Legal corpus: the complete U.S. Code (59,740 sections, all 53 titles)

Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code
now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 ->
59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun,
verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make
legal-us-code default now covers every title.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44902.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44902"
+description: "Refusal to transport passengers and property"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44902"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44902"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44902"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "43699f5e07de50651b9d171726266f1a48f248e60448f14c365718668a90a675"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44902 - Refusal to transport passengers and property
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Mandatory Refusal.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall prescribe regulations requiring an air carrier, intrastate air carrier, or foreign air carrier to refuse to transport—
+
+(1) a passenger who does not consent to a search under section 44901(a) of this title establishing whether the passenger is carrying unlawfully a dangerous weapon, explosive, or other destructive substance; or
+
+(2) property of a passenger who does not consent to a search of the property establishing whether the property unlawfully contains a dangerous weapon, explosive, or other destructive substance.
+
+(b) Permissive Refusal.— Subject to regulations of the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, an air carrier, intrastate air carrier, or foreign air carrier may refuse to transport a passenger or property the carrier decides is, or might be, inimical to safety.
+
+(c) Agreeing to Consent to Search.— An agreement to carry passengers or property in air transportation or intrastate air transportation by an air carrier, intrastate air carrier, or foreign air carrier is deemed to include an agreement that the passenger or property will not be carried if consent to search the passenger or property for a purpose referred to in this section is not given.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1204; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3630.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44902(a)49 App.:1511(a) (1st sentence).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 1111; added Sept. 5, 1961, Pub. L. 87–197, § 4, 75 Stat. 467; restated Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, § 204, 88 Stat. 418. 44902(b)49 App.:1511(a) (last sentence). 44902(c)49 App.:1511(b). In this section, the word “passenger” is substituted for “person” for consistency in the revised title. In subsection (a)(1), the words “of his person” are omitted as surplus. In subsection (a)(2), the words “or inspection” are omitted as surplus. In subsection (b), the words “reasonable” and “also” are omitted as surplus. The word “rules” is omitted as being synonymous with “regulations”. The words “the carrier decides is” are substituted for “when, in the opinion of the carrier, such transportation would” to eliminate unnecessary words. The words “of flight” are omitted as surplus. In subsection (c), the words “for compensation or hire” are omitted because of the definitions of “air transportation” and “intrastate air transportation” in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The word “inspect” is omitted as surplus.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(2)(A), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(2)(B), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary”. 2001—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71 substituted “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” for “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator”.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44904.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44904"
+description: "Domestic air transportation system security"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44904"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44904"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44904"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "755774c1278f2eaf9a689164c3953f4381554a0f6f5d0d7e338fd0648aaa85a7"
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+text_hash: "c32623fbf61c672273cebb5b6faa7722600fe6d1937ccb61b161ffff6ba3bc2d"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44904 - Domestic air transportation system security
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Assessing Threats.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation jointly shall assess current and potential threats to the domestic air transportation system. The assessment shall include consideration of the extent to which there are individuals with the capability and intent to carry out terrorist or related unlawful acts against that system and the ways in which those individuals might carry out those acts. The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and the Director jointly shall decide on and carry out the most effective method for continuous analysis and monitoring of security threats to that system.
+
+(b) Assessing Security.— In coordination with the Director, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall carry out periodic threat and vulnerability assessments on security at each airport that is part of the domestic air transportation system. Each assessment shall include consideration of—
+
+(1) the adequacy of security procedures related to the handling and transportation of checked baggage and cargo;
+
+(2) space requirements for security personnel and equipment;
+
+(3) separation of screened and unscreened passengers, baggage, and cargo;
+
+(4) separation of the controlled and uncontrolled areas of airport facilities; and
+
+(5) coordination of the activities of security personnel of the Transportation Security Administration, the United States Customs Service, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and air carriers, and of other law enforcement personnel.
+
+(c) Modal Security Plan for Aviation.— In addition to the requirements set forth in subparagraphs (B) through (F) of section 114(s)(3), the modal security plan for aviation prepared under section 114(s) shall—
+
+(1) establish a damage mitigation and recovery plan for the aviation system in the event of a terrorist attack; and
+
+(2) include a threat matrix document that outlines each threat to the United States civil aviation system and the corresponding layers of security in place to address such threat.
+
+(d) Operational Criteria.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall issue operational criteria to protect airport infrastructure and operations against the threats identified in the plans prepared under section 114(s)(1) and shall approve best practices guidelines for airport assets.
+
+(e) Improving Security.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall take necessary actions to improve domestic air transportation security by correcting any deficiencies in that security discovered in the assessments, analyses, and monitoring carried out under this section.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1207; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(1), (7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, § 4001(b), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3712; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(4), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3632.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44904(a)49 App.:1357 (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 106(a), (b), 104 Stat. 3075. 44904(b)49 App.:1357 (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 106(c), 104 Stat. 3075. 44904(c)49 App.:1357 (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 106(e), 104 Stat. 3075. In subsection (a), the words “domestic air transportation system” are substituted for “domestic aviation system” for consistency in this section. In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word “Director” is substituted for “Federal Bureau of Investigation” because of 28:532. In clauses (1) and (3), the word “mail” is omitted as being included in “cargo”. In subsection (c), the word “correcting” is substituted for “remedying” for clarity.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(4)(D), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(4)(A), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” in first sentence. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(4)(B), substituted “section 114(s)(3)” for “section 114(t)(3)” and “section 114(s)” for “section 114(t)” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(4)(C), substituted “The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Not later than 90 days after the date of the submission of the National Strategy for Transportation Security under section 114(t)(4)(A), the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration)” and “section 114(s)(1)” for “section 114(t)(1)”. 2004—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 108–458 added subsecs. (c) and (d) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (e). 2001—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), (9), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places and “of Transportation for Security” for “of the Federal Aviation Administration”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(1), substituted “the Transportation Security Administration” for “the Administration”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Transfer of Functions For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.
+
+Abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service and Transfer of Functions For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
+
+Regular Joint Threat AssessmentsPub. L. 104–264, title III, § 310, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3253, which related to joint threat and vulnerability assessments on security at each airport determined to be high risk, was repealed by Pub. L. 118–63, title II, § 218(g), May 16, 2024, 138 Stat. 1056.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44905.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44905"
+description: "Information about threats to civil aviation"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44905"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44905"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44905"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "3be4490992b3292c968e206d9e1960cf34241203258878514d93b7b54de79081"
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+text_hash: "3fe336d40078e317ff9f1ab54a80af0c40f0c2f0e1bb3b54c13e1fb7790e1a07"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44905 - Information about threats to civil aviation
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Providing Information.— Under guidelines the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration prescribes, an air carrier, airport operator, ticket agent, or individual employed by an air carrier, airport operator, or ticket agent, receiving information (except a communication directed by the United States Government) about a threat to civil aviation shall provide the information promptly to the Administrator.
+
+(b) Flight Cancellation.— If a decision is made that a particular threat cannot be addressed in a way adequate to ensure, to the extent feasible, the safety of passengers and crew of a particular flight or series of flights, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall cancel the flight or series of flights.
+
+(c) Guidelines on Public Notice.— (1) The President shall develop guidelines for ensuring that public notice is provided in appropriate cases about threats to civil aviation. The guidelines shall identify officials responsible for—
+
+(A) deciding, on a case-by-case basis, if public notice of a threat is in the best interest of the United States and the traveling public;
+
+(B) ensuring that public notice is provided in a timely and effective way, including the use of a toll-free telephone number; and
+
+(C) canceling the departure of a flight or series of flights under subsection (b) of this section.
+
+(2) The guidelines shall provide for consideration of—
+
+(A) the specificity of the threat;
+
+(B) the credibility of intelligence information related to the threat;
+
+(C) the ability to counter the threat effectively;
+
+(D) the protection of intelligence information sources and methods;
+
+(E) cancellation, by an air carrier or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, of a flight or series of flights instead of public notice;
+
+(F) the ability of passengers and crew to take steps to reduce the risk to their safety after receiving public notice of a threat; and
+
+(G) other factors the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration considers appropriate.
+
+(d) Guidelines on Notice to Crews.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall develop guidelines for ensuring that notice in appropriate cases of threats to the security of an air carrier flight is provided to the flight crew and cabin crew of that flight.
+
+(e) Limitation on Notice to Selective Travelers.— Notice of a threat to civil aviation may be provided to selective potential travelers only if the threat applies only to those travelers.
+
+(f) Restricting Access to Information.— In cooperation with the departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government that collect, receive, and analyze intelligence information related to aviation security, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall develop procedures to minimize the number of individuals who have access to information about threats. However, a restriction on access to that information may be imposed only if the restriction does not diminish the ability of the Government to carry out its duties and powers related to aviation security effectively, including providing notice to the public and flight and cabin crews under this section.
+
+(g) Distribution of Guidelines.— The guidelines developed under this section shall be distributed for use by appropriate officials of the Department of Transportation, the Department of State, the Department of Justice, and air carriers.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1207; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(5), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3632.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44905(a)49 App.:1358d(a).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 321; added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 109(a), 104 Stat. 3078. 44905(b)49 App.:1358d(b). 44905(c)(1)49 App.:1358d(c)(1), (d). 44905(c)(2)49 App.:1358d(e). 44905(d)49 App.:1358d(c)(2). 44905(e)49 App.:1358d(f). 44905(f)49 App.:1358d(h). 44905(g)49 App.:1358d(g). In subsection (a), the words “employed by an air carrier, airport operator, or ticket agent” are substituted for “employed by such an entity” for clarity. The words “or a designee of the Secretary” are omitted as unnecessary. In subsections (c)(1), before clause (A), and (d), the words “Not later than 180 days after November 16, 1990” are omitted as obsolete. In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words “when considered appropriate” are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. In subsection (e), the words “selective potential travelers” are substituted for “only selective potential travelers” to eliminate an unnecessary word. In subsection (f), the words “departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government” are substituted for “agencies” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words “However, a restriction on access to that information may be imposed only if the restriction does not diminish” are substituted for “Any restriction adopted pursuant to this subsection shall not diminish” for clarity.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(5)(A), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Secretary of Transportation” and “Administrator.” for “Secretary.” Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(5)(B), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security”. Subsecs. (c)(2)(E), (G), (d), (f). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(5)(C), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary”. 2001—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), (9), substituted “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” for “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration”. Subsecs. (c)(2)(E), (G), (d), (f). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator”.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44906.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44906"
+description: "Foreign air carrier security programs"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44906"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44906"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44906"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "0bbf5e86534e0ec3b296518a56c037c7810718ec6b1c773349a9b06d0981e65b"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44906 - Foreign air carrier security programs
+
+## Text
+
+The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall continue in effect the requirement of section 129.25 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, that a foreign air carrier must adopt and use a security program approved by the Administrator. The Administrator shall not approve a security program of a foreign air carrier under section 129.25, or any successor regulation, unless the security program requires the foreign air carrier in its operations to and from airports in the United States to adhere to the identical security measures that the Administrator requires air carriers serving the same airports to adhere to. The foregoing requirement shall not be interpreted to limit the ability of the Administrator to impose additional security measures on a foreign air carrier or an air carrier when the Administrator determines that a specific threat warrants such additional measures. The Administrator shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1208; Pub. L. 104–132, title III, § 322, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1254; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(6), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3632.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44906(a)(1)49 App.:1357(k) (1)–(3).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 316(k)(1)–(3); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 105(a), 104 Stat. 3074.  49 App.:1357 (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 105(c), 104 Stat. 3075. The text of 49 App.:1357(k)(3) and the words “Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act” in section 105(c) of the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–604, 104 Stat. 3075) are omitted as obsolete.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” and, wherever appearing, “Administrator” for “Under Secretary”. 2001—Pub. L. 107–71 substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” wherever appearing and “of Transportation for Security” for “of the Federal Aviation Administration”. 1996—Pub. L. 104–132 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall continue in effect the requirement of section 129.25 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, that a foreign air carrier must adopt and use a security program approved by the Administrator. The Administrator may approve a security program of a foreign air carrier under section 129.25 only if the Administrator decides the security program provides passengers of the foreign air carrier a level of protection similar to the level those passengers would receive under the security programs of air carriers serving the same airport. The Administrator shall require a foreign air carrier to use procedures equivalent to those required of air carriers serving the same airport if the Administrator decides that the procedures are necessary to provide a level of protection similar to that provided passengers of the air carriers serving the same airport. The Administrator shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section.”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44907.md

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44907"
+description: "Security standards at foreign airports"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44907"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44907"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44907"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "3b7bddcfe328e8ee6a12aad15dd7c198b37b1568ac9a8fa6fa37e89ff46d6e4b"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44907 - Security standards at foreign airports
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Assessment.— (1) At intervals the Secretary of Transportation considers necessary, the Secretary shall assess the effectiveness of the security measures maintained at—
+
+(A) a foreign airport—
+
+(i) served by an air carrier;
+
+(ii) from which a foreign air carrier serves the United States; or
+
+(iii) that poses a high risk of introducing danger to international air travel; and
+
+(B) other foreign airports the Secretary considers appropriate.
+
+(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct an assessment under paragraph (1) of this subsection—
+
+(A) in consultation with appropriate aeronautic authorities of the government of a foreign country concerned and each air carrier serving the foreign airport for which the Secretary is conducting the assessment;
+
+(B) to establish the extent to which a foreign airport effectively maintains and carries out security measures, including the screening and vetting of airport workers; and
+
+(C) by using a standard that will result in an analysis of the security measures at the airport based at least on the standards and appropriate recommended practices contained in Annex 17 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation in effect on the date of the assessment.
+
+(3) Each report to Congress required under section 44938(b) of this title shall contain a summary of the assessments conducted under this subsection.
+
+(b) Consultation.— In carrying out subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall consult with the Secretary of State—
+
+(1) on the terrorist threat that exists in each country; and
+
+(2) to establish which foreign airports are not under the de facto control of the government of the foreign country in which they are located and pose a high risk of introducing danger to international air travel.
+
+(c) Notifying Foreign Authorities.— When the Secretary of Transportation, after conducting an assessment under subsection (a) of this section, decides that an airport does not maintain and carry out effective security measures, the Secretary of Transportation, after advising the Secretary of State, shall notify the appropriate authorities of the government of the foreign country of the decision and recommend the steps necessary to bring the security measures in use at the airport up to the standard used by the Secretary of Transportation in making the assessment.
+
+(d) Actions When Airports Not Maintaining and Carrying Out Effective Security Measures.— (1) When the Secretary of Transportation decides under this section that an airport does not maintain and carry out effective security measures—
+
+(A) the Secretary of Transportation shall—
+
+(i) publish the identity of the airport in the Federal Register;
+
+(ii) have the identity of the airport posted and displayed prominently at all United States airports at which scheduled air carrier operations are provided regularly; and
+
+(iii) notify the news media of the identity of the airport;
+
+(B) each air carrier and foreign air carrier providing transportation between the United States and the airport shall provide written notice of the decision, on or with the ticket, to each passenger buying a ticket for transportation between the United States and the airport;
+
+(C) notwithstanding section 40105(b) of this title, the Secretary of Transportation, after consulting with the appropriate aeronautic authorities of the foreign country concerned and each air carrier serving the airport and with the approval of the Secretary of State, may withhold, revoke, or prescribe conditions on the operating authority of an air carrier or foreign air carrier that uses that airport to provide foreign air transportation; and
+
+(D) the President may prohibit an air carrier or foreign air carrier from providing transportation between the United States and any other foreign airport that is served by aircraft flying to or from the airport with respect to which a decision is made under this section.
+
+(2) (A) Paragraph (1) of this subsection becomes effective—
+
+(i) 90 days after the government of a foreign country is notified under subsection (c) of this section if the Secretary of Transportation finds that the government has not brought the security measures at the airport up to the standard the Secretary used in making an assessment under subsection (a) of this section; or
+
+(ii) immediately on the decision of the Secretary of Transportation under subsection (c) of this section if the Secretary of Transportation decides, after consulting with the Secretary of State, that a condition exists that threatens the safety or security of passengers, aircraft, or crew traveling to or from the airport.
+
+(B) The Secretary of Transportation immediately shall notify the Secretary of State of a decision under subparagraph (A)(ii) of this paragraph so that the Secretary of State may issue a travel advisory required under section 44908(a) of this title.
+
+(3) The Secretary of Transportation promptly shall submit to Congress a report (and classified annex if necessary) on action taken under paragraph (1) or (2) of this subsection, including information on attempts made to obtain the cooperation of the government of a foreign country in meeting the standard the Secretary used in assessing the airport under subsection (a) of this section.
+
+(4) An action required under paragraph (1)(A) and (B) of this subsection is no longer required only if the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of State, decides that effective security measures are maintained and carried out at the airport. The Secretary of Transportation shall notify Congress when the action is no longer required to be taken.
+
+(e) Suspensions.— Notwithstanding sections 40105(b) and 40106(b) of this title, the Secretary of Transportation, with the approval of the Secretary of State and without notice or a hearing, shall suspend the right of an air carrier or foreign air carrier to provide foreign air transportation, and the right of a person to operate aircraft in foreign air commerce, to or from a foreign airport when the Secretary of Transportation decides that—
+
+(1) a condition exists that threatens the safety or security of passengers, aircraft, or crew traveling to or from that airport; and
+
+(2) the public interest requires an immediate suspension of transportation between the United States and that airport.
+
+(f) Condition of Carrier Authority.— This section is a condition to authority the Secretary of Transportation grants under this part to an air carrier or foreign air carrier.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1209; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1954, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3595.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44907(a)(1)49 App.:1515(a)(1).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 1115(a), (b), (d)–(h); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, § 106, 88 Stat. 414; restated Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, § 551(a), 99 Stat. 222. 44907(a)(2)49 App.:1515(a)(2), (3). 44907(a)(3)49 App.:1515(c).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 1115(c); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, § 106, 88 Stat. 414; restated Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, § 551(a), 99 Stat. 222; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 102(c)(2), 104 Stat. 3069. 44907(b)49 App.:1515(b). 44907(c)49 App.:1515(d). 44907(d)(1)49 App.:1515(e)(2). 44907(d)(2)49 App.:1515(e)(1). 44907(d)(3)49 App.:1515(e)(3). 44907(d)(4)49 App.:1515(f). 44907(e)49 App.:1515(g). 44907(f)49 App.:1515(h). In subsections (a)(2)(A) and (d)(2)(A)(i) and (3), the words “government of a foreign country” are substituted for “foreign government” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In subsection (a)(2)(B), the word “foreign” is added for clarity and consistency in this section. In subsection (b)(2), the word “foreign” is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In subsection (c), the words “government of a foreign country” are substituted for “foreign government” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words “Subject to paragraph (1)” are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the words “foreign country” are substituted for “foreign government” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word “prescribe” is substituted for “impose” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word “provide” is substituted for “engage in” for consistency in the revised title. In clause (D), the words “directly or indirectly” are omitted as surplus. In subsection (d)(2)(A)(i), the words “identified” and “of such airport” are omitted as surplus. In subsection (d)(2)(B), the words “issue a travel advisory required under section 44908(a) of this title” are substituted for “comply with the requirement of section 1515(a) [sic] of this Appendix that a travel advisory be issued” to eliminate unnecessary words. In subsection (d)(4), the words “An action required . . . is no longer required” are substituted for “The sanctions required to be imposed with respect to an airport . . . may be lifted” to eliminate unnecessary words. In subsection (e), before clause (1), the word “provide” is substituted for “engage in” for consistency in the revised title. In subsection (f), the words “issued under authority vested in” are omitted as surplus.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–254 inserted “, including the screening and vetting of airport workers” after “security measures”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Last Point of Departure Airports; Security DirectivesPub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1953, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3594, provided that: “(a) Notice and Consultation.—“(1) In general.—The Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall, to the maximum extent practicable, consult and notify the following stakeholders prior to making changes to security standards via security directives and emergency amendments for last points of departure:“(A) Trade association representatives, for affected air carriers and airports, who hold the appropriate security clearances. “(B) The head of each relevant Federal department or agency, including the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. “(2) Transmittal to congress.—Not later than 3 days after the date that the Administrator issues a security directive or emergency amendment for a last point of departure, the Administrator shall transmit to the appropriate committees of Congress [Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives] a description of the extent to which the Administrator consulted and notified the stakeholders under paragraph (1). “(b) GAO Report.—“(1) In general.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Comptroller General of the United States shall review the effectiveness of the TSA [Transportation Security Administration] process to update, consolidate, or revoke security directives, emergency amendments, and other policies related to international aviation security at last point of departure airports and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress and the Administrator a report on the findings and recommendations. “(2) Contents.—In conducting the review under paragraph (1), the Comptroller General shall—“(A) review current security directives, emergency amendments, and any other policies related to international aviation security at last point of departure airports; “(B) review the extent of intra-agency and interagency coordination, stakeholder outreach, coordination, and feedback; and “(C) review TSA’s process and criteria for, and implementation of, updating or revoking the policies described in subparagraph (A). “(c) Rescreening.—Subject to section 44901(d)(4)(c) [sic] of title 49, United States Code, upon discovery of specific threat intelligence, the Administrator shall immediately direct TSA personnel to rescreen passengers and baggage arriving from an airport outside the United States and identify enhanced measures that should be implemented at that airport. “(d) Notification to Congress.—Not later than 1 day after the date that the Administrator determines that a foreign air carrier is in violation of part 1546 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, or any other applicable security requirement, the Administrator shall notify the appropriate committees of Congress. “(e) Decisions Not Subject to Judicial Review.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any decision of the Administrator under subsection (a)(1) relating to consultation or notification shall not be subject to judicial review.”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44908.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44908"
+description: "Travel advisory and suspension of foreign assistance"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44908"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44908"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44908"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "e3483ce43e00ae2e3b03af589b8b5629a224bdad2c566d27f94666bb6ad09f34"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "f25e0e3841600e9a1974ffc2ce6369d91bf71caf50792c6b8b82dc6eb5126c18"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44908 - Travel advisory and suspension of foreign assistance
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Travel Advisories.— On being notified by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration that the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration has decided under section 44907(d)(2)(A)(ii) of this title that a condition exists that threatens the security of passengers, aircraft, or crew traveling to or from a foreign airport that the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration has decided under section 44907 of this title does not maintain and carry out effective security measures, the Secretary of State—
+
+(1) immediately shall issue a travel advisory for that airport; and
+
+(2) shall publicize the advisory widely.
+
+(b) Suspending Assistance.— The President shall suspend assistance provided under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) or the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.) to a country in which is located an airport with respect to which section 44907(d)(1) of this title becomes effective if the Secretary of State decides the country is a high terrorist threat country. The President may waive this subsection if the President decides, and reports to Congress, that the waiver is required because of national security interests or a humanitarian emergency.
+
+(c) Actions No Longer Required.— An action required under this section is no longer required only if the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration has made a decision as provided under section 44907(d)(4) of this title. The Administrator shall notify Congress when the action is no longer required to be taken.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1211; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII, § 2224(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–819; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(7), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3632.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44908(a)49 App.:1515a(a).Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, § 552, 99 Stat. 226. 44908(b)49 App.:1515a(b). 44908(c)49 App.:1515a(c), (d). In subsection (a)(3), the words “take the necessary steps to” are omitted as surplus. In subsection (b), the words “all” and “the requirements of” are omitted as surplus. Subsection (c) is substituted for 49 App.:1515a(c) and (d) to eliminate unnecessary words.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, which is classified principally to chapter 32 (§ 2151 et seq.) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of Title 22 and Tables. The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, which is classified principally to chapter 39 (§ 2751 et seq.) of Title 22. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of Title 22 and Tables.
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(7)(A), (B), in introductory provisions, substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Secretary of Transportation” wherever appearing and struck out “safety or” before “security of passengers”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(7)(A), (C), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Secretary of Transportation” and “The Administrator” for “The Secretary”. 1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277 inserted “and” at end of par. (1), redesignated par. (3) as (2), and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “shall publish the advisory in the Federal Register; and”.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44909.md

