7a7b0f6f6dc2721b1e89b4de585d3f9f6549b7a6b3bc38e0cef8c7d63cf"
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+text_hash: "530f72529f002a6af0ca0f41507e4cde1ad661b5db69de0ebc9ecf4ca8e53c7f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 156 - Procedure in changing rates of pay, rules, and working conditions
+
+## Text
+
+Carriers and representatives of the employees shall give at least thirty days’ written notice of an intended change in agreements affecting rates of pay, rules, or working conditions, and the time and place for the beginning of conference between the representatives of the parties interested in such intended changes shall be agreed upon within ten days after the receipt of said notice, and said time shall be within the thirty days provided in the notice. In every case where such notice of intended change has been given, or conferences are being held with reference thereto, or the services of the Mediation Board have been requested by either party, or said Board has proffered its services, rates of pay, rules, or working conditions shall not be altered by the carrier until the controversy has been finally acted upon, as required by section 155 of this title, by the Mediation Board, unless a period of ten days has elapsed after termination of conferences without request for or proffer of the services of the Mediation Board.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 6, 44 Stat. 582; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, § 6, 48 Stat. 1197.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1934—Act June 21, 1934, inserted “in agreements” after “intended change” in text, struck out provision formerly contained in text concerning changes requested by more than one class, and substituted “Mediation Board” for “Board of Mediation” wherever appearing.
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Wage and Salary AdjustmentsEx. Ord. No. 9299, eff. Feb. 4, 1943, 8 F.R. 1669, provided procedure with respect to wage and salary adjustments for employees subject to this chapter.
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 158"
+description: "Agreement to arbitrate; form and contents; signatures and acknowledgment; revocation"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "158"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 158"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s158"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "c944fdd5634967ef29247d8f0559c759352c8e115d094eaa23f79f5457e3e29a"
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+text_hash: "71823580c6b9b937bfa8c440451801a99cb1d268f62e32c27420e02cd947dfe8"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 158 - Agreement to arbitrate; form and contents; signatures and acknowledgment; revocation
+
+## Text
+
+The agreement to arbitrate—
+
+(a) Shall be in writing;
+
+(b) Shall stipulate that the arbitration is had under the provisions of this chapter;
+
+(c) Shall state whether the board of arbitration is to consist of three or of six members;
+
+(d) Shall be signed by the duly accredited representatives of the carrier or carriers and the employees, parties respectively to the agreement to arbitrate, and shall be acknowledged by said parties before a notary public, the clerk of a district court or court of appeals of the United States, or before a member of the Mediation Board, and, when so acknowledged, shall be filed in the office of the Mediation Board;
+
+(e) Shall state specifically the questions to be submitted to the said board for decision; and that, in its award or awards, the said board shall confine itself strictly to decisions as to the questions so specifically submitted to it;
+
+(f) Shall provide that the questions, or any one or more of them, submitted by the parties to the board of arbitration may be withdrawn from arbitration on notice to that effect signed by the duly accredited representatives of all the parties and served on the board of arbitration;
+
+(g) Shall stipulate that the signatures of a majority of said board of arbitration affixed to their award shall be competent to constitute a valid and binding award;
+
+(h) Shall fix a period from the date of the appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators necessary to complete the board (as provided for in the agreement) within which the said board shall commence its hearings;
+
+(i) Shall fix a period from the beginning of the hearings within which the said board shall make and file its award: Provided, That the parties may agree at any time upon an extension of this period;
+
+(j) Shall provide for the date from which the award shall become effective and shall fix the period during which the award shall continue in force;
+
+(k) Shall provide that the award of the board of arbitration and the evidence of the proceedings before the board relating thereto, when certified under the hands of at least a majority of the arbitrators, shall be filed in the clerk’s office of the district court of the United States for the district wherein the controversy arose or the arbitration was entered into, which district shall be designated in the agreement; and, when so filed, such award and proceedings shall constitute the full and complete record of the arbitration;
+
+(l) Shall provide that the award, when so filed, shall be final and conclusive upon the parties as to the facts determined by said award and as to the merits of the controversy decided;
+
+(m) Shall provide that any difference arising as to the meaning, or the application of the provisions, of an award made by a board of arbitration shall be referred back for a ruling to the same board, or, by agreement, to a subcommittee of such board; and that such ruling, when acknowledged in the same manner, and filed in the same district court clerk’s office, as the original award, shall be a part of and shall have the same force and effect as such original award; and
+
+(n) Shall provide that the respective parties to the award will each faithfully execute the same.The said agreement to arbitrate, when properly signed and acknowledged as herein provided, shall not be revoked by a party to such agreement: Provided, however, That such agreement to arbitrate may at any time be revoked and canceled by the written agreement of both parties, signed by their duly accredited representatives, and (if no board of arbitration has yet been constituted under the agreement) delivered to the Mediation Board or any member thereof; or, if the board of arbitration has been constituted as provided by this chapter, delivered to such board of arbitration.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 8, 44 Stat. 584; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, § 7, 48 Stat. 1197; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 32(a), 62 Stat. 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 127, 63 Stat. 107.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Codification As originally enacted, par. (d) contained a reference to the “circuit court of appeals”. Act June 25, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, substituted “court of appeals” for “circuit court of appeals”.
