Legal corpus: seed U.S. Code Title 52
This commit is contained in:
Fabio
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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# Republic OS — repeatable pipeline commands.
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# The build is deterministic: `make build` twice yields a byte-identical tree.
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.PHONY: build validate check
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.PHONY: build validate legal-us-code check
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build: ## Regenerate the entity tree from raw exports in data/
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python3 scripts/build.py
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@@ -12,4 +12,7 @@ validate: ## Check every entity file: OKF, schema, and link integrity
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changelog: ## What changed in the government since the last commit (BASE/HEAD overridable)
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python3 scripts/generate_changelog.py $(BASE) $(HEAD)
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legal-us-code: ## Ingest the pinned U.S. Code Title 52 seed corpus
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python3 scripts/ingest_us_code.py --title 52
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check: build validate ## Build, then validate — the full gate
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@@ -4,31 +4,33 @@ An open, version-controlled mirror of public power in the United States.
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Government is already software: statutes are code, agencies are processes, elections change the maintainers, and a bill is a pull request against the law. What government has never had is a **changelog**. This repository is that changelog.
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**The diff is the product.** Every file here mirrors the observable public state of a government entity as a deterministic, sourced, human-readable record. When government changes, the files change, and git makes the change visible, permanent, and inspectable.
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**The diff is the product.** Every file here mirrors the observable public state of a government entity or legal text as a deterministic, sourced, human-readable record. When government changes, the files change, and git makes the change visible, permanent, and inspectable.
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## What's in here today
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17,506 entity files, every one schema-validated:
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19,721 markdown records, every one schema-validated:
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| Entity | Count | What it is |
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|---|---:|---|
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| **Person** | 11,285 | Current officeholders — federal, all 50 state legislatures, and Florida down to the municipal level. Federal members carry their bioguide ID, leadership roles, and committee seats. |
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| **Person** | 13,329 | Current officeholders — federal, all 50 state legislatures, and Florida down to the municipal level. Federal members carry their bioguide ID, leadership roles, and committee seats. |
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| **Body** | 233 | The institutions themselves — the U.S. House, the Senate, 49 committees, 181 subcommittees, each with its leadership. |
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| **Candidate** | 2,494 | Everyone running for federal office in 2026, from FEC filings. |
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| **Jurisdiction** | 3,494 | Every U.S. county (3,131) and 363 congressional districts, each carrying Census demographics — the nationwide skeleton, filled with data. |
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| **LegalText** | 171 | U.S. Code Title 52, Voting and Elections, mirrored from the official OLRC XML release current through Public Law 119-100. |
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The mirror answers, with receipts: *who holds power, who runs the institution, who's running,* and *what each place is made of* — and, through git, *what changed.*
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The mirror answers, with receipts: *who holds power, who runs the institution, who's running, what each place is made of,* and now *what legal text governs elections* — and, through git, *what changed.*
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## How it works
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```
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raw source exports deterministic build validated tree
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data/*.jsonl ──► scripts/build.py ──► data/jurisdictions/**
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(committed as-is) (7 inputs, one pass) (OKF markdown + YAML)
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data/legal/raw ──► scripts/ingest_*.py ──► legal/**
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(committed as-is) (one pass) (OKF markdown + YAML)
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```
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- **Format** — Markdown with YAML frontmatter, [OKF](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/knowledge-catalog/blob/main/okf/SPEC.md)-conformant, validated by JSON Schema in [`/schemas`](schemas). Human-readable in any editor or on GitHub; machine-readable by any agent.
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- **Deterministic** — `make build` twice yields a byte-identical tree. Entity files change only when the government changes, so every diff is signal.
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- **Deterministic** — `make build` and `make legal-us-code` regenerate their trees from committed raw sources and pinned official snapshots. Records change only when government changes, so every diff is signal.
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- **Sourced** — every record carries field-level provenance and a confidence level. This repo is a *mirror*, never the authority; official sources remain the source of truth.
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- **Raw-first** — source exports land in `data/*.jsonl` untouched before any transformation, so the origin is always recoverable.
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@@ -36,7 +38,8 @@ data/*.jsonl ──► scripts/build.py ──► data/jurisdi
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```bash
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make build # regenerate the entity tree from the raw exports
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make validate # OKF + schema + link-integrity checks on all 17,506 files
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make legal-us-code # regenerate the U.S. Code Title 52 legal corpus seed
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make validate # OKF + schema + link-integrity checks on all records
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make changelog # what changed in the government since the last commit
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make check # build, then validate — the full gate
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```
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@@ -48,6 +51,7 @@ Everything runs on the Python standard library. No dependencies to install.
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- [Government as Code](docs/government-as-code.md) — the philosophy: why git, and what its primitives mean for government
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- [Data Model](docs/data-model.md) — entity types, IDs, the file format, the jurisdiction tree
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- [Sources](docs/sources.md) — where every fact comes from, and how current it is
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- [Legal Corpus](docs/legal-corpus.md) — deterministic legal text mirroring, raw snapshots, manifests, and checksums
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- [Roadmap](docs/roadmap.md) — what exists, what's next
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- [Contributing](docs/contributing.md) — the disciplines, and how to add a source
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- [Technical Brief — Government as Software](Technical%20Brief%20—%20Government%20as%20Software.md) — the founding document
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@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
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5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/xml_usc52@119-100.zip
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56bd3cd11481eb01d35877d1e542f10db723de403b464dd6358e68db12654fc9 data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml
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||||
a765f0361f8718353dcbd3d572da6d2a875bac853cc0e307d0d07742518804f7 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-20981.md
|
||||
7907fd504aec1565f1845507adcc92bcf2e67a0af7c52aa41c8c3665bae1ee01 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-20982.md
|
||||
49e5b43381158c26be9fafff7de8d246d75a78f76308b092306c13e6870ac070 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-20983.md
|
||||
29e4355e2345e760428c01763b36f119cb0e0cb18b9d5643035762c804c7a0fb legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-20984.md
|
||||
15e98b02a8f50b5385b298d877d728c926be0a4b82ba3a4307d30be28dc5de86 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-20985.md
|
||||
362753b0c2be2c97de6d148d2c84241a753710ba7ba792748a38b92b7e804489 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-20986.md
|
||||
967d5dc2fbe4550ff1c6646203999ca85a6c9540dd5ad2569c82ac3cab31fd56 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-20987.md
|
||||
b00e84550b68575cd86f9df74578bcd81b8dee9d776bb07b53423e20b76b81ab legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21001.md
|
||||
436da7f81fdb4885e00709b0acaa922e7687dd3cb2514c7788bf6b0a08c4ee17 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21002.md
|
||||
906c438df7a8ad00df5f54d4304636839450a1f57826fececf3885637cc19031 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21003.md
|
||||
9264c0cb4e2075963e80e814971da8b9b33583ef75ca17994da9ca3b40743bd6 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21004.md
|
||||
fb7dd0ed8c7a14269e8e2327b7023bdb682b2855f468b6325bf6c5bd26a40fca legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21005.md
|
||||
b0cf1eebf9a062e8ae8023030244d4fcf4f01216fdd5fbe3e761c6d4e04bd52c legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21006.md
|
||||
770aeef9bd5f980fb9f34813e4940e4a61954929e5ee7038728d7f10185e51d5 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21007.md
|
||||
f08bb76595e18d67f80d7c781c616d8c0757722e28869cb8e02a4c1b4ccaaa5a legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21008.md
|
||||
4e4dcb02ea23f4c9f9a98a55e3d81b58a9e28cf0186649dcf7c0a5177daf1068 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21021.md
|
||||
7fba14a87762e4e32a6ab9fd41cb549809019994d815c224ea15daddf1e0b4b8 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21022.md
|
||||
aae84d02e211a01489a21e66745fd6cff7a7d1e827a425f63a8ebe8eed26668b legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21023.md
|
||||
37b0d8eccfbc9db5f96f297d8187811e1cb4550ce2d444d42eecf1da8cea2d1a legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21024.md
|
||||
bc38f99bffbc5eb6ba4c3ca322fd0592f1e236a320ba75d16244fabaad1c26cd legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21025.md
|
||||
b143183a23674fe3071a7b4cd7dfd94f3932266dee9c55be2f604c861a685c8f legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21041.md
|
||||
c40c330b9df34d5f942d3ae6b7ca99f45ac030504e218db5ccdc680a72328fac legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21042.md
|
||||
435f743b96e7a6c3fad2525fed9b576486361cf6238d89e245d6cd301e125996 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21043.md
|
||||
399e708a8e764a2f63abf3d31fe668a67fc99fca38dbf246978a8c36aeb9d8b6 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21051.md
|
||||
456ad1614bf398573956add1fa0b9388d6e15e1c7d0b2f6ffed755874edceb96 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21052.md
|
||||
ec102d2a8e9d978bb3a284a754113967f990d45f0e8a6874dc57d2c4bfbc43e9 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21053.md
|
||||
00ba5e52319ee1860b8414569ea208b0b6eda6be3621e2753e5598d53fced165 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21061.md
|
||||
d83cee6231716a94a5ce938b27ed5c4b3bf43512f839f93e450f2366da98982a legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21062.md
|
||||
fba6d12d1912935ed77ffcb189e037ed3551204f7af16dcb9e386e6461784e3a legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21071.md
|
||||
cde31e5ced48e1edfda37bc8cac47b7bd58f021dffa38adef7714f91a480b046 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21072.md
|
||||
b6cf8e66a3c9f95f9b20ef34e7e1e7f284b2bf538b7f506cae4ea02e457b0a23 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21081.md
|
||||
9e1521c0bcd2718e91dc5a88cf4e3ee3ebb5b3cb58d0387efddfbcd8c4cbefb7 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21082.md
|
||||
17dcb3b9144dc63b33fda8d185515922d5d84d93398b17895316c1ed7a0f8e16 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21083.md
|
||||
539dd5b25dd96a74d6fd6c5e61096eca8ef4486ac98ddf0e589fb75a3797283f legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21083a.md
|
||||
506b72a02e10926035ef22d45fdb92dc3956b66ab1ccb76dc3b77b7583807bb1 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21084.md
|
||||
988b7cd8cdba76e5c5e8655fc8947675d02be8ac2ca5306e3aff3f00ccdbab3b legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21085.md
|
||||
c3bb273f88f19a49474526279a193cc9839e34e4f2b6af8f1cc55e1f818c060e legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21101.md
|
||||
44b32b10eb00def53d42484cf7156149ade04150c7ade0d6dc87b6a13d63e33c legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21102.md
|
||||
5ef8e65dbd75102a87d0e90d575670792dc4ea16d3b20cb8c4553d263e66212d legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21111.md
|
||||
5d0af7257084d6a5a7a56332ce1aebbb386092fa636e62739dcb7817fcef706e legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21112.md
|
||||
13251ba5454a65240af4e0f21348c0e9787d0a8b3772e89225d46af84c1eea19 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21121.md
|
||||
191b4b21efe264e1215bb497ee8eac257d409a19e44751125409ddb24afa2afe legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21122.md
|
||||
3ddb499e2a63f1a3014439a4f8ac2388605e234128734d31ce8c946c504092a1 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21123.md
|
||||
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|
||||
e0238793e3904107ecf70a0972be89ff6be4b4965ef775207fb44a4fda184584 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21132.md
|
||||
9fa63808731f5c5f6da7a896e1c669e9b90ce0aa68e6496ccab90177e5e4b53c legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21133.md
|
||||
4c6c9fb9b9ca680638d1c19cefdeca7d18dd8b19913b300ec3fa316fff7efd2e legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21134.md
|
||||
15e1ea0ab9d401d19493e8921c8ed6588ae5681538122e3979fd04d8d09045a1 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21141.md
|
||||
4f82e2c24337b82d816c06da800ecf7a36377323137f92ecc083f05106621f43 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21142.md
|
||||
5c8cfeaee0ba8477687694181f2342926f92d13c346dc1e77b20e4b3c8b01524 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21143.md
|
||||
f422276b39631202c210b533f2b3e891fd8cc9ffd2da7bc1453acd4c39e5a2f1 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21144.md
|
||||
556a18e01af61e1311c587ab6516b6dbf73d196563d9fcc1caf991e1b7448f6e legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-209/section-21145.md
|
||||
59f6c8f090b88be21966f652d3d9c73b94b1c4a254bbbd31d5af5299cfb8921e legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30101.md
|
||||
09b1d0b001b820edd48fc6ccd3ad517f546a007fbaab363b6b2b2589c80853aa legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30102.md
|
||||
2f021653fd073ba8bb67418c47d518feebdc18bbdd18ff3127c4fe42ef9556f5 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30103.md
|
||||
4348fa42a2ad1ff3e5c11ffab2a6a52696c99e8724b82e594d61eee34304f351 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30104.md
|
||||
4aa5e65241acd205afe53027f0dee2c316f3304a7a9f38db513ccc53a289b94f legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30105.md
|
||||
fb4c44f3b3518995e93181642bd1221c3e9770d499a77faa3dcc115856dd84b7 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30106.md
|
||||
27ed246fd6b8644ee16a786ed05602be5252886f4c1f1c323fb4f7b101e938f0 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30107.md
|
||||
b7599ed8e6bb77f7b1a9441285f711c6968e964dfc9d96069d5e07625ca8327b legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30108.md
|
||||
14238162de980d4616d691ce723b58a07855be6cf6f5ce949c79904e9800866f legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30109.md
|
||||
dfbb12a95085d1c24233809ec942f1c21e69d848e875d3fd8451b60e798473b3 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30110.md
|
||||
ea3591a61ef6b600e118c8e2a3247f4cd28740b6e1fa576d91a8d4dc5726363f legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30111.md
|
||||
38638453663cf2811bbe7dad9af42f1b903f9168f37f83129641764280b30094 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30112.md
|
||||
1021941614170b641d8dcb92c740602e9795a230bf59952d96c42501509f339a legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30113.md
|
||||
a038588bcbc3303bbe659499d8e8557c0a2ca52dda6a66e7f3beeea17ca4fe43 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30114.md
|
||||
cff6f2232b20a7dab72603f09cdd3df1e5f6417f83d0e1edb315d89083544ab4 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30115.md
|
||||
6e96b7b5997c7e563637e4ef6725ca75216b61733f10423d56bb6da5dbb82f3e legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30116.md
|
||||
edf015781ca931a28ae9dbbf6ca830e029a54094ce5d4d1d8455b38fb22294c6 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30117.md
|
||||
398fa9eec2bf72430e4667885e675b4ee8291a9c198b6f0e87c9744e0817bad3 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30118.md
|
||||
1ae5f410854c3e7e8d548a5b38ae85bb96780eab5c16f2df89d0ca4b3b479517 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30119.md
|
||||
2e984a454a5172b8b711151489948d558eae1ee80c916ba38429fe26370a5a41 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30120.md
|
||||
a5f7422201eac7e28d974eaeae6ca55529312fbcdab8aa04cf78c0ea296462fd legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30121.md
|
||||
30f533c41bd5a3e7712afbeb828e27aa8b1fa00f6b10311501b042832bf6bcad legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30122.md
|
||||
324cc123ee23fc7db253b405438875902176eb3e2e4b5f7929ef30eee8130f94 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30123.md
|
||||
2f0b4a97ed48dbdb3cbf26892ab0115741a58433fdca3b53b46112f604fd21d6 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30124.md
|
||||
ac25bbfffff23f98a9284cd2645aee1ba5ba359156a9a61e5b1d0c76bcd52fad legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30125.md
|
||||
a741b6a17cd850161f7baeb7bcd5079855fe7c36de9e8e656ffa91eae7aaa73b legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30126.md
|
||||
3f72766cbeb97f42475209d7b73f90c2a086d791aa5089761e05903e3da3f6cf legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30141.md
|
||||
b3a7bca26ab06e10c1ad45e082d9883839243aed84e7bb0f462b748330eba922 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30142.md
|
||||
dc70d73f9a4b8d0dbaa712bb28d1216f172424487f2c0eba4b8adf640e089505 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30143.md
|
||||
0bb4fa03f5c4f44ec75ea710cec9c9e2dba8c11c5dfe4dee7bbaf742f095703f legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30144.md
|
||||
c437642882d1a9d93648e2e9cef6f9bba144b03777bad11e675827cd069e12bd legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30145.md
|
||||
4b9794ed84a11b34950c0ef0d30be557a923ebc9102898486c01d227d93bedc2 legal/us/code/title-52/chapter-301/section-30146.md
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
Binary file not shown.
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
# Legal Corpus
|
||||
|
||||
Republic OS mirrors law as deterministic terrain before it interprets law as intelligence.
|
||||
|
||||
The legal pipeline is deliberately mechanical:
|
||||
|
||||
```text
|
||||
official source -> raw snapshot -> normalized legal tree -> manifest -> checksums -> git diff
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The first legal corpus is a seed import of the United States Code, Title 52,
|
||||
Voting and Elections, from the Office of the Law Revision Counsel XML release
|
||||
point current through Public Law 119-100.
|
||||
|
||||
## Layout
|
||||
|
||||
```text
|
||||
data/legal/raw/us/code/
|
||||
title-52/
|
||||
xml_usc52@119-100.zip
|
||||
usc52.xml
|
||||
|
||||
data/legal/manifests/
|
||||
us-code-title-52-119-100.json
|
||||
|
||||
data/legal/checksums/
|
||||
us-code-title-52-119-100.sha256
|
||||
|
||||
legal/us/code/
|
||||
title-52/
|
||||
chapter-101/
|
||||
section-10101.md
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The raw ZIP is the provenance anchor. The generated Markdown is the readable
|
||||
legal tree. The manifest records source hashes, output hashes, release metadata,
|
||||
and the section list.
|
||||
|
||||
## Discipline
|
||||
|
||||
Legal corpus ingestion does not summarize, classify authority, infer
|
||||
relationships, or answer legal questions. Later layers can extract citations,
|
||||
definitions, amendments, and authority links from this base. The base itself is
|
||||
just a reproducible mirror.
|
||||
|
||||
## Rebuild
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
make legal-us-code
|
||||
make validate
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The success condition is that rebuilding from the same pinned source produces
|
||||
the same normalized legal files and checksums.