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44909"
+description: "Passenger manifests"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44909"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44909"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44909"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "6aa92dc3f51ef930ee6a75d1b66c67a29a8f358a1eb6db52428e4db5c22012ab"
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+text_hash: "75d0739a8f7f3d35f22f295a1c83adf338d77cee8532891dff5916b9ea485cd0"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44909 - Passenger manifests
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Air Carrier Requirements.— (1) The Secretary of Transportation shall require each air carrier to provide a passenger manifest for a flight to an appropriate representative of the Secretary of State—
+
+(A) not later than one hour after that carrier is notified of an aviation disaster outside the United States involving that flight; or
+
+(B) if it is not technologically feasible or reasonable to comply with clause (A) of this paragraph, then as expeditiously as possible, but not later than 3 hours after the carrier is so notified.
+
+(2) The passenger manifest should include the following information:
+
+(A) the full name of each passenger.
+
+(B) the passport number of each passenger, if required for travel.
+
+(C) the name and telephone number of a contact for each passenger.
+
+(3) In carrying out this subsection, the Secretary of Transportation shall consider the necessity and feasibility of requiring air carriers to collect passenger manifest information as a condition for passengers boarding a flight of the carrier.
+
+(b) Foreign Air Carrier Requirements.— The Secretary of Transportation shall consider imposing a requirement on foreign air carriers comparable to that imposed on air carriers under subsection (a)(1) and (2) of this section.
+
+(c) Flights in Foreign Air Transportation to the United States.— (1) In general.— Each air carrier and foreign air carrier operating a passenger flight in foreign air transportation to the United States shall provide to the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection by electronic transmission a passenger and crew manifest containing the information specified in paragraph (2). Carriers may use the advanced passenger information system established under section 431 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1431) to provide the information required by the preceding sentence.
+
+(2) Information.— A passenger and crew manifest for a flight required under paragraph (1) shall contain the following information:
+
+(A) The full name of each passenger and crew member.
+
+(B) The date of birth and citizenship of each passenger and crew member.
+
+(C) The sex of each passenger and crew member.
+
+(D) The passport number and country of issuance of each passenger and crew member if required for travel.
+
+(E) The United States visa number or resident alien card number of each passenger and crew member, as applicable.
+
+(F) Such other information as the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, in consultation with the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, determines is reasonably necessary to ensure aviation safety.
+
+(3) Passenger name records.— The carriers shall make passenger name record information available to the Customs Service upon request.
+
+(4) Transmission of manifest.— Subject to paragraphs (5) and (6), a passenger and crew manifest required for a flight under paragraph (1) shall be transmitted to the Customs Service in advance of the aircraft landing in the United States in such manner, time, and form as the Customs Service prescribes.
+
+(5) Transmission of manifests to other federal agencies.— Upon request, information provided to the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration or the Customs Service under this subsection may be shared with other Federal agencies for the purpose of protecting national security.
+
+(6) Prescreening international passengers.— (A) In general.— The Secretary of Homeland Security, or the designee of the Secretary, shall issue a notice of proposed rulemaking that will allow the Department of Homeland Security to compare passenger information for any international flight to or from the United States against the consolidated and integrated terrorist watchlist maintained by the Federal Government before departure of the flight.
+
+(B) Appeal procedures.— (i) In general.— The Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish a timely and fair process for individuals identified as a threat under subparagraph (A) to appeal to the Department of Homeland Security the determination and correct any erroneous information.
+
+(ii) Records.— The process shall include the establishment of a method by which the Secretary of Homeland Security will be able to maintain a record of air passengers and other individuals who have been misidentified and have corrected erroneous information. To prevent repeated delays of misidentified passengers and other individuals, the Department of Homeland Security record shall contain information determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security to authenticate the identity of such a passenger or individual.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1211; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, § 718, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 163; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 115, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 623; Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, § 4012(a)(2), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3717; Pub. L. 114–125, title VIII, § 802(d)(2), Feb. 24, 2016, 130 Stat. 210; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(8), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3633.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44909(a)(1)49 App.:1380(a).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, § 410, 72 Stat. 769; Oct. 15, 1962, Pub. L. 87–820, § 8, 76 Stat. 936; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 203(a), 104 Stat. 3082. 44909(a)(2)49 App.:1380(b). 44909(a)(3)49 App.:1380 (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 203(b), 104 Stat. 3082. 44909(b)49 App.:1380 (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 203(c), 104 Stat. 3083. In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words “each air carrier” are substituted “all United States air carriers” because of the definition of “air carrier” in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The words “an appropriate representative of the Secretary of State” are substituted for “appropriate representatives of the United States Department of State” because of 22:2651 and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (B), the words “to comply with clause (A) of this paragraph” are substituted for “to fulfill the requirement of this subsection” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In subsection (a)(2), before clause (B), the words “For purposes of this section” are omitted as unnecessary. In subsection (a)(3), the words “In carrying out this subsection” are substituted for “In implementing the requirement pursuant to the amendment made by subsection (a) of this section” for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In subsection (b), the word “imposing” is added for clarity. The words “imposed on air carriers under subsection (a)(1) and (2) of this section” are substituted for “imposed pursuant to the amendment made by subsection (a)” for clarity and because of the restatement.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(8)(A), substituted “The” for “Not later than March 16, 1991, the” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(8)(B)(i), substituted “Each” for “Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, each”. Subsec. (c)(2)(F), (5). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(8)(B)(ii), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary”. Subsec. (c)(6)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(8)(B)(iii)(I), substituted “The” for “Not later than 60 days after date of enactment of this paragraph, the”. Subsec. (c)(6)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(8)(B)(iii)(II), substituted “the Secretary of Homeland Security will” for “the Secretary will” and “the Secretary of Homeland Security to” for “the Secretary to”. 2004—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 108–458, § 4012(a)(2)(A), substituted “paragraphs (5) and (6),” for “paragraph (5),”. Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 108–458, § 4012(a)(2)(B), added par. (6). 2001—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71 which directed the addition of subsec. (c) to section 44909, without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed by making the addition to this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 2000—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–181 substituted “should” for “shall” in introductory provisions.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Change of Name “Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection” substituted for “Commissioner of Customs” in subsec. (c)(1) and (2)(F) on authority of section 802(d)(2) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6, Domestic Security.
+
+Effective Date of 2000 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
+
+Transfer of Functions For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44910.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44910"
+description: "Agreements on aircraft sabotage, aircraft hijacking, and airport security"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44910"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44910"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44910"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "f9ab585632f99fc142dd920638fa6f57a2152404085e3833e3e00610f2fc7b3b"
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+text_hash: "fb5c03e861b7223e3068ef1d5b14e9b4ca7daf971e5bbe69edd41c88cdcdc864"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44910 - Agreements on aircraft sabotage, aircraft hijacking, and airport security
+
+## Text
+
+The Secretary of State shall seek multilateral and bilateral agreement on strengthening enforcement measures and standards for compliance related to aircraft sabotage, aircraft hijacking, and airport security.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1212.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 4491049 App.:1515 (note).Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, § 556, 99 Stat. 227.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44911.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44911"
+description: "Intelligence"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44911"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44911"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44911"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "b276b2bbda193464179696ec09e1048aa9af30a9a44f36773986bff6207ae356"
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+text_hash: "4bea60f955ebb8d65f1f21497755373debc30287e507cc496780547777d140c0"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44911 - Intelligence
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Definition.— In this section, “intelligence community” means the intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the following units of the United States Government:
+
+(1) the Department of State.
+
+(2) the Department of Defense.
+
+(3) the Department of the Treasury.
+
+(4) the Department of Energy.
+
+(5) the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
+
+(6) the Central Intelligence Agency.
+
+(7) the National Security Agency.
+
+(8) the Defense Intelligence Agency.
+
+(9) the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
+
+(10) the Drug Enforcement Administration.
+
+(b) Policies and Procedures on Report Availability.— The head of each unit in the intelligence community shall prescribe policies and procedures to ensure that intelligence reports about terrorism are made available, as appropriate, to the heads of other units in the intelligence community, the Secretary of Transportation, and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(c) Unit for Strategic Planning on Terrorism.— The heads of the units in the intelligence community shall place greater emphasis on strategic intelligence efforts by establishing a unit for strategic planning on terrorism.
+
+(d) Designation of Intelligence Officer.— At the request of the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Director of Central Intelligence shall designate at least one intelligence officer of the Central Intelligence Agency to serve in a senior position in the Office of the Secretary.
+
+(e) Written Working Agreements.— The heads of units in the intelligence community, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall review and, as appropriate, revise written working agreements between the intelligence community and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1212; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§ 101(f)(7), (9), 102(b), (c), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 605; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(9), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3633.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44911(a)49 App.:1358d (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 111(e), 104 Stat. 3080. 44911(b)49 App.:1358d (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 111(a), 104 Stat. 3080. 44911(c)49 App.:1358d (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 111(b), 104 Stat. 3080. 44911(d)49 App.:1358d (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 111(c), 104 Stat. 3080. 44911(e)49 App.:1358d (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 111(d), 104 Stat. 3080. In this section, the word “units” is substituted for “agencies” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In subsections (b) and (e), the words “Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act” in section 111(a) and (d) of the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–640, 104 Stat. 3080) are omitted as obsolete. In subsection (b), the words “the heads of other units in the intelligence community, the Secretary of Transportation, and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration” are substituted for “other members of the intelligence community, the Department of Transportation, and the Federal Aviation Administration” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In subsections (c) and (e), the words “heads of units in the intelligence community” are substituted for “intelligence community” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In subsection (e), the words “memorandums of understanding” are omitted as being included in “written working agreements”.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(9)(A), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(9)(B), substituted “request of the Secretary of Homeland Security” for “request of the Secretary”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(9)(C), substituted “Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Secretary, and the Under Secretary” and “intelligence community and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “intelligence community and the Under Secretary”. 2001—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, § 102(b), struck out “international” before “terrorism”. Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), (9), substituted “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” for “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, § 102(c), substituted “place” for “consider placing”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Change of Name Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director’s capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director’s capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44912.md

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44912"
+description: "Research and development"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44912"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44912"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44912"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "aa7c677c55b294e2f4ca97593c521bbf733ea75cde8544679f39edfd059ea706"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "93526eb786770c3d246519381f01b2a86ab552ed6a899ebc327126d12a30455a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44912 - Research and development
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Program Requirement.— (1) The Administrator shall establish and carry out a program to accelerate and expand the research, development, and implementation of technologies and procedures to counteract terrorist acts against civil aviation. The program shall provide for developing and having in place new equipment and procedures necessary to meet the technological challenges presented by terrorism. The program shall include research on, and development of, technological improvements and ways to enhance human performance.
+
+(2) In designing and carrying out the program established under this subsection, the Administrator shall—
+
+(A) consult and coordinate activities with other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government doing similar research;
+
+(B) identify departments, agencies, and instrumentalities that would benefit from that research; and
+
+(C) seek cost-sharing agreements with those departments, agencies, and instrumentalities.
+
+(3) In carrying out the program established under this subsection, the Administrator shall review and consider the annual reports the Secretary of Transportation submits to Congress on transportation security and intelligence.
+
+(4) (A) In carrying out the program established under this subsection, the Administrator shall designate an individual to be responsible for engineering, research, and development with respect to security technology under the program.
+
+(B) The individual designated under subparagraph (A) shall use appropriate systems engineering and risk management models in making decisions regarding the allocation of funds for engineering, research, and development with respect to security technology under the program.
+
+(C) The individual designated under subparagraph (A) shall, on an annual basis, submit to the Administrator a report on activities under this paragraph during the preceding year. Each report shall include, for the year covered by such report, information on—
+
+(i) progress made in engineering, research, and development with respect to security technology;
+
+(ii) the allocation of funds for engineering, research, and development with respect to security technology; and
+
+(iii) engineering, research, and development with respect to any technologies drawn from other agencies, including the rationale for engineering, research, and development with respect to such technologies.
+
+(5) The Administrator may—
+
+(A) make grants to institutions of higher learning and other appropriate research facilities with demonstrated ability to carry out research described in paragraph (1) of this subsection, and fix the amounts and terms of the grants; and
+
+(B) make cooperative agreements with governmental authorities the Administrator decides are appropriate.
+
+(b) Review of Threats.— (1) The Administrator shall periodically review threats to civil aviation, with particular focus on—
+
+(A) a comprehensive systems analysis (employing vulnerability analysis, threat attribute definition, and technology roadmaps) of the civil aviation system, including—
+
+(i) the destruction, commandeering, or diversion of civil aircraft or the use of civil aircraft as a weapon; and
+
+(ii) the disruption of civil aviation service, including by cyber attack;
+
+(B) explosive material that presents the most significant threat to civil aircraft;
+
+(C) the minimum amounts, configurations, and types of explosive material that can cause, or would reasonably be expected to cause, catastrophic damage to aircraft in air transportation;
+
+(D) the amounts, configurations, and types of explosive material that can be detected reliably by existing, or reasonably anticipated, near-term explosive detection technologies;
+
+(E) the potential release of chemical, biological, or similar weapons or devices either within an aircraft or within an airport;
+
+(F) the feasibility of using various ways to minimize damage caused by explosive material that cannot be detected reliably by existing, or reasonably anticipated, near-term explosive detection technologies;
+
+(G) the ability to screen passengers, carry-on baggage, checked baggage, and cargo; and
+
+(H) the technologies that might be used in the future to attempt to destroy or otherwise threaten commercial aircraft and the way in which those technologies can be countered effectively.
+
+(2) The Administrator shall use the results of the review under this subsection to develop the focus and priorities of the program established under subsection (a) of this section.
+
+(c) Scientific Advisory Panel.— (1) The Administrator shall establish a scientific advisory panel to review, comment on, advise the progress of, and recommend modifications in, the program established under subsection (a) of this section, including the need for long-range research programs to detect and prevent catastrophic damage to commercial aircraft, commercial aviation facilities, commercial aviation personnel and passengers, and other components of the commercial aviation system by the next generation of terrorist weapons.
+
+(2) (A) The advisory panel shall consist of individuals who have scientific and technical expertise in—
+
+(i) the development and testing of effective explosive detection systems;
+
+(ii) aircraft structure and experimentation to decide on the type and minimum weights of explosives that an effective explosive detection technology must be capable of detecting;
+
+(iii) technologies involved in minimizing airframe damage to aircraft from explosives; and
+
+(iv) other scientific and technical areas the Administrator considers appropriate.
+
+(B) In appointing individuals to the advisory panel, the Administrator should consider individuals from academia and the national laboratories, as appropriate.
+
+(3) The Administrator shall organize the advisory panel into teams capable of undertaking the review of policies and technologies upon request.
+
+(4) Biennially, the Administrator shall review the composition of the advisory panel in order to ensure that the expertise of the individuals on the panel is suited to the current and anticipated duties of the panel.
+
+(d) Security and Research and Development Activities.— (1) In general.— The Administrator shall conduct research (including behavioral research) and development activities appropriate to develop, modify, test, and evaluate a system, procedure, facility, or device to protect passengers and property against acts of criminal violence, aircraft piracy, and terrorism and to ensure security.
+
+(2) Disclosure.— (A) In general.— Notwithstanding section 552 of title 5, the Administrator shall prescribe regulations prohibiting disclosure of information obtained or developed in ensuring security under this title if the Secretary of Homeland Security decides disclosing the information would—
+
+(i) be an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;
+
+(ii) reveal a trade secret or privileged or confidential commercial or financial information; or
+
+(iii) be detrimental to transportation safety.
+
+(B) Information to congress.— Subparagraph (A) does not authorize information to be withheld from a committee of Congress authorized to have the information.
+
+(C) Rule of construction.— Nothing in subparagraph (A) shall be construed to authorize the designation of information as sensitive security information (as defined in section 15.5 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations)—
+
+(i) to conceal a violation of law, inefficiency, or administrative error;
+
+(ii) to prevent embarrassment to a person, organization, or agency;
+
+(iii) to restrain competition; or
+
+(iv) to prevent or delay the release of information that does not require protection in the interest of transportation security, including basic scientific research information not clearly related to transportation security.
+
+(D) Privacy act.— Section 552a of title 5 shall not apply to disclosures that the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may make from the systems of records of the Transportation Security Administration to any Federal law enforcement, intelligence, protective service, immigration, or national security official in order to assist the official receiving the information in the performance of official duties.
+
+(3) Transfers of duties and powers prohibited.— Except as otherwise provided by law, the Administrator may not transfer a duty or power under this section to another department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government.
+
+(e) Definition of Administrator.— In this section, the term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1212; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§ 101(f)(7), (9), 112, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 620; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(10), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3633.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44912(a)49 App.:1357(d)(3)(A), (D), (4)–(7).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 316(d)(3)–(8); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 107, 104 Stat. 3076. 44912(b)49 App.:1357(d)(3)(B), (C). 44912(c)49 App.:1357(d)(8). In subsection (a)(1), the words “It shall be the purpose of the program established under paragraph (3)” and “established under paragraph (3)” are omitted as unnecessary. In subsection (a)(2)(A), the word “activities” is added for clarity. The words “departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government” are substituted for “Federal agencies” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In subsection (a)(4), the words “The Administrator may . . . make grants” are substituted for “Amounts appropriated for each fiscal year under paragraph (9) shall be made available by the Administrator, by way of grants” to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (A), the words “institutions of higher learning” are substituted for “colleges, universities”, and the word “institutions” is substituted for “institutions and facilities”, for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In clause (B), the words “governmental authorities” are substituted for “governmental entities” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words “Not later than 180 days after November 16, 1990” are omitted as obsolete. Clause (B) is substituted for 49 App.:1357(d)(3)(B)(ii) and (iii) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In subsection (b)(1)(E), the word “mail” is omitted as being included in “cargo”.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(C), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing in subsecs. (a) to (c). Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(A)(i), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” and struck out “, not later than November 16, 1993,” after “in place”. Subsec. (a)(4)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(A)(ii), substituted “Administrator” for “Research, Engineering and Development Advisory Committee” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(B)(i), struck out “, as a subcommittee of the Research, Engineering, and Development Advisory Committee,” after “panel”. Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(B)(ii), substituted “Biennially,” for “Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, and every two years thereafter,”. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(D), added subsecs. (d) and (e). 2001—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), (9), substituted “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” for “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration”. Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator”. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(b)(1)(B), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places. Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(b)(1)(A), redesignated par. (4) as (5). Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §§ 101(f)(7), 112(a)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” and “periodically review” for “complete an intensive review of”. Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(b)(2)(B), added subpar. (A). Former subpar. (A) redesignated (B). Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (A) as (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (C). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(a)(2), substituted “aircraft in air transportation;” for “commercial aircraft in service and expected to be in service in the 10-year period beginning on November 16, 1990;”. Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (B) as (C). Former subpar. (C) redesignated (D). Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (C) as (D). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (E). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(a)(3), added subpar. (D). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (E). Subsec. (b)(1)(E) to (G). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpars. (D) to (F) as (E) to (G), respectively. Former subpar. (G) redesignated (H). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(a)(3), redesignated subpars. (D) to (F) as (E) to (G), respectively. Subsec. (b)(1)(H). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (G) as (H). Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, § 112(b)(3), amended heading and text of subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Administrator shall establish a scientific advisory panel, as a subcommittee of the Research, Engineering and Development Advisory Committee, to review, comment on, advise on the progress of, and recommend modifications in, the program established under subsection (a) of this section, including the need for long-range research programs to detect and prevent catastrophic damage to commercial aircraft by the next generation of terrorist weapons. The panel shall consist of individuals with scientific and technical expertise in— “(1) the development and testing of effective explosive detection systems; “(2) aircraft structure and experimentation to decide on the type and minimum weights of explosives that an effective technology must be capable of detecting; “(3) technologies involved in minimizing airframe damage to aircraft from explosives; and “(4) other scientific and technical areas the Administrator considers appropriate.”
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Innovation Task ForcePub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1916, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3556, provided that: “(a) In General.—The Administrator shall establish an innovation task force—“(1) to cultivate innovations in transportation security; “(2) to develop and recommend how to prioritize and streamline requirements for new approaches to transportation security; “(3) to accelerate the development and introduction of new innovative transportation security technologies and improvements to transportation security operations; and “(4) to provide industry with access to the airport environment during the technology development and assessment process to demonstrate the technology and to collect data to understand and refine technical operations and human factor issues. “(b) Activities.—The task force shall—“(1) conduct activities to identify and develop an innovative technology, emerging security capability, or process designed to enhance transportation security, including—“(A) by conducting a field demonstration of such a technology, capability, or process in the airport environment; “(B) by gathering performance data from such a demonstration to inform the acquisition process; and “(C) by enabling a small business with an innovative technology or emerging security capability, but less than adequate resources, to participate in such a demonstration; “(2) conduct at least quarterly collaboration meetings with industry, including air carriers, airport operators, and other transportation security stakeholders to highlight and discuss best practices on innovative security operations and technology evaluation and deployment; and “(3) submit to the appropriate committees of Congress an annual report on the effectiveness of key performance data from task force-sponsored projects and checkpoint enhancements. “(c) Composition.—“(1) Appointment.—The Administrator, in consultation with the Chairperson of ASAC shall appoint the members of the task force. “(2) Chairperson.—The task force shall be chaired by the Administrator’s designee. “(3) Representation.—The task force shall be comprised of representatives of—“(A) the relevant offices of the TSA; “(B) if considered appropriate by the Administrator, the Science and Technology Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security; “(C) any other component of the Department of Homeland Security that the Administrator considers appropriate; and “(D) such industry representatives as the Administrator considers appropriate. “(d) Rule of Construction.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to require the acquisition or deployment of an innovative technology, emerging security capability, or process identified, developed, or recommended under this section. “(e) Nonapplicability of FACA.—The Federal Advisory Committee Act ([former] 5 U.S.C. App.) [see 5 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.] shall not apply to the task force established under this section.” [For definitions of terms used in section 1916 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]
+
+Research and Development of Aviation Security TechnologyPub. L. 107–71, title I, § 137, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 637, as amended by Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, § 1608, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 484, provided that: “(a) Funding.—To augment the programs authorized in section 44912(a)(1) of title 49, United States Code, there is authorized to be appropriated an additional $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2011 and such sums as are necessary for each fiscal year thereafter to the Transportation Security Administration, for research, development, testing, and evaluation of the following technologies which may enhance transportation security in the future. Grants to industry, academia, and Government entities to carry out the provisions of this section shall be available for fiscal years 2006 through 2011 for—“(1) the acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of explosives detection technology for checked baggage, specifically, technology that is—“(A) more cost-effective for deployment for explosives detection in checked baggage at small- to medium-sized airports, and is currently under development as part of the Argus research program at the Transportation Security Administration; “(B) faster, to facilitate screening of all checked baggage at larger airports; or “(C) more accurate, to reduce the number of false positives requiring additional security measures; “(2) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of new screening technology for carry-on items to provide more effective means of detecting and identifying weapons, explosives, and components of weapons of mass destruction, including advanced x-ray technology; “(3) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of threat screening technology for other categories of items being loaded onto aircraft, including cargo, catering, and duty-free items; “(4) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of threats carried on persons boarding aircraft or entering secure areas, including detection of weapons, explosives, and components of weapons of mass destruction; “(5) acceleration of research, development, testing and evaluation of integrated systems of airport security enhancement, including quantitative methods of assessing security factors at airports selected for testing such systems; “(6) expansion of the existing program of research, development, testing, and evaluation of improved methods of education, training, and testing of key airport security personnel; and “(7) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of aircraft hardening materials, and techniques to reduce the vulnerability of aircraft to terrorist attack. “(b) Grants.—Grants awarded under this subtitle [probably should be “this section”] shall identify potential outcomes of the research, and propose a method for quantitatively assessing effective increases in security upon completion of the research program. At the conclusion of each grant, the grant recipient shall submit a final report to the Transportation Security Administration that shall include sufficient information to permit the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security [now Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration] to prepare a cost-benefit analysis of potential improvements to airport security based upon deployment of the proposed technology. The Under Secretary shall begin awarding grants under this subtitle within 90 days of the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 19, 2001]. “(c) Budget Submission.—A budget submission and detailed strategy for deploying the identified security upgrades recommended upon completion of the grants awarded under subsection (b), shall be submitted to Congress as part of the Department of Transportation’s annual budget submission. “(d) Defense Research.—There is authorized to be appropriated $20,000,000 to the Transportation Security Administration to issue research grants in conjunction with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Grants may be awarded under this section for—“(1) research and development of longer-term improvements to airport security, including advanced weapons detection; “(2) secure networking and sharing of threat information between Federal agencies, law enforcement entities, and other appropriate parties; “(3) advances in biometrics for identification and threat assessment; or “(4) other technologies for preventing acts of terrorism in aviation.” [For definitions of terms used in section 137 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.]
+
+Termination of Advisory PanelsAdvisory panels established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than expiration of 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a panel established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such panel is renewed by appropriate action prior to expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a panel established by Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See sections 1001(2) and 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44913.md