+
+Amendments1934—Act June 21, 1934, substituted “Mediation Board” for “Board of Mediation” wherever appearing.
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 159"
+description: "Award and judgment thereon; effect of chapter on individual employee"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "159"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 159"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s159"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "7b73859e37a93676a6c3582fbd63a1dc1123d7df647c7c9938063f400d92bed7"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 159 - Award and judgment thereon; effect of chapter on individual employee
+
+## Text
+
+First. Filing of award The award of a board of arbitration, having been acknowledged as herein provided, shall be filed in the clerk’s office of the district court designated in the agreement to arbitrate. Second. Conclusiveness of award; judgment An award acknowledged and filed as herein provided shall be conclusive on the parties as to the merits and facts of the controversy submitted to arbitration, and unless, within ten days after the filing of the award, a petition to impeach the award, on the grounds hereinafter set forth, shall be filed in the clerk’s office of the court in which the award has been filed, the court shall enter judgment on the award, which judgment shall be final and conclusive on the parties. Third. Impeachment of award; grounds Such petition for the impeachment or contesting of any award so filed shall be entertained by the court only on one or more of the following grounds: (a) That the award plainly does not conform to the substantive requirements laid down by this chapter for such awards, or that the proceedings were not substantially in conformity with this chapter; (b) That the award does not conform, nor confine itself, to the stipulations of the agreement to arbitrate; or (c) That a member of the board of arbitration rendering the award was guilty of fraud or corruption; or that a party to the arbitration practiced fraud or corruption which fraud or corruption affected the result of the arbitration: Provided, however, That no court shall entertain any such petition on the ground that an award is invalid for uncertainty; in such case the proper remedy shall be a submission of such award to a reconvened board, or subcommittee thereof, for interpretation, as provided by this chapter: Provided further, That an award contested as herein provided shall be construed liberally by the court, with a view to favoring its validity, and that no award shall be set aside for trivial irregularity or clerical error, going only to form and not to substance. Fourth. Effect of partial invalidity of award If the court shall determine that a part of the award is invalid on some ground or grounds designated in this section as a ground of invalidity, but shall determine that a part of the award is valid, the court shall set aside the entire award: Provided, however, That, if the parties shall agree thereto, and if such valid and invalid parts are separable, the court shall set aside the invalid part, and order judgment to stand as to the valid part. Fifth. Appeal; record At the expiration of 10 days from the decision of the district court upon the petition filed as aforesaid, final judgment shall be entered in accordance with said decision, unless during said 10 days either party shall appeal therefrom to the court of appeals. In such case only such portion of the record shall be transmitted to the appellate court as is necessary to the proper understanding and consideration of the questions of law presented by said petition and to be decided. Sixth. Finality of decision of court of appeals The determination of said court of appeals upon said questions shall be final, and, being certified by the clerk thereof to said district court, judgment pursuant thereto shall thereupon be entered by said district court. Seventh. Judgment where petitioner’s contentions are sustained If the petitioner’s contentions are finally sustained, judgment shall be entered setting aside the award in whole or, if the parties so agree, in part; but in such case the parties may agree upon a judgment to be entered disposing of the subject matter of the controversy, which judgment when entered shall have the same force and effect as judgment entered upon an award. Eighth. Duty of employee to render service without consent; right to quit Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require an individual employee to render labor or service without his consent, nor shall anything in this chapter be construed to make the quitting of his labor or service by an individual employee an illegal act; nor shall any court issue any process to compel the performance by an individual employee of such labor or service, without his consent.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 9, 44 Stat. 585; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 32(a), 62 Stat. 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 127, 63 Stat. 107.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Codification As originally enacted, pars. Fifth and Sixth contained references to the “circuit court of appeals”. Act June 25, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, substituted “court of appeals” for “circuit court of appeals”.