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10102"
|
||||
description: "Interference with freedom of elections"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "101"
|
||||
chapter_name: "GENERALLY"
|
||||
section: "10102"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10102"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10102"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "b6af594d864de7887fc2a5b5744ffccf84156531ba7e58d1f1c2ce00ae284044"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "d80409480883994d0ce2d94be2b683d50a445e43d80abd5004ab1166d5f2ed1a"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10102 - Interference with freedom of elections
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
No officer of the Army, Navy, or Air Force of the United States shall prescribe or fix, or attempt to prescribe or fix, by proclamation, order, or otherwise, the qualifications of voters in any State, or in any manner interfere with the freedom of any election in any State, or with the exercise of the free right of suffrage in any State.
|
||||
|
||||
(R.S. § 2003.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1972 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section, and to section 32 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. R.S. § 2003 derived from act Feb. 25, 1865, ch. 52, § 1, 13 Stat. 437. Air Force inserted to conform to act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, § 207(a), (f), 61 Stat. 502, which established a separate Department of the Air Force, and Secretary of Defense Transfer Order No. 40 [App. A(10)], July 22, 1949, which transferred certain functions to the Air Force. Section 207(a), (f) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, § 53, 70A Stat. 641. Act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 1, enacted “Title 10, Armed Forces”, which in sections 8010 to 8013 continued Department of the Air Force under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Air Force.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10301"
|
||||
description: "Denial or abridgement of right to vote on account of race or color through voting qualifications or prerequisites; establishment of violation"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "103"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ENFORCEMENT OF VOTING RIGHTS"
|
||||
section: "10301"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10301"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10301"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "250fa5343ad8f1754a4ae786e03f32630efa8ea12ff7a13e85f563bbacd444d0"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "9cdc858fd983b713b2d85f9d008f37b3430775c8ad97e260f119ff813a9af94d"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10301 - Denial or abridgement of right to vote on account of race or color through voting qualifications or prerequisites; establishment of violation
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision in a manner which results in a denial or abridgement of the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 10303(f)(2) of this title, as provided in subsection (b).
|
||||
|
||||
(b) A violation of subsection (a) is established if, based on the totality of circumstances, it is shown that the political processes leading to nomination or election in the State or political subdivision are not equally open to participation by members of a class of citizens protected by subsection (a) in that its members have less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice. The extent to which members of a protected class have been elected to office in the State or political subdivision is one circumstance which may be considered: Provided, That nothing in this section establishes a right to have members of a protected class elected in numbers equal to their proportion in the population.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 2, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 437; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314; amended Pub. L. 94–73, title II, § 206, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 402; Pub. L. 97–205, § 3, June 29, 1982, 96 Stat. 134.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1982—Pub. L. 97–205 redesignated existing provisions as subsec. (a), struck out the comma after “voting”, substituted “in a manner which results in a denial or abridgement of” for “to deny or abridge”, inserted “, as provided in subsection (b)” after “in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title”, and added subsec. (b). 1975—Pub. L. 94–73 substituted “race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title” for “race or color”.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentPub. L. 97–205, § 6, June 29, 1982, 96 Stat. 135, provided that: “Except as otherwise provided in this Act [see Tables for classification], the amendments made by this Act shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [June 29, 1982].”
|
||||
|
||||
SeparabilityPub. L. 94–73, title II, § 208, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 402, provided that: “If any amendments made by this Act [see Tables for classification] or the application of any provision thereof to any person or circumstance is judicially determined to be invalid, the remainder of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 [this chapter and chapters 105 and 107 of this title], or the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected by such determination.”
|
||||
|
||||
Congressional Purpose and FindingsPub. L. 109–246, § 2, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 577, provided that: “(a) Purpose.—The purpose of this Act [see Tables for classification] is to ensure that the right of all citizens to vote, including the right to register to vote and cast meaningful votes, is preserved and protected as guaranteed by the Constitution. “(b) Findings.—The Congress finds the following:“(1) Significant progress has been made in eliminating first generation barriers experienced by minority voters, including increased numbers of registered minority voters, minority voter turnout, and minority representation in Congress, State legislatures, and local elected offices. This progress is the direct result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 [this chapter and chapters 105 and 107 of this title]. “(2) However, vestiges of discrimination in voting continue to exist as demonstrated by second generation barriers constructed to prevent minority voters from fully participating in the electoral process. “(3) The continued evidence of racially polarized voting in each of the jurisdictions covered by the expiring provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 demonstrates that racial and language minorities remain politically vulnerable, warranting the continued protection of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. “(4) Evidence of continued discrimination includes—“(A) the hundreds of objections interposed, requests for more information submitted followed by voting changes withdrawn from consideration by jurisdictions covered by the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and section 5 [52 U.S.C. 10304] enforcement actions undertaken by the Department of Justice in covered jurisdictions since 1982 that prevented election practices, such as annexation, at-large voting, and the use of multi-member districts, from being enacted to dilute minority voting strength; “(B) the number of requests for declaratory judgments denied by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia; “(C) the continued filing of section 2 [52 U.S.C. 10301] cases that originated in covered jurisdictions; and “(D) the litigation pursued by the Department of Justice since 1982 to enforce sections 4(e), 4(f)(4), and 203 of such Act [52 U.S.C. 10303(e), (f)(4), 10503] to ensure that all language minority citizens have full access to the political process. “(5) The evidence clearly shows the continued need for Federal oversight in jurisdictions covered by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 since 1982, as demonstrated in the counties certified by the Attorney General for Federal examiner and observer coverage and the tens of thousands of Federal observers that have been dispatched to observe elections in covered jurisdictions. “(6) The effectiveness of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 has been significantly weakened by the United States Supreme Court decisions in Reno v. Bossier Parish II and Georgia v. Ashcroft, which have misconstrued Congress’ original intent in enacting the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and narrowed the protections afforded by section 5 of such Act [52 U.S.C. 10304]. “(7) Despite the progress made by minorities under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the evidence before Congress reveals that 40 years has not been a sufficient amount of time to eliminate the vestiges of discrimination following nearly 100 years of disregard for the dictates of the 15th amendment and to ensure that the right of all citizens to vote is protected as guaranteed by the Constitution. “(8) Present day discrimination experienced by racial and language minority voters is contained in evidence, including the objections interposed by the Department of Justice in covered jurisdictions; the section 2 [52 U.S.C. 10301] litigation filed to prevent dilutive techniques from adversely affecting minority voters; the enforcement actions filed to protect language minorities; and the tens of thousands of Federal observers dispatched to monitor polls in jurisdictions covered by the Voting Rights Act of 1965. “(9) The record compiled by Congress demonstrates that, without the continuation of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protections, racial and language minority citizens will be deprived of the opportunity to exercise their right to vote, or will have their votes diluted, undermining the significant gains made by minorities in the last 40 years.”
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "103"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ENFORCEMENT OF VOTING RIGHTS"
|
||||
section: "10302"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10302"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10302 - Proceeding to enforce the right to vote
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Authorization by court for appointment of Federal observers Whenever the Attorney General or an aggrieved person institutes a proceeding under any statute to enforce the voting guarantees of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment in any State or political subdivision the court shall authorize the appointment of Federal observers by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management in accordance with section 1973d 11 See References in Text note below. of title 42 to serve for such period of time and for such political subdivisions as the court shall determine is appropriate to enforce the voting guarantees of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment (1) as part of any interlocutory order if the court determines that the appointment of such observers is necessary to enforce such voting guarantees or (2) as part of any final judgment if the court finds that violations of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment justifying equitable relief have occurred in such State or subdivision: Provided, That the court need not authorize the appointment of observers if any incidents of denial or abridgement of the right to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the voting guarantees set forth in section 10303(f)(2) of this title (1) have been few in number and have been promptly and effectively corrected by State or local action, (2) the continuing effect of such incidents has been eliminated, and (3) there is no reasonable probability of their recurrence in the future.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Suspension of use of tests and devices which deny or abridge the right to vote If in a proceeding instituted by the Attorney General or an aggrieved person under any statute to enforce the voting guarantees of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment in any State or political subdivision the court finds that a test or device has been used for the purpose or with the effect of denying or abridging the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the voting guarantees set forth in section 10303(f)(2) of this title, it shall suspend the use of tests and devices in such State or political subdivisions as the court shall determine is appropriate and for such period as it deems necessary.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Retention of jurisdiction to prevent commencement of new devices to deny or abridge the right to vote If in any proceeding instituted by the Attorney General or an aggrieved person under any statute to enforce the voting guarantees of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment in any State or political subdivision the court finds that violations of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment justifying equitable relief have occurred within the territory of such State or political subdivision, the court, in addition to such relief as it may grant, shall retain jurisdiction for such period as it may deem appropriate and during such period no voting qualification or prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect at the time the proceeding was commenced shall be enforced unless and until the court finds that such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure does not have the purpose and will not have the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the voting guarantees set forth in section 10303(f)(2) of this title: Provided, That such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure may be enforced if the qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure has been submitted by the chief legal officer or other appropriate official of such State or subdivision to the Attorney General and the Attorney General has not interposed an objection within sixty days after such submission, except that neither the court’s finding nor the Attorney General’s failure to object shall bar a subsequent action to enjoin enforcement of such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 3, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 437; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314; amended Pub. L. 94–73, title II, §§ 205, 206, title IV, §§ 401, 410, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 402, 404, 406; 1978 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 102, eff. Jan. 1, 1979, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783; Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(d)(1), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 580.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextSection 1973d of title 42, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(c), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 580.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–246 substituted “observers” for “examiners” wherever appearing. 1975—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–73 inserted reference to fourteenth amendment in three places, and substituted “voting guarantees” for “guarantees” in three places, “Attorney General or an aggrieved person” for “Attorney General”, and “on account of race or color or in contravention of the voting guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title” for “on account of race or color”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–73 substituted “Attorney General or an aggrieved person under any statute to enforce the voting guarantees of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment” for “Attorney General under any statute to enforce the guarantees of the fifteenth amendment”, and “on account of race or color, or in contravention of the voting guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title” for “on account of race or color”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–73 substituted “Attorney General or an aggrieved person under any statute to enforce the voting guarantees of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment in any State or political subdivision the court finds that violations of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment” for “Attorney General under any statute to enforce the guarantees of the fifteenth amendment in any State or political subdivision the court finds that violations of the fifteenth amendment” and “on account of race or color, or in contravention of the voting guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title” for “on account of race or color”.
|
||||
|
||||
Executive Documents
|
||||
|
||||
Transfer of Functions “Director of the Office of Personnel Management” substituted for “United States Civil Service Commission” in subsec. (a) pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1978, § 102, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783, set out under section 1101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which transferred all functions vested by statute in United States Civil Service Commission to Director of Office of Personnel Management (except as otherwise specified), effective Jan. 1, 1979, as provided by section 1–102 of Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055, set out under section 1101 of Title 5.
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
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|
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---
|
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type: "LegalText"
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||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10304"
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10304 - Alteration of voting qualifications; procedure and appeal; purpose or effect of diminishing the ability of citizens to elect their preferred candidates
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 10303(a) of this title based upon determinations made under the first sentence of section 10303(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1964, or whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 10303(a) of this title based upon determinations made under the second sentence of section 10303(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1968, or whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 10303(a) of this title based upon determinations made under the third sentence of section 10303(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1972, such State or subdivision may institute an action in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for a declaratory judgment that such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure neither has the purpose nor will have the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 10303(f)(2) of this title, and unless and until the court enters such judgment no person shall be denied the right to vote for failure to comply with such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure: Provided, That such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure may be enforced without such proceeding if the qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure has been submitted by the chief legal officer or other appropriate official of such State or subdivision to the Attorney General and the Attorney General has not interposed an objection within sixty days after such submission, or upon good cause shown, to facilitate an expedited approval within sixty days after such submission, the Attorney General has affirmatively indicated that such objection will not be made. Neither an affirmative indication by the Attorney General that no objection will be made, nor the Attorney General’s failure to object, nor a declaratory judgment entered under this section shall bar a subsequent action to enjoin enforcement of such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure. In the event the Attorney General affirmatively indicates that no objection will be made within the sixty-day period following receipt of a submission, the Attorney General may reserve the right to reexamine the submission if additional information comes to his attention during the remainder of the sixty-day period which would otherwise require objection in accordance with this section. Any action under this section shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges in accordance with the provisions of section 2284 of title 28 and any appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting that has the purpose of or will have the effect of diminishing the ability of any citizens of the United States on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 10303(f)(2) of this title, to elect their preferred candidates of choice denies or abridges the right to vote within the meaning of subsection (a) of this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) The term “purpose” in subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall include any discriminatory purpose.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) The purpose of subsection (b) of this section is to protect the ability of such citizens to elect their preferred candidates of choice.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 5, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 439; renumbered title I and amended Pub. L. 91–285, §§ 2, 5, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314, 315; Pub. L. 94–73, title II, §§ 204, 206, title IV, § 405, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 402, 404; Pub. L. 109–246, § 5, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 580.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973c of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2006—Pub. L. 109–246 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), substituted “neither has the purpose nor will have the effect” for “does not have the purpose and will not have the effect”, and added subsecs. (b) to (d). 1975—Pub. L. 94–73 inserted “or whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 1973b(a) of this title based upon determinations made under third sentence of section 1973b(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1972,” after 1968, substituted “or upon good cause shown, to facilitate an expedited approval within sixty days after such submission, the Attorney General has affirmatively indicated that such objection will not be made. Neither an affirmative indication by the Attorney General that no objection will be made, nor the Attorney General’s failure to object,” for “except that neither the Attorney General’s failure to object”, and “on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title” for “on account of race or color”, and inserted provisions that in the event the Attorney General affirmatively indicates that no objection will be made within the sixty-day period following receipt of a submission, the Attorney General may reserve the right to examine the submission if additional information comes to his attention during the remainder of the sixty-day period which would otherwise require objection in accordance with this section. 1970—Pub. L. 91–285 inserted “based upon determinations made under the first sentence of section 1973b(b) of this title” after “section 1973b(a) of this title” and “or whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 1973b(a) of this title based upon determinations made under the second sentence of section 1973b(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1968,” after “1964,”.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10305 - Use of observers
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Assignment Whenever—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) a court has authorized the appointment of observers under section 10302(a) of this title for a political subdivision; or
|
||||
|
||||
(2) the Attorney General certifies with respect to any political subdivision named in, or included within the scope of, determinations made under section 10303(b) of this title, unless a declaratory judgment has been rendered under section 10303(a) of this title, that—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the Attorney General has received written meritorious complaints from residents, elected officials, or civic participation organizations that efforts to deny or abridge the right to vote under the color of law on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 10303(f)(2) of this title are likely to occur; or
|
||||
|
||||
(B) in the Attorney General’s judgment (considering, among other factors, whether the ratio of nonwhite persons to white persons registered to vote within such subdivision appears to the Attorney General to be reasonably attributable to violations of the 14th or 15th amendment or whether substantial evidence exists that bona fide efforts are being made within such subdivision to comply with the 14th or 15th amendment), the assignment of observers is otherwise necessary to enforce the guarantees of the 14th or 15th amendment;
|
||||
|
||||
the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall assign as many observers for such subdivision as the Director may deem appropriate.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Status Except as provided in subsection (c), such observers shall be assigned, compensated, and separated without regard to the provisions of any statute administered by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, and their service under chapters 103 to 107 of this title shall not be considered employment for the purposes of any statute administered by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, except the provisions of section 7324 of title 5 prohibiting partisan political activity.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Designation The Director of the Office of Personnel Management is authorized to, after consulting the head of the appropriate department or agency, designate suitable persons in the official service of the United States, with their consent, to serve in these positions.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Authority Observers shall be authorized to—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) enter and attend at any place for holding an election in such subdivision for the purpose of observing whether persons who are entitled to vote are being permitted to vote; and
|
||||
|
||||
(2) enter and attend at any place for tabulating the votes cast at any election held in such subdivision for the purpose of observing whether votes cast by persons entitled to vote are being properly tabulated.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Investigation and report Observers shall investigate and report to the Attorney General, and if the appointment of observers has been authorized pursuant to section 10302(a) of this title, to the court.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 8, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 441; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314; amended Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(a), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 578.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973f of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2006—Pub. L. 109–246 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, text of section read as follows: “Whenever an examiner is serving under subchapters I–A to I–C of this chapter in any political subdivision, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management may assign, at the request of the Attorney General, one or more persons, who may be officers of the United States, (1) to enter and attend at any place for holding an election in such subdivision for the purpose of observing whether persons who are entitled to vote are being permitted to vote, and (2) to enter and attend at any place for tabulating the votes cast at any election held in such subdivision for the purpose of observing whether votes cast by persons entitled to vote are being properly tabulated. Such persons so assigned shall report to an examiner appointed for such political subdivision, to the Attorney General, and if the appointment of examiners has been authorized pursuant to section 1973a(a) of this title, to the court.”
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10306"
|
||||
description: "Poll taxes"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "103"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ENFORCEMENT OF VOTING RIGHTS"
|
||||
section: "10306"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10306"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10306"
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10306 - Poll taxes
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Congressional finding and declaration of policy against enforced payment of poll taxes as a device to impair voting rights The Congress finds that the requirement of the payment of a poll tax as a precondition to voting (i) precludes persons of limited means from voting or imposes unreasonable financial hardship upon such persons as a precondition to their exercise of the franchise, (ii) does not bear a reasonable relationship to any legitimate State interest in the conduct of elections, and (iii) in some areas has the purpose or effect of denying persons the right to vote because of race or color. Upon the basis of these findings, Congress declares that the constitutional right of citizens to vote is denied or abridged in some areas by the requirement of the payment of a poll tax as a precondition to voting.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Authority of Attorney General to institute actions for relief against enforcement of poll tax requirement In the exercise of the powers of Congress under section 5 of the fourteenth amendment, section 2 of the fifteenth amendment and section 2 of the twenty-fourth amendment, the Attorney General is authorized and directed to institute forthwith in the name of the United States such actions, including actions against States or political subdivisions, for declaratory judgment or injunctive relief against the enforcement of any requirement of the payment of a poll tax as a precondition to voting, or substitute therefor enacted after November 1, 1964, as will be necessary to implement the declaration of subsection (a) and the purposes of this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Jurisdiction of three-judge district courts; appeal to Supreme Court The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of such actions which shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges in accordance with the provisions of section 2284 of title 28 and any appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court. It shall be the duty of the judges designated to hear the case to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date, to participate in the hearing and determination thereof, and to cause the case to be in every way expedited.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 10, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 442; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314; amended Pub. L. 94–73, title IV, § 408, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 405.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973h of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1975—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–73, § 408(2), (3), inserted reference to section 2 of twenty-fourth amendment. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–73, § 408(1), struck out subsec. (d) which related to post-payment of poll taxes in event of a judicial declaration of constitutionality.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_name: "ENFORCEMENT OF VOTING RIGHTS"
|
||||
section: "10307"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10307"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10307 - Prohibited acts
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Failure or refusal to permit casting or tabulation of vote No person acting under color of law shall fail or refuse to permit any person to vote who is entitled to vote under any provision of chapters 103 to 107 of this title or is otherwise qualified to vote, or willfully fail or refuse to tabulate, count, and report such person’s vote.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Intimidation, threats, or coercion No person, whether acting under color of law or otherwise, shall intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person for voting or attempting to vote, or intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person for urging or aiding any person to vote or attempt to vote, or intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person for exercising any powers or duties under section 10302(a), 10305, 10306, or 10308(e) of this title or section 1973d or 1973g of title 42.11 See References in Text note below.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) False information in registering or voting; penalties Whoever knowingly or willfully gives false information as to his name, address or period of residence in the voting district for the purpose of establishing his eligibility to register or vote, or conspires with another individual for the purpose of encouraging his false registration to vote or illegal voting, or pays or offers to pay or accepts payment either for registration to vote or for voting shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both: Provided, however, That this provision shall be applicable only to general, special, or primary elections held solely or in part for the purpose of selecting or electing any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the United States Senate, Member of the United States House of Representatives, Delegate from the District of Columbia, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, or Resident Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Falsification or concealment of material facts or giving of false statements in matters within jurisdiction of examiners or hearing officers; penalties Whoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of an examiner or hearing officer knowingly and willfully falsifies or conceals a material fact, or makes any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statements or representations, or makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Voting more than once (1) Whoever votes more than once in an election referred to in paragraph (2) shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) The prohibition of this subsection applies with respect to any general, special, or primary election held solely or in part for the purpose of selecting or electing any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the United States Senate, Member of the United States House of Representatives, Delegate from the District of Columbia, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, or Resident Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) As used in this subsection, the term “votes more than once” does not include the casting of an additional ballot if all prior ballots of that voter were invalidated, nor does it include the voting in two jurisdictions under section 10502 of this title, to the extent two ballots are not cast for an election to the same candidacy or office.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 11, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 443; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314; amended Pub. L. 91–405, title II, § 204(e), Sept. 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 853; Pub. L. 94–73, title IV, §§ 404, 409, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 404, 405.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextSections 1973d and 1973g of title 42, referred to in subsec. (b), were repealed by Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(c), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 580.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973i of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1975—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–73, § 404, inserted reference to Guam and Virgin Islands. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–73, § 409, added subsec. (e). 1970—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–405 substituted reference to Delegate from District of Columbia for Delegates or Commissioners from territories or possessions.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1970 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–405 effective Sept. 22, 1970, see section 206(b) of Pub. L. 91–405, set out as an Effective Date note under section 25a of Title 2, The Congress.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "103"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ENFORCEMENT OF VOTING RIGHTS"
|
||||
section: "10308"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10308"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10308 - Civil and criminal sanctions
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Depriving or attempting to deprive persons of secured rights Whoever shall deprive or attempt to deprive any person of any right secured by section 10301, 10302, 10303, 10304, or 10306 of this title or shall violate section 10307(a) of this title, shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Destroying, defacing, mutilating, or altering ballots or official voting records Whoever, within a year following an election in a political subdivision in which an observer has been assigned (1) destroys, defaces, mutilates, or otherwise alters the marking of a paper ballot which has been cast in such election, or (2) alters any official record of voting in such election tabulated from a voting machine or otherwise, shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Conspiring to violate or interfere with secured rights Whoever conspires to violate the provisions of subsection (a) or (b) of this section, or interferes with any right secured by section 10301, 10302, 10303, 10304, 10306, or 10307(a) of this title shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Civil action by Attorney General for preventive relief; injunctive and other relief Whenever any person has engaged or there are reasonable grounds to believe that any person is about to engage in any act or practice prohibited by section 10301, 10302, 10303, 10304, 10306, or 10307 of this title, section 1973e of title 42,11 See References in Text note below. or subsection (b) of this section, the Attorney General may institute for the United States, or in the name of the United States, an action for preventive relief, including an application for a temporary or permanent injunction, restraining order, or other order, and including an order directed to the State and State or local election officials to require them (1) to permit persons listed under chapters 103 to 107 of this title to vote and (2) to count such votes.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Proceeding by Attorney General to enforce the counting of ballots of registered and eligible persons who are prevented from voting Whenever in any political subdivision in which there are observers appointed pursuant to chapters 103 to 107 of this title any persons allege to such an observer within forty-eight hours after the closing of the polls that notwithstanding (1) their listing under chapters 103 to 107 of this title or registration by an appropriate election official and (2) their eligibility to vote, they have not been permitted to vote in such election, the observer shall forthwith notify the Attorney General if such allegations in his opinion appear to be well founded. Upon receipt of such notification, the Attorney General may forthwith file with the district court an application for an order providing for the marking, casting, and counting of the ballots of such persons and requiring the inclusion of their votes in the total vote before the results of such election shall be deemed final and any force or effect given thereto. The district court shall hear and determine such matters immediately after the filing of such application. The remedy provided in this subsection shall not preclude any remedy available under State or Federal law.