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44913"
+description: "Explosive detection"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44913"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44913"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44913"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "100573922c13bc9b11bbcccbdfda9e69ce2bc6a950278d1a29723d948b61c93d"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "8a175bdfe945e443266730aa1195508123dfed03aa0e0535876ff8a84bf11cad"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44913 - Explosive detection
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Deployment and Purchase of Equipment.— (1) A deployment or purchase of explosive detection equipment under section 108.7(b)(8) or 108.20 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, or similar regulation is required only if the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration (referred to in this section as “the Administrator”) certifies that the equipment alone, or as part of an integrated system, can detect under realistic air carrier operating conditions the amounts, configurations, and types of explosive material that would likely be used to cause catastrophic damage to commercial aircraft. The Administrator shall base the certification on the results of tests conducted under protocols developed in consultation with expert scientists outside of the Transportation Security Administration. Those tests shall be completed not later than April 16, 1992.
+
+(2) Until such time as the Administrator determines that equipment certified under paragraph (1) is commercially available and has successfully completed operational testing as provided in paragraph (1), the Administrator shall facilitate the deployment of such approved commercially available explosive detection devices as the Administrator determines will enhance aviation security significantly. The Administrator shall require that equipment deployed under this paragraph be replaced by equipment certified under paragraph (1) when equipment certified under paragraph (1) becomes commercially available. The Administrator is authorized, based on operational considerations at individual airports, to waive the required installation of commercially available equipment under paragraph (1) in the interests of aviation security. The Administrator may permit the requirements of this paragraph to be met at airports by the deployment of dogs or other appropriate animals to supplement equipment for screening passengers, baggage, mail, or cargo for explosives or weapons.
+
+(3) This subsection does not prohibit the Administrator from purchasing or deploying explosive detection equipment described in paragraph (1) of this subsection.
+
+(b) Grants.— The Administrator may provide grants to continue the Explosive Detection K-9 Team Training Program to detect explosives at airports and on aircraft.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1214; Pub. L. 104–264, title III, § 305(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3252; Pub. L. 104–287, § 5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(2), (7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(11), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3635.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44913(a)(1)49 App.:1358c(a), (b).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 320; added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 108, 104 Stat. 3077. 44913(a)(2)49 App.:1358c(c). 44913(a)(3)49 App.:1358c(d). 44913(b)49 App.:2225.Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, § 529, 96 Stat. 699; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, § 114, 101 Stat. 1505. In subsection (a), the words “after November 16, 1990” are omitted as executed. The words “The Administrator shall base the certification on” are substituted for “based on” because of the restatement. In subsection (b), the words “but not be limited to” are omitted as unnecessary.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(11)(A)(iv), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(11)(A)(i), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration (referred to in this section as ‘the Administrator’)” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security”. Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(11)(A)(ii), (iii), redesignated pars. (3) and (4) as (2) and (3), respectively, and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “Before completion of the tests described in paragraph (1) of this subsection, but not later than April 16, 1992, the Under Secretary may require deployment of explosive detection equipment described in paragraph (1) if the Under Secretary decides that deployment will enhance aviation security significantly. In making that decision, the Under Secretary shall consider factors such as the ability of the equipment alone, or as part of an integrated system, to detect under realistic air carrier operating conditions the amounts, configurations, and types of explosive material that would likely be used to cause catastrophic damage to commercial aircraft. The Under Secretary shall notify the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives of a deployment decision made under this paragraph.” Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(11)(B), substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary of Transportation”. 2001—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(9), substituted “of Transportation for Security” for “of the Federal Aviation Administration”. Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places. Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(2), substituted “of the Transportation Security Administration” for “of the Administration” in second sentence. Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” wherever appearing. 1996—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted “Transportation and Infrastructure” for “Public Works and Transportation”. Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 104–264 added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentExcept as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
+
+Improved Explosive Detection SystemsPub. L. 108–458, title IV, § 4024, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3724, provided that: “(a) Plan and Guidelines.—The Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration) shall develop a plan and guidelines for implementing improved explosive detection system equipment. “(b) Authorization of Appropriations.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Homeland Security for the use of the Transportation Security Administration $100,000,000, in addition to any amounts otherwise authorized by law, for the purpose of research and development of improved explosive detection systems for aviation security under section 44913 of title 49, United States Code.”
+
+Weapons and Explosive Detection StudyPub. L. 104–264, title III, § 303, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3250, provided that: “(a) In General.—The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall enter into an arrangement with the Director of the National Academy of Sciences (or if the National Academy of Sciences is not available, the head of another equivalent entity) to conduct a study in accordance to this section. “(b) Panel of Experts.—“(1) In general.—In carrying out a study under this section, the Director of the National Academy of Sciences (or the head of another equivalent entity) shall establish a panel (hereinafter in this section referred to as the ‘panel’). “(2) Expertise.—Each member of the panel shall have expertise in weapons and explosive detection technology, security, air carrier and airport operations, or another appropriate area. The Director of the National Academy of Sciences (or the head of another equivalent entity) shall ensure that the panel has an appropriate number of representatives of the areas specified in the preceding sentence. “(c) Study.—The panel, in consultation with the National Science and Technology Council, representatives of appropriate Federal agencies, and appropriate members of the private sector, shall—“(1) assess the weapons and explosive detection technologies that are available at the time of the study that are capable of being effectively deployed in commercial aviation; “(2) determine how the technologies referred to in paragraph (1) may more effectively be used for promotion and improvement of security at airport and aviation facilities and other secured areas; “(3) assess the cost and advisability of requiring hardened cargo containers as a way to enhance aviation security and reduce the required sensitivity of bomb detection equipment; and “(4) on the basis of the assessments and determinations made under paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), identify the most promising technologies for the improvement of the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of weapons and explosive detection. “(d) Cooperation.—The National Science and Technology Council shall take such actions as may be necessary to facilitate, to the maximum extent practicable and upon request of the Director of the National Academy of Sciences (or the head of another equivalent entity), the cooperation of representatives of appropriate Federal agencies, as provided for in subsection (c), in providing the panel, for the study under this section—“(1) expertise; and “(2) to the extent allowable by law, resources and facilities. “(e) Reports.—The Director of the National Academy of Sciences (or the head of another equivalent entity) shall, pursuant to an arrangement entered into under subsection (a), submit to the Administrator such reports as the Administrator considers to be appropriate. Upon receipt of a report under this subsection, the Administrator shall submit a copy of the report to the appropriate committees of Congress. “(f) Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 1997 through 2001 such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section.”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44914.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44914"
+description: "Airport construction guidelines"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44914"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44914"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44914"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "fde52e10ae07db4cbe37240e0e7c222b7d6fe6f7635a00d9fc0665ae63d1ea44"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "7487a7f1db37d0fa58440456d843079dcc56ea6ac74dd142c5582e8f31ab738e"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44914 - Airport construction guidelines
+
+## Text
+
+In consultation with the Department of Transportation, air carriers, airport authorities, and others the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration considers appropriate, the Administrator shall develop guidelines for airport design and construction to allow for maximum security enhancement. In developing the guidelines, the Administrator shall consider the results of the assessment carried out under section 44904(a) of this title.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1214; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(12), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3635.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 4491449 App.:1357 (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 106(f), 104 Stat. 3075.  49 App.:1432(d).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 612(d); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 110(a), 104 Stat. 3080. The words “In developing the guidelines” are substituted for “In developing airport construction guidelines under subsection (d) of section 612 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as added by section 110 of this Act” in section 106(f) of the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–604, 104 Stat. 3075) to eliminate unnecessary words.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted “with the Department of Transportation, air carriers, airport authorities, and others the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “with air carriers, airport authorities, and others the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” and, in two places, “Administrator” for “Under Secretary”. 2001—Pub. L. 107–71 substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” wherever appearing and “of Transportation for Security” for “of the Federal Aviation Administration”.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44915.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44915"
+description: "Exemptions"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44915"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44915"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44915"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "c8d83cc02420a168c7434c5d8af9534d4e478804a1e23ea44a1dda966e444056"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "14ace37aa5502c9da59edc19cf8bb27164fb94468374a82d3b7fba4ab642384a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44915 - Exemptions
+
+## Text
+
+The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may exempt from sections 44901, 44903(a)–(c) and (e), 44906, 44935, and 44936 of this title airports in Alaska served only by air carriers that—
+
+(1) hold certificates issued under section 41102 of this title;
+
+(2) operate aircraft with certificates for a maximum gross takeoff weight of less than 12,500 pounds; and
+
+(3) board passengers, or load property intended to be carried in an aircraft cabin, that will be screened under section 44901 of this title at another airport in Alaska before the passengers board, or the property is loaded on, an aircraft for a place outside Alaska.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1215; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(13), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3635.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 4491549 App.:1358.Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 317; added July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, § 17(a), 90 Stat. 882. In clause (1), the word “issued” is substituted for “granted” for consistency in this part. The words “by the Civil Aeronautics Board” are omitted as surplus. Clause (3) is substituted for 49 App.:1358 (words after 3d comma) for consistency in the revised title.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” in introductory provisions. 2001—Pub. L. 107–71 substituted “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” for “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration” in introductory provisions.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44916.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44916"
+description: "Assessments and evaluations"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44916"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44916"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44916"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "74685409dfacb5c9a8d9ed88b60f177bdaa76970956efaf482951b534c87479f"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "6f9593a016cb82762e558f15245a2cd5671f9f89a430bc87a3d3a473225ab3c5"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44916 - Assessments and evaluations
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Periodic Assessments.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall require each air carrier and airport (including the airport owner or operator in cooperation with the air carriers and vendors serving each airport) that provides for intrastate, interstate, or foreign air transportation to conduct periodic vulnerability assessments of the security systems of that air carrier or airport, respectively. The Transportation Security Administration shall perform periodic audits of such assessments.
+
+(b) Investigations.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall conduct periodic and unannounced inspections of security systems of airports and air carriers to determine the effectiveness and vulnerabilities of such systems. To the extent allowable by law, the Administrator may provide for anonymous tests of those security systems.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title III, § 312(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3253; amended Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(3), (7), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(14), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3635.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(14)(A), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(14)(B), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall” for “Under Secretary shall” and “Administrator may” for “Under Secretary may”. 2001—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(3), substituted “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” for “Administrator” in first sentence and “Transportation Security Administration” for “Administration” in second sentence. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateExcept as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44917.md

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44917"
+description: "Deployment of Federal air marshals"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44917"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44917"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44917"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "60ada01c8a7f867c4695a219fd732aef72a96bb97783c998376395cb6d493a24"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "d7df1cf74d2db96c8fb439a7b8493209b18d17d3c9e8fc234e7c3b33ec97be4b"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44917 - Deployment of Federal air marshals
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration under the authority provided by section 44903(d)—
+
+(1) may provide for deployment of Federal air marshals on every passenger flight of air carriers in air transportation or intrastate air transportation;
+
+(2) shall provide for deployment of Federal air marshals on every such flight determined by the Administrator to present high security risks;
+
+(3) shall provide for appropriate training, supervision, and equipment of Federal air marshals;
+
+(4) shall require air carriers providing flights described in paragraph (1) to provide seating for a Federal air marshal on any such flight without regard to the availability of seats on the flight and at no cost to the United States Government or the marshal;
+
+(5) may require air carriers to provide, on a space-available basis, to an off-duty Federal air marshal a seat on a flight to the airport nearest the marshal’s home at no cost to the marshal or the United States Government if the marshal is traveling to that airport after completing his or her security duties;
+
+(6) may enter into agreements with Federal, State, and local agencies under which appropriately-trained law enforcement personnel from such agencies, when traveling on a flight of an air carrier, will carry a firearm and be prepared to assist Federal air marshals;
+
+(7) shall establish procedures to ensure that Federal air marshals are made aware of any armed or unarmed law enforcement personnel on board an aircraft;
+
+(8) may appoint—
+
+(A) an individual who is a retired law enforcement officer;
+
+(B) an individual who is a retired member of the Armed Forces; and
+
+(C) an individual who has been furloughed from an air carrier crew position in the 1-year period beginning on September 11, 2001,
+
+as a Federal air marshal, regardless of age, if the individual otherwise meets the background and fitness qualifications required for Federal air marshals;
+
+(9) shall require the Federal Air Marshal Service to utilize a risk-based strategy when allocating resources between international and domestic flight coverage, including when initially setting its annual target numbers of average daily international and domestic flights to cover;
+
+(10) shall require the Federal Air Marshal Service to utilize a risk-based strategy to support domestic allocation decisions;
+
+(11) shall require the Federal Air Marshal Service to utilize a risk-based strategy to support international allocation decisions; and
+
+(12) shall ensure that the seating arrangements of Federal air marshals on aircraft are determined in a manner that is risk-based and most capable of responding to current threats to aviation security.
+
+(b) Interim Measures.— Until the Under Secretary 11 So in original. Probably should be “Administrator”. completes implementation of subsection (a), the Under Secretary 1 may use, after consultation with and concurrence of the heads of other Federal agencies and departments, personnel from those agencies and departments, on a nonreimbursable basis, to provide air marshal service.
+
+(c) Training for Foreign Law Enforcement Personnel.— (1) In general.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, after consultation with the Secretary of State, may direct the Federal Air Marshal Service to provide appropriate air marshal training to law enforcement personnel of foreign countries.
+
+(2) Watchlist screening.— The Federal Air Marshal Service may only provide appropriate air marshal training to law enforcement personnel of foreign countries after comparing the identifying information and records of law enforcement personnel of foreign countries against all appropriate records in the consolidated and integrated terrorist watchlists maintained by the Federal Government.
+
+(3) Fees.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall establish reasonable fees and charges to pay expenses incurred in carrying out this subsection. Funds collected under this subsection shall be credited to the account in the Treasury from which the expenses were incurred and shall be available to the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration for purposes for which amounts in such account are available.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 105(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 606; amended Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, § 4018, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3721; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§ 1959(c)(5), (d)(1), 1991(d)(15), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3599, 3635.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(15)(A)(i), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(15)(A)(ii), substituted “by the Administrator” for “by the Secretary”. Subsec. (a)(9) to (12). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1959(d)(1), added pars. (9) to (12). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1959(c)(5), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and struck out former subsec. (b). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (b) read as follows: “In making the determination under subsection (a)(2), nonstop, long distance flights, such as those targeted on September 11, 2001, should be a priority.” Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1959(c)(5)(B), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (b). Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(15)(B)(i), which directed amendment of subsec. (d)(1) by substituting “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Assistant Secretary for Immigration and Customs Enforcement of the Department of Homeland Security”, was executed to subsec. (c)(1) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening redesignation of subsec. (d) as (c) by Pub. L. 115–254, § 1959(c)(5)(B). See above. Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(15)(B)(ii), which directed amendment of subsec. (d)(3) by substituting “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Assistant Secretary” in two places, was executed to subsec. (c)(3) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening redesignation of subsec. (d) as (c) by Pub. L. 115–254, § 1959(c)(5)(B). See above. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1959(c)(5)(B), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c). 2004—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–458 added subsec. (d).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Federal Air Marshal Service UpdatesPub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1959(a)–(c)(4), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3598, 3599, provided that: “(a) Standardization.—“(1) In general.—Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall develop a standard written agreement that shall be the basis of all negotiations and agreements that begin after the date of enactment of this Act between the United States and foreign governments or partners regarding the presence of Federal air marshals on flights to and from the United States, including deployment, technical assistance, and information sharing. “(2) Written agreements.—Except as provided in paragraph (3), not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, all agreements between the United States and foreign governments or partners regarding the presence of Federal air marshals on flights to and from the United States shall be in writing and signed by the Administrator or other authorized United States Government representative. “(3) Exception.—The Administrator may schedule Federal air marshal service on flights operating to a foreign country with which no written agreement is in effect if the Administrator determines that—“(A) such mission is necessary for aviation security; and “(B) the requirements of paragraph (4)(B) are met. “(4) Notification to congress.—“(A) Written agreements.—Not later than 30 days after the date that the Administrator enters into a written agreement under this section, the Administrator shall transmit to the appropriate committees of Congress [Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives] a copy of the agreement. “(B) No written agreements.—The Administrator shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress—“(i) not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act, a list of each foreign government or partner that does not have a written agreement under this section, including an explanation for why no written agreement exists and a justification for the determination that such a mission is necessary for aviation security; and “(ii) not later than 30 days after the date that the Administrator makes a determination to schedule Federal air marshal service on flights operating to a foreign country with which no written agreement is in effect under paragraph (3), the name of the applicable foreign government or partner, an explanation for why no written agreement exists, and a justification for the determination that such mission is necessary for aviation security. “(b) Mission Scheduling Automation.—The Administrator shall endeavor to acquire automated capabilities or technologies for scheduling Federal air marshal service missions based on current risk modeling. “(c) Improving Federal Air Marshal Service Deployments.—“(1) After-action reports.—The Administrator shall strengthen internal controls to ensure that all after-action reports on Federal air marshal service special mission coverage provided to stakeholders include documentation of supervisory review and approval, and mandatory narratives. “(2) Study.—The Administrator shall contract with an independent entity to conduct a validation and verification study of the risk analysis and risk-based determinations guiding Federal air marshal service deployment, including the use of risk-based strategies under subsection (d) [amending this section (see subsec. (a)(9) to (12) of this section) and enacting provisions set out as a note below]. “(3) Cost-benefit analysis.—The Administrator shall conduct a cost-benefit analysis regarding mitigation of aviation security threats through Federal air marshal service deployment. “(4) Performance measures.—The Administrator shall improve existing performance measures to better determine the effectiveness of in-flight operations in addressing the highest risks to aviation transportation based on current intelligence.”
+
+Implementation DeadlinePub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1959(d)(3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3600, provided that: “Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall begin implementing the requirements under paragraphs (9) through (12) of section 44917(a), United States Code, as added by this Act.”
+
+Federal Air MarshalsPub. L. 108–458, title IV, § 4016, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3720, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1993, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3646, provided that: “(a) Federal Air Marshal Anonymity.—The Director of the Federal Air Marshal Service of the Department of Homeland Security shall continue operational initiatives to protect the anonymity of Federal air marshals. “(b) Authorization of Additional Appropriations.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Homeland Security for the use of the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, in addition to any amounts otherwise authorized by law, for the deployment of Federal air marshals under section 44917 of title 49, United States Code, $83,000,000 for the 3 fiscal-year period beginning with fiscal year 2005. Such sums shall remain available until expended. “(c) Federal Law Enforcement Counterterrorism Training.—“(1) Availability of information.—The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and the Director of Federal Air Marshal Service of the Department of Homeland Security, shall make available, as practicable, appropriate information on in-flight counterterrorism and weapons handling procedures and tactics training to Federal law enforcement officers who fly while in possession of a firearm. “(2) Identification of fraudulent documents.—The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and the Director of Federal Air Marshal Service of the Department of Homeland Security shall ensure that Transportation Security Administration screeners and Federal air marshals receive training in identifying fraudulent identification documents, including fraudulent or expired visas and passports. Such training shall also be made available to other Federal law enforcement agencies and local law enforcement agencies located in a State that borders Canada or Mexico.”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44918.md