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 159a"
+description: "Special procedure for commuter service"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "159a"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 159a"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s159a"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 159a - Special procedure for commuter service
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Applicability of provisions Except as provided in section 590(h) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title, the provisions of this section shall apply to any dispute subject to this chapter between a publicly funded and publicly operated carrier providing rail commuter service (including the Amtrak Commuter Services Corporation) and its employees.
+
+(b) Request for establishment of emergency board If a dispute between the parties described in subsection (a) is not adjusted under the foregoing provisions of this chapter and the President does not, under section 160 of this title, create an emergency board to investigate and report on such dispute, then any party to the dispute or the Governor of any State through which the service that is the subject of the dispute is operated may request the President to establish such an emergency board.
+
+(c) Establishment of emergency board (1) Upon the request of a party or a Governor under subsection (b), the President shall create an emergency board to investigate and report on the dispute in accordance with section 160 of this title. For purposes of this subsection, the period during which no change, except by agreement, shall be made by the parties in the conditions out of which the dispute arose shall be 120 days from the day of the creation of such emergency board.
+
+(2) If the President, in his discretion, creates a board to investigate and report on a dispute between the parties described in subsection (a), the provisions of this section shall apply to the same extent as if such board had been created pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection.
+
+(d) Public hearing by National Mediation Board upon failure of emergency board to effectuate settlement of dispute Within 60 days after the creation of an emergency board under this section, if there has been no settlement between the parties, the National Mediation Board shall conduct a public hearing on the dispute at which each party shall appear and provide testimony setting forth the reasons it has not accepted the recommendations of the emergency board for settlement of the dispute.
+
+(e) Establishment of second emergency board If no settlement in the dispute is reached at the end of the 120-day period beginning on the date of the creation of the emergency board, any party to the dispute or the Governor of any State through which the service that is the subject of the dispute is operated may request the President to establish another emergency board, in which case the President shall establish such emergency board.
+
+(f) Submission of final offers to second emergency board by parties Within 30 days after creation of a board under subsection (e), the parties to the dispute shall submit to the board final offers for settlement of the dispute.
+
+(g) Report of second emergency board Within 30 days after the submission of final offers under subsection (f), the emergency board shall submit a report to the President setting forth its selection of the most reasonable offer.
+
+(h) Maintenance of status quo during dispute period From the time a request to establish a board is made under subsection (e) until 60 days after such board makes its report under subsection (g), no change, except by agreement, shall be made by the parties in the conditions out of which the dispute arose.
+
+(i) Work stoppages by employees subsequent to carrier offer selected; eligibility of employees for benefits If the emergency board selects the final offer submitted by the carrier and, after the expiration of the 60-day period described in subsection (h), the employees of such carrier engage in any work stoppage arising out of the dispute, such employees shall not be eligible during the period of such work stoppage for benefits under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.].