|
||||
|
||||
(f) Jurisdiction of district courts; exhaustion of administrative or other remedies unnecessary The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section and shall exercise the same without regard to whether a person asserting rights under the provisions of chapters 103 to 107 of this title shall have exhausted any administrative or other remedies that may be provided by law.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 12, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 443; Pub. L. 90–284, title I, § 103(c), Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 75; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314; Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(d)(3), (4), (e)(2), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 580.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextSection 1973e of title 42, referred to in subsec. (d), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(c), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 580.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973j of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(e)(2), struck out “1973e,” after “1973c,”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(d)(3), substituted “an observer has been assigned” for “an examiner has been appointed”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(e)(2), struck out “1973e,” after “1973c,”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(d)(4), substituted “observers” for “examiners” and substituted “observer” for “examiner” in two places. 1968—Subsecs. (a), (c). Pub. L. 90–284 struck out reference to violation of section 1973i(b) of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10309"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10309 - Termination of assignment of observers
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general The assignment of observers shall terminate in any political subdivision of any State—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) with respect to observers appointed pursuant to section 10305 of this title or with respect to examiners certified under chapters 103 to 107 of this title before July 27, 2006, whenever the Attorney General notifies the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, or whenever the District Court for the District of Columbia determines in an action for declaratory judgment brought by any political subdivision described in subsection (b), that there is no longer reasonable cause to believe that persons will be deprived of or denied the right to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 10303(f)(2) of this title in such subdivision; and
|
||||
|
||||
(2) with respect to observers appointed pursuant to section 10302(a) of this title, upon order of the authorizing court.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Political subdivision with majority of nonwhite persons registered A political subdivision referred to in subsection (a)(1) is one with respect to which the Director of the Census has determined that more than 50 per centum of the nonwhite persons of voting age residing therein are registered to vote.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Petition for termination A political subdivision may petition the Attorney General for a termination under subsection (a)(1).
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 13, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 444; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314; amended Pub. L. 94–73, title II, § 206, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 402; Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(b), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 579; Pub. L. 110–258, § 2, July 1, 2008, 122 Stat. 2428.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973k of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2008—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–258 made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to July 27, 2006. 2006—Pub. L. 109–246 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to termination of listing procedures, basis for termination, and survey or census by the Director of the Census. 1975—Pub. L. 94–73 substituted “on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title” for “on account of race or color”.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10310 - Enforcement proceedings
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Criminal contempt All cases of criminal contempt arising under the provisions of chapters 103 to 107 of this title shall be governed by section 1995 of title 42.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Jurisdiction of courts for declaratory judgment, restraining orders, or temporary or permanent injunction No court other than the District Court for the District of Columbia shall have jurisdiction to issue any declaratory judgment pursuant to section 10303 or 10304 of this title or any restraining order or temporary or permanent injunction against the execution or enforcement of any provision of chapters 103 to 107 of this title or any action of any Federal officer or employee pursuant hereto.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Definitions (1) The terms “vote” or “voting” shall include all action necessary to make a vote effective in any primary, special, or general election, including, but not limited to, registration, listing pursuant to this chapter, or other action required by law prerequisite to voting, casting a ballot, and having such ballot counted properly and included in the appropriate totals of votes cast with respect to candidates for public or party office and propositions for which votes are received in an election.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) The term “political subdivision” shall mean any county or parish, except that where registration for voting is not conducted under the supervision of a county or parish, the term shall include any other subdivision of a State which conducts registration for voting.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) The term “language minorities” or “language minority group” means persons who are American Indian, Asian American, Alaskan Natives or of Spanish heritage.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Subpenas In any action for a declaratory judgment brought pursuant to section 10303 or 10304 of this title, subpenas for witnesses who are required to attend the District Court for the District of Columbia may be served in any judicial district of the United States: Provided, That no writ of subpena shall issue for witnesses without the District of Columbia at a greater distance than one hundred miles from the place of holding court without the permission of the District Court for the District of Columbia being first had upon proper application and cause shown.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Attorney’s fees In any action or proceeding to enforce the voting guarantees of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment, the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney’s fee, reasonable expert fees, and other reasonable litigation expenses as part of the costs.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 14, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 445; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314; amended Pub. L. 94–73, title II, § 207, title IV, § 402, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 402, 404; Pub. L. 109–246, §§ 3(e)(3), 6, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 580, 581.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973l of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2006—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–246, § 3(e)(3), struck out “or a court of appeals in any proceeding under section 1973g of this title” after “District of Columbia”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–246, § 6, inserted “, reasonable expert fees, and other reasonable litigation expenses” after “reasonable attorney’s fee”. 1975—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 94–73, § 207, added par. (3). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–73, § 402, added subsec. (e).
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10311"
|
||||
description: "Impairment of voting rights of persons holding current registration"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "103"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ENFORCEMENT OF VOTING RIGHTS"
|
||||
section: "10311"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10311"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10311"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "0bb7065a5312d8d42765edd537018f6e2f02df61a797676ce7087787d23d4030"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "474bbc3b1d27940357453a7d9e2ef1e374c33b93a0758ac17b8aa827c5e27fd3"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10311 - Impairment of voting rights of persons holding current registration
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Nothing in chapters 103 to 107 of this title shall be construed to deny, impair, or otherwise adversely affect the right to vote of any person registered to vote under the law of any State or political subdivision.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 17, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 446; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973n of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10312"
|
||||
description: "Authorization of appropriations"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "103"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ENFORCEMENT OF VOTING RIGHTS"
|
||||
section: "10312"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10312"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10312"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "8ff3bed3726e86757512bf1d4da56829623a3002f3635c3ca31999aa7146541f"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "e52cd21eeeb123f546e0555945c36c4bd533bdc869ccf8b818e37de04ccad737"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10312 - Authorization of appropriations
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out the provisions of chapters 103 to 107 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 18, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 446; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973o of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10313"
|
||||
description: "Separability"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "103"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ENFORCEMENT OF VOTING RIGHTS"
|
||||
section: "10313"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10313"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10313"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "d601941bdeb8ded7dbd2c46bb3f4214eb37269cf22d26ac8e2f49d0e6457ddda"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "0d75196afa9274c95bf4510846337da2f153ef1f58ef1df88e64f149ba8c5b64"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10313 - Separability
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
If any provision of chapters 103 to 107 of this title or the application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the remainder of chapters 103 to 107 of this title and the application of the provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 19, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 446; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 91–285, § 2, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 314.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973p of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10314"
|
||||
description: "Construction"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "103"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ENFORCEMENT OF VOTING RIGHTS"
|
||||
section: "10314"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10314"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10314"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "22bf8f7ad817bb09ed804653e90dc97099a3a6fc4a66846fa1ccf911f71822fb"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "78096234cf7865fa50bb98873b0cb617e1000682fde562d60a45986bead5951c"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10314 - Construction
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
A reference in this chapter to the effective date of the amendments made by, or the date of the enactment of, the Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, Coretta Scott King, César E. Chávez, Barbara C. Jordan, William C. Velásquez, and Dr. Hector P. Garcia Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006 shall be considered to refer to, respectively, the effective date of the amendments made by, or the date of the enactment of, the Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title I, § 20, as added Pub. L. 110–258, § 3, July 1, 2008, 122 Stat. 2428.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThe effective date of the amendments made by, or the date of the enactment of, the Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–246, which was approved July 27, 2006.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973q of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10501"
|
||||
description: "Application of prohibition to other States; “test or device” defined"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "105"
|
||||
chapter_name: "SUPPLEMENTAL PROVISIONS"
|
||||
section: "10501"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10501"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10501"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "44dff168a0f890a063f136cbfb4d7264aed480619aa487b54a3b99fce65fe9ea"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "1bb007ca532afa2785180fe5a51f44c49b324d5acdb411ff1b5c0db127c0c739"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10501 - Application of prohibition to other States; “test or device” defined
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) No citizen shall be denied, because of his failure to comply with any test or device, the right to vote in any Federal, State, or local election conducted in any State or political subdivision of a State.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) As used in this section, the term “test or device” means any requirement that a person as a prerequisite for voting or registration for voting (1) demonstrate the ability to read, write, understand, or interpret any matter, (2) demonstrate any educational achievement or his knowledge of any particular subject, (3) possess good moral character, or (4) prove his qualifications by the voucher of registered voters or members of any other class.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title II, § 201, as added Pub. L. 91–285, § 6, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 315; amended Pub. L. 94–73, title I, § 102, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 400.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973aa of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1975—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–73 struck out “Prior to August 6, 1975,” and “as to which the provisions of section 1973b(a) of this title are not in effect by reason of determinations made under section 1973b(b) of this title”.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10502"
|
||||
description: "Residence requirements for voting"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "105"
|
||||
chapter_name: "SUPPLEMENTAL PROVISIONS"
|
||||
section: "10502"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10502"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10502"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "b8e508bf2c9d4ff213ee12ad1ea78e8e3b5fe8e2a760d6031627b49e30238e7c"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "39e0bf408481aa3e514ed8de248c9f515f71284f87ee54b73bf2bd15ad2f4a59"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10502 - Residence requirements for voting
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Congressional findings The Congress hereby finds that the imposition and application of the durational residency requirement as a precondition to voting for the offices of President and Vice President, and the lack of sufficient opportunities for absentee registration and absentee balloting in presidential elections—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) denies or abridges the inherent constitutional right of citizens to vote for their President and Vice President;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) denies or abridges the inherent constitutional right of citizens to enjoy their free movement across State lines;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) denies or abridges the privileges and immunities guaranteed to the citizens of each State under article IV, section 2, clause 1, of the Constitution;
|
||||
|
||||
(4) in some instances has the impermissible purpose or effect of denying citizens the right to vote for such officers because of the way they may vote;
|
||||
|
||||
(5) has the effect of denying to citizens the equality of civil rights, and due process and equal protection of the laws that are guaranteed to them under the fourteenth amendment; and
|
||||
|
||||
(6) does not bear a reasonable relationship to any compelling State interest in the conduct of presidential elections.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Congressional declaration: durational residency requirement, abolishment; absentee registration and balloting standards, establishment Upon the basis of these findings, Congress declares that in order to secure and protect the above-stated rights of citizens under the Constitution, to enable citizens to better obtain the enjoyment of such rights, and to enforce the guarantees of the fourteenth amendment, it is necessary (1) to completely abolish the durational residency requirement as a precondition to voting for President and Vice President, and (2) to establish nationwide, uniform standards relative to absentee registration and absentee balloting in presidential elections.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Prohibition of denial of right to vote because of durational residency requirement or absentee balloting No citizen of the United States who is otherwise qualified to vote in any election for President and Vice President shall be denied the right to vote for electors for President and Vice President, or for President and Vice President, in such election because of the failure of such citizen to comply with any durational residency requirement of such State or political subdivision; nor shall any citizen of the United States be denied the right to vote for electors for President and Vice President, or for President and Vice President, in such election because of the failure of such citizen to be physically present in such State or political subdivision at the time of such election, if such citizen shall have complied with the requirements prescribed by the law of such State or political subdivision providing for the casting of absentee ballots in such election.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Registration: time for application; absentee balloting: time of application and return of ballots For the purposes of this section, each State shall provide by law for the registration or other means of qualification of all duly qualified residents of such State who apply, not later than thirty days immediately prior to any presidential election, for registration or qualification to vote for the choice of electors for President and Vice President or for President and Vice President in such election; and each State shall provide by law for the casting of absentee ballots for the choice of electors for President and Vice President, or for President and Vice President, by all duly qualified residents of such State who may be absent from their election district or unit in such State on the day such election is held and who have applied therefor not later than seven days immediately prior to such election and have returned such ballots to the appropriate election official of such State not later than the time of closing of the polls in such State on the day of such election.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Change of residence; voting in person or by absentee ballot in State of prior residence If any citizen of the United States who is otherwise qualified to vote in any State or political subdivision in any election for President and Vice President has begun residence in such State or political subdivision after the thirtieth day next preceding such election and, for that reason, does not satisfy the registration requirements of such State or political subdivision he shall be allowed to vote for the choice of electors for President and Vice President, or for President and Vice President, in such election, (1) in person in the State or political subdivision in which he resided immediately prior to his removal if he had satisfied, as of the date of his change of residence, the requirements to vote in that State or political subdivision, or (2) by absentee ballot in the State or political subdivision in which he resided immediately prior to his removal if he satisfies, but for his nonresident status and the reason for his absence, the requirements for absentee voting in that State or political subdivision.
|
||||
|
||||
(f) Absentee registration requirement No citizen of the United States who is otherwise qualified to vote by absentee ballot in any State or political subdivision in any election for President and Vice President shall be denied the right to vote for the choice of electors for President and Vice President, or for President and Vice President, in such election because of any requirement of registration that does not include a provision for absentee registration.
|
||||
|
||||
(g) State or local adoption of less restrictive voting practices Nothing in this section shall prevent any State or political subdivision from adopting less restrictive voting practices than those that are prescribed herein.
|
||||
|
||||
(h) “State” defined The term “State” as used in this section includes each of the several States and the District of Columbia.
|
||||
|
||||
(i) False registration, and other fraudulent acts and conspiracies: application of penalty for false information in registering or voting The provisions of section 10307(c) of this title shall apply to false registration, and other fraudulent acts and conspiracies, committed under this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title II, § 202, as added Pub. L. 91–285, § 6, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 316.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973aa–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10503"
|
||||
description: "Bilingual election requirements"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
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|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "105"
|
||||
chapter_name: "SUPPLEMENTAL PROVISIONS"
|
||||
section: "10503"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10503"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10503 - Bilingual election requirements
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Congressional findings and declaration of policy The Congress finds that, through the use of various practices and procedures, citizens of language minorities have been effectively excluded from participation in the electoral process. Among other factors, the denial of the right to vote of such minority group citizens is ordinarily directly related to the unequal educational opportunities afforded them resulting in high illiteracy and low voting participation. The Congress declares that, in order to enforce the guarantees of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, it is necessary to eliminate such discrimination by prohibiting these practices, and by prescribing other remedial devices.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Bilingual voting materials requirement (1) Generally Before August 6, 2032, no covered State or political subdivision shall provide voting materials only in the English language.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Covered States and political subdivisions (A) Generally A State or political subdivision is a covered State or political subdivision for the purposes of this subsection if the Director of the Census determines, based on the 2010 American Community Survey census data and subsequent American Community Survey data in 5-year increments, or comparable census data, that—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) (I) more than 5 percent of the citizens of voting age of such State or political subdivision are members of a single language minority and are limited-English proficient;
|
||||
|
||||
(II) more than 10,000 of the citizens of voting age of such political subdivision are members of a single language minority and are limited-English proficient; or
|
||||
|
||||
(III) in the case of a political subdivision that contains all or any part of an Indian reservation, more than 5 percent of the American Indian or Alaska Native citizens of voting age within the Indian reservation are members of a single language minority and are limited-English proficient; and
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) the illiteracy rate of the citizens in the language minority as a group is higher than the national illiteracy rate.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Exception The prohibitions of this subsection do not apply in any political subdivision that has less than 5 percent voting age limited-English proficient citizens of each language minority which comprises over 5 percent of the statewide limited-English proficient population of voting age citizens, unless the political subdivision is a covered political subdivision independently from its State.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Definitions As used in this section—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the term “voting materials” means registration or voting notices, forms, instructions, assistance, or other materials or information relating to the electoral process, including ballots;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the term “limited-English proficient” means unable to speak or understand English adequately enough to participate in the electoral process;
|
||||
|
||||
(C) the term “Indian reservation” means any area that is an American Indian or Alaska Native area, as defined by the Census Bureau for the purposes of the 1990 decennial census;
|
||||
|
||||
(D) the term “citizens” means citizens of the United States; and
|
||||
|
||||
(E) the term “illiteracy” means the failure to complete the 5th primary grade.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Special rule The determinations of the Director of the Census under this subsection shall be effective upon publication in the Federal Register and shall not be subject to review in any court.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Requirement of voting notices, forms, instructions, assistance, or other materials and ballots in minority language Whenever any State or political subdivision subject to the prohibition of subsection (b) of this section provides any registration or voting notices, forms, instructions, assistance, or other materials or information relating to the electoral process, including ballots, it shall provide them in the language of the applicable minority group as well as in the English language: Provided, That where the language of the applicable minority group is oral or unwritten or in the case of Alaskan natives and American Indians, if the predominant language is historically unwritten, the State or political subdivision is only required to furnish oral instructions, assistance, or other information relating to registration and voting.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Action for declaratory judgment permitting English-only materials Any State or political subdivision subject to the prohibition of subsection (b) of this section, which seeks to provide English-only registration or voting materials or information, including ballots, may file an action against the United States in the United States District Court for a declaratory judgment permitting such provision. The court shall grant the requested relief if it determines that the illiteracy rate of the applicable language minority group within the State or political subdivision is equal to or less than the national illiteracy rate.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Definitions For purposes of this section, the term “language minorities” or “language minority group” means persons who are American Indian, Asian American, Alaskan Natives, or of Spanish heritage.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title II, § 203, as added Pub. L. 94–73, title III, § 301, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 402; amended Pub. L. 97–205, §§ 2(d), 4, June 29, 1982, 96 Stat. 134; Pub. L. 102–344, § 2, Aug. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 921; Pub. L. 109–246, §§ 7, 8, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 581.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973aa–1a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2006—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–246, § 7, substituted “2032” for “2007”. Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–246, § 8, substituted “the 2010 American Community Survey census data and subsequent American Community Survey data in 5-year increments, or comparable census data” for “census data” in introductory provisions. 1992—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–344 amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: “Prior to August 6, 1992, no State or political subdivision shall provide registration or voting notices, forms, instructions, assistance, or other materials or information relating to the electoral process, including ballots, only in the English language if the Director of the Census determines (i) that more than 5 percent of the citizens of voting age of such State or political subdivision are members of a single language minority and (ii) that the illiteracy rate of such persons as a group is higher than the national illiteracy rate: Provided, That the prohibitions of this subsection shall not apply in any political subdivision which has less than five percent voting age citizens of each language minority which comprises over five percent of the statewide population of voting age citizens. For purposes of this subsection, illiteracy means the failure to complete the fifth primary grade. The determinations of the Director of the Census under this subsection shall be effective upon publication in the Federal Register and shall not be subject to review in any court.” 1982—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–205, § 4, substituted “Prior to August 6, 1992” for “Prior to August 6, 1985”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–205, § 2(d), inserted “and American Indians” after “Alaskan natives”.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–205 effective June 29, 1982, see section 6 of Pub. L. 97–205, set out as a note under section 10301 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Extension to August 6, 1992, of Prohibition on Use of Voting Instructions, Assistance, or Other Materials or Information in English Only; Limitations Based on 1980 Census and Subsequent Census DataPub. L. 97–205, § 4, June 29, 1982, 96 Stat. 134, provided in part that: “[T]he extension made by this section [amending subsec. (b) of this section] shall apply only to determinations made by the Director of the Census under clause (i) of section 203(b) [subsec. (b)(i) of this section] for members of a single language minority who do not speak or understand English adequately enough to participate in the electoral process when such a determination can be made by the Director of the Census based on the 1980 and subsequent census data.”