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44918"
+description: "Crew training"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44918"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44918"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44918"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "87166c3f989248548a8cbb31409c4a923d9fa8d21181485ec7d6934a3e0c1587"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "04f1042c53e6e764cbfc297768801e5c11e6bcfe47ccf04e345be457d306a0c8"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44918 - Crew training
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Basic Security Training.— (1) In general.— Each air carrier providing scheduled passenger air transportation shall carry out a training program for flight and cabin crew members to prepare the crew members for potential threat conditions and unruly passenger behavior.
+
+(2) Program elements.— An air carrier training program under this subsection shall include, at a minimum, elements that address each of the following:
+
+(A) Recognize suspicious behavior and activities and determine the seriousness of any occurrence of such behavior and activities.
+
+(B) Crew communication and coordination.
+
+(C) The proper commands to give passengers and attackers.
+
+(D) Appropriate responses to defend oneself.
+
+(E) Use of protective devices assigned to crew members (to the extent such devices are required by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration).
+
+(F) Psychology of terrorists to cope with hijacker behavior and passenger responses.
+
+(G) Situational training exercises regarding various threat conditions.
+
+(H) De-escalation training based on recommendations issued by the Air Carrier Training Aviation Rulemaking Committee.
+
+(I) Methods to subdue and restrain an active attacker.
+
+(J) The proper conduct of a cabin search, including explosive device recognition.
+
+(K) Any other subject matter considered appropriate by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(3) Approval.— An air carrier training program under this subsection shall be subject to approval by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(4) Minimum standards.— Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, in consultation with the Federal Air Marshal Service and the Aviation Security Advisory Committee, shall establish minimum standards for—
+
+(A) the training provided under this subsection and any for recurrent training; and
+
+(B) the individuals or entities providing such training.
+
+(5) Existing programs.— Notwithstanding paragraphs (3) and (4), any training program of an air carrier to prepare flight and cabin crew members for potential threat conditions that was approved by the Administrator or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration before December 12, 2003, may continue in effect until disapproved or ordered modified by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(6) Monitoring.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, in consultation with the Administrator and the Federal Air Marshal Service, shall monitor air carrier training programs under this subsection and shall periodically review an air carrier’s training program to ensure that the program is adequately preparing crew members for potential threat conditions based on changes in the potential or actual threat conditions. In determining when an air carrier’s training program should be reviewed under this paragraph, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall consider complaints from crew members. The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall ensure that employees responsible for monitoring the training programs have the necessary resources and knowledge, including self-defense training expertise and experience.
+
+(7) Updates.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, in consultation with the Administrator, shall order air carriers to modify training programs under this subsection to reflect new or different security threats.
+
+(b) Advanced Self-Defense Training.— (1) In general.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall develop and provide a voluntary training program for flight and cabin crew members of air carriers providing scheduled passenger air transportation.
+
+(2) Program elements.— The training program under this subsection shall include both classroom and effective hands-on training in the following elements of self-defense:
+
+(A) Deterring a passenger who might present a threat.
+
+(B) Advanced control, striking, and restraint techniques.
+
+(C) Training to defend oneself against edged or contact weapons.
+
+(D) Methods to subdue and restrain an attacker.
+
+(E) Use of available items aboard the aircraft for self-defense.
+
+(F) Appropriate and effective responses to defend oneself, including the use of force against an attacker.
+
+(G) Any other element of training that the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration considers appropriate.
+
+(3) Participation not required.— A crew member shall not be required to participate in the training program under this subsection.
+
+(4) Compensation.— Except as provided in paragraph (8), neither the Federal Government nor an air carrier shall be required to compensate a crew member for participating in the training program under this subsection.
+
+(5) Fees.— A crew member shall not be required to pay a fee for the training program under this subsection.
+
+(6) Consultation.— In developing the training program under this subsection, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall consult with law enforcement personnel and security experts who have expertise in self-defense training, terrorism experts, representatives of air carriers, the director of self-defense training in the Federal Air Marshal Service, flight attendants, labor organizations representing flight attendants, and educational institutions offering law enforcement training programs.
+
+(7) Designation of tsa official.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall designate an official in the Transportation Security Administration to be responsible for implementing the training program under this subsection. The official shall consult with air carriers and labor organizations representing crew members before implementing the program to ensure that it is appropriate for situations that may arise on board an aircraft during a flight.
+
+(8) Air carrier accommodation.— An air carrier with a crew member participating in the training program under this subsection shall provide a process through which each such crew member may obtain reasonable accommodations.
+
+(c) Limitation.— Actions by crew members under this section shall be subject to the provisions of section 44903(k).
+
+(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 107(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 610; amended Pub. L. 107–296, title XIV, § 1403(a), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2305; Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, § 603, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2563; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(16), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3635; Pub. L. 118–63, title IV, § 427, May 16, 2024, 138 Stat. 1169.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe date of enactment of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024, referred to in subsec. (a)(4), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 118–63, which was approved May 16, 2024.
+
+Amendments2024—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 118–63, § 427(1)(A), inserted “and unruly passenger behavior” before period at end. Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 118–63, § 427(1)(B)(i), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: “Recognizing suspicious activities and determining the seriousness of any occurrence.” Subsec. (a)(2)(H). Pub. L. 118–63, § 427(1)(B)(ii), added subpar. (H) and struck out former subpar. (H) which read as follows: “Flight deck procedures or aircraft maneuvers to defend the aircraft and cabin crew responses to such procedures and maneuvers.” Subsec. (a)(2)(I) to (K). Pub. L. 118–63, § 427(1)(B)(iii), (iv), added subpar. (I) and redesignated former subpars. (I) and (J) as (J) and (K), respectively. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 118–63, § 427(1)(C), added par. (4) and struck out former par. (4). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may establish minimum standards for the training provided under this subsection and for recurrent training.” Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 118–63, § 427(1)(D), inserted “and the Federal Air Marshal Service” after “consultation with the Administrator”, substituted “and shall periodically” for “and periodically shall”, and inserted “based on changes in the potential or actual threat conditions” before period at end of first sentence and “, including self-defense training expertise and experience” before period at end of third sentence. Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 118–63, § 427(2)(A), substituted “Except as provided in paragraph (8), neither” for “Neither”. Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 118–63, § 427(2)(B), added par. (8). 2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(16)(C), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (a)(2)(E). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(16)(A)(i), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security of the Department of Homeland Security”. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(16)(A)(ii), substituted “The” for “Not later than one year after the date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, the”. Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(16)(A)(iii), substituted “December 12, 2003,” for “the date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act”. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(16)(B)(i), substituted “The” for “Not later than one year after the date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, the”. Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(16)(B)(ii), substituted “Federal Air Marshal Service” for “Federal Air Marshals Service”. 2003—Pub. L. 108–176 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (e) relating to development of detailed guidance for a scheduled passenger air carrier flight and cabin crew training program to prepare crew members for potential threat conditions. 2002—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–296 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, substituted “The Under Secretary” for “The Administrator”, added pars. (2) and (3), and realigned margins.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2003 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
+
+Effective Date of 2002 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.
+
+Crew Member Self-Defense TrainingPub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1960, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3600, provided that: “The Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration], in consultation with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, shall continue to carry out and encourage increased participation by air carrier employees in the voluntary self-defense training program under section 44918(b) of title 49, United States Code.”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44920.md

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44920"
+description: "Screening partnership program"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44920"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44920"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44920"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "17e95c59f5721140e4cf17614a4f992c514ed753934f8da77f5d509bb4f94dd3"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "76b93c3f53b3e69b1a9fd4a4c284baed65c2554750b7214732b1762243bef011"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44920 - Screening partnership program
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— An airport operator may submit to the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration an application to carry out the screening of passengers and property at the airport under section 44901 by personnel of a qualified private screening company pursuant to a contract entered into with the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(b) Approval of Applications.— (1) In general.— Not later than 60 days after the date of receipt of an application submitted by an airport operator under subsection (a), the Administrator shall approve or deny the application.
+
+(2) Standards.— The Administrator shall approve an application submitted by an airport operator under subsection (a) if the Administrator determines that the approval would not compromise security or detrimentally affect the cost-efficiency or the effectiveness of the screening of passengers or property at the airport.
+
+(3) Reports on denials of applications.— (A) In general.— If the Administrator denies an application submitted by an airport operator under subsection (a), the Administrator shall provide to the airport operator, not later than 60 days following the date of the denial, a written report that sets forth—
+
+(i) the findings that served as the basis for the denial;
+
+(ii) the results of any cost or security analysis conducted in considering the application; and
+
+(iii) recommendations on how the airport operator can address the reasons for the denial.
+
+(B) Submission to congress.— The Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives a copy of any report provided to an airport operator under subparagraph (A).
+
+(c) Qualified Private Screening Company.— A private screening company is qualified to provide screening services at an airport under this section if the company will only employ individuals to provide such services who meet all the requirements of this chapter applicable to Federal Government personnel who perform screening services at airports under this chapter and will provide compensation and other benefits to such individuals that are not less than the level of compensation and other benefits provided to such Federal Government personnel in accordance with this chapter.
+
+(d) Selection of Contracts and Standards for Private Screening Companies.— (1) In general.— The Administrator shall, upon approval of the application, provide the airport operator with a list of qualified private screening companies.
+
+(2) Contracts.— The Administrator shall, to the extent practicable, enter into a contract with a private screening company from the list provided under paragraph (1) for the provision of screening at the airport not later than 120 days after the date of approval of an application submitted by the airport operator under subsection (a) if—
+
+(A) the level of screening services and protection provided at the airport under the contract will be equal to or greater than the level that would be provided at the airport by Federal Government personnel under this chapter;
+
+(B) the private screening company is owned and controlled by a citizen of the United States, to the extent that the Administrator determines that there are private screening companies owned and controlled by such citizens; and
+
+(C) the selected qualified private screening company offered contract price is equal to or less than the cost to the Federal Government to provide screening services at the airport.
+
+(3) Waivers.— The Administrator may waive the requirement of paragraph (2)(B) for any company that is a United States subsidiary with a parent company that has implemented a foreign ownership, control, or influence mitigation plan that has been approved by the Defense Security Service of the Department of Defense prior to the submission of the application. The Administrator has complete discretion to reject any application from a private screening company to provide screening services at an airport that requires a waiver under this paragraph.
+
+(e) Supervision of Screening Personnel.— The Administrator shall—
+
+(1) provide Federal Government supervisors to oversee all screening at each airport at which screening services are provided under this section and provide Federal Government law enforcement officers at the airport pursuant to this chapter; and
+
+(2) undertake covert testing and remedial training support for employees of private screening companies providing screening at airports.
+
+(f) Termination or Suspension of Contracts.— The Administrator may suspend or terminate, as appropriate, any contract entered into with a private screening company to provide screening services at an airport under this section if the Administrator finds that the company has failed repeatedly to comply with any standard, regulation, directive, order, law, or contract applicable to the hiring or training of personnel to provide such services or to the provision of screening at the airport.
+
+(g) Operator of Airport.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an operator of an airport shall not be liable for any claims for damages filed in State or Federal court (including a claim for compensatory, punitive, contributory, or indemnity damages) relating to—
+
+(1) such airport operator’s decision to submit an application to the Secretary of Homeland Security under subsection (a) or such airport operator’s decision not to submit an application; and
+
+(2) any act of negligence, gross negligence, or intentional wrongdoing by—
+
+(A) a qualified private screening company or any of its employees in any case in which the qualified private screening company is acting under a contract entered into with the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Secretary’s designee; or
+
+(B) employees of the Federal Government providing passenger and property security screening services at the airport.
+
+(3) Nothing in this section shall relieve any airport operator from liability for its own acts or omissions related to its security responsibilities, nor except as may be provided by the Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act of 2002 shall it relieve any qualified private screening company or its employees from any liability related to its own acts of negligence, gross negligence, or intentional wrongdoing.
+
+(h) Evaluation of Screening Company Proposals for Award.— (1) In general.— Except as provided in paragraph (2), notwithstanding any other provision of law, including title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations and the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.),11 See References in Text note below. an airport operator that has applied and been approved to have security screening services carried out by a qualified private screening company under contract with the Administrator may nominate to the head of the contracting activity an individual to participate in the evaluation of proposals for the award of such contract.
+
+(2) Participation on a proposal evaluation committee.— Any participation on a proposal evaluation committee under paragraph (1) shall be conducted in accordance with chapter 21 of title 41.
+
+(i) 22 So in original. Two subsecs. (i) have been enacted. Innovative Screening Approaches and Technologies.— The Administrator shall encourage an airport operator to whom screening services are provided under this section to recommend to the Administrator innovative screening approaches and technologies. Upon receipt of any such recommendations, the Administrator shall review and, if appropriate, test, conduct a pilot project, and, if appropriate, deploy such approaches and technologies.
+
+(i) 2 Definition of Administrator.— In this section, the term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 108(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 612; amended Pub. L. 109–90, title V, § 547, Oct. 18, 2005, 119 Stat. 2089; Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, § 830(a)–(c), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 135; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§ 1946(a), 1991(d)(17), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3585, 3636.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (g)(3), is subtitle G (§§ 861–865) of title VIII of Pub. L. 107–296, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2238, also known as the SAFETY Act, which is classified generally to part G (§ 441 et seq.) of subchapter VIII of chapter 1 of Title 6, Domestic Security. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 101 of Title 6 and Tables. The Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in subsec. (h)(1), is Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, which was set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and was substantially repealed and restated in chapter 10 (§ 1001 et seq.) of Title 5 by Pub. L. 117–286, §§ 3(a), 7, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4197, 4361. For disposition of sections of the Act into chapter 10 of Title 5, see Disposition Table preceding section 101 of Title 5.
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(1), substituted “Screening partnership program” for “Security screening opt-out program” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(2), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “On or after the last day of the 2-year period beginning on the date on which the Under Secretary transmits to Congress the certification required by section 110(c) of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, an operator of an airport may submit to the Under Secretary an application to have the screening of passengers and property at the airport under section 44901 to be carried out by the screening personnel of a qualified private screening company under a contract entered into with the Under Secretary.” Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(3)(A), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Not later than 120 days after the date of receipt of an application submitted by an airport operator under subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall approve or deny the application.” Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(3)(B), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(4)(A), substituted “Selection of Contracts and Standards” for “Standards” in heading. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(4)(C)(i), substituted “The Administrator shall, upon approval of the application, provide the airport operator with a list of qualified private screening companies.” for “The Under Secretary may enter into a contract with a private screening company to provide screening at an airport under this section only if the Under Secretary determines and certifies to Congress that—”. Former subpars. (A) and (B) of par. (1) redesignated subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of par. (2). Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(4)(C)(ii), inserted par. (2) designation, heading, and introductory provisions before former subpars. (A) and (B) of par. (1), thereby making them part of par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3). Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(4)(D)(ii)(I), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary”. Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(4)(D)(i), (ii)(II), (iii), added subpar. (C). Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(4)(E), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary” in two places and “paragraph (2)(B)” for “paragraph (1)(B)”. Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(4)(B), redesignated par. (2) as (3). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(5)(B)–(E), substituted “The Administrator shall—” for “The Under Secretary shall”, inserted par. (1) designation before “provide Federal Government”, realigned margins, and added par. (2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(5)(A), substituted “Screening” for “Screened” in heading. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(6), inserted “or Suspension” after “Termination” in heading, and, in text, substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary” in two places and “suspend or terminate, as appropriate,” for “terminate”. Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(17)(A), substituted “subsection (a)” for “subsection (a) or section 44919”. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(7), added subsec. (h) and struck out former subsec. (h). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “As part of any submission of an application for a private screening company to provide screening services at an airport, the airport operator shall provide to the Under Secretary a recommendation as to which company would best serve the security screening and passenger needs of the airport, along with a statement explaining the basis of the operator’s recommendation.” Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(17)(B), added subsec. (i) defining “Administrator”. Pub. L. 115–254, § 1946(a)(7), added subsec. (i) relating to innovative screening approaches and technologies. 2012—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–95, § 830(a), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Under Secretary may approve any application submitted under subsection (a).” Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–95, § 830(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of par. (1), realigned margins, and added par. (2). Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–95, § 830(c), added subsec. (h). 2005—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–90 added subsec. (g).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Applications Submitted Before the Date of Enactment of Pub. L. 115–254Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1946(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3587, provided that: “Not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall approve or deny, in accordance with section 44920(b) of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this Act, each application submitted before the date of enactment of this Act, by an airport operator under subsection (a) of that section, that is awaiting such a determination.”
+
+Executive Documents
+
+Change of Name Defense Security Service of the Department of Defense changed to Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency effective June 20, 2019, pursuant to Ex. Ord. No. 13467, set out as a note under section 3161 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44921.md