+
+(j) Work stoppages by employees subsequent to employees offer selected; eligibility of employer for benefits If the emergency board selects the final offer submitted by the employees and, after the expiration of the 60-day period described in subsection (h), the carrier refuses to accept the final offer submitted by the employees and the employees of such carrier engage in any work stoppage arising out of the dispute, the carrier shall not participate in any benefits of any agreement between carriers which is designed to provide benefits to such carriers during a work stoppage.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 9A, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, § 1157, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 681.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 590(h) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379. The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (i), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (§ 351 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 160"
+description: "Emergency board"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "160"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 160"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s160"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "b0afc87d7717a2aa0bab2f60f7b190db37321e97f7b209d8ce2c29ae66522ecc"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 160 - Emergency board
+
+## Text
+
+If a dispute between a carrier and its employees be not adjusted under the foregoing provisions of this chapter and should, in the judgment of the Mediation Board, threaten substantially to interrupt interstate commerce to a degree such as to deprive any section of the country of essential transportation service, the Mediation Board shall notify the President, who may thereupon, in his discretion, create a board to investigate and report respecting such dispute. Such board shall be composed of such number of persons as to the President may seem desirable: Provided, however, That no member appointed shall be pecuniarily or otherwise interested in any organization of employees or any carrier. The compensation of the members of any such board shall be fixed by the President. Such board shall be created separately in each instance and it shall investigate promptly the facts as to the dispute and make a report thereon to the President within thirty days from the date of its creation. There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for the expenses of such board, including the compensation and the necessary traveling expenses and expenses actually incurred for subsistence, of the members of the board. All expenditures of the board shall be allowed and paid on the presentation of itemized vouchers therefor approved by the chairman. After the creation of such board and for thirty days after such board has made its report to the President, no change, except by agreement, shall be made by the parties to the controversy in the conditions out of which the dispute arose.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 10, 44 Stat. 586; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, § 7, 48 Stat. 1197.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1934—Act June 21, 1934, substituted “Mediation Board” for “Board of Mediation” wherever appearing.
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 160a"
+description: "Rules and regulations"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "160a"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 160a"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s160a"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "702f5c24c5982e78daa33e95f137ea3e2752565ad1e980c43776aed158926a60"
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+text_hash: "cda76667d9af4312ed9e2abd761e7c94f14c03190ed6adf498c1735909892e8f"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 160a - Rules and regulations
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In general The Mediation Board shall have the authority from time to time to make, amend, and rescind, in the manner prescribed by section 553 of title 5, and after opportunity for a public hearing, such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter.
+
+(b) Application The requirements of subsection (a) shall not apply to any rule or proposed rule to which the third sentence of section 553(b) of title 5 applies.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 10A, as added Pub. L. 112–95, title X, § 1001, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 146.)
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 161"
+description: "Effect of partial invalidity of chapter"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "161"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 161"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s161"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "85f7620d92c03f48c2890f0d6c01940780e77f630c6e4e14229342ff387c05ac"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6ff04cb352e22f8a18f24c94e9adb8036909cf2a75f41489d768a5934fb9667c"
+text_hash: "d78e3fef23f8d8cc3ac79c697984a62bc5ed44f1f415dfb8b2c3a6f5d902888b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 161 - Effect of partial invalidity of chapter
+
+## Text
+
+If any provision of this chapter, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of the chapter, and the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances, shall not be affected thereby.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 11, 44 Stat. 587.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Separability; Repeal of Inconsistent ProvisionsAct June 21, 1934, ch. 691, § 8, 48 Stat. 1197, provided that: “If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase of this Act [amending sections 151 to 158, 160, and 162 of this title] is for any reason held to be unconstitutional, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this Act. All Acts or parts of Acts inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed.”
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 162"
+description: "Authorization of appropriations"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "162"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 162"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s162"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "9b9243e8f460a5d2ad9e179caa1596bd940c4978f0da8d2dc1f0f33996de93e0"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6ff04cb352e22f8a18f24c94e9adb8036909cf2a75f41489d768a5934fb9667c"
+text_hash: "488b662f3fee5c9bfcaeed1a2806d1354d63425990d3ea39e18865e54212e105"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 162 - Authorization of appropriations
+
+## Text
+
+There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for expenditure by the Mediation Board in carrying out the provisions of this chapter.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 12, 44 Stat. 587; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, § 7, 48 Stat. 1197.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments1934—Act June 21, 1934, substituted “Mediation Board” for “Board of Mediation”.
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 163"
+description: "Repeal of prior legislation; exception"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "163"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 163"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s163"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "1871a581491f1280e61cf625daffc40d13eda45bc3a3b9192256f60db23cd098"
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+text_hash: "e10d7702f24ae0b39406b11e509dc886afe2a5d6dd3ae18382265fd07c62e6de"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 163 - Repeal of prior legislation; exception
+
+## Text
+
+Chapters 6 and 7 of this title, providing for mediation, conciliation, and arbitration, and all Acts and parts of Acts in conflict with the provisions of this chapter are repealed, except that the members, secretary, officers, employees, and agents of the Railroad Labor Board, in office on May 20, 1926, shall receive their salaries for a period of 30 days from such date, in the same manner as though this chapter had not been passed.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 14, 44 Stat. 587.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextChapters 6 and 7 of this title, referred to in text, were in the original references to the act of July 15, 1913, and title III of the Transportation Act, 1920, respectively.