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10504"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "105"
|
||||
chapter_name: "SUPPLEMENTAL PROVISIONS"
|
||||
section: "10504"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10504"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10504 - Judicial relief; civil actions by the Attorney General; three-judge district court; appeal to Supreme Court
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Whenever the Attorney General has reason to believe that a State or political subdivision (a) has enacted or is seeking to administer any test or device as a prerequisite to voting in violation of the prohibition contained in section 10501 of this title, or (b) undertakes to deny the right to vote in any election in violation of section 10502 or 10503 of this title, he may institute for the United States, or in the name of the United States, an action in a district court of the United States, in accordance with sections 1391 through 1393 11 See References in Text note below. of title 28, for a restraining order, a preliminary or permanent injunction, or such other order as he deems appropriate. An action under this subsection shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges in accordance with the provisions of section 2284 of title 28 and any appeal shall be to the Supreme Court.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title II, § 204, formerly § 203, as added Pub. L. 91–285, § 6, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 317; renumbered § 204 and amended Pub. L. 94–73, title III, §§ 302, 303, title IV, § 406, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 403, 405.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextSection 1393 of title 28, referred to in text, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–702, title X, § 1001(a), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4664.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973aa–2 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1975—Pub. L. 94–73 inserted reference to section 1973aa–1a of this title and substituted reference to section 2284 of title 28 for reference to section 2282 of title 28.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10505"
|
||||
description: "Penalty"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "105"
|
||||
chapter_name: "SUPPLEMENTAL PROVISIONS"
|
||||
section: "10505"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10505"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10505"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "f202fec305a0073885a58381e1f3c4a9b5b64a43c4a1374f2c1b3533496d327f"
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raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
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text_hash: "bf92a28a72f03d7352392b136b4a9a9cb42f5f741dac5d4aff934550301e5cb1"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10505 - Penalty
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Whoever shall deprive or attempt to deprive any person of any right secured by section 10501, 10502, or 10503 of this title shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title II, § 205, formerly § 204, as added Pub. L. 91–285, § 6, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 317; renumbered § 205 and amended Pub. L. 94–73, title III, §§ 302, 304, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 403.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973aa–3 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1975—Pub. L. 94–73 inserted reference to section 1973aa–1a of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10506"
|
||||
description: "Separability"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
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|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "105"
|
||||
chapter_name: "SUPPLEMENTAL PROVISIONS"
|
||||
section: "10506"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10506"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10506"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "f9b1a326fc0dda662204757258a142f63c8f360bc9bbe8e5850d19cb0a10142b"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
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||||
text_hash: "013799df53fe3da95def5135fd9bf71c9ecd12c2e5f4647ae414aaf20f82d26c"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10506 - Separability
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
If any provision of chapters 103 to 107 of this title or the application of any provision thereof to any person or circumstance is judicially determined to be invalid, the remainder of chapters 103 to 107 of this title or the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected by such determination.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title II, § 206, formerly § 205, as added Pub. L. 91–285, § 6, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 318; renumbered § 206, Pub. L. 94–73, title III, § 302, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 403.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973aa–4 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10507"
|
||||
description: "Survey to compile registration and voting statistics"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "105"
|
||||
chapter_name: "SUPPLEMENTAL PROVISIONS"
|
||||
section: "10507"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10507"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10507"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "1aa9c040402adc25c53a4b62a1b22685c840b8cf0bb8c7d5617435441fd41135"
|
||||
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|
||||
text_hash: "d9b2ffa2eec4108764bf76ab146519d966453f32a0e6c4f58ae253b5b4cbfc28"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10507 - Survey to compile registration and voting statistics
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Elections to House of Representatives and elections designated by United States Commission on Civil Rights Congress hereby directs the Director of the Census forthwith to conduct a survey to compile registration and voting statistics: (i) in every State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions of section 10303(a) of this title are in effect, for every statewide general election for Members of the United States House of Representatives after January 1, 1974; and (ii) in every State or political subdivision for any election designated by the United States Commission on Civil Rights. Such surveys shall only include a count of citizens of voting age, race or color, and national origin, and a determination of the extent to which such persons are registered to vote and have voted in the elections surveyed.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Prohibition against compulsion to disclose personal data; advice of rights In any survey under subsection (a) of this section no person shall be compelled to disclose his race, color, national origin, political party affiliation, or how he voted (or the reasons therefor), nor shall any penalty be imposed for his failure or refusal to make such disclosures. Every person interrogated orally, by written survey or questionnaire, or by any other means with respect to such information shall be fully advised of his right to fail or refuse to furnish such information.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Report to Congress The Director of the Census shall, at the earliest practicable time, report to the Congress the results of every survey conducted pursuant to the provisions of subsection (a) of this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Confidentiality of information; penalties The provisions of section 9 and chapter 7 of title 13 shall apply to any survey, collection, or compilation of registration and voting statistics carried out under subsection (a) of this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title II, § 207, as added Pub. L. 94–73, title IV, § 403, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 404.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973aa–5 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10508"
|
||||
description: "Voting assistance for blind, disabled or illiterate persons"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "105"
|
||||
chapter_name: "SUPPLEMENTAL PROVISIONS"
|
||||
section: "10508"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10508"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10508"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "8e1bee50bab4e19e6d81161e6209741d9d2c7a95821a6b7004789d48e84af29f"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "371277ca5a4b98584a27ef6803bfe1384ee10e14b22b391654b9cc142a920b2a"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10508 - Voting assistance for blind, disabled or illiterate persons
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Any voter who requires assistance to vote by reason of blindness, disability, or inability to read or write may be given assistance by a person of the voter’s choice, other than the voter’s employer or agent of that employer or officer or agent of the voter’s union.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title II, § 208, as added Pub. L. 97–205, § 5, June 29, 1982, 96 Stat. 135.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973aa–6 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DatePub. L. 97–205, § 5, June 29, 1982, 96 Stat. 134, provided that this section is effective Jan. 1, 1984.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10701"
|
||||
description: "Enforcement of twenty-sixth amendment"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "107"
|
||||
chapter_name: "RIGHT TO VOTE AT AGE EIGHTEEN"
|
||||
section: "10701"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10701"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10701"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "36d3b30de2a14b289e6f0c42524ad5c6bf83faa793065c5176750dc5268438e0"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "d389cbb5ff7c2a74c32d7d1daf9a7617696d5357ad16c039e47ee1a1f9c618cb"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10701 - Enforcement of twenty-sixth amendment
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) (1) The Attorney General is directed to institute, in the name of the United States, such actions against States or political subdivisions, including actions for injunctive relief, as he may determine to be necessary to implement the twenty-sixth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of proceedings instituted under this chapter, which shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges in accordance with section 2284 of title 28, and any appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court. It shall be the duty of the judges designated to hear the case to assign the case for hearing and determination thereof, and to cause the case to be in every way expedited.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Whoever shall deny or attempt to deny any person of any right secured by the twenty-sixth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title III, § 301, as added Pub. L. 91–285, § 6, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 318; amended Pub. L. 94–73, title IV, § 407, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 405.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973bb of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1975—Pub. L. 94–73 substituted provisions authorizing the Attorney General to institute proceedings to enforce twenty-sixth amendment, the jurisdiction of the district courts, and penalties for denial of rights secured by twenty-sixth amendment, for provisions relating to Congressional findings and prohibition of denial of right to vote on account of age.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 10702"
|
||||
description: "“State” defined"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "107"
|
||||
chapter_name: "RIGHT TO VOTE AT AGE EIGHTEEN"
|
||||
section: "10702"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 10702"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s10702"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "9692aaa3f52fcaaf53a5d146e578a84852e1750b9f53155d1d9dfb60eb0875a6"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
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||||
text_hash: "6c804adda53b9db8ee067927ad7e080d5eb9af44d7fb824cef15acc463385103"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 10702 - “State” defined
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
As used in this chapter, the term “State” includes the District of Columbia.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 89–110, title III, § 302, as added Pub. L. 91–285, § 6, June 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 318; amended Pub. L. 94–73, title IV, § 407, Aug. 6, 1975, 89 Stat. 405.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973bb–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1975—Pub. L. 94–73 substituted definition of State for provisions prohibiting denial of right to vote because of age.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20101"
|
||||
description: "Congressional declaration of purpose"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "201"
|
||||
chapter_name: "VOTING ACCESSIBILITY FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED"
|
||||
section: "20101"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20101"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20101"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "fb377981250e58810ef24b1da8ea5af2346101717cd47a7ed0d99728bd3bde78"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "a159e3085f4a971e249a78963073194b5b2ae2f0775c4f569ae407b3c25ce392"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20101 - Congressional declaration of purpose
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
It is the intention of Congress in enacting this chapter to promote the fundamental right to vote by improving access for handicapped and elderly individuals to registration facilities and polling places for Federal elections.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 98–435, § 2, Sept. 28, 1984, 98 Stat. 1678.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ee of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DatePub. L. 98–435, § 9, Sept. 28, 1984, 98 Stat. 1680, provided that: “This Act [enacting this chapter] shall apply with respect to elections taking place after December 31, 1985.”
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20102"
|
||||
description: "Selection of polling facilities"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "201"
|
||||
chapter_name: "VOTING ACCESSIBILITY FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED"
|
||||
section: "20102"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20102"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20102"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "d6036ca777cf0096e0975484e40ee70b5321050d363bc7add14f1c2b72566867"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "778dcf70368affb5123ebe7d233d4d84d877d2896ef103391cab3effebedadd4"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20102 - Selection of polling facilities
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Accessibility to all polling places as responsibility of each political subdivision Within each State, except as provided in subsection (b), each political subdivision responsible for conducting elections shall assure that all polling places for Federal elections are accessible to handicapped and elderly voters.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Exception Subsection (a) shall not apply to a polling place—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) in the case of an emergency, as determined by the chief election officer of the State; or
|
||||
|
||||
(2) if the chief election officer of the State—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) determines that all potential polling places have been surveyed and no such accessible place is available, nor is the political subdivision able to make one temporarily accessible, in the area involved; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) assures that any handicapped or elderly voter assigned to an inaccessible polling place, upon advance request of such voter (pursuant to procedures established by the chief election officer of the State)—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) will be assigned to an accessible polling place, or
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) will be provided with an alternative means for casting a ballot on the day of the election.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Report to Federal Election Commission (1) Not later than December 31 of each even-numbered year, the chief election officer of each State shall report to the Federal Election Commission, in a manner to be determined by the Commission, the number of accessible and inaccessible polling places in such State on the date of the preceding general Federal election, and the reasons for any instance of inaccessibility.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Not later than April 30 of each odd-numbered year, the Federal Election Commission shall compile the information reported under paragraph (1) and shall transmit that information to the Congress.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) The provisions of this subsection shall only be effective for a period of 10 years beginning on September 28, 1984.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 98–435, § 3, Sept. 28, 1984, 98 Stat. 1678.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ee–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection applicable with respect to elections taking place after Dec. 31, 1985, see section 9 of Pub. L. 98–435, set out as a note under section 20101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20103"
|
||||
description: "Selection of registration facilities"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "201"
|
||||
chapter_name: "VOTING ACCESSIBILITY FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED"
|
||||
section: "20103"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20103"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20103"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "04d52711f17111bec65b152601efe458ab21d818f957d7a216ed81aa704a2b61"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "e64228ce70840f5a93bfec781a3387bb432d6c422316470d37f96ef445a572da"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20103 - Selection of registration facilities
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Each State or political subdivision responsible for registration for Federal elections shall provide a reasonable number of accessible permanent registration facilities.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Subsection (a) does not apply to any State that has in effect a system that provides an opportunity for each potential voter to register by mail or at the residence of such voter.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 98–435, § 4, Sept. 28, 1984, 98 Stat. 1679.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ee–2 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection applicable with respect to elections taking place after Dec. 31, 1985, see section 9 of Pub. L. 98–435, set out as a note under section 20101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20104"
|
||||
description: "Registration and voting aids"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "201"
|
||||
chapter_name: "VOTING ACCESSIBILITY FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED"
|
||||
section: "20104"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20104"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20104"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "5bb3819dea1d303efe1445ec4e4e790b2ded0145d865696a5d1f321316509b2c"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "169843466ff3e3ebfb495b87be78b45d8c3f70944bcac51964520c5a0107f7c9"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20104 - Registration and voting aids
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Printed instructions; telecommunications devices for the deaf Each State shall make available registration and voting aids for Federal elections for handicapped and elderly individuals, including—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) instructions, printed in large type, conspicuously displayed at each permanent registration facility and each polling place; and
|
||||
|
||||
(2) information by telecommunications devices for the deaf.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Medical certification No notarization or medical certification shall be required of a handicapped voter with respect to an absentee ballot or an application for such ballot, except that medical certification may be required when the certification establishes eligibility, under State law—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) to automatically receive an application or a ballot on a continuing basis; or
|
||||
|
||||
(2) to apply for an absentee ballot after the deadline has passed.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Notice of availability of aids The chief election officer of each State shall provide public notice, calculated to reach elderly and handicapped voters, of the availability of aids under this section, assistance under section 10508 of this title, and the procedures for voting by absentee ballot, not later than general public notice of registration and voting is provided.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 98–435, § 5, Sept. 28, 1984, 98 Stat. 1679.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ee–3 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection applicable with respect to elections taking place after Dec. 31, 1985, see section 9 of Pub. L. 98–435, set out as a note under section 20101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20105"
|
||||
description: "Enforcement"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "201"
|
||||
chapter_name: "VOTING ACCESSIBILITY FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED"
|
||||
section: "20105"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20105"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20105"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "ac04eb777334884a38baeb30e25dd283883b218c0f56b164dffd5ed5fa63e543"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "e160f4e0ac66131f71dcc20bc4829a1c379ccbe2a524fd495aad1e89723507bd"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20105 - Enforcement
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Action for declaratory or injunctive relief If a State or political subdivision does not comply with this chapter, the United States Attorney General or a person who is personally aggrieved by the noncompliance may bring an action for declaratory or injunctive relief in the appropriate district court.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Prerequisite notice of noncompliance An action may be brought under this section only if the plaintiff notifies the chief election officer of the State of the noncompliance and a period of 45 days has elapsed since the date of notification.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Attorney fees Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no award of attorney fees may be made with respect to an action under this section, except in any action brought to enforce the original judgment of the court.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 98–435, § 6, Sept. 28, 1984, 98 Stat. 1679.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ee–4 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection applicable with respect to elections taking place after Dec. 31, 1985, see section 9 of Pub. L. 98–435, set out as a note under section 20101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20106"
|
||||
description: "Relationship to Voting Rights Act of 1965"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "201"
|
||||
chapter_name: "VOTING ACCESSIBILITY FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED"
|
||||
section: "20106"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20106"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20106 - Relationship to Voting Rights Act of 1965
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter shall not be construed to impair any right guaranteed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 1973 et seq.) [now 52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.].
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 98–435, § 7, Sept. 28, 1984, 98 Stat. 1679.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThe Voting Rights Act of 1965, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 89–110, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 437, which is classified generally to chapters 103 (§ 10301 et seq.), 105 (§ 10501 et seq.), and 107 (§ 10701 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ee–5 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection applicable with respect to elections taking place after Dec. 31, 1985, see section 9 of Pub. L. 98–435, set out as a note under section 20101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20107"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "201"
|
||||
chapter_name: "VOTING ACCESSIBILITY FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED"
|
||||
section: "20107"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20107"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20107 - Definitions
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
As used in this chapter, the term—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) “accessible” means accessible to handicapped and elderly individuals for the purpose of voting or registration, as determined under guidelines established by the chief election officer of the State involved;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) “elderly” means 65 years of age or older;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) “Federal election” means a general, special, primary, or runoff election for the office of President or Vice President, or of Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress;
|
||||
|
||||
(4) “handicapped” means having a temporary or permanent physical disability; and
|
||||
|
||||
(5) “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possesssion 11 So in original. Probably should be “possession”. of the United States.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 98–435, § 8, Sept. 28, 1984, 98 Stat. 1679.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ee–6 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection applicable with respect to elections taking place after Dec. 31, 1985, see section 9 of Pub. L. 98–435, set out as a note under section 20101 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20301"
|
||||
description: "Federal responsibilities"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "203"
|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20301"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20301"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20301 - Federal responsibilities
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Presidential designee The President shall designate the head of an executive department to have primary responsibility for Federal functions under this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Duties of Presidential designee The Presidential designee shall—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) consult State and local election officials in carrying out this chapter, and ensure that such officials are aware of the requirements of this Act;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) prescribe an official post card form, containing both an absentee voter registration application and an absentee ballot application, for use by the States as required under section 20302(a)(4) of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) carry out section 20303 of this title with respect to the Federal write-in absentee ballot for absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters in general elections for Federal office;
|
||||
|
||||
(4) prescribe a suggested design for absentee ballot mailing envelopes;
|
||||
|
||||
(5) compile and distribute (A) descriptive material on State absentee registration and voting procedures, and (B) to the extent practicable, facts relating to specific elections, including dates, offices involved, and the text of ballot questions;
|
||||
|
||||
(6) not later than the end of each year after a Presidential election year, transmit to the President and the Congress a report on the effectiveness of assistance under this chapter, including a statistical analysis of uniformed services voter participation, a separate statistical analysis of overseas nonmilitary participation, and a description of State-Federal cooperation;
|
||||
|
||||
(7) prescribe a standard oath for use with any document under this chapter affirming that a material misstatement of fact in the completion of such a document may constitute grounds for a conviction for perjury;
|
||||
|
||||
(8) carry out section 20304 of this title with respect to the collection and delivery of marked absentee ballots of absent overseas uniformed services voters in elections for Federal office;
|
||||
|
||||
(9) to the greatest extent practicable, take such actions as may be necessary—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) to ensure that absent uniformed services voters who cast absentee ballots at locations or facilities under the jurisdiction of the Presidential designee are able to do so in a private and independent manner; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) to protect the privacy of the contents of absentee ballots cast by absentee uniformed services voters and overseas voters while such ballots are in the possession or control of the Presidential designee;
|
||||
|
||||
(10) carry out section 20305 of this title with respect to Federal Voting Assistance Program Improvements; and
|
||||
|
||||
(11) working with the Election Assistance Commission and the chief State election official of each State, develop standards—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) for States to report data on the number of absentee ballots transmitted and received under section 20302(c) of this title and such other data as the Presidential designee determines appropriate; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) for the Presidential designee to store the data reported.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Duties of other Federal officials (1) In general The head of each Government department, agency, or other entity shall, upon request of the Presidential designee, distribute balloting materials and otherwise cooperate in carrying out this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Administrator of General Services As directed by the Presidential designee, the Administrator of General Services shall furnish official post card forms (prescribed under subsection (b)) and Federal write-in absentee ballots (prescribed under section 20303 of this title).