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44921"
+description: "Federal flight deck officer program"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44921"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44921"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44921"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "71b1f8e8a1c312f5dea7b621be15cd6977090e831937355f206eaaec5d1ba21f"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "9b959af6c0b601aeaee134bf5f14b0f625c5f1f8b86961268c2973dc9bafda31"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44921 - Federal flight deck officer program
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment.— The Administrator shall establish a program to deputize volunteer pilots of air carriers providing air transportation or intrastate air transportation as Federal law enforcement officers to defend the flight decks of aircraft of such air carriers against acts of criminal violence or air piracy. Such officers shall be known as “Federal flight deck officers”.
+
+(b) Procedural Requirements.— (1) In general.— The Administrator shall establish procedural requirements to carry out the program under this section.
+
+(2) Commencement of program.— The Administrator shall train and deputize pilots who are qualified to be Federal flight deck officers as Federal flight deck officers under the program.
+
+(3) Issues to be addressed.— The procedural requirements established under paragraph (1) shall address the following issues:
+
+(A) The type of firearm to be used by a Federal flight deck officer.
+
+(B) The type of ammunition to be used by a Federal flight deck officer.
+
+(C) The standards and training needed to qualify and requalify as a Federal flight deck officer.
+
+(D) The placement of the firearm of a Federal flight deck officer on board the aircraft to ensure both its security and its ease of retrieval in an emergency.
+
+(E) An analysis of the risk of catastrophic failure of an aircraft as a result of the discharge (including an accidental discharge) of a firearm to be used in the program into the avionics, electrical systems, or other sensitive areas of the aircraft.
+
+(F) The division of responsibility between pilots in the event of an act of criminal violence or air piracy if only 1 pilot is a Federal flight deck officer and if both pilots are Federal flight deck officers.
+
+(G) Procedures for ensuring that the firearm of a Federal flight deck officer does not leave the cockpit if there is a disturbance in the passenger cabin of the aircraft or if the pilot leaves the cockpit for personal reasons.
+
+(H) Interaction between a Federal flight deck officer and a Federal air marshal on board the aircraft.
+
+(I) The process for selection of pilots to participate in the program based on their fitness to participate in the program, including whether an additional background check should be required beyond that required by section 44936(a)(1).
+
+(J) Storage and transportation of firearms between flights, including international flights, to ensure the security of the firearms, focusing particularly on whether such security would be enhanced by requiring storage of the firearm at the airport when the pilot leaves the airport to remain overnight away from the pilot’s base airport.
+
+(K) Methods for ensuring that security personnel will be able to identify whether a pilot is authorized to carry a firearm under the program.
+
+(L) Methods for ensuring that pilots (including Federal flight deck officers) will be able to identify whether a passenger is a law enforcement officer who is authorized to carry a firearm aboard the aircraft.
+
+(M) Any other issues that the Administrator considers necessary.
+
+(N) The Administrator’s decisions regarding the methods for implementing each of the foregoing procedural requirements shall be subject to review only for abuse of discretion.
+
+(4) Preference.— In selecting pilots to participate in the program, the Administrator shall give preference to pilots who are former military or law enforcement personnel.
+
+(5) Classified information.— Notwithstanding section 552 of title 5 but subject to section 40119 11 See References in Text note below. of this title, information developed under paragraph (3)(E) shall not be disclosed.
+
+(6) Notice to congress.— The Administrator shall provide notice to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate after completing the analysis required by paragraph (3)(E).
+
+(7) Minimization of risk.— If the Administrator determines as a result of the analysis under paragraph (3)(E) that there is a significant risk of the catastrophic failure of an aircraft as a result of the discharge of a firearm, the Administrator shall take such actions as may be necessary to minimize that risk.
+
+(c) Training, Supervision, and Equipment.— (1) In general.— The Administrator shall only be obligated to provide the training, supervision, and equipment necessary for a pilot to be a Federal flight deck officer under this section at no expense to the pilot or the air carrier employing the pilot.
+
+(2) Training.— (A) In general.— The Administrator shall base the requirements for the training of Federal flight deck officers under subsection (b) on the training standards applicable to Federal air marshals; except that the Administrator shall take into account the differing roles and responsibilities of Federal flight deck officers and Federal air marshals.
+
+(B) Elements.— The training of a Federal flight deck officer shall include, at a minimum, the following elements:
+
+(i) Training to ensure that the officer achieves the level of proficiency with a firearm required under subparagraph (C)(i).
+
+(ii) Training to ensure that the officer maintains exclusive control over the officer’s firearm at all times, including training in defensive maneuvers.
+
+(iii) Training to assist the officer in determining when it is appropriate to use the officer’s firearm and when it is appropriate to use less than lethal force.
+
+(C) Training in use of firearms.— (i) Standard.— In order to be deputized as a Federal flight deck officer, a pilot must achieve a level of proficiency with a firearm that is required by the Administrator. Such level shall be comparable to the level of proficiency required of Federal air marshals.
+
+(ii) Conduct of training.— (I) In general.— The training of a Federal flight deck officer in the use of a firearm may be conducted by the Administrator or by a firearms training facility.
+
+(II) Access to training facilities.— The Administrator shall designate additional firearms training facilities located in various regions of the United States for Federal flight deck officers for recurrent and requalifying training relative to the number of such facilities available on the day before such 22 So in original. date of enactment.
+
+(iii) Requalification.— (I) In general.— The Administrator shall require a Federal flight deck officer to requalify to carry a firearm under the program. Such requalification shall occur at an interval required by the Administrator.
+
+(II) Use of facilities for requalification.— The Administrator shall allow a Federal flight deck officer to requalify to carry a firearm under the program through training at a Transportation Security Administration-approved firearms training facility utilizing a Transportation Security Administration-approved contractor and a curriculum developed and approved by the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(iv) Periodic review.— The Administrator shall periodically review requalification training intervals and assess whether it is appropriate and sufficient to adjust the time between each requalification training to facilitate continued participation in the program under this section while still maintaining effectiveness of the training, and update the training requirements as appropriate.
+
+(D) Training review.— Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, and biennially thereafter, the Administrator shall review training facilities and training requirements for initial and recurrent training for Federal flight deck officers and evaluate how training requirements, including the length of training, could be streamlined while maintaining the effectiveness of the training, and update the training requirements as appropriate.
+
+(d) Deputization.— (1) In general.— The Administrator may deputize, as a Federal flight deck officer under this section, a pilot who submits to the Administrator a request to be such an officer and whom the Administrator determines is qualified to be such an officer.
+
+(2) Qualification.— (A) In general.— A pilot is qualified to be a Federal flight deck officer under this section if—
+
+(i) the pilot is employed by an air carrier;
+
+(ii) the Administrator determines (in the Administrator’s discretion) that the pilot meets the standards established by the Administrator for being such an officer; and
+
+(iii) the Administrator determines that the pilot has completed the training required by the Administrator.
+
+(B) Consistency with requirements for certain medical certificates.— In establishing standards under subparagraph (A)(ii), the Administrator may not establish medical or physical standards for a pilot to become a Federal flight deck officer that are inconsistent with or more stringent than the requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration for the issuance of the required airman medical certificate under part 67 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (or any corresponding similar regulation or ruling).
+
+(3) Deputization by other federal agencies.— The Administrator may request another Federal agency to deputize, as Federal flight deck officers under this section, those pilots that the Administrator determines are qualified to be such officers.
+
+(4) Revocation.— The Administrator may (in the Administrator’s discretion) revoke the deputization of a pilot as a Federal flight deck officer if the Administrator finds that the pilot is no longer qualified to be such an officer.
+
+(5) Transfer from inactive to active status.— In accordance with any applicable Transportation Security Administration appeals processes, a pilot deputized as a Federal flight deck officer who moves to inactive status may return to active status upon successful completion of a recurrent training program administered within program guidelines.
+
+(e) Compensation.— (1) In general.— Pilots participating in the program under this section shall not be eligible for compensation from the Federal Government for services provided as a Federal flight deck officer. The Federal Government and air carriers shall not be obligated to compensate a pilot for participating in the program or for the pilot’s training or qualification and requalification to carry firearms under the program.
+
+(2) Facilitation of training.— An air carrier shall permit a pilot seeking to be deputized as a Federal flight deck officer or a Federal flight deck officer to take a reasonable amount of leave to participate in initial, recurrent, or requalification training, as applicable, for the program. Leave required under this paragraph may be provided without compensation.
+
+(f) Authority To Carry Firearms.— (1) In general.— The Administrator shall authorize a Federal flight deck officer to carry a firearm while engaged in providing air transportation or intrastate air transportation. Notwithstanding subsection (c)(1), the officer may purchase a firearm and carry that firearm aboard an aircraft of which the officer is the pilot in accordance with this section if the firearm is of a type that may be used under the program.
+
+(2) Preemption.— Notwithstanding any other provision of Federal or State law, a Federal flight deck officer, whenever necessary to participate in the program, may carry a firearm in any State and from 1 State to another State.
+
+(3) Carrying firearms outside united states.— In consultation with the Secretary of State, the Administrator may take such action as may be necessary to ensure that a Federal flight deck officer may carry a firearm in a foreign country whenever necessary to participate in the program.
+
+(4) Consistency with federal air marshal program.— The Administrator shall harmonize, to the extent practicable and in a manner that does not jeopardize existing Federal air marshal agreements, the policies relating to the carriage of firearms on international flights by Federal flight deck officers with the policies of the Federal air marshal program for carrying firearms on such flights and carrying out the duties of a Federal flight deck officer, notwithstanding Annex 17 of the International Civil Aviation Organization.
+
+(g) Authority To Use Force.— Notwithstanding section 44903(d), the Administrator shall prescribe the standards and circumstances under which a Federal flight deck officer may use, while the program under this section is in effect, force (including lethal force) against an individual in the defense of the flight deck of an aircraft in air transportation or intrastate air transportation.
+
+(h) Limitation on Liability.— (1) Liability of air carriers.— An air carrier shall not be liable for damages in any action brought in a Federal or State court arising out of a Federal flight deck officer’s use of or failure to use a firearm.
+
+(2) Liability of federal flight deck officers.— A Federal flight deck officer shall not be liable for damages in any action brought in a Federal or State court arising out of the acts or omissions of the officer in defending the flight deck of an aircraft against acts of criminal violence or air piracy unless the officer is guilty of gross negligence or willful misconduct.
+
+(3) Liability of federal government.— For purposes of an action against the United States with respect to an act or omission of a Federal flight deck officer in defending the flight deck of an aircraft, the officer shall be treated as an employee of the Federal Government under chapter 171 of title 28, relating to tort claims procedure.
+
+(i) Procedures Following Accidental Discharges.— If an accidental discharge of a firearm under the pilot program results in the injury or death of a passenger or crew member on an aircraft, the Administrator—
+
+(1) shall revoke the deputization of the Federal flight deck officer responsible for that firearm if the Administrator determines that the discharge was attributable to the negligence of the officer; and
+
+(2) if the Administrator determines that a shortcoming in standards, training, or procedures was responsible for the accidental discharge, may temporarily suspend the program until the shortcoming is corrected.
+
+(j) Limitation on Authority of Air Carriers.— No air carrier shall prohibit or threaten any retaliatory action against a pilot employed by the air carrier from becoming a Federal flight deck officer under this section. No air carrier shall—
+
+(1) prohibit a Federal flight deck officer from piloting an aircraft operated by the air carrier; or
+
+(2) terminate the employment of a Federal flight deck officer, solely on the basis of his or her volunteering for or participating in the program under this section.
+
+(k) Applicability.— This section shall not apply to air carriers operating under part 135 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, and to pilots employed by such carriers to the extent that such carriers and pilots are covered by section 135.119 of such title or any successor to such section.
+
+(l) Definitions.— In this section:
+
+(1) Administrator.— The term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(2) Air transportation.— The term “air transportation” includes all-cargo air transportation.
+
+(3) Firearms training facility.— The term “firearms training facility” means a private or government-owned gun range approved by the Administrator to provide recurrent or requalification training, as applicable, for the program, utilizing a Transportation Security Administration-approved contractor and a curriculum developed and approved by the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(4) Pilot.— The term “pilot” means an individual who has final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of the flight or any other flight deck crew member.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 107–296, title XIV, § 1402(a), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2300; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, § 609(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2570; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1963(a)–(h), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3601–3603.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextSection 40119 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(5), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(c)(3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3627. The date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(D), is the date of enactment of title I of div. K of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(h)(7), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(h)(1), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security”. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(h)(2)(A), substituted “The Administrator” for “Not later than 3 months after the date of enactment of this section, the Under Secretary”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(h)(2)(B), substituted “The Administrator shall train and deputize” for “Beginning 3 months after the date of enactment of this section, the Under Secretary shall begin the process of training and deputizing”. Subsec. (b)(3)(N). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(h)(2)(C), substituted “Administrator’s” for “Under Secretary’s”. Subsec. (c)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(a), designated existing provisions as subcl. (I), inserted heading, struck out “approved by the Under Secretary” after “facility”, and added subcl. (II). Subsec. (c)(2)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(b)(1), designated existing provisions as subcl. (I), inserted heading, substituted “The Administrator shall” for “The Under Secretary shall” and “the Administrator” for “the Under Secretary”, and added subcl. (II). Subsec. (c)(2)(C)(iv). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(b)(2), added cl. (iv). Subsec. (c)(2)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(c), added subpar. (D). Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(f), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, redesignated former subpars. (A) to (C) as cls. (i) to (iii), respectively, of subpar. (A), substituted “Administrator’s” for “Under Secretary’s” in subpar. (A)(ii), and added subpar. (B). Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(h)(3), substituted “may” for “may,” and “Administrator’s” for “Under Secretary’s”. Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(g), added par. (5). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(d), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2). Subsec. (f)(1), (3). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(e)(1), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary”. Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(e)(2), added par. (4). Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(h)(4), substituted “may” for “the Under Secretary may”. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(h)(5), struck out par. (1) designation and heading before “This section” and struck out pars. (2) and (3) which defined “pilot” and defined “air transportation” to include all-cargo air transportation. Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1963(h)(6), added subsec. (l). 2003—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, § 609(b)(1), struck out “passenger” before “air transportation” in two places. Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, § 609(b)(2), substituted “or any other flight deck crew member” for “or, if more than 1 pilot is required for the operation of the aircraft or by the regulations under which the flight is being conducted, the individual designated as second in command”. Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, § 609(b)(3), added par. (3).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2003 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
+
+Effective DateSection effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.
+
+RegulationsPub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1963(i), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3604, provided that: “Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018]— “(1) the Secretary of Transportation shall revise section 15.5(b)(11) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to classify information about pilots deputized as Federal flight deck officers under section 44921 of title 49, United States Code, as sensitive security information in a manner consistent with the classification of information about Federal air marshals; and “(2) the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall revise section 1520.5(b)(11) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to classify information about pilots deputized as Federal flight deck officers under section 44921 of title 49, United States Code, as sensitive security information in a manner consistent with the classification of information about Federal air marshals.” Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1963(j), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3604, provided that: “Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] and the amendments made by this section.”
+
+Equitable Implementation of 2003 AmendmentsPub. L. 108–176, title VI, § 609(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2570, provided that: “In carrying out the amendments made by subsection (d) [probably means subsec. (b), which amended this section], the Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security of the Department of Homeland Security shall ensure that passenger and cargo pilots are treated equitably in receiving access to training as Federal flight deck officers.”
+
+Time for ImplementationPub. L. 108–176, title VI, § 609(d), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2570, provided that: “The requirements of subsection (e) [section 609 of Pub. L. 108–176 has no subsec. (e)] shall have no effect on the deadlines for implementation contained in section 44921 of title 49, United States Code, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003].”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44922.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44922"
+description: "Deputization of State and local law enforcement officers"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44922"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44922"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44922"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "9847960fb21a20aadc078bb790673674674604d762168f5c4103d7fb962c4016"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "86ee1636f587ddda2a2e802ef15a93a75391d12ba24003fd0ab1f4ad0b0e79df"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44922 - Deputization of State and local law enforcement officers
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Deputization Authority.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may deputize a State or local law enforcement officer to carry out Federal airport security duties under this chapter.
+
+(b) Fulfillment of Requirements.— A State or local law enforcement officer who is deputized under this section shall be treated as a Federal law enforcement officer for purposes of meeting the requirements of this chapter and other provisions of law to provide Federal law enforcement officers to carry out Federal airport security duties.
+
+(c) Agreements.— To deputize a State or local law enforcement officer under this section, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall enter into a voluntary agreement with the appropriate State or local law enforcement agency that employs the State or local law enforcement officer.
+
+(d) Reimbursement.— (1) In general.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall reimburse a State or local law enforcement agency for all reasonable, allowable, and allocable costs incurred by the State or local law enforcement agency with respect to a law enforcement officer deputized under this section.
+
+(2) Authorization of appropriations.— There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this subsection.
+
+(e) Federal Tort Claims Act.— A State or local law enforcement officer who is deputized under this section shall be treated as an “employee of the Government” for purposes of sections 1346(b), 2401(b), and chapter 171 of title 28, United States Code, while carrying out Federal airport security duties within the course and scope of the officer’s employment, subject to Federal supervision and control, and in accordance with the terms of such deputization.
+
+(f) Stationing of Officers.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may allow law enforcement personnel to be stationed other than at the airport security screening location if that would be preferable for law enforcement purposes and if such personnel would still be able to provide prompt responsiveness to problems occurring at the screening location.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, § 351(a), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 419; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(18), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3636.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(18)(D), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(18)(A), substituted “Deputization” for “Deputation” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(18)(B), in heading, substituted “Deputization” for “Deputation” and, in text, substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(18)(C), substituted “deputization” for “deputation”.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44923.md

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44923"
+description: "Airport security improvement projects"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44923"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44923"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44923"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "3a14222d2f6f7406e2bacaa4f9ba7e0142382e6d547d513c812158d7561587c7"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "7a44f8b0df046a03bc479bc2223b1ae3e8d9d9b0c7e8822233c83fe177115f20"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44923 - Airport security improvement projects
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Grant Authority.— Subject to the requirements of this section, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall make grants to airport sponsors—
+
+(1) for projects to replace baggage conveyer systems related to aviation security;
+
+(2) for projects to reconfigure terminal baggage areas as needed to install explosive detection systems;
+
+(3) for projects to enable the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration to deploy explosive detection systems behind the ticket counter, in the baggage sorting area, or in line with the baggage handling system; and
+
+(4) for other airport security capital improvement projects.
+
+(b) Applications.— A sponsor seeking a grant under this section shall submit to the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration an application in such form and containing such information as the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration prescribes.
+
+(c) Approval.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, after consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, may approve an application of a sponsor for a grant under this section only if the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration determines that the project will improve security at an airport or improve the efficiency of the airport without lessening security.
+
+(d) Letters of Intent.— (1) Issuance.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall issue a letter of intent to a sponsor committing to obligate from future budget authority an amount, not more than the Federal Government’s share of the project’s cost, for an airport security improvement project (including interest costs and costs of formulating the project).
+
+(2) Schedule.— A letter of intent under this subsection shall establish a schedule under which the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration will reimburse the sponsor for the Government’s share of the project’s costs, as amounts become available, if the sponsor, after the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration issues the letter, carries out the project without receiving amounts under this section.
+
+(3) Notice to administrator of the transportation security administration.— A sponsor that has been issued a letter of intent under this subsection shall notify the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration of the sponsor’s intent to carry out a project before the project begins.
+
+(4) Notice to congress.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall transmit to the Committees on Appropriations and Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Appropriations and Commerce, Science 11 So in original. Probably should be “Science,”. and Transportation of the Senate a written notification at least 3 days before the issuance of a letter of intent under this section.
+
+(5) Limitations.— A letter of intent issued under this subsection is not an obligation of the Government under section 1501 of title 31, and the letter is not deemed to be an administrative commitment for financing. An obligation or administrative commitment may be made only as amounts are provided in authorization and appropriations laws.
+
+(6) Statutory construction.— Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit the obligation of amounts pursuant to a letter of intent under this subsection in the same fiscal year as the letter of intent is issued.
+
+(e) Federal Share.— The Government’s share of the cost of a project under this section shall be 90 percent for a project at a medium or large hub airport and 95 percent for a project at any other airport.
+
+(f) Sponsor Defined.— In this section, the term “sponsor” has the meaning given that term in section 47102.
+
+(g) Applicability of Certain Requirements.— The requirements that apply to grants and letters of intent issued under chapter 471 (other than section 47102(3)) shall apply to grants and letters of intent issued under this section.
+
+(h) Aviation Security Capital Fund.— (1) In general.— There is established within the Department of Homeland Security a fund to be known as the Aviation Security Capital Fund. The first $250,000,000 derived from fees received under section 44940(a)(1) in each of fiscal years 2004 through 2028 shall be available to be deposited in the Fund. The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall impose the fee authorized by section 44940(a)(1) so as to collect at least $250,000,000 in each of such fiscal years for deposit into the Fund. Amounts in the Fund shall be available to the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration to make grants under this section.
+
+(2) Allocation.— Of the amount made available under paragraph (1) for a fiscal year, not less than $200,000,000 shall be allocated to fulfill letters of intent issued under subsection (d).
+
+(3) Discretionary grants.— Of the amount made available under paragraph (1) for a fiscal year, up to $50,000,000 shall be used to make discretionary grants, including other transaction agreements for airport security improvement projects, with priority given to small hub airports and nonhub airports.
+
+(i) Leveraged Funding.— For purposes of this section, a grant under subsection (a) to an airport sponsor to service an obligation issued by or on behalf of that sponsor to fund a project described in subsection (a) shall be considered to be a grant for that project.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, § 605(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2566; amended Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, § 4019(e)(1), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3722; Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §§ 1603(a), 1604(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 480; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(19), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3636.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(19)(B), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(19)(A), in introductory provisions, substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security of the Department of Homeland Security”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(19)(C), struck out par. (1) designation and heading before “The Government’s share” and struck out par. (2). Prior to amendment, text of par. (2) read as follows: “The Under Secretary shall revise letters of intent issued before the date of enactment of this section to reflect the cost share established in this subsection with respect to grants made after September 30, 2003.” Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(19)(D), struck out subsec. (j) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2005 to 2011. 2007—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–53, § 1604(a)(1), substituted “shall make” for “may make” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 110–53, § 1604(a)(2), substituted “shall issue” for “may issue”. Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 110–53, § 1604(a)(3), substituted “2028” for “2007”. Subsec. (h)(2), (3). Pub. L. 110–53, § 1604(a)(4), added pars. (2) and (3) and struck out former pars. (2) and (3) which related to allocation of $125,000,000 of amount available per fiscal year for large, medium, and small hub airports, nonhub airports, and on the basis of aviation security risks, and allocation of $125,000,000 of amount available per fiscal year for discretionary grants, with priority given to fulfilling letters of intent issued under subsec. (d). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 110–53, § 1604(a)(6), added subsec. (i). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (j). Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 110–53, § 1603(a), substituted “2007, and $450,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2011” for “2007.” Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 110–53, § 1604(a)(5), redesignated subsec. (i) as (j). 2004—Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 108–458 substituted “$400,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2005, 2006, and 2007” for “$250,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 through 2007”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.
+
+Prioritization of ProjectsPub. L. 110–53, title XVI, § 1604(b), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 480, required the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration to establish a prioritization schedule for airport security improvement projects described in this section based on risk and other relevant factors, to be funded under this section, and to provide to Congress, not later than 180 days after Aug. 3, 2007, a copy of the prioritization schedule, a corresponding timeline, and a description of the funding allocation under this section.
+
+Period of ReimbursementPub. L. 108–458, title IV, § 4019(e)(2), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3722, provided that: “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary [of Homeland Security] may provide that the period of reimbursement under any letter of intent may extend for a period not to exceed 10 years after the date that the Secretary issues such letter, subject to the availability of appropriations. This paragraph applies to letters of intent issued under section 44923 of title 49, United States Code, and letters of intent issued under section 367 of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriation Act, 2003 [Pub. L. 108–7, div. I] (49 U.S.C. 47110 note).”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44924.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44924"
+description: "Repair station security"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44924"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44924"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44924"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "f9c967dcb8151926577233aabdbd73f92b7969e2aadf7a7f8509bf44559e0433"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "7649741b2e37742ef39fd3309fef46226176849997dba425ca0a4b6727c8a7a4"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44924 - Repair station security
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Security Review and Audit.— To ensure the security of maintenance and repair work conducted on air carrier aircraft and components at foreign repair stations, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, in consultation with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, shall complete a security review and audit of foreign repair stations that are certified by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under part 145 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, and that work on air carrier aircraft and components. The review shall be completed not later than 6 months after the date on which the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration issues regulations under subsection (f).
+
+(b) Addressing Security Concerns.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall require a foreign repair station to address the security issues and vulnerabilities identified in a security audit conducted under subsection (a) within 90 days of providing notice to the repair station of the security issues and vulnerabilities so identified and shall notify the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration that a deficiency was identified in the security audit.
+
+(c) Suspensions and Revocations of Certificates.— (1) Failure to carry out effective security measures.— If, after the 90th day on which a notice is provided to a foreign repair station under subsection (b), the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration determines that the foreign repair station does not maintain and carry out effective security measures, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall notify the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration of the determination. Upon receipt of the determination, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall suspend the certification of the repair station until such time as the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration determines that the repair station maintains and carries out effective security measures and transmits the determination to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.
+
+(2) Immediate security risk.— If the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration determines that a foreign repair station poses an immediate security risk, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall notify the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration of the determination. Upon receipt of the determination, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall revoke the certification of the repair station.
+
+(3) Procedures for appeals.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, in consultation with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, shall establish procedures for appealing a revocation of a certificate under this subsection.
+
+(d) Failure To Meet Audit Deadline.— If the security audits required by subsection (a) are not completed on or before the date that is 6 months after the date on which the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration issues regulations under subsection (f), the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall be barred from certifying any foreign repair station (other than a station that was previously certified, or is in the process of certification, by the Administration under this part) until such audits are completed for existing stations.
+
+(e) Priority for Audits.— In conducting the audits described in subsection (a), the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall give priority to foreign repair stations located in countries identified by the Government as posing the most significant security risks.
+
+(f) Regulations.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, in consultation with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, shall issue final regulations to ensure the security of foreign and domestic aircraft repair stations.
+
+(g) Report to Congress.— If the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration does not issue final regulations before the deadline specified in subsection (f), the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall transmit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report containing an explanation as to why the deadline was not met and a schedule for issuing the final regulations.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, § 611(b)(1), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2571; amended Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, § 1616(b), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 488; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(20), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3637.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(20)(D), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(20)(A), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration,” for “Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security of the Department of Homeland Security,” and “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under” for “Administrator under”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(20)(B), substituted “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration” for “Administrator”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(20)(B), which directed substitution of “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration” for “Administrator”, was executed by making the substitution wherever appearing, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(20)(B), substituted “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration” for “Administrator”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(20)(C), substituted “The” for “Not later than 240 days after the date of enactment of this section, the”. Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(20)(B), substituted “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration” for “Administrator”. 2007—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–53, § 1616(b)(1), substituted “6 months” for “18 months”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–53, § 1616(b)(2), inserted “(other than a station that was previously certified, or is in the process of certification, by the Administration under this part)” after “foreign repair station”. Pub. L. 110–53, § 1616(b)(1), which directed amendment of subsec. (b) by substituting “6 months” for “18 months”, was executed by making the substitution in subsec. (d), to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective DateSection applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.
+
+Suspension of Certification of Foreign Repair StationsPub. L. 110–53, title XVI, § 1616(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 488, provided that: “If the regulations required by section 44924(f) of title 49, United States Code, are not issued within 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 3, 2007], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may not certify any foreign repair station under part 145 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, after such date unless the station was previously certified, or is in the process of certification by the Administration under that part.”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44925.md

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44925"
+description: "Deployment and use of detection equipment at airport screening checkpoints"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44925"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44925"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44925"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "211f14500fa314c10b50ef2c58565d00e8b7c7d89397d4d85aebd2e08509d7bd"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "186cabaacd8661170f11561918fdec7c1a87a5df00c6e898267a988c1db18839"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44925 - Deployment and use of detection equipment at airport screening checkpoints
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Weapons and Explosives.— The Secretary of Homeland Security shall give a high priority to developing, testing, improving, and deploying, at airport screening checkpoints, equipment that detects nonmetallic, chemical, biological, and radiological weapons, and explosives, in all forms, on individuals and in their personal property. The Secretary shall ensure that the equipment alone, or as part of an integrated system, can detect under realistic operating conditions the types of weapons and explosives that terrorists would likely try to smuggle aboard an air carrier aircraft.
+
+(b) Strategic Plan for Deployment and Use of Explosive Detection Equipment at Airport Screening Checkpoints.— (1) In general.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a strategic plan to promote the optimal utilization and deployment of explosive detection equipment at airports to screen individuals and their personal property. Such equipment includes walk-through explosive detection portals, document scanners, shoe scanners, and backscatter x-ray scanners. The plan may be submitted in a classified format.
+
+(2) Content.— The strategic plan shall include, at minimum—
+
+(A) a description of current efforts to detect explosives in all forms on individuals and in their personal property;
+
+(B) a description of the operational applications of explosive detection equipment at airport screening checkpoints;
+
+(C) a deployment schedule and a description of the quantities of equipment needed to implement the plan;
+
+(D) a description of funding needs to implement the plan, including a financing plan that provides for leveraging of non-Federal funding;
+
+(E) a description of the measures taken and anticipated to be taken in carrying out subsection (d); and
+
+(F) a description of any recommended legislative actions.
+
+(c) Portal Detection Systems.— There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Homeland Security for the use of the Transportation Security Administration $250,000,000, in addition to any amounts otherwise authorized by law, for research, development, and installation of detection systems and other devices for the detection of biological, chemical, radiological, and explosive materials.
+
+(d) Interim Action.— Until measures are implemented that enable the screening of all passengers for explosives, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall provide, by such means as the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration considers appropriate, explosives detection screening for all passengers identified for additional screening and their personal property that will be carried aboard a passenger aircraft operated by an air carrier or foreign air carrier in air transportation or intrastate air transportation.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, § 4013(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3719; amended Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, § 1607(b), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 483; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(21), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3637.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(21)(A), substituted “The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this section, the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration)”. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(21)(B), struck out par. (3). Text read as follows: “The Secretary shall begin implementation of the strategic plan within one year after the date of enactment of this paragraph.” Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(21)(C), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Assistant Secretary” in two places. 2007—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 110–53 added par. (3).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Movement and Redeployment of Mobile Explosives Detection SystemsPub. L. 114–113, div. F, title II, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2499, provided in part: “That notwithstanding any other provision of law, for the current fiscal year and each fiscal year hereafter, mobile explosives detection systems purchased and deployed using funds made available under this heading [Transportation Security Administration, Aviation Security] may be moved and redeployed to meet evolving passenger and baggage screening security priorities at airports”.
+
+Issuance of Strategic Plan for Deployment and Use of Explosive Detection Equipment at Airport Screening CheckpointsPub. L. 110–53, title XVI, § 1607(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 483, provided that, not later than 30 days after Aug. 3, 2007, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, was to issue the strategic plan the Secretary was required by subsec. (b) of this section to have issued within 90 days after Dec. 17, 2004.
+
+Advanced Airport Checkpoint Screening DevicesPub. L. 108–458, title IV, § 4014, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3720, directed the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration), not later than Mar. 31, 2005, to develop and initiate a pilot program to deploy and test advanced airport checkpoint screening devices and technology as an integrated system at not less than 5 airports in the United States.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44926.md