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 164"
+description: "Repealed. Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 851, § 4, 54 Stat. 1111"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "164"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 164"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s164"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "0af9105d082a74633165619a04f36635e12973fffdd0a0a3c64504f8884e2289"
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+text_hash: "0cd3946e1c8c386fca36a6aadf3ec4238cb62917944013fac3e3cb87139af216"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 164 - Repealed. Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 851, § 4, 54 Stat. 1111
+
+## Notes
+
+Section, act Feb. 11, 1927, ch. 104, § 1, 44 Stat. 1072, related to advertisements for proposals for purchases or services rendered for Board of Mediation, including arbitration boards.
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 165"
+description: "Evaluation and audit of Mediation Board"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "165"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 165"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s165"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "35c12dd58db00a2ac11d508d1c30cfc4d0ebfd210c8733b4ea46524ba2a32f17"
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+text_hash: "0e0fdca60816bc04243ecf9a50df2989c5f165f01081b7b3c22a2479ad76e832"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 165 - Evaluation and audit of Mediation Board
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Evaluation and audit of Mediation Board (1) In general In order to promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in the administration of the programs, operations, and activities of the Mediation Board, the Comptroller General of the United States shall evaluate and audit the programs and expenditures of the Mediation Board. Such an evaluation and audit shall be conducted not less frequently than every 2 years, but may be conducted as determined necessary by the Comptroller General or the appropriate congressional committees.
+
+(2) Responsibility of Comptroller General In carrying out the evaluation and audit required under paragraph (1), the Comptroller General shall evaluate and audit the programs, operations, and activities of the Mediation Board, including, at a minimum—
+
+(A) information management and security, including privacy protection of personally identifiable information;
+
+(B) resource management;
+
+(C) workforce development;
+
+(D) procurement and contracting planning, practices, and policies;
+
+(E) the extent to which the Mediation Board follows leading practices in selected management areas; and
+
+(F) the processes the Mediation Board follows to address challenges in—
+
+(i) initial investigations of applications requesting that an organization or individual be certified as the representative of any craft or class of employees;
+
+(ii) determining and certifying representatives of employees; and
+
+(iii) ensuring that the process occurs without interference, influence, or coercion.
+
+(b) Immediate review of certification procedures Not later than 180 days after February 14, 2012, the Comptroller General shall review the processes applied by the Mediation Board to certify or decertify representation of employees by a labor organization and make recommendations to the Board and appropriate congressional committees regarding actions that may be taken by the Board or Congress to ensure that the processes are fair and reasonable for all parties. Such review shall be conducted separately from any evaluation and audit under subsection (a) and shall include, at a minimum—
+
+(1) an evaluation of the existing processes and changes to such processes that have occurred since the establishment of the Mediation Board and whether those changes are consistent with congressional intent; and
+
+(2) a description of the extent to which such processes are consistent with similar processes applied to other Federal or State agencies with jurisdiction over labor relations, and an evaluation of any justifications for any discrepancies between the processes of the Mediation Board and such similar Federal or State processes.
+
+(c) Appropriate congressional committee defined In this section, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 15, as added Pub. L. 112–95, title X, § 1004, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 147.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Biannual GAO AuditPub. L. 118–63, title II, § 218(o), May 16, 2024, 138 Stat. 1057, provided that: “Any provision of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (Public Law 112–95) [see Short Title of 2012 Amendment note set out under section 40101 of Title 49, Transportation], including any amendment made by such Act, that requires the Comptroller General [of the United States] to conduct an audit (including a recurring audit) shall have no force or effect.”