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Authorization of appropriations for carrying out Federal Voting Assistance Program Improvements There are authorized to be appropriated to the Presidential designee such sums as are necessary for purposes of carrying out subsection (b)(10).
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 99–410, title I, § 101, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 924; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, title XXII, § 2219(c), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–817; Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XVI, § 1606(a)(2), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1279; Pub. L. 107–252, title VII, § 705(a), (b)(1), (c), Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1724, 1725; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, § 566(a), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1919; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, §§ 580(b), (e), 583(a)(2), 584(a), 585(b)(1), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2325, 2328, 2330, 2331; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(d)(4), (5), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4372.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 99–410, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 924, known as the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2011—Subsec. (b)(2), (4), (11). Pub. L. 111–383, § 1075(d)(4), (5), amended Pub. L. 111–84, §§ 584(a), 585(b)(1). See 2009 Amendment notes below. 2009—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 111–84, § 585(b)(1)(A), as added by Pub. L. 111–383, § 1075(d)(5), substituted “section 1973ff–1(a)(4)” for “section 1973ff–1(4)”. Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 111–84, § 585(b)(1)(B), as added by Pub. L. 111–383, § 1075(d)(5), added par. (4) and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows: “prescribe a suggested design for absentee ballot mailing envelopes for use by the States as recommended in section 1973ff–3 of this title;”. Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 111–84, § 580(b), added par. (8). Subsec. (b)(9). Pub. L. 111–84, § 580(e), added par. (9). Subsec. (b)(10). Pub. L. 111–84, § 583(a)(2)(A), added par. (10). Subsec. (b)(11). Pub. L. 111–84, § 584(a), as amended by Pub. L. 111–383, § 1075(d)(4), added par. (11). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 111–84, § 583(a)(2)(B), added subsec. (d). 2004—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–375 substituted “absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters” for “overseas voters”. 2002—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–252, § 705(a), inserted “, and ensure that such officials are aware of the requirements of this Act” before semicolon at end. Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 107–252, § 705(c), substituted “a separate statistical analysis” for “a general assessment”. Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 107–252, § 705(b)(1), added par. (7). 2001—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 107–107 substituted “as required under section 1973ff–1(4) of this title” for “as recommended in section 1973ff–3 of this title”. 1998—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 105–277 substituted “of uniformed services voter participation, a general assessment of overseas nonmilitary participation,” for “of voter participation”.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2011 AmendmentPub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(d), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4372, provided that the amendment by section 1075(d)(4), (5) is effective as of Oct. 28, 2009, and as if included in Pub. L. 111–84 as enacted.
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2009 AmendmentPub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 580(f), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2326, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting section 20304 of this title and amending this section and section 20302 of this title] shall apply with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office.” Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 583(a)(3), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2328, provided that: “The amendments made by this subsection [enacting section 20305 of this title and amending this section] shall apply with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office.” Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 584(c), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2331, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 20302 of this title] shall apply with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office.”
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DatePub. L. 99–410, title II, § 204, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 930, provided that: “The amendments and repeals made by this Act [see Tables for classification] shall apply with respect to elections taking place after December 31, 1987.”
|
||||
|
||||
Sense of Congress Regarding the Importance of VotingPub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XVI, § 1601, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1274, provided that: “(a) Sense of Congress.—It is the sense of Congress that each person who is an administrator of a Federal, State, or local election—“(1) should be aware of the importance of the ability of each uniformed services voter to exercise the right to vote; and “(2) should perform that person’s duties as an election administrator with the intent to ensure that—“(A) each uniformed services voter receives the utmost consideration and cooperation when voting; “(B) each valid ballot cast by such a voter is duly counted; and “(C) all eligible American voters, regardless of race, ethnicity, disability, the language they speak, or the resources of the community in which they live, should have an equal opportunity to cast a vote and to have that vote counted. “(b) Uniformed Services Voter Defined.—In this section, the term ‘uniformed services voter’ means—“(1) a member of a uniformed service (as defined in section 101(a)(5) of title 10, United States Code) in active service; “(2) a member of the merchant marine (as defined in section 107 of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (42 U.S.C. 1973ff–6) [now 52 U.S.C. 20310]); and “(3) a spouse or dependent of a member referred to in paragraph (1) or (2) who is qualified to vote.”
|
||||
|
||||
Electronic Voting Demonstration ProjectPub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XVI, § 1604, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1277, as amended by Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, § 567, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1919, which established a demonstration project under which absent uniformed services voters were permitted to vote in the November 2002 general election for Federal office through an electronic voting system, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title V, § 593, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3395.
|
||||
|
||||
Governors’ Reports on Implementation of Recommendations for Changes in State Law Made Under Federal Voting Assistance ProgramPub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XVI, § 1605, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1277, required the chief executive authority of a State to provide an implementation status report to the Secretary of Defense, acting as the Presidential designee, within 90 days of receiving a uniformed services voting assistance legislative recommendation from the Secretary of Defense and was applicable to any uniformed services voting assistance legislative recommendation transmitted to a state during the three-year period beginning on Dec. 28, 2001.
|
||||
|
||||
Executive Documents
|
||||
|
||||
Ex. Ord. No. 12642. Designation of Secretary of Defense as Presidential Designee Ex. Ord. No. 12642, June 8, 1988, 53 F.R. 21975, provided: By virtue of the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, including section 101(a) of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (Public Law 99–410) (“the Act”) [52 U.S.C. 20301(a)], it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. The Secretary of Defense is hereby designated as the “Presidential designee” under Title I of the Act [52 U.S.C. 20301 et seq.]. Sec. 2. In order to effectuate the purposes of the Act, the Secretary of Defense is hereby authorized to delegate any or all of the functions, responsibilities, powers, authority, or discretion devolving upon him in consequence of this Order to any person or persons within the Department of Defense. Ronald Reagan.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20301a"
|
||||
description: "Duties of Secretary under Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "203"
|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20301a"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20301a"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20301a"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20301a - Duties of Secretary under Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Ensuring ability of absent uniformed services voters serving at diplomatic and consular posts to receive and transmit balloting materials In carrying out the Secretary’s duties as the Presidential designee under the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (52 U.S.C. 20301 et seq.), the Secretary shall take such actions as may be necessary, feasible, and practical to ensure that a uniformed services voter under such Act who is absent from the United States by reason of active duty or service at a diplomatic and consular post of the United States is able to receive and transmit balloting materials in the same manner and with the same rights and protections as a uniformed services voter under such Act who is absent from the United States by reason of active duty or service at a military installation.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Effective date This section shall apply with respect to elections held on or after January 1, 2021.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title X, § 1086, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3877.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThe Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 99–410, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 924, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was enacted as part of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, and not as part of title I of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act which comprises this chapter.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20302"
|
||||
description: "State responsibilities"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "203"
|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20302"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20302"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20302"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "57d81d2995e912b16e02e0f7450aee1515cf5e7a63aeeb0daeb927428aeccb1e"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "e3e4e4fc7d248fd9ac13e5f02d2a063efabb20507ffc1353959f1068c26e139c"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20302 - State responsibilities
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general Each State shall—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) permit absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters to use absentee registration procedures and to vote by absentee ballot in general, special, primary, and runoff elections for Federal office;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) accept and process, with respect to any election for Federal office, any otherwise valid voter registration application and absentee ballot application from an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter, if the application is received by the appropriate State election official not less than 30 days before the election;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) permit absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters to use Federal write-in absentee ballots (in accordance with section 20303 of this title) in general elections for Federal office;
|
||||
|
||||
(4) use the official post card form (prescribed under section 20301 of this title) for simultaneous voter registration application and absentee ballot application;
|
||||
|
||||
(5) if the State requires an oath or affirmation to accompany any document under this chapter, use the standard oath prescribed by the Presidential designee under section 20301(b)(7) of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(6) in addition to any other method of registering to vote or applying for an absentee ballot in the State, establish procedures—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) for absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters to request by mail and electronically voter registration applications and absentee ballot applications with respect to general, special, primary, and runoff elections for Federal office in accordance with subsection (e);
|
||||
|
||||
(B) for States to send by mail and electronically (in accordance with the preferred method of transmission designated by the absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter under subparagraph (C)) voter registration applications and absentee ballot applications requested under subparagraph (A) in accordance with subsection (e); and
|
||||
|
||||
(C) by which the absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter can designate whether the voter prefers that such voter registration application or absentee ballot application be transmitted by mail or electronically;
|
||||
|
||||
(7) in addition to any other method of transmitting blank absentee ballots in the State, establish procedures for transmitting by mail and electronically blank absentee ballots to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters with respect to general, special, primary, and runoff elections for Federal office in accordance with subsection (f);
|
||||
|
||||
(8) transmit a validly requested absentee ballot to an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) except as provided in subsection (g), in the case in which the request is received at least 45 days before an election for Federal office, not later than 45 days before the election; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) in the case in which the request is received less than 45 days before an election for Federal office—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) in accordance with State law; and
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) if practicable and as determined appropriate by the State, in a manner that expedites the transmission of such absentee ballot;
|
||||
|
||||
(9) if the State declares or otherwise holds a runoff election for Federal office, establish a written plan that provides absentee ballots are made available to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters in manner 11 So in original. Probably should be “in a manner”. that gives them sufficient time to vote in the runoff election;
|
||||
|
||||
(10) carry out section 20304(b)(1) of this title with respect to the processing and acceptance of marked absentee ballots of absent overseas uniformed services voters; and
|
||||
|
||||
(11) report data on the number of absentee ballots transmitted and received under subsection (c) and such other data as the Presidential designee determines appropriate in accordance with the standards developed by the Presidential designee under section 20301(b)(11) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Designation of single State office to provide information on registration and absentee ballot procedures for all voters in State (1) In general Each State shall designate a single office which shall be responsible for providing information regarding voter registration procedures and absentee ballot procedures to be used by absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters with respect to elections for Federal office (including procedures relating to the use of the Federal write-in absentee ballot) to all absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters who wish to register to vote or vote in any jurisdiction in the State.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Recommendation regarding use of office to accept and process materials Congress recommends that the State office designated under paragraph (1) be responsible for carrying out the State’s duties under this Act, including accepting valid voter registration applications, absentee ballot applications, and absentee ballots (including Federal write-in absentee ballots) from all absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters who wish to register to vote or vote in any jurisdiction in the State.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Report on number of absentee ballots transmitted and received Not later than 90 days after the date of each regularly scheduled general election for Federal office, each State and unit of local government which administered the election shall (through the State, in the case of a unit of local government) submit a report to the Election Assistance Commission (established under the Help America Vote Act of 2002 [52 U.S.C. 20901 et seq.]) on the combined number of absentee ballots transmitted to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters for the election and the combined number of such ballots which were returned by such voters and cast in the election, and shall make such report available to the general public.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Registration notification With respect to each absent uniformed services voter and each overseas voter who submits a voter registration application or an absentee ballot request, if the State rejects the application or request, the State shall provide the voter with the reasons for the rejection.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Designation of means of electronic communication for absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters to request and for States to send voter registration applications and absentee ballot applications, and for other purposes related to voting information (1) In general Each State shall, in addition to the designation of a single State office under subsection (b), designate not less than 1 means of electronic communication—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) for use by absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters who wish to register to vote or vote in any jurisdiction in the State to request voter registration applications and absentee ballot applications under subsection (a)(6);
|
||||
|
||||
(B) for use by States to send voter registration applications and absentee ballot applications requested under such subsection; and
|
||||
|
||||
(C) for the purpose of providing related voting, balloting, and election information to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Clarification regarding provision of multiple means of electronic communication A State may, in addition to the means of electronic communication so designated, provide multiple means of electronic communication to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters, including a means of electronic communication for the appropriate jurisdiction of the State.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Inclusion of designated means of electronic communication with informational and instructional materials that accompany balloting materials Each State shall include a means of electronic communication so designated with all informational and instructional materials that accompany balloting materials sent by the State to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Availability and maintenance of online repository of State contact information The Federal Voting Assistance Program of the Department of Defense shall maintain and make available to the public an online repository of State contact information with respect to elections for Federal office, including the single State office designated under subsection (b) and the means of electronic communication designated under paragraph (1), to be used by absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters as a resource to send voter registration applications and absentee ballot applications to the appropriate jurisdiction in the State.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) Transmission if no preference indicated In the case where an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter does not designate a preference under subsection (a)(6)(C), the State shall transmit the voter registration application or absentee ballot application by any delivery method allowable in accordance with applicable State law, or if there is no applicable State law, by mail.
|
||||
|
||||
(6) Security and privacy protections (A) Security protections To the extent practicable, States shall ensure that the procedures established under subsection (a)(6) protect the security and integrity of the voter registration and absentee ballot application request processes.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Privacy protections To the extent practicable, the procedures established under subsection (a)(6) shall ensure that the privacy of the identity and other personal data of an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter who requests or is sent a voter registration application or absentee ballot application under such subsection is protected throughout the process of making such request or being sent such application.
|
||||
|
||||
(f) Transmission of blank absentee ballots by mail and electronically (1) In general Each State shall establish procedures—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) to transmit blank absentee ballots by mail and electronically (in accordance with the preferred method of transmission designated by the absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter under subparagraph (B)) to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters for an election for Federal office; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) by which the absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter can designate whether the voter prefers that such blank absentee ballot be transmitted by mail or electronically.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Transmission if no preference indicated In the case where an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter does not designate a preference under paragraph (1)(B), the State shall transmit the ballot by any delivery method allowable in accordance with applicable State law, or if there is no applicable State law, by mail.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Security and privacy protections (A) Security protections To the extent practicable, States shall ensure that the procedures established under subsection (a)(7) protect the security and integrity of absentee ballots.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Privacy protections To the extent practicable, the procedures established under subsection (a)(7) shall ensure that the privacy of the identity and other personal data of an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter to whom a blank absentee ballot is transmitted under such subsection is protected throughout the process of such transmission.
|
||||
|
||||
(g) Hardship exemption (1) In general If the chief State election official determines that the State is unable to meet the requirement under subsection (a)(8)(A) with respect to an election for Federal office due to an undue hardship described in paragraph (2)(B), the chief State election official shall request that the Presidential designee grant a waiver to the State of the application of such subsection. Such request shall include—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) a recognition that the purpose of such subsection is to allow absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters enough time to vote in an election for Federal office;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) an explanation of the hardship that indicates why the State is unable to transmit absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters an absentee ballot in accordance with such subsection;
|
||||
|
||||
(C) the number of days prior to the election for Federal office that the State requires absentee ballots be transmitted to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters; and
|
||||
|
||||
(D) a comprehensive plan to ensure that absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters are able to receive absentee ballots which they have requested and submit marked absentee ballots to the appropriate State election official in time to have that ballot counted in the election for Federal office, which includes—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) the steps the State will undertake to ensure that absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters have time to receive, mark, and submit their ballots in time to have those ballots counted in the election;
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) why the plan provides absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters sufficient time to vote as a substitute for the requirements under such subsection; and
|
||||
|
||||
(iii) the underlying factual information which explains how the plan provides such sufficient time to vote as a substitute for such requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Approval of waiver request After consulting with the Attorney General, the Presidential designee shall approve a waiver request under paragraph (1) if the Presidential designee determines each of the following requirements are met:
|
||||
|
||||
(A) The comprehensive plan under subparagraph (D) of such paragraph provides absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters sufficient time to receive absentee ballots they have requested and submit marked absentee ballots to the appropriate State election official in time to have that ballot counted in the election for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) One or more of the following issues creates an undue hardship for the State:
|
||||
|
||||
(i) The State’s primary election date prohibits the State from complying with subsection (a)(8)(A).
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) The State has suffered a delay in generating ballots due to a legal contest.
|
||||
|
||||
(iii) The State Constitution prohibits the State from complying with such subsection.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Timing of waiver (A) In general Except as provided under subparagraph (B), a State that requests a waiver under paragraph (1) shall submit to the Presidential designee the written waiver request not later than 90 days before the election for Federal office with respect to which the request is submitted. The Presidential designee shall approve or deny the waiver request not later than 65 days before such election.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Exception If a State requests a waiver under paragraph (1) as the result of an undue hardship described in paragraph (2)(B)(ii), the State shall submit to the Presidential designee the written waiver request as soon as practicable. The Presidential designee shall approve or deny the waiver request not later than 5 business days after the date on which the request is received.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Application of waiver A waiver approved under paragraph (2) shall only apply with respect to the election for Federal office for which the request was submitted. For each subsequent election for Federal office, the Presidential designee shall only approve a waiver if the State has submitted a request under paragraph (1) with respect to such election.
|
||||
|
||||
(h) Tracking marked ballots The chief State election official, in coordination with local election jurisdictions, shall develop a free access system by which an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter may determine whether the absentee ballot of the absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter has been received by the appropriate State election official.
|
||||
|
||||
(i) Prohibiting refusal to accept applications for failure to meet certain requirements A State shall not refuse to accept and process any otherwise valid voter registration application or absentee ballot application (including the official post card form prescribed under section 20301 of this title) or marked absentee ballot submitted in any manner by an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter solely on the basis of the following:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Notarization requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Restrictions on paper type, including weight and size.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Restrictions on envelope type, including weight and size.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 99–410, title I, § 102, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 925; Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XVI, § 1606(a)(1), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1278; Pub. L. 107–252, title VII, §§ 702, 703(a), 705(b)(2), 707, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1723–1725; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, § 566(b), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1919; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, §§ 577(a), 578(a), 579(a), (b), 580(c), (d), 582(a), 584(b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2319, 2321–2323, 2325, 2327, 2330.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is Pub. L. 99–410, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 924, known as the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. The Help America Vote Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (c), is Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1666, which is classified principally to chapter 209 (§ 20901 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Pub. L. 111–84, §§ 577(a)(1), 578(a)(1), 579(a)(1), (b), 580(c), and 584(b), added pars. (6) to (11), respectively, to subsec. (a) of this section. In making the addition of par. (9) to subsec. (a), section 579(b)(1) of Pub. L. 111–84 directed the striking out of “and” at the end of par. (7), which could not be executed because the word “and” did not appear at the end.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2009—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 111–84, § 577(a)(1), added par. (6). Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 111–84, § 578(a)(1), added par. (7). Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 111–84, § 579(a)(1), added par. (8). Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 111–84, § 579(b), added par. (9). See Codification note above. Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 111–84, § 580(c), added par. (10). Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 111–84, § 584(b), added par. (11). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 111–84, § 577(a)(2), added subsec. (e). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 111–84, § 578(a)(2), added subsec. (f). Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–84, § 579(a)(2), added subsec. (g). Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 111–84, § 580(d), added subsec. (h). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 111–84, § 582(a), added subsec. (i). 2004—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 108–375 substituted “absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters” for “overseas voters”. 2002—Pub. L. 107–252, § 702, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 107–252, § 705(b)(2), added par. (5). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–252, § 703(a), added subsec. (c). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–252, § 707, added subsec. (d). 2001—Par. (2). Pub. L. 107–107, § 1606(a)(1)(A), struck out “general, special, primary, or runoff” before “election for Federal office” and “and” after semicolon at end and inserted “and absentee ballot application” after “voter registration application”. Par. (4). Pub. L. 107–107, § 1606(a)(1)(B), (C), added par. (4).