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44926"
+description: "Appeal and redress process for passengers wrongly delayed or prohibited from boarding a flight"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44926"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44926"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44926"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "91464301875e55b0ae0736d745643b901e4b5e36118dbe21e4be16046e68abe5"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "f3afe7a4e38b9504c0328c3d11b5ecaf113458b7c6868546d0a7a558fa8df5ff"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44926 - Appeal and redress process for passengers wrongly delayed or prohibited from boarding a flight
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— The Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish a timely and fair process for individuals who believe they have been delayed or prohibited from boarding a commercial aircraft because they were wrongly identified as a threat under the regimes utilized by the Transportation Security Administration, United States Customs and Border Protection, or any other office or component of the Department of Homeland Security.
+
+(b) Office of Appeals and Redress.— (1) Establishment.— The Secretary shall establish in the Department an Office of Appeals and Redress to implement, coordinate, and execute the process established by the Secretary pursuant to subsection (a). The Office shall include representatives from the Transportation Security Administration, United States Customs and Border Protection, and such other offices and components of the Department as the Secretary determines appropriate.
+
+(2) Records.— The process established by the Secretary pursuant to subsection (a) shall include the establishment of a method by which the Office, under the direction of the Secretary, will be able to maintain a record of air carrier passengers and other individuals who have been misidentified and have corrected erroneous information.
+
+(3) Information.— To prevent repeated delays of a misidentified passenger or other individual, the Office shall—
+
+(A) ensure that the records maintained under this subsection contain information determined by the Secretary to authenticate the identity of such a passenger or individual;
+
+(B) furnish to the Transportation Security Administration, United States Customs and Border Protection, or any other appropriate office or component of the Department, upon request, such information as may be necessary to allow such office or component to assist air carriers in improving their administration of the advanced passenger prescreening system and reduce the number of false positives; and
+
+(C) require air carriers and foreign air carriers take action to identify passengers determined, under the process established under subsection (a), to have been wrongly identified.
+
+(4) Handling of personally identifiable information.— The Secretary, in conjunction with the Chief Privacy Officer of the Department shall—
+
+(A) require that Federal employees of the Department handling personally identifiable information of passengers (in this paragraph referred to as “PII”) complete mandatory privacy and security training prior to being authorized to handle PII;
+
+(B) ensure that the records maintained under this subsection are secured by encryption, one-way hashing, other data anonymization techniques, or such other equivalent security technical protections as the Secretary determines necessary;
+
+(C) limit the information collected from misidentified passengers or other individuals to the minimum amount necessary to resolve a redress request;
+
+(D) require that the data generated under this subsection shall be shared or transferred via a secure data network, that has been audited to ensure that the anti-hacking and other security related software functions properly and is updated as necessary;
+
+(E) ensure that any employee of the Department receiving the data contained within the records handles the information in accordance with the section 552a of title 5, United States Code, and the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (Public Law 107–296);
+
+(F) only retain the data for as long as needed to assist the individual traveler in the redress process; and
+
+(G) conduct and publish a privacy impact assessment of the process described within this subsection and transmit the assessment to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate.
+
+(5) Initiation of redress process at airports.— The Office shall establish at each airport at which the Department has a significant presence a process to provide information to air carrier passengers to begin the redress process established pursuant to subsection (a).
+
+(Added Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, § 1606(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 482; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(22), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3637.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (b)(4)(E), is title X of Pub. L. 107–296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2259. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and Tables.
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted “a misidentified passenger” for “an misidentified passenger” in introductory provisions.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44927.md

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44927"
+description: "Expedited screening for severely injured or disabled members of the Armed Forces and severely injured or disabled veterans"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44927"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44927"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44927"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "5779c056ec667a0242447f22343c0fd5c13ae76998d4b51a2c29ad470f0c476d"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "9c879328141c1e8b87b16e859b950fae2a444a2a1b495f8c3cf90f92ae468930"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44927 - Expedited screening for severely injured or disabled members of the Armed Forces and severely injured or disabled veterans
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Passenger Screening.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and organizations identified by the Secretaries of Defense and Veterans Affairs that advocate on behalf of severely injured or disabled members of the Armed Forces and severely injured or disabled veterans, shall develop and implement a process to support and facilitate the ease of travel and to the extent possible provide expedited passenger screening services for severely injured or disabled members of the Armed Forces and severely injured or disabled veterans through passenger screening. The process shall be designed to offer the individual private screening to the maximum extent practicable.
+
+(b) Operations Center.— As part of the process under subsection (a), the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall maintain an operations center to provide support and facilitate the movement of severely injured or disabled members of the Armed Forces and severely injured or disabled veterans through passenger screening prior to boarding a passenger aircraft operated by an air carrier or foreign air carrier in air transportation or intrastate air transportation.
+
+(c) Protocols.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall—
+
+(1) establish and publish protocols, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and the organizations identified under subsection (a), under which a severely injured or disabled member of the Armed Forces or severely injured or disabled veteran, or the family member or other representative of such member or veteran, may contact the operations center maintained under subsection (b) and request the expedited passenger screening services described in subsection (a) for that member or veteran; and
+
+(2) upon receipt of a request under paragraph (1), require the operations center to notify the appropriate Federal Security Director of the request for expedited passenger screening services, as described in subsection (a), for that member or veteran.
+
+(d) Training.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall integrate training on the protocols established under subsection (c) into the training provided to all employees who will regularly provide the passenger screening services described in subsection (a).
+
+(e) Rule of Construction.— Nothing in this section shall affect the authority of the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration to require additional screening of a severely injured or disabled member of the Armed Forces, a severely injured or disabled veteran, or their accompanying family members or nonmedical attendants, if intelligence, law enforcement, or other information indicates that additional screening is necessary.
+
+(f) Reports.— Each year, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall submit to Congress a report on the implementation of this section. Each report shall include each of the following:
+
+(1) Information on the training provided under subsection (d).
+
+(2) Information on the consultations between the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and the organizations identified under subsection (a).
+
+(3) The number of people who accessed the operations center during the period covered by the report.
+
+(4) Such other information as the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration determines is appropriate.
+
+(g) Availability of PreCheck Program to Certain Severely Injured or Disabled Veterans.— (1) In general.— A veteran described in paragraph (2) is eligible for security screening under the PreCheck Program under section 44919 at no cost to the veteran if the veteran is able to meet the background check and other security requirements for participation in the Program.
+
+(2) Veterans described.— A veteran described in this paragraph is a veteran who—
+
+(A) is enrolled in the patient enrollment system of the Department of Veterans Affairs established and operated under section 1705 of title 38, United States Code;
+
+(B) has been determined by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to have a service-connected disability under section 1110 or 1131 of such title, as the case may be, and such disability has been determined by such Secretary to have resulted in—
+
+(i) loss, or loss use 11 So in original. Probably should be “loss of use”. of, an extremity;
+
+(ii) paralysis or partial paralysis; or
+
+(iii) permanent blindness; and
+
+(C) as a result of a loss, paralysis or partial paralysis, or blindness described in subparagraph (B), requires the use of a wheelchair, prosthetic limb, or other assistive device to aid with mobility.
+
+(3) Limitation.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall carry out this subsection subject to the availability of appropriations and may not increase fees for enrollment in the PreCheck Program for such purpose.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 113–27, § 2(a), Aug. 9, 2013, 127 Stat. 503; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(23), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3637; Pub. L. 118–238, § 2(a), Jan. 4, 2025, 138 Stat. 2923.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2025—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 118–238 added subsec. (g). 2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(23)(A), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Assistant Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(23)(B), substituted “Veterans Affairs that” for “Veteran Affairs that”. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(23)(C), substituted “Reports” for “Report” in heading and “Each year,” for “Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, and annually thereafter,” in introductory provisions.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Coordination on ImplementationPub. L. 118–238, § 2(b), Jan. 4, 2025, 138 Stat. 2923, provided that: “The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall jointly— “(1) implement a process under which a veteran described in paragraph (2) of subsection (g) of section 44927 of title 49, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), can receive the benefits under such subsection by not later than one year after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 4, 2025]; and “(2) provide to the Committee on Homeland Security and the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs of the Senate a briefing on the status of implementing the process required by paragraph (1) by not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act.”
+
+Outreach for Disabled Veterans on Availability of Transportation Security Administration ProgramsPub. L. 118–238, § 2(c), Jan. 4, 2025, 138 Stat. 2924, provided that: “(1) Coordination.—The Secretary of Veterans Affairs and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall implement a process under which such Secretary provides to disabled veterans effective outreach regarding Transportation Security Administration programs designed to improve the screening process for passengers with disabilities. “(2) Further enhancements to ease air travel for wounded warriors and other disabled veterans.—Notwithstanding subchapter I of chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code (commonly referred to as the ‘Paperwork Reduction Act’), or any other provision of law, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, in coordination with the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, shall—“(A) engage appropriate veterans service organizations and other relevant organizations, as appropriate, to assess the awareness of veterans of relevant Transportation Security Administration programs; and “(B) examine the need and feasibility of other measures to improve travel security procedures for disabled veterans. “(3) Briefing requirement.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 4, 2025], the Secretary of Veterans Affairs and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall jointly provide to the Committee on Homeland Security and the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs of the Senate a briefing on the status of the implementation of paragraphs (1) and (2).”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44928.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44928"
+description: "Honor Flight program"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44928"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44928"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44928"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "6c6cc94901d2bcbe3040a29d7847d786b4a9f8cc14dcd36493a3ac8f1a417884"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "81020368f785c28e6a25e79f8cb1648f5d7b31efbd9a5eed9e59bbeb71760bb9"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44928 - Honor Flight program
+
+## Text
+
+The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall establish, in collaboration with the Honor Flight Network or other not-for-profit organization that honors veterans, a process for providing expedited and dignified passenger screening services for veterans traveling on an Honor Flight Network private charter, or such other not-for-profit organization that honors veterans, to visit war memorials built and dedicated to honor the service of such veterans.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 113–221, § 2(a), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2094.)

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44929.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44929"
+description: "Donation of screening equipment to protect the United States"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44929"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44929"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44929"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "473e4de3f6c0abd891274075c318bbda65009633cd491d3f9fa1dcedbd39bff3"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "9cb5978a5bc31d427fea60dfe6d82d629c7a51652bdfd2c4e6eaf77ae5e0cf88"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44929 - Donation of screening equipment to protect the United States
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— Subject to subsection (b), the Administrator is authorized to donate security screening equipment to a foreign last point of departure airport operator if such equipment can be reasonably expected to mitigate a specific vulnerability to the security of the United States or United States citizens.
+
+(b) Conditions.— Before donating any security screening equipment to a foreign last point of departure airport operator the Administrator shall—
+
+(1) ensure that the screening equipment has been restored to commercially available settings;
+
+(2) ensure that no TSA-specific security standards or algorithms exist on the screening equipment; and
+
+(3) verify that the appropriate officials have an adequate system—
+
+(A) to properly maintain and operate the screening equipment; and
+
+(B) to document and track any removal or disposal of the screening equipment to ensure the screening equipment does not come into the possession of terrorists or otherwise pose a risk to security.
+
+(c) Reports.— Not later than 30 days before any donation of security screening equipment under subsection (a), the Administrator shall provide to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives a detailed written explanation of the following:
+
+(1) The specific vulnerability to the United States or United States citizens that will be mitigated by such donation.
+
+(2) An explanation as to why the recipient of such donation is unable or unwilling to purchase security screening equipment to mitigate such vulnerability.
+
+(3) An evacuation plan for sensitive technologies in case of emergency or instability in the country to which such donation is being made.
+
+(4) How the Administrator will ensure the security screening equipment that is being donated is used and maintained over the course of its life by the recipient.
+
+(5) The total dollar value of such donation.
+
+(6) How the appropriate officials will document and track any removal or disposal of the screening equipment by the recipient to ensure the screening equipment does not come into the possession of terrorists or otherwise pose a risk to security.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1955(a)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3595.)

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44931.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44931"
+description: "Authority to exempt"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44931"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44931"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44931"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "1aa7bc38c711c2df4e3c957f809588c4ab728b967261cea8054003972164c6f9"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "c56e6358a19df8eda82712e9f8b81078b0e4671781ecc0404829dbec9b9d0498"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44931 - Authority to exempt
+
+## Text
+
+The Secretary of Homeland Security may grant an exemption from a regulation prescribed in carrying out sections 44901, 44903, 44906, 44909(c), and 44935–44937 of this title when the Secretary decides the exemption is in the public interest.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(j)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3645.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 44931, Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1215, related to the Director of Intelligence and Security, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(6), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44932.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44932"
+description: "Administrative"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44932"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44932"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44932"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "6ae112323243c1891a4977a0a239fa4b68c8069bf22390ada1e361aa81f49954"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "b5e0bbde5cb39f206c778fae6c1ef5d6dba1af3b1ae952169d2f879ca3d90867"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44932 - Administrative
+
+## Text
+
+(a) General Authority.— The Secretary of Homeland Security or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may take action the Secretary or the Administrator considers necessary to carry out this chapter and chapters 461, 463, and 465 of this title, including conducting investigations, prescribing regulations, standards, and procedures, and issuing orders.
+
+(b) Indemnification.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may indemnify an officer or employee of the Transportation Security Administration against a claim or judgment arising out of an act that the Administrator decides was committed within the scope of the official duties of the officer or employee.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(j)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3645.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Prior ProvisionsA prior section 44932, Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1215; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 110(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 614, related to the Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(6), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44933.md

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44933"
+description: "Federal Security Managers 11 So in original. Probably should be “Directors”."
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44933"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44933"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44933"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "d28a0b7ba72dfefb84b2171dc78ecabb05de9d3863caa2285f06d8dc6f846871"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "6f2e777815c19a253073e8187efe680450dcd32353bb31e26b926f21a3a1dcc0"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44933 - Federal Security Managers 11 So in original. Probably should be “Directors”.
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment, Designation, and Stationing.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall establish the position of Federal Security Director at each airport in the United States described in section 44903(c). The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall designate individuals as Federal Security Directors for, and station those Federal Security Directors at, those airports.
+
+(b) Duties and Powers.— The Federal Security Director at each airport shall—
+
+(1) oversee the screening of passengers and property at the airport; and
+
+(2) carry out other duties prescribed by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(c) Information Sharing.— Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, the Administrator shall—
+
+(1) require each Federal Security Director of an airport to meet at least quarterly with the airport director, airport security coordinator, and law enforcement agencies serving each such airport to discuss incident management protocols, including the resolution of screening anomalies at passenger screening checkpoints; and
+
+(2) require each Federal Security Director at an airport to inform, consult, and coordinate, as appropriate, with the respective airport security coordinator in a timely manner on security matters impacting airport operations and to establish and maintain operational protocols with such airport operators to ensure coordinated responses to security matters.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1216; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§ 101(f)(4), 103, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 605; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§ 1989(a), 1991(d)(24), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3624, 3637.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44933(a)49 App.:1358b(a)(1), (2), (4).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 319(a); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 104, 104 Stat. 3070. 44933(b)49 App.:1358b(a)(3). 44933(c)49 App.:1358b(a)(5). In subsection (a), the words “Not later than 90 days after November 16, 1990” are omitted as obsolete. The words “The Administrator shall designate individuals as Managers for, and station those Managers at, those airports” are substituted for “and shall begin designating persons as such Managers and stationing such Managers at such airports” for clarity and because of the restatement. The words “and designate a current field employee of the Administration as a Manager” are substituted for “assign the functions and responsibilities described in this section to existing Federal Aviation Administration field personnel and designate such personnel accordingly” to eliminate unnecessary words. The words “to the office of” are omitted as unnecessary. The words “Not later than 1 year after November 16, 1990” are omitted as obsolete. The words “Secretary of Transportation” are substituted for “Department of Transportation” because of 49:102. In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words “The Manager at each airport shall” are substituted for “The responsibilities of a Federal Security Manager shall include the following” to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2)(A), the words “air carrier” are substituted for “such air carrier” because this is the first time the term is used in the source provisions. In clause (3), the words “United States Government” are substituted for “Federal” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (7), the words “other Managers” are substituted for “Federal Security Managers at other airports, as appropriate” to eliminate unnecessary words. In subsection (c), the words “duties and powers” are substituted for “responsibilities” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe date of the enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of the enactment of title I of div. K of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(24)(C), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall designate” for “Under Secretary shall designate”. Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(24)(A), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall establish” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security shall establish”, “Federal Security Director” for “Federal Security Manager”, and, in two places, “Federal Security Directors” for “Managers”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(24)(B), substituted “Federal Security Director” for “Manager” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(24)(C), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1989(a), added subsec. (c). 2001—Pub. L. 107–71, § 103, amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to designation, establishment, and stationing procedures and duties and powers for provisions which contained a more detailed listing of responsibilities and a prohibition against a Civil Aviation Security Field Officer being assigned security duties and powers at an airport having a Manager. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(4), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security”.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44934.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44934"
+description: "Foreign Security Liaison Officers"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44934"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44934"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44934"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "4808dc9a64ee9cdf71ea2ba94279ba32ad6ce8ba63ff05c69c559ccbf1b5d3e0"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "18d436c6506064c885f74e30a8c3543fea2cd232411c819e2a26d439b5e12a04"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44934 - Foreign Security Liaison Officers
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment, Designation, and Stationing.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall establish the position of Foreign Security Liaison Officer for each airport outside the United States at which the Administrator decides an Officer is necessary for air transportation security. In coordination with the Secretary of State, the Administrator shall designate an Officer for each of those airports. In coordination with the Secretary of State, the Administrator shall designate an Officer for each of those airports where extraordinary security measures are in place. The Secretary of State shall give high priority to stationing those Officers.
+
+(b) Duties and Powers.— An Officer reports directly to the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration. The Officer at each airport shall—
+
+(1) serve as the liaison of the Administrator to foreign security authorities (including governments of foreign countries and foreign airport authorities) in carrying out United States Government security requirements at that airport; and
+
+(2) to the extent practicable, carry out duties and powers referred to in section 44933(b) of this title.
+
+(c) Coordination of Activities.— The activities of each Officer shall be coordinated with the chief of the diplomatic mission of the United States to which the Officer is assigned. Activities of an Officer under this section shall be consistent with the duties and powers of the Secretary of State and the chief of mission to a foreign country under section 103 of the Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 (22 U.S.C. 4802) and section 207 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 3927).
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1217; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(4), (5), (7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(25), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3638.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44934(a)49 App.:1358b(b)(1), (2).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 319(b); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 104, 104 Stat. 3071. 44934(b)49 App.:1358b(b)(3), (4). 44934(c)49 App.:1358b(b)(5). In subsection (a), the words “Not later than 90 days after November 16, 1990” are omitted as obsolete. The words “shall designate” are substituted for “shall begin assigning” for consistency with the source provisions restated in section 44933 of the revised title and because of the restatement. The words “Not later than 2 years after November 16, 1990” are omitted as obsolete. The word “designate” is substituted for “assign” for consistency with the source provisions restated in section 44933 of the revised title. The words “outside the United States” are omitted as unnecessary. In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words “to the office of” are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (1), the words “governments of foreign countries and foreign airport authorities” are substituted for “foreign governments and airport authorities” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (2), the words “duties and powers” are substituted for “responsibilities” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In subsection (c), the words “duties and powers” are substituted for “authorities” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(25)(A), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security”, “airports. In coordination with the Secretary of State” for “airports. In coordination with the Secretary”, “The Secretary of State shall give high priority” for “The Secretary shall give high priority”, and, wherever appearing, “Administrator” for “Under Secretary”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(25)(B)(i), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(25)(B)(ii), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(25)(C), substituted “the Secretary of State and the chief” for “the Secretary and the chief”. 2001—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), (9), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” wherever appearing and “of Transportation for Security” for “of the Federal Aviation Administration”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(4), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(5), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Assistant Administrator”.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44935.md