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 181"
+description: "Application of subchapter I to carriers by air"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "181"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 181"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s181"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "f8d29f76e57fec68d50b0edacc0136089292e8d5aa6bfa1ba1143c9dc970a043"
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+text_hash: "c6715d6d18e3268fbf64eac1c5b5dd7f08c6db4c9ba10cc3f1a7328330ddc92e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 181 - Application of subchapter I to carriers by air
+
+## Text
+
+All of the provisions of subchapter I of this chapter except section 153 of this title are extended to and shall cover every common carrier by air engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, and every carrier by air transporting mail for or under contract with the United States Government, and every air pilot or other person who performs any work as an employee or subordinate official of such carrier or carriers, subject to its or their continuing authority to supervise and direct the manner of rendition of his service.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 201, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1189.)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 182"
+description: "Duties, penalties, benefits, and privileges of subchapter I applicable"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "182"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 182"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s182"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "ad048bea7860d565ca0a9fdde7641897a794031784ac316b5eb40d085a519bd3"
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+text_hash: "58f17a0f544c67017a94523f348eec5f1459e8636cb00b03f47d71c36fd0d262"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 182 - Duties, penalties, benefits, and privileges of subchapter I applicable
+
+## Text
+
+The duties, requirements, penalties, benefits, and privileges prescribed and established by the provisions of subchapter I of this chapter except section 153 of this title shall apply to said carriers by air and their employees in the same manner and to the same extent as though such carriers and their employees were specifically included within the definition of “carrier” and “employee”, respectively, in section 151 of this title.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 202, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1189.)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 183"
+description: "Disputes within jurisdiction of Mediation Board"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "183"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 183"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s183"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "6c61a5347ea933b7ac1c3c1cbc3d7cd5eafc5448e7deb4f49f1a6b73a9ebe0a9"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6ff04cb352e22f8a18f24c94e9adb8036909cf2a75f41489d768a5934fb9667c"
+text_hash: "b489783305133b78c6f37ecea69f654451cf628dac26e081b841e38426b79c01"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 183 - Disputes within jurisdiction of Mediation Board
+
+## Text
+
+The parties or either party to a dispute between an employee or a group of employees and a carrier or carriers by air may invoke the services of the National Mediation Board and the jurisdiction of said Mediation Board is extended to any of the following cases:
+
+(a) A dispute concerning changes in rates of pay, rules, or working conditions not adjusted by the parties in conference.
+
+(b) Any other dispute not referable to an adjustment board, as hereinafter provided, and not adjusted in conference between the parties, or where conferences are refused.The National Mediation Board may proffer its services in case any labor emergency is found by it to exist at any time. The services of the Mediation Board may be invoked in a case under this subchapter in the same manner and to the same extent as are the disputes covered by section 155 of this title.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 203, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1189.)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 184"
+description: "System, group, or regional boards of adjustment"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "184"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 184"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s184"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "6938489e6ef033f17669100f680fa9b0e9b7326dd267a7ea6b674a1365d4bb28"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 184 - System, group, or regional boards of adjustment
+
+## Text
+
+The disputes between an employee or group of employees and a carrier or carriers by air growing out of grievances, or out of the interpretation or application of agreements concerning rates of pay, rules, or working conditions, including cases pending and unadjusted on April 10, 1936 before the National Labor Relations Board, shall be handled in the usual manner up to and including the chief operating officer of the carrier designated to handle such disputes; but, failing to reach an adjustment in this manner, the disputes may be referred by petition of the parties or by either party to an appropriate adjustment board, as hereinafter provided, with a full statement of the facts and supporting data bearing upon the disputes. It shall be the duty of every carrier and of its employees, acting through their representatives, selected in accordance with the provisions of this subchapter, to establish a board of adjustment of jurisdiction not exceeding the jurisdiction which may be lawfully exercised by system, group, or regional boards of adjustment, under the authority of section 153 of this title. Such boards of adjustment may be established by agreement between employees and carriers either on any individual carrier, or system, or group of carriers by air and any class or classes of its or their employees; or pending the establishment of a permanent National Board of Adjustment as hereinafter provided. Nothing in this chapter shall prevent said carriers by air, or any class or classes of their employees, both acting through their representatives selected in accordance with provisions of this subchapter, from mutually agreeing to the establishment of a National Board of Adjustment of temporary duration and of similarly limited jurisdiction.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 204, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1189.)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 185"