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2009 AmendmentPub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 577(b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2320, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office.” Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 578(b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2321, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office.” Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 579(c), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2324, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office.” Amendment by section 580(c), (d) of Pub. L. 111–84 applicable with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office, see section 580(f) of Pub. L. 111–84, set out as a note under section 20301 of this title. Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 582(c), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2327, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 20303 of this title] shall apply with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office.” Amendment by section 584(b) of Pub. L. 111–84 applicable with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office, see section 584(c) of Pub. L. 111–84, set out as a note under section 20301 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Clarification Regarding Delegation of State Responsibilities to Local JurisdictionsPub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 576, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2319, provided that: “Nothing in the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (52 U.S.C. 20301 et seq.) may be construed to prohibit a State from delegating its responsibilities in carrying out the requirements of such Act, including any requirements imposed as a result of the provisions of and amendments made by this Act [probably means subtitle H (§§ 575–589) of title V of div. A of Pub. L. 111–84, see Tables for classification], to jurisdictions in the State.”
|
||||
|
||||
Development of Standardized Format for ReportsPub. L. 107–252, title VII, § 703(b), Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1724, provided that: “The Election Assistance Commission, working with the Election Assistance Commission Board of Advisors and the Election Assistance Commission Standards Board, shall develop a standardized format for the reports submitted by States and units of local government under section 102(c) of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act [52 U.S.C. 20302(c)] (as added by subsection (a)), and shall make the format available to the States and units of local government submitting such reports.”
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20303"
|
||||
description: "Federal write-in absentee ballot in general elections for Federal office for absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "203"
|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20303"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20303"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20303"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "0d4f9a160ac31d32b2470fa1615275f839944521d874333f74990348313059cf"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "983fd5418e59de4b077eb5605354698b1779102dbce2ac844c4bddd3b164d64f"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20303 - Federal write-in absentee ballot in general elections for Federal office for absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general (1) Federal write-in absentee ballot The Presidential designee shall prescribe a Federal write-in absentee ballot (including a secrecy envelope and mailing envelope for such ballot) for use in general, special, primary, and runoff elections for Federal office by absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters who make timely application for, and do not receive, States,11 So in original. Probably should be “States’ ”. absentee ballots.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Promotion and expansion of use of Federal write-in absentee ballots (A) In general Not later than December 31, 2011, the Presidential designee shall adopt procedures to promote and expand the use of the Federal write-in absentee ballot as a back-up measure to vote in elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Use of technology Under such procedures, the Presidential designee shall utilize technology to implement a system under which the absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter may—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) enter the address of the voter or other information relevant in the appropriate jurisdiction of the State, and the system will generate a list of all candidates in the election for Federal office in that jurisdiction; and
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) submit the marked Federal write-in absentee ballot by printing the ballot (including complete instructions for submitting the marked Federal write-in absentee ballot to the appropriate State election official and the mailing address of the single State office designated under section 20302(b) of this title).
|
||||
|
||||
(C) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the Presidential designee such sums as may be necessary to carry out this paragraph.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Submission and processing Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a Federal write-in absentee ballot shall be submitted and processed in the manner provided by law for absentee ballots in the State involved. A Federal write-in absentee ballot of an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter shall not be counted—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) in the case of a ballot submitted by an overseas voter who is not an absent uniformed services voter, if the ballot is submitted from any location in the United States;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) if the application of the absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter for a State absentee ballot is received by the appropriate State election official after the later of—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the deadline of the State for receipt of such application; or
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the date that is 30 days before the general election; or
|
||||
|
||||
(3) if a State absentee ballot of the absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter is received by the appropriate State election official not later than the deadline for receipt of the State absentee ballot under State law.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Special rules The following rules shall apply with respect to Federal write-in absentee ballots:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) In completing the ballot, the absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter may designate a candidate by writing in the name of the candidate or by writing in the name of a political party (in which case the ballot shall be counted for the candidate of that political party).
|
||||
|
||||
(2) In the case of the offices of President and Vice President, a vote for a named candidate or a vote by writing in the name of a political party shall be counted as a vote for the electors supporting the candidate involved.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Any abbreviation, misspelling, or other minor variation in the form of the name of a candidate or a political party shall be disregarded in determining the validity of the ballot, if the intention of the voter can be ascertained.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Second ballot submission; instruction to absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter An absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter who submits a Federal write-in absentee ballot and later receives a State absentee ballot, may submit the State absentee ballot. The Presidential designee shall assure that the instructions for each Federal write-in absentee ballot clearly state that an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter who submits a Federal write-in absentee ballot and later receives and submits a State absentee ballot should make every reasonable effort to inform the appropriate State election official that the voter has submitted more than one ballot.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Use of approved State absentee ballot in place of Federal write-in absentee ballot The Federal write-in absentee ballot shall not be valid for use in a general, special, primary, or runoff election for Federal office if the State involved provides a State absentee ballot that—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) at the request of the State, is approved by the Presidential designee for use in place of the Federal write-in absentee ballot; and
|
||||
|
||||
(2) is made available to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters at least 60 days before the deadline for receipt of the State ballot under State law.
|
||||
|
||||
(f) Prohibiting refusal to accept ballot for failure to meet certain requirements A State shall not refuse to accept and process any otherwise valid Federal write-in absentee ballot submitted in any manner by an absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter solely on the basis of the following:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Notarization requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Restrictions on paper type, including weight and size.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Restrictions on envelope type, including weight and size.
|
||||
|
||||
(g) Certain States exempted A State is not required to permit use of the Federal write-in absentee ballot, if, on and after August 28, 1986, the State has in effect a law providing that—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) a State absentee ballot is required to be available to any voter described in section 20310(5)(A) of this title at least 90 days before the general, special, primary, or runoff election for Federal office involved; and
|
||||
|
||||
(2) a State absentee ballot is required to be available to any voter described in section 20310(5)(B) or (C) of this title, as soon as the official list of candidates in the general, special, primary, or runoff election for Federal office is complete.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 99–410, title I, § 103, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 925; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, § 566(c), (d), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1919; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, §§ 581(a)(1), (b), 582(b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2326, 2327; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(d)(3), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4372.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff–2 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2011—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–383 amended Pub. L. 111–84, § 581(a)(1)(C). See 2009 Amendment note below. 2009—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–84, § 581(b), substituted “In general” for “In General” in subsec. (a) heading, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted par. (1) heading, and added par. (2). Pub. L. 111–84, § 581(a)(1)(A), substituted “general, special, primary, and runoff elections for Federal office” for “general elections for Federal office”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 111–84, § 581(a)(1)(B), substituted “a general, special, primary, or runoff election for Federal office” for “a general election” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 111–84, § 582(b)(2), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g). Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–84, § 582(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g). Pub. L. 111–84, § 581(a)(1)(C), as amended by Pub. L. 111–383, substituted “the general, special, primary, or runoff election for Federal office” for “the general election” in pars. (1) and (2). 2004—Pub. L. 108–375, § 566(d)(1), substituted “Federal write-in absentee ballot in general elections for Federal office for absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters” for “Federal write-in absentee ballot for overseas voters in general elections for Federal office” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–375, § 566(c)(1), substituted “absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters” for “overseas voters”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–375, § 566(c)(2), inserted second sentence and struck out former second sentence which read as follows: “A Federal write-in absentee ballot of an overseas voter shall not be counted— “(1) if the ballot is submitted from any location in the United States; “(2) if the application of the overseas voter for a State absentee ballot is received by the appropriate State election official less than 30 days before the general election; or “(3) if a State absentee ballot of the overseas voter is received by the appropriate State election official not later than the deadline for receipt of the State absentee ballot under State law.” Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 108–375, § 566(c)(3), substituted “absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter” for “overseas voter”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–375, § 566(c)(4), (d)(2), substituted “absent uniformed services voter or overseas voter” for “overseas voter” in heading and two places in text. Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 108–375, § 566(c)(5), substituted “absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters” for “overseas voters”.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2011 AmendmentPub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(d), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4372, provided that the amendment by section 1075(d)(3) is effective as of Oct. 28, 2009, and as if included in Pub. L. 111–84 as enacted.
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2009 AmendmentPub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 581(a)(2), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2326, provided that: “The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section] shall take effect on December 31, 2010, and apply with respect to elections for Federal office held on or after such date.” Amendment by section 582(b) of Pub. L. 111–84 applicable with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office, see section 582(c) of Pub. L. 111–84, set out as a note under section 20302 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20304"
|
||||
description: "Procedures for collection and delivery of marked absentee ballots of absent overseas uniformed services voters"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "203"
|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20304"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20304"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20304"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "142a6727a91e838f472f665f33180029482a2d035d0df4e5798d8ebf52883010"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20304 - Procedures for collection and delivery of marked absentee ballots of absent overseas uniformed services voters
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Establishment of procedures The Presidential designee shall establish procedures for collecting marked absentee ballots of absent overseas uniformed services voters in regularly scheduled general elections for Federal office, including absentee ballots prepared by States and the Federal write-in absentee ballot prescribed under section 20303 of this title, and for delivering such marked absentee ballots to the appropriate election officials.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Delivery to appropriate election officials (1) In general Under the procedures established under this section, the Presidential designee shall implement procedures that facilitate the delivery of marked absentee ballots of absent overseas uniformed services voters for regularly scheduled general elections for Federal office to the appropriate election officials, in accordance with this section, not later than the date by which an absentee ballot must be received in order to be counted in the election.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Cooperation and coordination with the United States Postal Service The Presidential designee shall carry out this section in cooperation and coordination with the United States Postal Service, and shall provide expedited mail delivery service for all such marked absentee ballots of absent uniformed services voters that are collected on or before the deadline described in paragraph (3) and then transferred to the United States Postal Service.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Deadline described (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the deadline described in this paragraph is noon (in the location in which the ballot is collected) on the seventh day preceding the date of the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Authority to establish alternative deadline for certain locations If the Presidential designee determines that the deadline described in subparagraph (A) is not sufficient to ensure timely delivery of the ballot under paragraph (1) with respect to a particular location because of remoteness or other factors, the Presidential designee may establish as an alternative deadline for that location the latest date occurring prior to the deadline described in subparagraph (A) which is sufficient to provide timely delivery of the ballot under paragraph (1).
|
||||
|
||||
(4) No postage requirement In accordance with section 3406 of title 39, such marked absentee ballots and other balloting materials shall be carried free of postage.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) Date of mailing Such marked absentee ballots shall be postmarked with a record of the date on which the ballot is mailed.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Outreach for absent overseas uniformed services voters on procedures The Presidential designee shall take appropriate actions to inform individuals who are anticipated to be absent overseas uniformed services voters in a regularly scheduled general election for Federal office to which this section applies of the procedures for the collection and delivery of marked absentee ballots established pursuant to this section, including the manner in which such voters may utilize such procedures for the submittal of marked absentee ballots pursuant to this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Absent overseas uniformed services voter defined In this section, the term “absent overseas uniformed services voter” means an overseas voter described in section 20310(5)(A) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the Presidential designee such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 99–410, title I, § 103A, as added Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 580(a), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2324.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff–2a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection applicable with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office, see section 580(f) of Pub. L. 111–84, set out as an Effective Date of 2009 Amendment note under section 20301 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20305"
|
||||
description: "Federal Voting Assistance Program Improvements"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "203"
|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20305"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20305"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20305 - Federal Voting Assistance Program Improvements
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Duties The Presidential designee shall carry out the following duties:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Develop online portals of information to inform absent uniformed services voters regarding voter registration procedures and absentee ballot procedures to be used by such voters with respect to elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Establish a program to notify absent uniformed services voters of voter registration information and resources, the availability of the Federal postcard application, and the availability of the Federal write-in absentee ballot on the military Global Network, and shall use the military Global Network to notify absent uniformed services voters of the foregoing 90, 60, and 30 days prior to each election for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Clarification regarding other duties and obligations Nothing in this section shall relieve the Presidential designee of their duties and obligations under any directives or regulations issued by the Department of Defense, including the Department of Defense Directive 1000.04 (or any successor directive or regulation) that is not inconsistent or contradictory to the provisions of this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the Federal Voting Assistance Program of the Department of Defense (or a successor program) such sums as are necessary for purposes of carrying out this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 99–410, title I, § 103B, as added Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 583(a)(1), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2327.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff–2b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DateSection applicable with respect to the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010 and each succeeding election for Federal office, see section 583(a)(3) of Pub. L. 111–84, set out as an Effective Date of 2009 Amendment note under section 20301 of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20306"
|
||||
description: "Prohibition of refusal of applications on grounds of early submission"
|
||||
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|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20306"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20306"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
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|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20306 - Prohibition of refusal of applications on grounds of early submission
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
A State may not refuse to accept or process, with respect to any election for Federal office, any otherwise valid voter registration application or absentee ballot application (including the postcard form prescribed under section 20301 of this title) submitted by an absent uniformed services voter during a year on the grounds that the voter submitted the application before the first date on which the State otherwise accepts or processes such applications for that year submitted by absentee voters who are not members of the uniformed services.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 99–410, title I, § 104, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 926; Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XVI, § 1606(b), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1279; Pub. L. 107–252, title VII, §§ 704, 706(a), Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1724, 1725; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 585(a), (b)(2), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2331.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff–3 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2009—Pub. L. 111–84 substituted “Prohibition of refusal of applications on grounds of early submission” for “Use of single application for all subsequent elections” in section catchline, struck out subsecs. (a) to (d) which related, respectively, to provision of absentee ballot in subsequent elections after acceptance and processing of an official post card form, exception for voters changing registration, revision of official post card form, and construction of provisions with voter removal programs, and struck out subsec. (e) designation and heading before “A State”. 2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–252, § 704, substituted “through the next 2 regularly scheduled general elections for Federal office (including any runoff elections which may occur as a result of the outcome of such general elections), the State shall provide an absentee ballot to the voter for each such subsequent election” for “during that year, the State shall provide an absentee ballot to the voter for each subsequent election for Federal office held in the State during that year”. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–252, § 706(a), added subsec. (e). 2001—Pub. L. 107–107 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting provisions relating to use of single application for all subsequent elections for provisions relating to recommendations to States to maximize access to polls by absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2002 AmendmentPub. L. 107–252, title VII, § 706(b), Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1725, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to elections for Federal office that occur after January 1, 2004.”
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20307"
|
||||
description: "Enforcement"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "203"
|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20307"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20307"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20307"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "fb284af301b4cb6d6362b22bf0cf17d4ff8598a530115945947ae300f6c04946"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "69d37ee775668351ffe9b9f0a1136009593973e5a0de5a75c0884b7cd8dab546"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20307 - Enforcement
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general The Attorney General may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court for such declaratory or injunctive relief as may be necessary to carry out this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Report to Congress Not later than December 31 of each year, the Attorney General shall submit to Congress an annual report on any civil action brought under subsection (a) during the preceding year.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 99–410, title I, § 105, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 927; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 587, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2333.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff–4 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2009—Pub. L. 111–84 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20308"
|
||||
description: "Reporting requirements"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "203"
|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20308"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20308"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20308"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
text_hash: "2d6e462190961a55715d2c0b9fb9c6d85bccca078a5d1fb7dcb10473ec6d9c8f"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20308 - Reporting requirements
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Report on status of implementation and assessment of programs Not later than 180 days after October 28, 2009, the Presidential designee shall submit to the relevant committees of Congress a report containing the following information:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) The status of the implementation of the procedures established for the collection and delivery of marked absentee ballots of absent overseas uniformed services voters under section 20304 of this title, and a detailed description of the specific steps taken towards such implementation for the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2010.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) An assessment of the effectiveness of the Voting Assistance Officer Program of the Department of Defense, which shall include the following:
|
||||
|
||||
(A) A thorough and complete assessment of whether the Program, as configured and implemented as of October 28, 2009, is effectively assisting absent uniformed services voters in exercising their right to vote.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) An inventory and explanation of any areas of voter assistance in which the Program has failed to accomplish its stated objectives and effectively assist absent uniformed services voters in exercising their right to vote.
|
||||
|
||||
(C) As necessary, a detailed plan for the implementation of any new program to replace or supplement voter assistance activities required to be performed under this Act.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) A detailed description of the specific steps taken towards the implementation of voter registration assistance for absent uniformed services voters under section 1566a of title 10.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Biennial report on effectiveness of activities and utilization of certain procedures Not later than September 30 of each odd-numbered year, the Presidential designee shall transmit to the President and to the relevant committees of Congress a report containing the following information with respect to the Federal elections held during the preceding calendar year:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) An assessment of the effectiveness of activities carried out under section 20305 of this title, including the activities and actions of the Federal Voting Assistance Program of the Department of Defense, a separate assessment of voter registration and participation by absent uniformed services voters, a separate assessment of voter registration and participation by overseas voters who are not members of the uniformed services, and a description of the cooperation between States and the Federal Government in carrying out such section.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) A description of the utilization of voter registration assistance under section 1566a of title 10, which shall include the following:
|
||||
|
||||
(A) A description of the specific programs implemented by each military department of the Armed Forces pursuant to such section.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) The number of absent uniformed services voters who utilized voter registration assistance provided under such section.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) A description of the utilization of the procedures for the collection and delivery of marked absentee ballots established pursuant to section 20304 of this title, which shall include the number of marked absentee ballots collected and delivered under such procedures and the number of such ballots which were not delivered by the time of the closing of the polls on the date of the election (and the reasons such ballots were not so delivered).