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44935"
+description: "Employment standards and training"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44935"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44935"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44935"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "bcc31eb1182ed2a4461f5e9ae0059615cdf763ac02737a5e2419ba4b747ab3be"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "09b0f6770d14c5405d19acb41e18ed1a04753e58dfa3c55dc4215619f6bd46b5"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44935 - Employment standards and training
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Employment Standards.— The Administrator shall prescribe standards for the employment and continued employment of, and contracting for, air carrier personnel and, as appropriate, airport security personnel. The standards shall include—
+
+(1) minimum training requirements for new employees;
+
+(2) retraining requirements;
+
+(3) minimum staffing levels;
+
+(4) minimum language skills; and
+
+(5) minimum education levels for employees, when appropriate.
+
+(b) Review and Recommendations.— In coordination with air carriers, airport operators, and other interested persons, the Administrator shall review issues related to human performance in the aviation security system to maximize that performance. When the review is completed, the Administrator shall recommend guidelines and prescribe appropriate changes in existing procedures to improve that performance.
+
+(c) Security Program Training, Standards, and Qualifications.— (1) The Administrator—
+
+(A) may train individuals employed to carry out a security program under section 44903(c) of this title; and
+
+(B) shall prescribe uniform training standards and uniform minimum qualifications for individuals eligible for that training.
+
+(2) The Administrator may authorize reimbursement for travel, transportation, and subsistence expenses for security training of non-United States Government domestic and foreign individuals whose services will contribute significantly to carrying out civil aviation security programs. To the extent practicable, air travel reimbursed under this paragraph shall be on air carriers.
+
+(d) Education and Training Standards for Security Coordinators, Supervisory Personnel, and Pilots.— (1) The Administrator shall prescribe standards for educating and training—
+
+(A) ground security coordinators;
+
+(B) security supervisory personnel; and
+
+(C) airline pilots as in-flight security coordinators.
+
+(2) The standards shall include initial training, retraining, and continuing education requirements and methods. Those requirements and methods shall be used annually to measure the performance of ground security coordinators and security supervisory personnel.
+
+(e) Security Screeners.— (1) Training program.— The Administrator shall establish a program for the hiring and training of security screening personnel.
+
+(2) Hiring.— (A) Qualifications.— The Administrator shall establish qualification standards for individuals to be hired by the United States as security screening personnel. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, those standards shall require, at a minimum, an individual—
+
+(i) to have a satisfactory or better score on a Federal security screening personnel selection examination;
+
+(ii) to be a citizen of the United States or a national of the United States, as defined in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22));
+
+(iii) to meet, at a minimum, the requirements set forth in subsection (f);
+
+(iv) to meet such other qualifications as the Administrator may establish; and
+
+(v) to have the ability to demonstrate daily a fitness for duty without any impairment due to illegal drugs, sleep deprivation, medication, or alcohol.
+
+(B) Background checks.— The Administrator shall require that an individual to be hired as a security screener undergo an employment investigation (including a criminal history record check) under section 44936(a)(1).
+
+(C) Disqualification of individuals who present national security risks.— The Administrator, in consultation with the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies, shall establish procedures, in addition to any background check conducted under section 44936, to ensure that no individual who presents a threat to national security is employed as a security screener.
+
+(3) Examination; review of existing rules.— The Administrator shall develop a security screening personnel examination for use in determining the qualification of individuals seeking employment as security screening personnel. The Administrator shall also review, and revise as necessary, any standard, rule, or regulation governing the employment of individuals as security screening personnel.
+
+(f) Employment Standards for Screening Personnel.— (1) Screener requirements.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an individual may not be deployed as a security screener unless that individual meets the following requirements:
+
+(A) The individual shall possess a high school diploma, a general equivalency diploma, or experience that the Administrator has determined to be sufficient for the individual to perform the duties of the position.
+
+(B) The individual shall possess basic aptitudes and physical abilities, including color perception, visual and aural acuity, physical coordination, and motor skills, to the following standards:
+
+(i) Screeners operating screening equipment shall be able to distinguish on the screening equipment monitor the appropriate imaging standard specified by the Administrator.
+
+(ii) Screeners operating any screening equipment shall be able to distinguish each color displayed on every type of screening equipment and explain what each color signifies.
+
+(iii) Screeners shall be able to hear and respond to the spoken voice and to audible alarms generated by screening equipment in an active checkpoint environment.
+
+(iv) Screeners performing physical searches or other related operations shall be able to efficiently and thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, and other objects subject to security processing.
+
+(v) Screeners who perform pat-downs or hand-held metal detector searches of individuals shall have sufficient dexterity and capability to thoroughly conduct those procedures over an individual’s entire body.
+
+(C) The individual shall be able to read, speak, and write English well enough to—
+
+(i) carry out written and oral instructions regarding the proper performance of screening duties;
+
+(ii) read English language identification media, credentials, airline tickets, and labels on items normally encountered in the screening process;
+
+(iii) provide direction to and understand and answer questions from English-speaking individuals undergoing screening; and
+
+(iv) write incident reports and statements and log entries into security records in the English language.
+
+(D) The individual shall have satisfactorily completed all initial, recurrent, and appropriate specialized training required by the security program, except as provided in paragraph (3).
+
+(2) Veterans preference.— The Administrator shall provide a preference for the hiring of an individual as a security screener if the individual is a member or former member of the armed forces and if the individual is entitled, under statute, to retired, retirement, or retainer pay on account of service as a member of the armed forces.
+
+(3) Exceptions.— An individual who has not completed the training required by this section may be deployed during the on-the-job portion of training to perform functions if that individual—
+
+(A) is closely supervised; and
+
+(B) does not make independent judgments as to whether individuals or property may enter a sterile area or aircraft without further inspection.
+
+(4) Remedial training.— No individual employed as a security screener may perform a screening function after that individual has failed an operational test related to that function until that individual has successfully completed the remedial training specified in the security program.
+
+(5) Annual proficiency review.— The Administrator shall provide that an annual evaluation of each individual assigned screening duties is conducted and documented. An individual employed as a security screener may not continue to be employed in that capacity unless the evaluation demonstrates that the individual—
+
+(A) continues to meet all qualifications and standards required to perform a screening function;
+
+(B) has a satisfactory record of performance and attention to duty based on the standards and requirements in the security program; and
+
+(C) demonstrates the current knowledge and skills necessary to courteously, vigilantly, and effectively perform screening functions.
+
+(6) Operational testing.— In addition to the annual proficiency review conducted under paragraph (5), the Administrator shall provide for the operational testing of such personnel.
+
+(g) Training.— (1) Use of other agencies.— The Administrator may enter into a memorandum of understanding or other arrangement with any other Federal agency or department with appropriate law enforcement responsibilities, to provide personnel, resources, or other forms of assistance in the training of security screening personnel.
+
+(2) Training plan.— The Administrator shall develop a plan for the training of security screening personnel. The plan shall require, at a minimum, that a security screener—
+
+(A) has completed 40 hours of classroom instruction or successfully completed a program that the Administrator determines will train individuals to a level of proficiency equivalent to the level that would be achieved by such classroom instruction;
+
+(B) has completed 60 hours of on-the-job instructions; and
+
+(C) has successfully completed an on-the-job training examination prescribed by the Administrator.
+
+(3) Equipment-specific training.— An individual employed as a security screener may not use any security screening device or equipment in the scope of that individual’s employment unless the individual has been trained on that device or equipment and has successfully completed a test on the use of the device or equipment.
+
+(h) Technological Training.— (1) In general.— The Administrator shall require training to ensure that screeners are proficient in using the most up-to-date new technology and to ensure their proficiency in recognizing new threats and weapons.
+
+(2) Periodic assessments.— The Administrator shall make periodic assessments to determine if there are dual use items and inform security screening personnel of the existence of such items.
+
+(3) Current lists of dual use items.— Current lists of dual use items shall be part of the ongoing training for screeners.
+
+(4) Dual use defined.— For purposes of this subsection, the term “dual use” item means an item that may seem harmless but that may be used as a weapon.
+
+(i) Limitation on Right To Strike.— An individual that screens passengers or property, or both, at an airport under this section may not participate in a strike, or assert the right to strike, against the person (including a governmental entity) employing such individual to perform such screening.
+
+(j) Uniforms.— The Administrator shall require any individual who screens passengers and property pursuant to section 44901 to be attired while on duty in a uniform approved by the Administrator.
+
+(k) Accessibility of Computer-based Training Facilities.— The Administrator shall work with air carriers and airports to ensure that computer-based training facilities intended for use by security screeners at an airport regularly serving an air carrier holding a certificate issued by the Secretary of Transportation are conveniently located for that airport and easily accessible.
+
+(l) 11 So in original. Two subsecs. (l) have been enacted. Initial and Recurring Training.— (1) In general.— The Administrator shall establish a training program for new security screening personnel located at the Transportation Security Administration Academy.
+
+(2) Recurring training.— (A) In general.— Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, the Administrator shall establish recurring training for security screening personnel regarding updates to screening procedures and technologies, including, in response to weaknesses identified in covert tests at airports—
+
+(i) methods to identify the verification of false or fraudulent travel documents; and
+
+(ii) training on emerging threats.
+
+(B) Contents.— The training under subparagraph (A) shall include—
+
+(i) internal controls for monitoring and documenting compliance of transportation security officers with such training requirements; and
+
+(ii) such other matters as identified by the Administrator with regard to such training.
+
+(l) 1 Definition of Administrator.— In this section, the term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1217; Pub. L. 106–528, § 3, Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2519; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§ 101(f)(7), (9), 111(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 616; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVI, § 1603, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2313; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§ 1948(a), 1991(d)(26), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3587, 3638.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44935(a)49 App.:1357(h).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 316(h)–(j); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 105(a), 104 Stat. 3073. 44935(b)49 App.:1357(i). 44935(c)49 App.:1357(c).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 316(c); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, § 202, 88 Stat. 416; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, § 202, 106 Stat. 4890. 44935(d)49 App.:1357(j). In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words “Not later than 270 days after November 16, 1990” are omitted as obsolete. The words “contracting for” are substituted for “contracting of” for clarity and consistency in the revised title. In subsection (c)(1)(A), the words “individuals employed” are substituted for “personnel employed by him . . . and for other personnel, including State, local, and private law enforcement personnel, whose services may be utilized” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words “individuals eligible” are substituted for “personnel whose services are utilized to enforce any such transportation security program, including State, local, and private law enforcement personnel . . . for personnel eligible” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In subsection (c)(2), the words “under this section” are omitted as unnecessary. The words “United States” before “air carriers” are omitted because of the definition of “air carrier” in section 40102(a) of the revised title. In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words “Not later than 180 days after November 16, 1990” are omitted as obsolete.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, referred to in subsec. (l)(2)(A), is the date of enactment of title I of div. K of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(26)(E), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(26)(A), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(26)(B)(i), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security”. Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(26)(B)(ii)(I), in introductory provisions, substituted “The” for “Within 30 days after the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, the” and inserted “other” before “provision of law”. Subsec. (e)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(26)(B)(ii)(II), which directed substitution of “section 101(a)(22)” for “section 1102(a)(22)”, was executed by making the substitution for “section 1101(a)(22)”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(26)(C), inserted “other” before “provision of law” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(26)(D), substituted “The” for “Within 60 days after the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, the” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1948(a)(1), which directed the redesignation of subsec. (i) relating to accessibility of computer-based training facilities as (k) by substituting “(k) Accessibility of Computer-based Training Facilities.—” for “(i) Accessibility of Computer-based Training Facilities.—”, was executed by making the substitution for “(i) Accessibility of Computer-Based Training Facilities.—” to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(26)(F), added subsec. (l) defining “Administrator”. Pub. L. 115–254, § 1948(a)(2), added subsec. (l) relating to initial and recurring training. 2002—Subsec. (e)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 107–296 substituted “citizen of the United States or a national of the United States, as defined in section 1101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22))” for “citizen of the United States”. 2001—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), (9), substituted “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” for “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in introductory provisions of par. (1) and in par. (2). Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–71, § 111(a)(2), added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) which established training standards for screeners. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107–71, § 111(a)(2), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (i). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator”. Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 107–71, § 111(a)(2), added subsecs. (g) and (h). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–71, § 111(a)(2), added subsec. (i) relating to limitation on right to strike. Pub. L. 107–71, § 111(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (f) as (i) relating to accessibility of computer-based training facilities. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 107–71, § 111(a)(2), added subsec. (j). 2000—Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 106–528 added subsecs. (e) and (f).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2002 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.
+
+Effective Date of 2000 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 106–528 effective 30 days after Nov. 22, 2000, see section 9 of Pub. L. 106–528, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
+
+TransitionPub. L. 107–71, title I, § 111(c), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 620, provided that: “The Under Secretary of Transportation for Security [now Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration] shall complete the full implementation of section 44935 (e), (f), (g), and (h) of title 49, United States Code, as amended by subsection (a), as soon as is practicable. The Under Secretary may make or continue such arrangements for the training of security screeners under that section as the Under Secretary determines necessary pending full implementation of that section as so amended.”
+
+Improvement of Screener Job PerformancePub. L. 108–458, title IV, § 4015, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3720, provided that: “(a) Required Action.—The Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration) shall take such action as may be necessary to improve the job performance of airport screening personnel. “(b) Human Factors Study.—In carrying out this section, the Assistant Secretary shall provide, not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2004], to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the results of any human factors study conducted by the Department of Homeland Security to better understand problems in screener performance and to improve screener performance.” [For definitions of “airport” and “appropriate congressional committees” used in section 4015 of Pub. L. 108–458, set out above, see section 4081 of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 44901 of this title.]
+
+Screener PersonnelPub. L. 107–71, title I, § 111(d), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 620, as amended by Pub. L. 112–171, § 1(a), Aug. 16, 2012, 126 Stat. 1306; Pub. L. 116–92, div. F, title LXXVI, § 7606, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2309, provided that: “(1) General authority.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), and notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security [now Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration] may employ, appoint, discipline, terminate, and fix the compensation, terms, and conditions of employment of Federal service for such a number of individuals as the Under Secretary determines to be necessary to carry out the screening functions of the Under Secretary under section 44901 of title 49, United States Code. The Under Secretary shall establish levels of compensation and other benefits for individuals so employed. “(2) Exceptions.—“(A) Reemployment.—In carrying out the functions authorized under paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall be subject to the provisions set forth in chapter 43 of title 38, United States Code. “(B) Leave.—The provisions of subchapter V of chapter 63 of title 5, United States Code, shall apply to any individual appointed under paragraph (1) as if such individual were an employee (within the meaning of subparagraph (A) of section 6381(1) of such title).” [Pub. L. 112–171, § 1(b), Aug. 16, 2012, 126 Stat. 1306, provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending section 111(d) of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above] shall take effect on the date that is 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 16, 2012].” ]
+
+Certification of Screening CompaniesPub. L. 104–264, title III, § 302, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3250, which provided that the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration was to certify companies providing security screening and to improve the training and testing of security screeners through development of uniform performance standards for providing security screening services, was repealed by Pub. L. 118–63, title II, § 218(g), May 16, 2024, 138 Stat. 1056.
+
+Studies of Minimum Standards for Pilot Qualifications and of Pay for TrainingPub. L. 104–264, title V, § 503, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3263, provided that the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration would appoint a task force consisting of appropriate representatives of the aviation industry to study the development of standards and criteria for preemployment screening tests measuring the psychomotor coordination, general intellectual capacity, instrument and mechanical comprehension, and physical and mental fitness of applicants for employment as a pilot by an air carrier, the standards and criteria for pilot training facilities to be licensed by the Administrator, and to determine if the practice of some air carriers to require employees or prospective employees to pay for necessary training or experience was in the public interest; and provided that, not later than 1 year after Oct. 9, 1996, the Administrator would send Congress a report on the results of the studies.
+
+Study of Minimum Flight TimePub. L. 104–264, title V, § 504, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3263, required the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to conduct a study to determine the sufficiency of existing minimum flight time requirements for individuals seeking employment as pilots with air carriers and to report to Congress on the study results not later than 1 year after Oct. 9, 1996.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44937.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44937"
+description: "Prohibition on transferring duties and powers"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44937"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44937"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44937"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "fa21bd8e84c197480a846a9f8b5c1d022a85d87cc2d803f1ab0454d73ad7668e"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "d938a82a47be6df67a0cf4407a2d9d06c83204bb026448fb383f60bdc135ce72"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44937 - Prohibition on transferring duties and powers
+
+## Text
+
+Except as specifically provided by law, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may not transfer a duty or power under section 44903(a), (b), (c), or (e), 44906, 44912, 44935, 44936, or 44938(b)(3) of this title to another department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1219; Pub. L. 103–429, § 6(57), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(28), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3639.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes Pub. L. 103–272 RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 4493749 App.:1357(e)(1).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 316(e)(1); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, § 202, 88 Stat. 417. The word “otherwise” is omitted as surplus. The word “assigned” is omitted as being included in “transfer”. The word “function” is omitted as being included in “duty or power”. The words “department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government” are substituted for “Federal department or agency” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
+
+Pub. L. 103–429This amends 49:44937 to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1219).
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security”. 2001—Pub. L. 107–71 substituted “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” for “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration”. 1994—Pub. L. 103–429 substituted “44906” for “44906(a)(1) or (b)”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 1994 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44938.md

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44938"
+description: "Reports"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44938"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44938"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44938"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "6c0a34768babb951e3c523f2ed1b61723e6acda4deb3b9af2e9811c4cd549f0b"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "567605356bd0830027089167c8f770d3cedaa528edbd1447b47a82479d822b78"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44938 - Reports
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Transportation Security.— Not later than March 31 of each year, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit to Congress a report on transportation security with recommendations the Secretary considers appropriate. The report shall be prepared in conjunction with the biennial report the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration submits under subsection (b) of this section in each year the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration submits the biennial report, but may not duplicate the information submitted under subsection (b) or section 44907(a)(3) of this title. The Secretary may submit the report in classified and unclassified parts. The report shall include—
+
+(1) an assessment of trends and developments in terrorist activities, methods, and other threats to transportation;
+
+(2) an evaluation of deployment of explosive detection devices;
+
+(3) recommendations for research, engineering, and development activities related to transportation security, except research engineering and development activities related to aviation security to the extent those activities are covered by the national aviation research plan required under section 44501(c) of this title;
+
+(4) identification and evaluation of cooperative efforts with other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government;
+
+(5) an evaluation of cooperation with foreign transportation and security authorities;
+
+(6) the status of the extent to which the recommendations of the President’s Commission on Aviation Security and Terrorism have been carried out and the reasons for any delay in carrying out those recommendations;
+
+(7) a summary of the activities of the Director of Intelligence and Security in the 12-month period ending on the date of the report;
+
+(8) financial and staffing requirements of the Director;
+
+(9) an assessment of financial and staffing requirements, and attainment of existing staffing goals, for carrying out duties and powers of the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration related to security; and
+
+(10) appropriate legislative and regulatory recommendations.
+
+(b) Screening and Foreign Air Carrier and Airport Security.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall submit biennially to Congress a report—
+
+(1) on the effectiveness of procedures under section 44901 of this title;
+
+(2) that includes a summary of the assessments conducted under section 44907(a)(1) and (2) of this title; and
+
+(3) that includes an assessment of the steps being taken, and the progress being made, in ensuring compliance with section 44906 of this title for each foreign air carrier security program at airports outside the United States—
+
+(A) at which the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration decides that Foreign Security Liaison Officers are necessary for air transportation security; and
+
+(B) for which extraordinary security measures are in place.
+
+(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1220; Pub. L. 103–305, title V, § 502, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1595; Pub. L. 105–362, title XV, § 1502(b), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3295; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(29), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3639.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Historical and Revision Notes RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 44938(a)49 App.:1356(b).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 315(b); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 102(a), 104 Stat. 3068. 44938(b)(1), (2)49 App.:1356(a) (3d sentence 1st–18th words, last sentence).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 315(a) (3d sentence 1st–18th words, last sentence); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, § 202, 88 Stat. 415; Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, § 551(b)(1), 99 Stat. 225; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 102(b), 104 Stat. 3069. 44938(b)(3)49 App.:1357(k)(4).Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 316(k)(4); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 105(a), 104 Stat. 3074. 44938(c)49 App.:1357 (note).Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, § 106(d), 104 Stat. 3075. In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words “each year” are substituted for “of calendar year 1991 and of each calendar year thereafter” to eliminate unnecessary words. In clauses (8) and (9), the word “financial” is substituted for “funding” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In subsection (b)(1), the word “screening” is omitted as surplus. In subsection (b)(2), the words “a summary of the assessments conducted under section 44907(a)(1) and (2) of this title” are substituted for “the information described in section 1515(c) of this Appendix” for clarity. In subsection (b)(3), before clause (A), the words “that includes” are substituted for “The Administrator shall submit to Congress as part of the annual report required by section 315(a)” because of the restatement.
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(29)(B), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(29)(A), substituted “Secretary of Homeland Security” for “Secretary of Transportation” and “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration submits under subsection (b)” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security submits under subsection (b)” in introductory provisions. 2001—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), (9), in introductory provisions, substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places and “of Transportation for Security” for “of the Federal Aviation Administration”. Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in introductory provisions and par. (3)(A). 1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–362, § 1502(b)(1), in second sentence of introductory provisions, substituted “biennial report” for “annual report” and inserted “in each year the Administrator submits the biennial report” after “subsection (b) of this section”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–362, § 1502(b)(2), substituted “biennially” for “annually” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–362, § 1502(b)(3), struck out heading and text of subsec. (c). Text read as follows: “The Administrator shall submit to Congress an annual report for each of the calendar years 1991 and 1992 on the progress being made, and the problems occurring, in carrying out section 44904 of this title. The report shall include recommendations for improving domestic air transportation security.” 1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–305 substituted “March 31” for “December 31”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Termination of Reporting RequirementsFor termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which the 8th item on page 132 and the 11th item on page 138 identify reporting provisions which, as subsequently amended, are contained, respectively, in subsecs. (a) and (b)(1), (2) of this section), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44939.md

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44939"
+description: "Training to operate certain aircraft"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44939"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44939"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44939"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "202e3ae10311781457643b6f9043b15e4491b82803d7931f4898f7330c31c53d"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44939 - Training to operate certain aircraft
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Waiting Period.— A person operating as a flight instructor, pilot school, or aviation training center or subject to regulation under this part may provide training in the operation of any aircraft having a maximum certificated takeoff weight of more than 12,500 pounds to an alien (as defined in section 101(a)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(3))) or to any other individual specified by the Secretary of Homeland Security only if—
+
+(1) that person has first notified the Secretary that the alien or individual has requested such training and submitted to the Secretary, in such form as the Secretary may prescribe, the following information about the alien or individual:
+
+(A) full name, including any aliases used by the applicant or variations in spelling of the applicant’s name;
+
+(B) passport and visa information;
+
+(C) country of citizenship;
+
+(D) date of birth;
+
+(E) dates of training; and
+
+(F) fingerprints collected by, or under the supervision of, a Federal, State, or local law enforcement agency or by another entity approved by the Federal Bureau of Investigation or the Secretary of Homeland Security, including fingerprints taken by United States Government personnel at a United States embassy or consulate; and
+
+(2) the Secretary has not directed, within 30 days after being notified under paragraph (1), that person not to provide the requested training because the Secretary has determined that the individual presents a risk to aviation or national security.
+
+(b) Interruption of Training.— If the Secretary of Homeland Security, more than 30 days after receiving notification under subsection (a) from a person providing training described in subsection (a), determines that the individual presents a risk to aviation or national security, the Secretary shall immediately notify the person providing the training of the determination and that person shall immediately terminate the training.
+
+(c) Notification.— A person operating as a flight instructor, pilot school, or aviation training center or subject to regulation under this part may provide training in the operation of any aircraft having a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds or less to an alien (as defined in section 101(a)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(3))) or to any other individual specified by the Secretary of Homeland Security only if that person has notified the Secretary that the individual has requested such training and furnished the Secretary with that individual’s identification in such form as the Secretary may require.
+
+(d) Expedited Processing.— The Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish a process to ensure that the waiting period under subsection (a) shall not exceed 5 days for an alien (as defined in section 101(a)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(3))) who—
+
+(1) holds an airman’s certification of a foreign country that is recognized by an agency of the United States, including a military agency, that permits an individual to operate a multi-engine aircraft that has a certificated takeoff weight of more than 12,500 pounds;
+
+(2) is employed by a foreign air carrier that is certified under part 129 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, and that has a security program approved under section 1546 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;
+
+(3) is an individual that has unescorted access to a secured area of an airport designated under section 44936(a)(1)(A)(ii); or
+
+(4) is an individual that is part of a class of individuals that the Secretary has determined that providing aviation training to presents minimal risk to aviation or national security because of the aviation training already possessed by such class of individuals.
+
+(e) Training.— In subsection (a), the term “training” means training received from an instructor in an aircraft or aircraft simulator and does not include recurrent training, ground training, or demonstration flights for marketing purposes.
+
+(f) Nonapplicability to Certain Foreign Military Pilots.— The procedures and processes required by subsections (a) through (d) shall not apply to a foreign military pilot endorsed by the Department of Defense for flight training in the United States and seeking training described in subsection (e) in the United States.
+
+(g) Fee.— (1) In general.— The Secretary of Homeland Security may assess a fee for an investigation under this section, which may not exceed $100 per individual (exclusive of the cost of transmitting fingerprints collected at overseas facilities) during fiscal years 2003 and 2004. For fiscal year 2005 and thereafter, the Secretary may adjust the maximum amount of the fee to reflect the costs of such an investigation.
+
+(2) Offset.— Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, any fee collected under this section—
+
+(A) shall be credited to the account in the Treasury from which the expenses were incurred and shall be available to the Secretary for those expenses; and
+
+(B) shall remain available until expended.
+
+(h) Interagency Cooperation.— The Attorney General, the Director of Central Intelligence, and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall cooperate with the Secretary in implementing this section.
+
+(i) Security Awareness Training for Employees.— The Secretary shall require flight schools to conduct a security awareness program for flight school employees to increase their awareness of suspicious circumstances and activities of individuals enrolling in or attending flight school.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 113(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 622; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, § 612(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2572; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(30), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3639.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted “The Secretary of Homeland Security” for “Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary” in introductory provisions. 2003—Pub. L. 108–176 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (d) relating to waiting period for training, interruption of training, covered training, and security awareness training for employees.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Effective Date of 2003 AmendmentPub. L. 108–176, title VI, § 612(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2574, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] takes effect on the effective date of the interim final rule required by subsection (b)(1) [set out below] [rule effective Sept. 20, 2004, see 69 F.R. 56323].”
+
+Effective DatePub. L. 107–71, title I, § 113(d), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 622, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [enacting this section] applies to applications for training received after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 19, 2001].”
+
+Flight Instructor CertificatesPub. L. 118–63, title VIII, § 820, May 16, 2024, 138 Stat. 1330, provided that: “Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [May 16, 2024], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall issue a final rule for the rulemaking activity titled ‘Removal of the Expiration Date on a Flight Instructor Certificate’, published in Fall 2022 in the Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions (RIN 2120–AL25) to, at a minimum, update part 61 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, to— “(1) remove the expiration date on a flight instructor certificate; and “(2) replace the requirement that a flight instructor renews their flight instructor certificate with appropriate recent experience requirements for the holder of a flight instructor certificate to exercise the privileges of such certificate.”
+
+ImplementationPub. L. 108–176, title VI, § 612(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2574, provided that: “(1) In general.—Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003], the Secretary of Homeland Security shall promulgate an interim final rule to implement section 44939 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by subsection (a). “(2) Use of overseas facilities.—In order to implement section 44939 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by subsection (a), United States Embassies and Consulates that possess appropriate fingerprint collection equipment and personnel certified to capture fingerprints shall provide fingerprint services to aliens covered by that section if the Secretary requires fingerprints in the administration of that section, and shall transmit the fingerprints to the Secretary or other agency designated by the Secretary. The Attorney General and the Secretary of State shall cooperate with the Secretary of Homeland Security in carrying out this paragraph. “(3) Use of united states facilities.—If the Secretary of Homeland Security requires fingerprinting in the administration of section 44939 of title 49, United States Code, the Secretary may designate locations within the United States that will provide fingerprinting services to individuals covered by that section.”
+
+ReportPub. L. 108–176, title VI, § 612(d), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2574, provided that, not later than 1 year after Dec. 12, 2003, the Secretary of Homeland Security would submit to Congress a report on the effectiveness of the activities carried out under this section in reducing risks to aviation and national security.
+
+International CooperationPub. L. 107–71, title I, § 113(c), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 622, provided that: “The Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall work with the International Civil Aviation Organization and the civil aviation authorities of other countries to improve international aviation security through screening programs for flight instruction candidates.”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44941.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44941"
+description: "Immunity for reporting suspicious activities"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44941"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44941"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44941"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "300cbc553b26931c25df1f5dbd7b63da714db9f6a01646e66439405a00dd708a"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44941 - Immunity for reporting suspicious activities
+
+## Text
+
+(a) In General.— Any air carrier or foreign air carrier or any employee of an air carrier or foreign air carrier who makes a voluntary disclosure of any suspicious transaction relevant to a possible violation of law or regulation, relating to air piracy, a threat to aircraft or passenger safety, or terrorism, as defined by section 3077 of title 18, United States Code, to any employee or agent of the Department of Transportation, the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Justice, any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer, or any airport or airline security officer shall not be civilly liable to any person under any law or regulation of the United States, any constitution, law, or regulation of any State or political subdivision of any State, for such disclosure.
+
+(b) Application.— Subsection (a) shall not apply to—
+
+(1) any disclosure made with actual knowledge that the disclosure was false, inaccurate, or misleading; or
+
+(2) any disclosure made with reckless disregard as to the truth or falsity of that disclosure.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 125(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 631; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(32), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3640.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254 inserted “the Department of Homeland Security,” after “Department of Transportation,”.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44942.md