+description: "National Air Transport Adjustment Board"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "185"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 185"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s185"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "2e0c2a5f882e025a6091e26f17739d14c67d34e035efa9fd4194c1b32fa0968a"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 185 - National Air Transport Adjustment Board
+
+## Text
+
+When, in the judgment of the National Mediation Board, it shall be necessary to have a permanent national board of adjustment in order to provide for the prompt and orderly settlement of disputes between said carriers by air, or any of them, and its or their employees, growing out of grievances or out of the interpretation or application of agreements between said carriers by air or any of them, and any class or classes of its or their employees, covering rates of pay, rules, or working conditions, the National Mediation Board is empowered and directed, by its order duly made, published, and served, to direct the said carriers by air and such labor organizations of their employees, national in scope, as have been or may be recognized in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, to select and designate four representatives who shall constitute a board which shall be known as the “National Air Transport Adjustment Board.” Two members of said National Air Transport Adjustment Board shall be selected by said carriers by air and two members by the said labor organizations of the employees, within thirty days after the date of the order of the National Mediation Board, in the manner and by the procedure prescribed by section 153 of this title for the selection and designation of members of the National Railroad Adjustment Board. The National Air Transport Adjustment Board shall meet within forty days after the date of the order of the National Mediation Board directing the selection and designation of its members and shall organize and adopt rules for conducting its proceedings, in the manner prescribed in section 153 of this title. Vacancies in membership or office shall be filled, members shall be appointed in case of failure of the carriers or of labor organizations of the employees to select and designate representatives, members of the National Air Transport Adjustment Board shall be compensated, hearings shall be held, findings and awards made, stated, served, and enforced, and the number and compensation of any necessary assistants shall be determined and the compensation of such employees shall be paid, all in the same manner and to the same extent as provided with reference to the National Railroad Adjustment Board by section 153 of this title. The powers and duties prescribed and established by the provisions of section 153 of this title with reference to the National Railroad Adjustment Board and the several divisions thereof are conferred upon and shall be exercised and performed in like manner and to the same extent by the said National Air Transport Adjustment Board, not exceeding, however, the jurisdiction conferred upon said National Air Transport Adjustment Board by the provisions of this subchapter. From and after the organization of the National Air Transport Adjustment Board, if any system, group, or regional board of adjustment established by any carrier or carriers by air and any class or classes of its or their employees is not satisfactory to either party thereto, the said party, upon ninety days’ notice to the other party, may elect to come under the jurisdiction of the National Air Transport Adjustment Board.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 205, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1190.)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 186"
+description: "Omitted"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "186"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 186"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s186"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "91ae31df62bb5841894dbae3bd2e07bcd9ce4265279499b113a210efc4dba5de"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6ff04cb352e22f8a18f24c94e9adb8036909cf2a75f41489d768a5934fb9667c"
+text_hash: "2b2d92e8dba693ec67825e572aeadf6146bc96e75851af098bbac051af1b4890"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 186 - Omitted
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Codification Section, act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 206, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1191, transferred certain pending cases before National Labor Relations Board to Mediation Board.
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 187"
+description: "Separability"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "187"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 187"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s187"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "1cf2380855d5b8e56c1ffaecdec6f1c170ba7b2d2ddf1cdd5d306f4910a755bc"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6ff04cb352e22f8a18f24c94e9adb8036909cf2a75f41489d768a5934fb9667c"
+text_hash: "cc1598bbecbd48a498436596a046765d755d1b1171c51117acfa0d36fa701724"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 187 - Separability
+
+## Text
+
+If any provision of this subchapter or application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of such sections and the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 207, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1191.)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "45 U.S.C. § 188"
+description: "Authorization of appropriations"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 45
+title_name: "RAILROADS"
+chapter_number: "8"
+chapter_name: "RAILWAY LABOR"
+section: "188"
+citation: "45 U.S.C. § 188"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc45@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t45/s188"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-45/usc45.xml"
+source_hash: "094dd649e6cdac8b3c47ab817c2760e0dd2d1856738cea60a007820735896151"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "6ff04cb352e22f8a18f24c94e9adb8036909cf2a75f41489d768a5934fb9667c"
+text_hash: "8db7e20d59837b7af3aa9597d7e33dabc5719956354b6f78f76156317312d6ec"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 45 U.S.C. § 188 - Authorization of appropriations
+
+## Text
+
+There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for expenditure by the Mediation Board in carrying out the provisions of this chapter.
+
+(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 208, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1191.)