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Definitions In this section:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Absent overseas uniformed services voter The term “absent overseas uniformed services voter” has the meaning given such term in section 20304(d) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Presidential designee The term “Presidential designee” means the Presidential designee under section 20301(a) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Relevant committees of Congress defined The term “relevant committees of Congress” means—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the Committees on Appropriations, Armed Services, and Rules and Administration of the Senate; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the Committees on Appropriations, Armed Services, and House Administration of the House of Representatives.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 99–410, title I, § 105A, as added Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 586, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2331; amended Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title V, § 595, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3666.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(C), is Pub. L. 99–410, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 924, known as the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff–4a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2021—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–283, § 595(a), (b)(1), in heading, substituted “Biennial report” for “Annual report” and, in introductory provisions, substituted “September 30 of each odd-numbered year” for “March 31 of each year” and “the following information with respect to the Federal elections held during the preceding calendar year” for “the following information”. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 116–283, § 595(b)(2), substituted “A description” for “In the case of a report submitted under this subsection in the year following a year in which a regularly scheduled general election for Federal office is held, a description”.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Termination of Reporting RequirementsFor termination, effective Dec. 31, 2021, of provisions in subsec. (b) of this section requiring submittal of annual report to Congress, see section 1061 of Pub. L. 114–328, set out as a note under section 111 of Title 10, Armed Forces.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
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|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20309"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20309 - Effect on certain other laws
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The exercise of any right under this chapter shall not affect, for purposes of any Federal, State, or local tax, the residence or domicile of a person exercising such right.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 99–410, title I, § 106, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 927.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff–5 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20310"
|
||||
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|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20310"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20310"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20310 - Definitions
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
As used in this chapter, the term—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) “absent uniformed services voter” means—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) a member of a uniformed service on active duty who, by reason of such active duty, is absent from the place of residence where the member is otherwise qualified to vote;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) a member of the merchant marine who, by reason of service in the merchant marine, is absent from the place of residence where the member is otherwise qualified to vote; and
|
||||
|
||||
(C) a spouse or dependent of a member referred to in subparagraph (A) or (B) who, by reason of the active duty or service of the member, is absent from the place of residence where the spouse or dependent is otherwise qualified to vote;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) “balloting materials” means official post card forms (prescribed under section 20301 of this title), Federal write-in absentee ballots (prescribed under section 20303 of this title), and any State balloting materials that, as determined by the Presidential designee, are essential to the carrying out of this chapter;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) “Federal office” means the office of President or Vice President, or of Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress;
|
||||
|
||||
(4) “member of the merchant marine” means an individual (other than a member of a uniformed service or an individual employed, enrolled, or maintained on the Great Lakes or the inland waterways)—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) employed as an officer or crew member of a vessel documented under the laws of the United States, or a vessel owned by the United States, or a vessel of foreign-flag registry under charter to or control of the United States; or
|
||||
|
||||
(B) enrolled with the United States for employment or training for employment, or maintained by the United States for emergency relief service, as an officer or crew member of any such vessel;
|
||||
|
||||
(5) “overseas voter” means—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) an absent uniformed services voter who, by reason of active duty or service is absent from the United States on the date of the election involved;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) a person who resides outside the United States and is qualified to vote in the last place in which the person was domiciled before leaving the United States; or
|
||||
|
||||
(C) a person who resides outside the United States and (but for such residence) would be qualified to vote in the last place in which the person was domiciled before leaving the United States.
|
||||
|
||||
(6) “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa;
|
||||
|
||||
(7) “uniformed services” means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the commissioned corps of the Public Health Service, and the commissioned corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and
|
||||
|
||||
(8) “United States”, where used in the territorial sense, means the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 99–410, title I, § 107, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 927.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff–6 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Transfer of Functions For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_name: "REGISTRATION AND VOTING BY ABSENT UNIFORMED SERVICES VOTERS AND OVERSEAS VOTERS IN ELECTIONS FOR FEDERAL OFFICE"
|
||||
section: "20311"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20311"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20311 - Technology pilot program
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Definitions In this section:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Absent uniformed services voter The term “absent uniformed services voter” has the meaning given such term in section 107(1) of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (42 U.S.C. 1973ff–6(1)) [now 52 U.S.C. 20310(1)].
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Overseas voter The term “overseas voter” has the meaning given such term in section 107(5) of such Act [52 U.S.C. 20310(5)].
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Presidential designee The term “Presidential designee” means the individual designated under section 101(a) of such Act [52 U.S.C. 20301(a)].
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Establishment (1) In general The Presidential designee may establish 1 or more pilot programs under which the feasibility of new election technology is tested for the benefit of absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters claiming rights under the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (42 U.S.C. 1973ff et seq.) [now 52 U.S.C. 20301 et seq.].
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Design and conduct The design and conduct of a pilot program established under this subsection—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) shall be at the discretion of the Presidential designee; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) shall not conflict with or substitute for existing laws, regulations, or procedures with respect to the participation of absent uniformed services voters and military voters in elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Considerations In conducting a pilot program established under subsection (b), the Presidential designee may consider the following issues:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) The transmission of electronic voting material across military networks.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Virtual private networks, cryptographic voting systems, centrally controlled voting stations, and other information security techniques.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) The transmission of ballot representations and scanned pictures in a secure manner.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Capturing, retaining, and comparing electronic and physical ballot representations.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) Utilization of voting stations at military bases.
|
||||
|
||||
(6) Document delivery and upload systems.
|
||||
|
||||
(7) The functional effectiveness of the application or adoption of the pilot program to operational environments, taking into account environmental and logistical obstacles and State procedures.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Reports The Presidential designee shall submit to Congress reports on the progress and outcomes of any pilot program conducted under this subsection, together with recommendations—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) for the conduct of additional pilot programs under this section; and
|
||||
|
||||
(2) for such legislation and administrative action as the Presidential designee determines appropriate.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Technical assistance (1) In general The Election Assistance Commission and the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall provide the Presidential designee with best practices or standards in accordance with electronic absentee voting guidelines established under the first sentence of section 1604(a)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 (Public Law 107–107; 115 Stat. 1277; 42 U.S.C. 1973ff note [now 52 U.S.C. 20301 note]), as amended by section 567 of the Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 (Public Law 108–375; 118 Stat. 1919) to support the pilot program or programs.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Report In the case in which the Election Assistance Commission has not established electronic absentee voting guidelines under such section 1604(a)(2), as so amended, by not later than 180 days after October 28, 2009, the Election Assistance Commission shall submit to the relevant committees of Congress a report containing the following information:
|
||||
|
||||
(A) The reasons such guidelines have not been established as of such date.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) A detailed timeline for the establishment of such guidelines.
|
||||
|
||||
(C) A detailed explanation of the Commission’s actions in establishing such guidelines since October 28, 2004.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Relevant committees of Congress defined In this subsection, the term “relevant committees of Congress” means—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the Committees on Appropriations, Armed Services, and Rules and Administration of the Senate; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the Committees on Appropriations, Armed Services, and House Administration of the House of Representatives.
|
||||
|
||||
(f) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 589, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2334; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(d)(6), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4373.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThe Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 99–410, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 924, which is classified principally to this chapter. Sections 101 and 107 of the Act are classified to sections 20301 and 20310, respectively, of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973ff–7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers referenced in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections prior to their editorial reclassification to this title. Section was enacted as part of the Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act, and also as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, and not as part of title I of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, which comprises this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2011—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 111–383, § 1075(d)(6)(A), substituted “section 107(1)” for “section 107(a)” and “1973ff–6(1)” for “1973ff et seq.” Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 111–383, § 1075(d)(6)(B), substituted “1973ff note” for “1977ff note”.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2011 AmendmentPub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(d), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4372, provided that the amendment by section 1075(d)(6) is effective as of Oct. 28, 2009, and as if included in Pub. L. 111–84 as enacted.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "205"
|
||||
chapter_name: "NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRATION"
|
||||
section: "20501"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20501"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20501 - Findings and purposes
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Findings The Congress finds that—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) the right of citizens of the United States to vote is a fundamental right;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) it is the duty of the Federal, State, and local governments to promote the exercise of that right; and
|
||||
|
||||
(3) discriminatory and unfair registration laws and procedures can have a direct and damaging effect on voter participation in elections for Federal office and disproportionately harm voter participation by various groups, including racial minorities.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Purposes The purposes of this chapter are—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) to establish procedures that will increase the number of eligible citizens who register to vote in elections for Federal office;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) to make it possible for Federal, State, and local governments to implement this chapter in a manner that enhances the participation of eligible citizens as voters in elections for Federal office;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) to protect the integrity of the electoral process; and
|
||||
|
||||
(4) to ensure that accurate and current voter registration rolls are maintained.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 2, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 77.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 103–31, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 77, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective DatePub. L. 103–31, § 13, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 89, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] shall take effect— “(1) with respect to a State that on the date of enactment of this Act [May 20, 1993] has a provision in the constitution of the State that would preclude compliance with this Act unless the State maintained separate Federal and State official lists of eligible voters, on the later of—“(A) January 1, 1996; or “(B) the date that is 120 days after the date by which, under the constitution of the State as in effect on the date of enactment of this Act, it would be legally possible to adopt and place into effect any amendments to the constitution of the State that are necessary to permit such compliance with this Act without requiring a special election; and “(2) with respect to any State not described in paragraph (1), on January 1, 1995.”
|
||||
|
||||
Proof of CitizenshipPub. L. 104–132, title IX, § 902, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1317, provided that: “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a Federal, State, or local government agency may not use a voter registration card (or other related document) that evidences registration for an election for Federal office, as evidence to prove United States citizenship.” Similar provisions were contained in section 117 of H.R. 2076, One Hundred Fourth Congress, as passed by the House of Representatives on Dec. 6, 1995, and as enacted into law by Pub. L. 104–91, title I, § 101(a), Jan. 6, 1996, 110 Stat. 11, as amended by Pub. L. 104–99, title II, § 211, Jan. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 37.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20502"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_name: "NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRATION"
|
||||
section: "20502"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20502 - Definitions
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
As used in this chapter—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) the term “election” has the meaning stated in section 30101(1) of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) the term “Federal office” has the meaning stated in section 30101(3) of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) the term “motor vehicle driver’s license” includes any personal identification document issued by a State motor vehicle authority;
|
||||
|
||||
(4) the term “State” means a State of the United States and the District of Columbia; and
|
||||
|
||||
(5) the term “voter registration agency” means an office designated under section 20506(a)(1) of this title to perform voter registration activities.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 3, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 77.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
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title: "52 U.S.C. § 20503"
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20503 - National procedures for voter registration for elections for Federal office
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general Except as provided in subsection (b), notwithstanding any other Federal or State law, in addition to any other method of voter registration provided for under State law, each State shall establish procedures to register to vote in elections for Federal office—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) by application made simultaneously with an application for a motor vehicle driver’s license pursuant to section 20504 of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) by mail application pursuant to section 20505 of this title; and
|
||||
|
||||
(3) by application in person—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) at the appropriate registration site designated with respect to the residence of the applicant in accordance with State law; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) at a Federal, State, or nongovernmental office designated under section 20506 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Nonapplicability to certain States This chapter does not apply to a State described in either or both of the following paragraphs:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) A State in which, under law that is in effect continuously on and after August 1, 1994, there is no voter registration requirement for any voter in the State with respect to an election for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) A State in which, under law that is in effect continuously on and after August 1, 1994, or that was enacted on or prior to August 1, 1994, and by its terms is to come into effect upon the enactment of this chapter, so long as that law remains in effect, all voters in the State may register to vote at the polling place at the time of voting in a general election for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 4, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 78; Pub. L. 104–91, title I, § 101(a), Jan. 6, 1996, 110 Stat. 11, amended Pub. L. 104–99, title II, § 211, Jan. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 37.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextUpon the enactment of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 103–31, which was approved May 20, 1993.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg–2 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Amendment by Pub. L. 104–91 is based on section 116(a) of H.R. 2076, One Hundred Fourth Congress, as passed by the House of Representatives on Dec. 6, 1995, which was enacted into law by Pub. L. 104–91.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–91, as amended by Pub. L. 104–99, substituted “August 1, 1994” for “March 11, 1993” wherever appearing.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentSection 116(b) of H.R. 2076, One Hundred Fourth Congress, as passed by the House of Representatives on Dec. 6, 1995, and as enacted into law by Pub. L. 104–91, title I, § 101(a), Jan. 6, 1996, 110 Stat. 11, as amended by Pub. L. 104–99, title II, § 211, Jan. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 37, provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the provisions of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 [Pub. L. 103–31, see Tables for classification].”
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
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title: "52 U.S.C. § 20504"
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
section: "20504"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20504 - Simultaneous application for voter registration and application for motor vehicle driver’s license
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general (1) Each State motor vehicle driver’s license application (including any renewal application) submitted to the appropriate State motor vehicle authority under State law shall serve as an application for voter registration with respect to elections for Federal office unless the applicant fails to sign the voter registration application.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) An application for voter registration submitted under paragraph (1) shall be considered as updating any previous voter registration by the applicant.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Limitation on use of information No information relating to the failure of an applicant for a State motor vehicle driver’s license to sign a voter registration application may be used for any purpose other than voter registration.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Forms and procedures (1) Each State shall include a voter registration application form for elections for Federal office as part of an application for a State motor vehicle driver’s license.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) The voter registration application portion of an application for a State motor vehicle driver’s license—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) may not require any information that duplicates information required in the driver’s license portion of the form (other than a second signature or other information necessary under subparagraph (C));
|
||||
|
||||
(B) may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) prevent duplicate voter registrations; and
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) enable State election officials to assess the eligibility of the applicant and to administer voter registration and other parts of the election process;
|
||||
|
||||
(C) shall include a statement that—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) states each eligibility requirement (including citizenship);
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) contains an attestation that the applicant meets each such requirement; and
|
||||
|
||||
(iii) requires the signature of the applicant, under penalty of perjury;
|
||||
|
||||
(D) shall include, in print that is identical to that used in the attestation portion of the application—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) the information required in section 20507(a)(5)(A) and (B) of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) a statement that, if an applicant declines to register to vote, the fact that the applicant has declined to register will remain confidential and will be used only for voter registration purposes; and
|
||||
|
||||
(iii) a statement that if an applicant does register to vote, the office at which the applicant submits a voter registration application will remain confidential and will be used only for voter registration purposes; and
|
||||
|
||||
(E) shall be made available (as submitted by the applicant, or in machine readable or other format) to the appropriate State election official as provided by State law.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Change of address Any change of address form submitted in accordance with State law for purposes of a State motor vehicle driver’s license shall serve as notification of change of address for voter registration with respect to elections for Federal office for the registrant involved unless the registrant states on the form that the change of address is not for voter registration purposes.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Transmittal deadline (1) Subject to paragraph (2), a completed voter registration portion of an application for a State motor vehicle driver’s license accepted at a State motor vehicle authority shall be transmitted to the appropriate State election official not later than 10 days after the date of acceptance.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) If a registration application is accepted within 5 days before the last day for registration to vote in an election, the application shall be transmitted to the appropriate State election official not later than 5 days after the date of acceptance.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 5, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 78.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg–3 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20505"
|
||||
description: "Mail registration"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "205"
|
||||
chapter_name: "NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRATION"
|
||||
section: "20505"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20505"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20505"
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20505 - Mail registration
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Form (1) Each State shall accept and use the mail voter registration application form prescribed by the Federal Election Commission pursuant to section 20508(a)(2) of this title for the registration of voters in elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) In addition to accepting and using the form described in paragraph (1), a State may develop and use a mail voter registration form that meets all of the criteria stated in section 20508(b) of this title for the registration of voters in elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) A form described in paragraph (1) or (2) shall be accepted and used for notification of a registrant’s change of address.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Availability of forms The chief State election official of a State shall make the forms described in subsection (a) available for distribution through governmental and private entities, with particular emphasis on making them available for organized voter registration programs.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) First-time voters (1) Subject to paragraph (2), a State may by law require a person to vote in person if—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the person was registered to vote in a jurisdiction by mail; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the person has not previously voted in that jurisdiction.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Paragraph (1) does not apply in the case of a person—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) who is entitled to vote by absentee ballot under the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act [52 U.S.C. 20301 et seq.];
|
||||
|
||||
(B) who is provided the right to vote otherwise than in person under section 20102(b)(2)(B)(ii) of this title; or
|
||||
|
||||
(C) who is entitled to vote otherwise than in person under any other Federal law.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Undelivered notices If a notice of the disposition of a mail voter registration application under section 20507(a)(2) of this title is sent by nonforwardable mail and is returned undelivered, the registrar may proceed in accordance with section 20507(d) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 6, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 79.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThe Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A), is Pub. L. 99–410, Aug. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 924, which is classified principally to chapter 203 (§ 20301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg–4 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20506"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "205"
|
||||
chapter_name: "NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRATION"
|
||||
section: "20506"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20506"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20506 - Voter registration agencies
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Designation (1) Each State shall designate agencies for the registration of voters in elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Each State shall designate as voter registration agencies—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) all offices in the State that provide public assistance; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) all offices in the State that provide State-funded programs primarily engaged in providing services to persons with disabilities.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) (A) In addition to voter registration agencies designated under paragraph (2), each State shall designate other offices within the State as voter registration agencies.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Voter registration agencies designated under subparagraph (A) may include—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) State or local government offices such as public libraries, public schools, offices of city and county clerks (including marriage license bureaus), fishing and hunting license bureaus, government revenue offices, unemployment compensation offices, and offices not described in paragraph (2)(B) that provide services to persons with disabilities; and
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) Federal and nongovernmental offices, with the agreement of such offices.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) (A) At each voter registration agency, the following services shall be made available:
|
||||
|
||||
(i) Distribution of mail voter registration application forms in accordance with paragraph (6).
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) Assistance to applicants in completing voter registration application forms, unless the applicant refuses such assistance.
|
||||
|
||||
(iii) Acceptance of completed voter registration application forms for transmittal to the appropriate State election official.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) If a voter registration agency designated under paragraph (2)(B) provides services to a person with a disability at the person’s home, the agency shall provide the services described in subparagraph (A) at the person’s home.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) A person who provides service described in paragraph (4) shall not—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) seek to influence an applicant’s political preference or party registration;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) display any such political preference or party allegiance;
|
||||
|
||||
(C) make any statement to an applicant or take any action the purpose or effect of which is to discourage the applicant from registering to vote; or
|
||||
|
||||
(D) make any statement to an applicant or take any action the purpose or effect of which is to lead the applicant to believe that a decision to register or not to register has any bearing on the availability of services or benefits.
|
||||
|
||||
(6) A voter registration agency that is an office that provides service or assistance in addition to conducting voter registration shall—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) distribute with each application for such service or assistance, and with each recertification, renewal, or change of address form relating to such service or assistance—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) the mail voter registration application form described in section 20508(a)(2) of this title, including a statement that—
|
||||
|
||||
(I) specifies each eligibility requirement (including citizenship);
|
||||
|
||||
(II) contains an attestation that the applicant meets each such requirement; and
|
||||
|
||||
(III) requires the signature of the applicant, under penalty of perjury; or
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) the office’s own form if it is equivalent to the form described in section 20508(a)(2) of this title,
|
||||
|
||||
unless the applicant, in writing, declines to register to vote;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) provide a form that includes—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) the question, “If you are not registered to vote where you live now, would you like to apply to register to vote here today?”;
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) if the agency provides public assistance, the statement, “Applying to register or declining to register to vote will not affect the amount of assistance that you will be provided by this agency.”;
|
||||
|
||||
(iii) boxes for the applicant to check to indicate whether the applicant would like to register or declines to register to vote (failure to check either box being deemed to constitute a declination to register for purposes of subparagraph (C)), together with the statement (in close proximity to the boxes and in prominent type), “IF YOU DO NOT CHECK EITHER BOX, YOU WILL BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE DECIDED NOT TO REGISTER TO VOTE AT THIS TIME.”;
|
||||
|
||||
(iv) the statement, “If you would like help in filling out the voter registration application form, we will help you. The decision whether to seek or accept help is yours. You may fill out the application form in private.”; and
|
||||
|
||||
(v) the statement, “If you believe that someone has interfered with your right to register or to decline to register to vote, your right to privacy in deciding whether to register or in applying to register to vote, or your right to choose your own political party or other political preference, you may file a complaint with _____.”, the blank being filled by the name, address, and telephone number of the appropriate official to whom such a complaint should be addressed; and
|
||||
|
||||
(C) provide to each applicant who does not decline to register to vote the same degree of assistance with regard to the completion of the registration application form as is provided by the office with regard to the completion of its own forms, unless the applicant refuses such assistance.
|
||||
|
||||
(7) No information relating to a declination to register to vote in connection with an application made at an office described in paragraph (6) may be used for any purpose other than voter registration.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Federal Government and private sector cooperation All departments, agencies, and other entities of the executive branch of the Federal Government shall, to the greatest extent practicable, cooperate with the States in carrying out subsection (a), and all nongovernmental entities are encouraged to do so.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Armed Forces recruitment offices (1) Each State and the Secretary of Defense shall jointly develop and implement procedures for persons to apply to register to vote at recruitment offices of the Armed Forces of the United States.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) A recruitment office of the Armed Forces of the United States shall be considered to be a voter registration agency designated under subsection (a)(2) for all purposes of this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Transmittal deadline (1) Subject to paragraph (2), a completed registration application accepted at a voter registration agency shall be transmitted to the appropriate State election official not later than 10 days after the date of acceptance.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) If a registration application is accepted within 5 days before the last day for registration to vote in an election, the application shall be transmitted to the appropriate State election official not later than 5 days after the date of acceptance.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 7, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 80.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg–5 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Executive Documents
|
||||
|
||||
Ex. Ord. No. 12926. Implementation of National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Ex. Ord. No. 12926, Sept. 12, 1994, 59 F.R. 47227, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 14019, § 4(a), Mar. 7, 2021, 86 F.R. 13624, provided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, and in order to ensure, as required by section 7(b) of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (42 U.S.C. 1973gg [sic]) [52 U.S.C. 20506(b)] (“the Act”), that departments, agencies, and other entities of the executive branch of the Federal Government cooperate with the States in carrying out the Act’s requirements, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Assistance to States. To the greatest extent practicable, departments, agencies, and other entities of the executive branch of the Federal Government that provide, in whole or in part, funding, grants, or assistance for, or with respect to the administration of, any program of public assistance or services to persons with disabilities within the meaning of section 7(a) of the Act shall: (a) provide, to State agencies administering any such program, guidance for the implementation of the requirements of section 7 of the Act, including guidance for use and distribution of voter registration forms in connection with applications for service; (b) assist each such State agency administering any such program with the costs of implementation of the Act [52 U.S.C. 20501 et seq.], consistent with legal authority and the availability of funds, and promptly indicate to each State agency the extent to which such assistance will be made available; and (c) designate an office or staff to be available to provide technical assistance to such State agencies. Sec. 2. Armed Forces Recruitment Offices. The Secretary of Defense is directed to work with the appropriate State elections authorities in each State to develop procedures for persons to apply to register to vote at Armed Forces recruitment offices as required by section 7(c) of the Act. Sec. 3. Acceptance of Designation. [Superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 14019, Mar. 7, 2021, 86 F.R. 13623, set out as a note preceding section 20101 of this title, see section 4(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 14019.]