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+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44942"
+description: "Performance goals and objectives"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44942"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44942"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44942"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44942 - Performance goals and objectives
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Short Term Transition.— (1) In general.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may, in consultation with other relevant Federal agencies and Congress—
+
+(A) establish acceptable levels of performance for aviation security, including screening operations and access control; and
+
+(B) provide Congress with an action plan, containing measurable goals and milestones, that outlines how those levels of performance will be achieved.
+
+(2) Basics of action plan.— The action plan shall clarify the responsibilities of the Transportation Security Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, and any other agency or organization that may have a role in ensuring the safety and security of the civil air transportation system.
+
+(b) Long-Term Results-Based Management.— (1) Performance plan.— (A) Each year, consistent with the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA), the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall agree on a performance plan for the succeeding 5 years that establishes measurable goals and objectives for aviation security. The plan shall identify action steps necessary to achieve such goals.
+
+(B) In addition to meeting the requirements of GPRA, the performance plan should clarify the responsibilities of the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, and any other agency or organization that may have a role in ensuring the safety and security of the civil air transportation system.
+
+(2) Performance report.— Each year, consistent with the requirements of GPRA, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall prepare and submit to Congress an annual report including an evaluation of the extent goals and objectives were met. The report shall include the results achieved during the year relative to the goals established in the performance plan.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 130, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 633; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(33), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3640.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 103–62, Aug. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 285, which enacted section 306 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 1115 to 1119, 9703, and 9704 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 2801 to 2805 of Title 39, Postal Service, amended section 1105 of Title 31, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 1101 and 1115 of Title 31. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1993 Amendment note set out under section 1101 of Title 31 and Tables.
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(33)(A)(i)(I), in introductory provisions, substituted “The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may, in consultation with other relevant Federal agencies and” for “Within 180 days after the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, the Under Secretary for Transportation Security may, in consultation with”. Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(33)(A)(i)(II), substituted “; and” for “, and”. Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(33)(A)(ii), inserted comma after “Federal Aviation Administration”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(33)(B)(i), (ii), struck out par. (1) designation and heading “Performance plan and report” and redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) of former par. (1) as pars. (1) and (2), respectively. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(33)(B)(iii)(I), redesignated cls. (i) and (ii) of former par. (1)(A) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of par. (1). Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(33)(B)(iii)(II), substituted “the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall agree” for “the Secretary and the Under Secretary for Transportation Security shall agree”. Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(33)(B)(iii)(III), substituted “the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration,” for “the Secretary, the Under Secretary for Transportation Security”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(33)(B)(iv), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary for Transportation Security”.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44943.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44943"
+description: "Performance management system"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44943"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44943"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44943"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "b0dffcf89aa406b4640c5ee5f844525020785dde5428b02a7eff323325e7f50e"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44943 - Performance management system
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishing a Fair and Equitable System for Measuring Staff Performance.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall establish a performance management system which strengthens the organization’s effectiveness by providing for the establishment of goals and objectives for managers, employees, and organizational performance consistent with the performance plan.
+
+(b) Establishing Management Accountability for Meeting Performance Goals.— (1) In general.— Each year, the Secretary of Homeland Security and Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall enter into an annual performance agreement that shall set forth organizational and individual performance goals for the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(2) Goals.— Each year, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and each senior manager who reports to the Administrator shall enter into an annual performance agreement that sets forth organization and individual goals for those managers. All other employees hired under the authority of the Administrator shall enter into an annual performance agreement that sets forth organization and individual goals for those employees.
+
+(c) Performance-Based Service Contracting.— To the extent contracts, if any, are used to implement the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (Public Law 107–71; 115 Stat. 597), the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall, to the extent practical, maximize the use of performance-based service contracts. These contracts should be consistent with guidelines published by the Office of Federal Procurement Policy.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 130, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 634; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(34), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3640.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe Aviation and Transportation Security Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is Pub. L. 107–71, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 597. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2001 Amendment note set out under section 40101 of this title and Tables.
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(34)(A), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary for Transportation Security”. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(34)(B)(i), substituted “Secretary of Homeland Security and Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Secretary and Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” and “for the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “for the Under Secretary”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(34)(B)(ii), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and” for “Under Secretary and” and, in two places, substituted “Administrator shall” for “Under Secretary shall”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(34)(C), substituted “Aviation and Transportation Security Act (Public Law 107–71; 115 Stat. 597), the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Aviation Security Act, the Under Secretary for Transportation Security”.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44944.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44944"
+description: "Voluntary provision of emergency services"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44944"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44944"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44944"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "bb3b3f418887d87108c37cf5bb22724a4814dbc137ffc555f4ba68c11d4739e2"
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+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44944 - Voluntary provision of emergency services
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Program for Provision of Voluntary Services.— (1) Program.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall carry out a program to permit qualified law enforcement officers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians to provide emergency services on commercial air flights during emergencies.
+
+(2) Requirements.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall establish such requirements for qualifications of providers of voluntary services under the program under paragraph (1), including training requirements, as the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration considers appropriate.
+
+(3) Confidentiality of registry.— If as part of the program under paragraph (1) the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration requires or permits registration of law enforcement officers, firefighters, or emergency medical technicians who are willing to provide emergency services on commercial flights during emergencies, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall take appropriate actions to ensure that the registry is available only to appropriate airline personnel and otherwise remains confidential.
+
+(4) Consultation.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall consult with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, appropriate representatives of the commercial airline industry, and organizations representing community-based law enforcement, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians, in carrying out the program under paragraph (1), including the actions taken under paragraph (3).
+
+(b) Exemption From Liability.— An individual shall not be liable for damages in any action brought in a Federal or State court that arises from an act or omission of the individual in providing or attempting to provide assistance in the case of an in-flight emergency in an aircraft of an air carrier if the individual meets such qualifications as the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall prescribe for purposes of this section.
+
+(c) Exception.— The exemption under subsection (b) shall not apply in any case in which an individual provides, or attempts to provide, assistance described in that paragraph in a manner that constitutes gross negligence or willful misconduct.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, § 131(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 635; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(35), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3641.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(35)(B), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(35)(A)(i), substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Transportation Security”. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(35)(A)(ii), inserted “the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration,” after “consult with”.
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+ConstructionPub. L. 107–71, title I, § 131(c), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 635, provided that: “Nothing in this section [enacting this section] may be construed to require any modification of regulations of the Department of Transportation governing the possession of firearms while in aircraft or air transportation facilities or to authorize the possession of a firearm in an aircraft or any such facility not authorized under those regulations.” [For definitions of “aircraft” and “air transportation” used in section 131(c) of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.]

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44945.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44945"
+description: "Disposition of unclaimed money and clothing"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44945"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44945"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44945"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "28fdf29fd9304ffc569dd978dd678e429977d133b8869f5f0bbc617bf7d507f8"
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+text_hash: "ca489cd4113563f16aafad372a49c172ac071c340bb2dec28b0dde844166a49a"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44945 - Disposition of unclaimed money and clothing
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Disposition of Unclaimed Money.— Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, unclaimed money recovered at any airport security checkpoint shall be retained by the Transportation Security Administration and shall remain available until expended for the purpose of providing civil aviation security as required in this chapter.
+
+(b) Disposition of Unclaimed Clothing.— (1) In general.— In disposing of unclaimed clothing recovered at any airport security checkpoint, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall make every reasonable effort, in consultation with the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, to transfer the clothing to the local airport authority or other local authorities for donation to charity, including local veterans organizations or other local charitable organizations for distribution to homeless or needy veterans and veteran families.
+
+(2) Agreements.— In implementing paragraph (1), the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may enter into agreements with airport authorities.
+
+(3) Other charitable arrangements.— Nothing in this subsection shall prevent an airport or the Transportation Security Administration from donating unclaimed clothing to a charitable organization of their choosing.
+
+(4) Limitation.— Nothing in this subsection shall create a cost to the Government.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 108–334, title V, § 515(a), Oct. 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 1317; amended Pub. L. 112–271, § 2(a), Jan. 14, 2013, 126 Stat. 2446; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(36), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3641.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2018—Subsec. (b)(1), (2). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted “Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration” for “Assistant Secretary”. 2013—Pub. L. 112–271 inserted “and clothing” after “money” in section catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Annual BriefingPub. L. 108–334, title V, § 515(b), Oct. 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 1318, as amended by Pub. L. 119–86, div. A, title II, § 212, Apr. 30, 2026, 140 Stat. 784, provided that: “Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 18, 2004] and annually thereafter, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall provide the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation of the Senate; and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, a briefing that contains a detailed description of the amount of unclaimed money recovered in total and at each individual airport, and specifically how the unclaimed money is being used to provide civil aviation security.”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44946.md

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44946"
+description: "Aviation Security Advisory Committee"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44946"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44946"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44946"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "80214e944d52180f04652e5d2e0e446b0c582cd45b530669d5a5b3eb2c240692"
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+text_hash: "1117e61d8123aa548dcf5040999f561f224803b1ad926485a3232e98874a6c24"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44946 - Aviation Security Advisory Committee
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment.— The Administrator shall establish within the Transportation Security Administration an aviation security advisory committee.
+
+(b) Duties.— (1) In general.— The Administrator shall consult the Advisory Committee, as appropriate, on aviation security matters, including on the development, refinement, and implementation of policies, programs, rulemaking, and security directives pertaining to aviation security, while adhering to sensitive security guidelines.
+
+(2) Recommendations.— (A) In general.— The Advisory Committee shall develop, at the request of the Administrator, recommendations for improvements to aviation security.
+
+(B) Recommendations of subcommittees.— Recommendations agreed upon by the subcommittees established under this section shall be approved by the Advisory Committee before transmission to the Administrator.
+
+(3) Periodic reports.— The Advisory Committee shall periodically submit to the Administrator—
+
+(A) reports on matters identified by the Administrator; and
+
+(B) reports on other matters identified by a majority of the members of the Advisory Committee.
+
+(4) Annual report.— The Advisory Committee shall submit to the Administrator an annual report providing information on the activities, findings, and recommendations of the Advisory Committee, including its subcommittees, for the preceding year. Not later than 6 months after the date that the Administrator receives the annual report, the Administrator shall publish a public version describing the Advisory Committee’s activities and such related matters as would be informative to the public consistent with the policy of section 552(b) of title 5.
+
+(5) Feedback.— Not later than 90 days after receiving recommendations transmitted by the Advisory Committee under paragraph (2) or (4), the Administrator shall respond in writing to the Advisory Committee with feedback on each of the recommendations, an action plan to implement any of the recommendations with which the Administrator concurs, and a justification for why any of the recommendations have been rejected.
+
+(6) Congressional notification.— Not later than 30 days after providing written feedback to the Advisory Committee under paragraph (5), the Administrator shall notify the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives on such feedback, and provide a briefing upon request.
+
+(7) Report to congress.— Prior to briefing the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives under paragraph (6), the Administrator shall submit to such committees a report containing information relating to the recommendations transmitted by the Advisory Committee in accordance with paragraph (4).
+
+(c) Membership.— (1) Appointment.— (A) In general.— The Administrator shall appoint the members of the Advisory Committee.
+
+(B) Composition.— The membership of the Advisory Committee shall consist of individuals representing not more than 34 member organizations. Each organization shall be represented by 1 individual (or the individual’s designee).
+
+(C) Representation.— The membership of the Advisory Committee shall include representatives of air carriers, all-cargo air transportation, indirect air carriers, labor organizations representing air carrier employees, labor organizations representing transportation security officers, aircraft manufacturers, airport operators, airport construction and maintenance contractors, labor organizations representing employees of airport construction and maintenance contractors, general aviation, privacy organizations, the travel industry, airport-based businesses (including minority-owned small businesses), businesses that conduct security screening operations at airports, aeronautical repair stations, passenger advocacy groups, the aviation security technology industry (including screening technology and biometrics), victims of terrorist acts against aviation, and law enforcement and security experts.
+
+(2) Term of office.— (A) Terms.— The term of each member of the Advisory Committee shall be two years, but a member may continue to serve until a successor is appointed. A member of the Advisory Committee may be reappointed.
+
+(B) Removal.— The Administrator may review the participation of a member of the Advisory Committee and remove such member for cause at any time.
+
+(3) Prohibition on compensation.— The members of the Advisory Committee shall not receive pay, allowances, or benefits from the Government by reason of their service on the Advisory Committee.
+
+(4) Meetings.— (A) In general.— The Administrator shall require the Advisory Committee to meet at least semiannually and may convene additional meetings as necessary.
+
+(B) Public meetings.— At least 1 of the meetings described in subparagraph (A) shall be open to the public.
+
+(C) Attendance.— The Advisory Committee shall maintain a record of the persons present at each meeting.
+
+(5) Member access to sensitive security information.— Not later than 60 days after the date of a member’s appointment, the Administrator shall determine if there is cause for the member to be restricted from possessing sensitive security information. Without such cause, and upon the member voluntarily signing a non-disclosure agreement, the member may be granted access to sensitive security information that is relevant to the member’s advisory duties. The member shall protect the sensitive security information in accordance with part 1520 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.
+
+(6) Chairperson.— A stakeholder representative on the Advisory Committee who is elected by the appointed membership of the Advisory Committee shall chair the Advisory Committee.
+
+(d) Subcommittees.— (1) Membership.— The Advisory Committee chairperson, in coordination with the Administrator, may establish within the Advisory Committee any subcommittee that the Administrator and Advisory Committee determine to be necessary. The Administrator and the Advisory Committee shall create subcommittees to address aviation security issues, including the following:
+
+(A) Air cargo security.— The implementation of the air cargo security programs established by the Transportation Security Administration to screen air cargo on passenger aircraft and all-cargo aircraft in accordance with established cargo screening mandates.
+
+(B) General aviation.— General aviation facilities, general aviation aircraft, and helicopter operations at general aviation and commercial service airports.
+
+(C) Perimeter and access control.— Recommendations on airport perimeter security, exit lane security and technology at commercial service airports, and access control issues.
+
+(D) Security technology.— Security technology standards and requirements, including their harmonization internationally, technology to screen passengers, passenger baggage, carry-on baggage, and cargo, and biometric technology.
+
+(2) Risk-based security.— All subcommittees established by the Advisory Committee chairperson in coordination with the Administrator shall consider risk-based security approaches in the performance of their functions that weigh the optimum balance of costs and benefits in transportation security, including for passenger screening, baggage screening, air cargo security policies, and general aviation security matters.
+
+(3) Meetings and reporting.— Each subcommittee shall meet at least quarterly and submit to the Advisory Committee for inclusion in the annual report required under subsection (b)(4) information, including recommendations, regarding issues within the subcommittee.
+
+(4) Subcommittee chairs.— Each subcommittee shall be co-chaired by a Government official and an industry official.
+
+(e) Subject Matter Experts.— Each subcommittee under this section shall include subject matter experts with relevant expertise who are appointed by the respective subcommittee chairpersons.
+
+(f) Nonapplicability of Chapter 10 of Title 5.— Chapter 10 of title 5 shall not apply to the Advisory Committee and its subcommittees.
+
+(g) Definitions.— In this section:
+
+(1) Administrator.— The term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(2) Advisory committee.— The term “Advisory Committee” means the aviation security advisory committee established under subsection (a).
+
+(3) Perimeter security.— (A) In general.— The term “perimeter security” means procedures or systems to monitor, secure, and prevent unauthorized access to an airport, including its airfield and terminal.
+
+(B) Inclusions.— The term “perimeter security” includes the fence area surrounding an airport, access gates, and access controls.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 113–238, § 2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2842; amended Pub. L. 114–190, title III, § 3411, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 662; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1991(d)(37), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3641; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(317), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+Amendments2022—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted “Chapter 10 of Title 5” for “FACA” in heading and “Chapter 10 of title 5” for “The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.)” in text. 2018—Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(37)(B), substituted “Administrator” for “Assistant Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(37)(C), substituted “the Administrator receives” for “the Secretary receives” and “the Administrator shall” for “the Secretary shall”. Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(37)(D), substituted “The” for “Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Aviation Security Stakeholder Participation Act of 2014, the”. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(37)(A), added par. (1), redesignated former par. (1) as (2), and struck out former par. (2) which defined “Assistant Secretary”. 2016—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 114–190, § 3411(b), substituted “paragraph (2) or (4)” for “paragraph (4)”. Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 114–190, § 3411(a), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term of each member of the Advisory Committee shall be 2 years. A member of the Advisory Committee may be reappointed.”

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44947.md

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+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44947"
+description: "Air cargo security division"
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+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44947"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44947"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
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+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44947 - Air cargo security division
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment.— Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, the Administrator shall establish an air cargo security division to carry out and engage with stakeholders regarding the implementation of air cargo security programs established by the Administration.
+
+(b) Leadership; Staffing.— The air cargo security division established pursuant to subsection (a) shall be headed by an individual in the executive service within the TSA and be staffed by not fewer than 4 full-time equivalents, including the head of the division.
+
+(c) Staffing.— The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall staff the air cargo security division with existing TSA personnel.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1943(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3584.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Editorial Notes
+
+References in TextThe date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of title I of div. K of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

legal/us/code/title-49/chapter-449/section-44948.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+type: "LegalText"
+title: "49 U.S.C. § 44948"
+description: "National Deployment Office"
+jurisdiction: "us"
+corpus: "united_states_code"
+kind: "code_section"
+title_number: 49
+title_name: "TRANSPORTATION"
+chapter_number: "449"
+chapter_name: "SECURITY"
+section: "44948"
+citation: "49 U.S.C. § 44948"
+status: "current"
+release_point: "119-100"
+release_date: "2026-06-26"
+source: "official"
+source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc49@119-100.zip"
+source_identifier: "/us/usc/t49/s44948"
+source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-49/usc49.xml"
+source_hash: "30fe0d86a6727a7215c44d804a35f396d75d55349da8c9c8d9aec98bde83cded"
+raw_snapshot_hash: "0786acdd244d8f42c5a8e8ed1ec2a8dcb47dd0e02a286752710a20745702a4fb"
+text_hash: "9a2337e9aaa6a716968b222df843f5390cdec51cb1df3cadd75007af5d0e9fec"
+retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
+confidence: "official"
+tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
+---
+
+# 49 U.S.C. § 44948 - National Deployment Office
+
+## Text
+
+(a) Establishment.— There is established within the Transportation Security Administration a National Deployment Office, to be headed by an individual with supervisory experience. Such individual shall be designated by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.
+
+(b) Duties.— The individual designated as the head of the National Deployment Office shall be responsible for the following:
+
+(1) Maintaining a National Deployment Force within the Transportation Security Administration, including transportation security officers, supervisory transportation security officers and lead transportation security officers, to provide the Administration with rapid and efficient response capabilities and augment the Department of Homeland Security’s homeland security operations to mitigate and reduce risk, including for the following:
+
+(A) Airports temporarily requiring additional security personnel due to an emergency, seasonal demands, hiring shortfalls, severe weather conditions, passenger volume mitigation, equipment support, or other reasons.
+
+(B) Special events requiring enhanced security including National Special Security Events, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security.
+
+(C) Response in the aftermath of any manmade disaster, including any terrorist attack.
+
+(D) Other such situations, as determined by the Administrator.
+
+(2) Educating transportation security officers regarding how to participate in the Administration’s National Deployment Force.
+
+(3) Recruiting officers to serve on the National Deployment Force, in accordance with a staffing model to be developed by the Administrator.
+
+(4) Approving 1-year appointments for officers to serve on the National Deployment Force, with an option to extend upon officer request and with the approval of the appropriate Federal Security Director.
+
+(5) Training officers to serve on the National Deployment Force.
+
+(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1988(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3622.)
+
+## Notes
+
+Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
+
+Career DevelopmentPub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1988(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3623, provided that: “The Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] may consider service in the National Deployment Force as a positive factor when evaluating applicants for promotion opportunities within the TSA [Transportation Security Administration].”