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20507"
|
||||
description: "Requirements with respect to administration of voter registration"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "205"
|
||||
chapter_name: "NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRATION"
|
||||
section: "20507"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20507"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20507"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "07b3de65ebbdd665c96ed23ece074ecbb4745bf2a305ff6aea7270a84d974e75"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "959136a3d4bb41d68725b872183be1ca67e855e5266b90ce356428a3562b183a"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20507 - Requirements with respect to administration of voter registration
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general In the administration of voter registration for elections for Federal office, each State shall—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) ensure that any eligible applicant is registered to vote in an election—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) in the case of registration with a motor vehicle application under section 20504 of this title, if the valid voter registration form of the applicant is submitted to the appropriate State motor vehicle authority not later than the lesser of 30 days, or the period provided by State law, before the date of the election;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) in the case of registration by mail under section 20505 of this title, if the valid voter registration form of the applicant is postmarked not later than the lesser of 30 days, or the period provided by State law, before the date of the election;
|
||||
|
||||
(C) in the case of registration at a voter registration agency, if the valid voter registration form of the applicant is accepted at the voter registration agency not later than the lesser of 30 days, or the period provided by State law, before the date of the election; and
|
||||
|
||||
(D) in any other case, if the valid voter registration form of the applicant is received by the appropriate State election official not later than the lesser of 30 days, or the period provided by State law, before the date of the election;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) require the appropriate State election official to send notice to each applicant of the disposition of the application;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) provide that the name of a registrant may not be removed from the official list of eligible voters except—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) at the request of the registrant;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) as provided by State law, by reason of criminal conviction or mental incapacity; or
|
||||
|
||||
(C) as provided under paragraph (4);
|
||||
|
||||
(4) conduct a general program that makes a reasonable effort to remove the names of ineligible voters from the official lists of eligible voters by reason of—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the death of the registrant; or
|
||||
|
||||
(B) a change in the residence of the registrant, in accordance with subsections (b), (c), and (d);
|
||||
|
||||
(5) inform applicants under sections 20504, 20505, and 20506 of this title of—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) voter eligibility requirements; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) penalties provided by law for submission of a false voter registration application; and
|
||||
|
||||
(6) ensure that the identity of the voter registration agency through which any particular voter is registered is not disclosed to the public.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Confirmation of voter registration Any State program or activity to protect the integrity of the electoral process by ensuring the maintenance of an accurate and current voter registration roll for elections for Federal office—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) shall be uniform, nondiscriminatory, and in compliance with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 1973 et seq.) [now 52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.]; and
|
||||
|
||||
(2) shall not result in the removal of the name of any person from the official list of voters registered to vote in an election for Federal office by reason of the person’s failure to vote, except that nothing in this paragraph may be construed to prohibit a State from using the procedures described in subsections (c) and (d) to remove an individual from the official list of eligible voters if the individual—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) has not either notified the applicable registrar (in person or in writing) or responded during the period described in subparagraph (B) to the notice sent by the applicable registrar; and then
|
||||
|
||||
(B) has not voted or appeared to vote in 2 or more consecutive general elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Voter removal programs (1) A State may meet the requirement of subsection (a)(4) by establishing a program under which—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) change-of-address information supplied by the Postal Service through its licensees is used to identify registrants whose addresses may have changed; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) if it appears from information provided by the Postal Service that—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) a registrant has moved to a different residence address in the same registrar’s jurisdiction in which the registrant is currently registered, the registrar changes the registration records to show the new address and sends the registrant a notice of the change by forwardable mail and a postage prepaid pre-addressed return form by which the registrant may verify or correct the address information; or
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) the registrant has moved to a different residence address not in the same registrar’s jurisdiction, the registrar uses the notice procedure described in subsection (d)(2) to confirm the change of address.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) (A) A State shall complete, not later than 90 days prior to the date of a primary or general election for Federal office, any program the purpose of which is to systematically remove the names of ineligible voters from the official lists of eligible voters.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Subparagraph (A) shall not be construed to preclude—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) the removal of names from official lists of voters on a basis described in paragraph (3)(A) or (B) or (4)(A) of subsection (a); or
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) correction of registration records pursuant to this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Removal of names from voting rolls (1) A State shall not remove the name of a registrant from the official list of eligible voters in elections for Federal office on the ground that the registrant has changed residence unless the registrant—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) confirms in writing that the registrant has changed residence to a place outside the registrar’s jurisdiction in which the registrant is registered; or
|
||||
|
||||
(B) (i) has failed to respond to a notice described in paragraph (2); and
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) has not voted or appeared to vote (and, if necessary, correct the registrar’s record of the registrant’s address) in an election during the period beginning on the date of the notice and ending on the day after the date of the second general election for Federal office that occurs after the date of the notice.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) A notice is described in this paragraph if it is a postage prepaid and pre-addressed return card, sent by forwardable mail, on which the registrant may state his or her current address, together with a notice to the following effect:
|
||||
|
||||
(A) If the registrant did not change his or her residence, or changed residence but remained in the registrar’s jurisdiction, the registrant should return the card not later than the time provided for mail registration under subsection (a)(1)(B). If the card is not returned, affirmation or confirmation of the registrant’s address may be required before the registrant is permitted to vote in a Federal election during the period beginning on the date of the notice and ending on the day after the date of the second general election for Federal office that occurs after the date of the notice, and if the registrant does not vote in an election during that period the registrant’s name will be removed from the list of eligible voters.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) If the registrant has changed residence to a place outside the registrar’s jurisdiction in which the registrant is registered, information concerning how the registrant can continue to be eligible to vote.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) A voting registrar shall correct an official list of eligible voters in elections for Federal office in accordance with change of residence information obtained in conformance with this subsection.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Procedure for voting following failure to return card (1) A registrant who has moved from an address in the area covered by a polling place to an address in the same area shall, notwithstanding failure to notify the registrar of the change of address prior to the date of an election, be permitted to vote at that polling place upon oral or written affirmation by the registrant of the change of address before an election official at that polling place.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) (A) A registrant who has moved from an address in the area covered by one polling place to an address in an area covered by a second polling place within the same registrar’s jurisdiction and the same congressional district and who has failed to notify the registrar of the change of address prior to the date of an election, at the option of the registrant—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) shall be permitted to correct the voting records and vote at the registrant’s former polling place, upon oral or written affirmation by the registrant of the new address before an election official at that polling place; or
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) (I) shall be permitted to correct the voting records and vote at a central location within the same registrar’s jurisdiction designated by the registrar where a list of eligible voters is maintained, upon written affirmation by the registrant of the new address on a standard form provided by the registrar at the central location; or
|
||||
|
||||
(II) shall be permitted to correct the voting records for purposes of voting in future elections at the appropriate polling place for the current address and, if permitted by State law, shall be permitted to vote in the present election, upon confirmation by the registrant of the new address by such means as are required by law.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) If State law permits the registrant to vote in the current election upon oral or written affirmation by the registrant of the new address at a polling place described in subparagraph (A)(i) or (A)(ii)(II), voting at the other locations described in subparagraph (A) need not be provided as options.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) If the registration records indicate that a registrant has moved from an address in the area covered by a polling place, the registrant shall, upon oral or written affirmation by the registrant before an election official at that polling place that the registrant continues to reside at the address previously made known to the registrar, be permitted to vote at that polling place.
|
||||
|
||||
(f) Change of voting address within a jurisdiction In the case of a change of address, for voting purposes, of a registrant to another address within the same registrar’s jurisdiction, the registrar shall correct the voting registration list accordingly, and the registrant’s name may not be removed from the official list of eligible voters by reason of such a change of address except as provided in subsection (d).
|
||||
|
||||
(g) Conviction in Federal court (1) On the conviction of a person of a felony in a district court of the United States, the United States attorney shall give written notice of the conviction to the chief State election official designated under section 20509 of this title of the State of the person’s residence.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) A notice given pursuant to paragraph (1) shall include—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the name of the offender;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the offender’s age and residence address;
|
||||
|
||||
(C) the date of entry of the judgment;
|
||||
|
||||
(D) a description of the offenses of which the offender was convicted; and
|
||||
|
||||
(E) the sentence imposed by the court.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) On request of the chief State election official of a State or other State official with responsibility for determining the effect that a conviction may have on an offender’s qualification to vote, the United States attorney shall provide such additional information as the United States attorney may have concerning the offender and the offense of which the offender was convicted.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) If a conviction of which notice was given pursuant to paragraph (1) is overturned, the United States attorney shall give the official to whom the notice was given written notice of the vacation of the judgment.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) The chief State election official shall notify the voter registration officials of the local jurisdiction in which an offender resides of the information received under this subsection.
|
||||
|
||||
(h) Omitted
|
||||
|
||||
(i) Public disclosure of voter registration activities (1) Each State shall maintain for at least 2 years and shall make available for public inspection and, where available, photocopying at a reasonable cost, all records concerning the implementation of programs and activities conducted for the purpose of ensuring the accuracy and currency of official lists of eligible voters, except to the extent that such records relate to a declination to register to vote or to the identity of a voter registration agency through which any particular voter is registered.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) The records maintained pursuant to paragraph (1) shall include lists of the names and addresses of all persons to whom notices described in subsection (d)(2) are sent, and information concerning whether or not each such person has responded to the notice as of the date that inspection of the records is made.
|
||||
|
||||
(j) “Registrar’s jurisdiction” defined For the purposes of this section, the term “registrar’s jurisdiction” means—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) an incorporated city, town, borough, or other form of municipality;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) if voter registration is maintained by a county, parish, or other unit of government that governs a larger geographic area than a municipality, the geographic area governed by that unit of government; or
|
||||
|
||||
(3) if voter registration is maintained on a consolidated basis for more than one municipality or other unit of government by an office that performs all of the functions of a voting registrar, the geographic area of the consolidated municipalities or other geographic units.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 8, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 82; Pub. L. 107–252, title IX, § 903, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1728.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThe Voting Rights Act of 1965, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 89–110, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 437, which is classified generally to chapters 103 (§ 10301 et seq.), 105 (§ 10501 et seq.), and 107 (§ 10701 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg–6 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Section is comprised of section 8 of Pub. L. 103–31. Subsec. (h) of section 8 of Pub. L. 103–31 enacted section 3629 of Title 39, Postal Service, and amended sections 2401 and 3627 of Title 39.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2002—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 107–252 inserted before period at end “, except that nothing in this paragraph may be construed to prohibit a State from using the procedures described in subsections (c) and (d) to remove an individual from the official list of eligible voters if the individual— “(A) has not either notified the applicable registrar (in person or in writing) or responded during the period described in subparagraph (B) to the notice sent by the applicable registrar; and then “(B) has not voted or appeared to vote in 2 or more consecutive general elections for Federal office”.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20508"
|
||||
description: "Federal coordination and regulations"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "205"
|
||||
chapter_name: "NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRATION"
|
||||
section: "20508"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20508"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20508"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
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|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "447a30fad902c90dc2a1c490e78b145176e79afa85336611d138f00a972899e9"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20508 - Federal coordination and regulations
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general The Election Assistance Commission—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) in consultation with the chief election officers of the States, shall prescribe such regulations as are necessary to carry out paragraphs (2) and (3);
|
||||
|
||||
(2) in consultation with the chief election officers of the States, shall develop a mail voter registration application form for elections for Federal office;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) not later than June 30 of each odd-numbered year, shall submit to the Congress a report assessing the impact of this chapter on the administration of elections for Federal office during the preceding 2-year period and including recommendations for improvements in Federal and State procedures, forms, and other matters affected by this chapter; and
|
||||
|
||||
(4) shall provide information to the States with respect to the responsibilities of the States under this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Contents of mail voter registration form The mail voter registration form developed under subsection (a)(2)—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) may require only such identifying information (including the signature of the applicant) and other information (including data relating to previous registration by the applicant), as is necessary to enable the appropriate State election official to assess the eligibility of the applicant and to administer voter registration and other parts of the election process;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) shall include a statement that—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) specifies each eligibility requirement (including citizenship);
|
||||
|
||||
(B) contains an attestation that the applicant meets each such requirement; and
|
||||
|
||||
(C) requires the signature of the applicant, under penalty of perjury;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) may not include any requirement for notarization or other formal authentication; and
|
||||
|
||||
(4) shall include, in print that is identical to that used in the attestation portion of the application—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) the information required in section 20507(a)(5)(A) and (B) of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) a statement that, if an applicant declines to register to vote, the fact that the applicant has declined to register will remain confidential and will be used only for voter registration purposes; and
|
||||
|
||||
(iii) a statement that if an applicant does register to vote, the office at which the applicant submits a voter registration application will remain confidential and will be used only for voter registration purposes.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 9, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 107–252, title VIII, § 802(b), Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1726.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg–7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–252 substituted “Election Assistance Commission” for “Federal Election Commission” in introductory provisions.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2002 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 107–252 effective upon appointment of all members of the Election Assistance Commission under section 20923 of this title, see section 21134(a) of this title.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20509"
|
||||
description: "Designation of chief State election official"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "205"
|
||||
chapter_name: "NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRATION"
|
||||
section: "20509"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20509"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20509"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "885a8148fbe6b3f7c04ed5ab161edfde569bb880dd8cc1f63e71cc8013bda666"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "d37caa52360f3c796a3549a68a61f165f3a24016f8f3601a62d2a8a5f845be8c"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20509 - Designation of chief State election official
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Each State shall designate a State officer or employee as the chief State election official to be responsible for coordination of State responsibilities under this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 10, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 87.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg–8 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20510"
|
||||
description: "Civil enforcement and private right of action"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "205"
|
||||
chapter_name: "NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRATION"
|
||||
section: "20510"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20510"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20510"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "2830eb1c32ed862d2058439930c8af06d7890c383d170865c2017cf37a10fe9d"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "b8d0231e0f09d435ff15b8a82bc2b94e32659d6fb07a40693aad933bce69fef9"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20510 - Civil enforcement and private right of action
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Attorney General The Attorney General may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court for such declaratory or injunctive relief as is necessary to carry out this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Private right of action (1) A person who is aggrieved by a violation of this chapter may provide written notice of the violation to the chief election official of the State involved.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) If the violation is not corrected within 90 days after receipt of a notice under paragraph (1), or within 20 days after receipt of the notice if the violation occurred within 120 days before the date of an election for Federal office, the aggrieved person may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court for declaratory or injunctive relief with respect to the violation.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) If the violation occurred within 30 days before the date of an election for Federal office, the aggrieved person need not provide notice to the chief election official of the State under paragraph (1) before bringing a civil action under paragraph (2).
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Attorney’s fees In a civil action under this section, the court may allow the prevailing party (other than the United States) reasonable attorney fees, including litigation expenses, and costs.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Relation to other laws (1) The rights and remedies established by this section are in addition to all other rights and remedies provided by law, and neither the rights and remedies established by this section nor any other provision of this chapter shall supersede, restrict, or limit the application of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 1973 et seq.) [now 52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.].
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Nothing in this chapter authorizes or requires conduct that is prohibited by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 1973 et seq.) [now 52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.].
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 11, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 88.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThe Voting Rights Act of 1965, referred to in subsec. (d), is Pub. L. 89–110, Aug. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 437, which is classified generally to chapters 103 (§ 10301 et seq.), 105 (§ 10501 et seq.), and 107 (§ 10701 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg–9 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20511"
|
||||
description: "Criminal penalties"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "205"
|
||||
chapter_name: "NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRATION"
|
||||
section: "20511"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20511"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20511"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "0e41b1cd974a43b9a5594b04c169c90fe315add09ee76e0d86763ba43bf7fee0"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "ee0460eea5d8f8d10db0b276627c5c10f82708be7a25f0c6b532e45dd4a44826"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20511 - Criminal penalties
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
A person, including an election official, who in any election for Federal office—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) knowingly and willfully intimidates, threatens, or coerces, or attempts to intimidate, threaten, or coerce, any person for—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) registering to vote, or voting, or attempting to register or vote;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) urging or aiding any person to register to vote, to vote, or to attempt to register or vote; or
|
||||
|
||||
(C) exercising any right under this chapter; or
|
||||
|
||||
(2) knowingly and willfully deprives, defrauds, or attempts to deprive or defraud the residents of a State of a fair and impartially conducted election process, by—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the procurement or submission of voter registration applications that are known by the person to be materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent under the laws of the State in which the election is held; or
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the procurement, casting, or tabulation of ballots that are known by the person to be materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent under the laws of the State in which the election is held,
|
||||
|
||||
shall be fined in accordance with title 18 (which fines shall be paid into the general fund of the Treasury, miscellaneous receipts (pursuant to section 3302 of title 31), notwithstanding any other law), or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 103–31, § 12, May 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 88.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1973gg–10 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20701"
|
||||
description: "Retention and preservation of records and papers by officers of elections; deposit with custodian; penalty for violation"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "207"
|
||||
chapter_name: "FEDERAL ELECTION RECORDS"
|
||||
section: "20701"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20701"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20701"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "0633004d50c58d9eb48ca90664af31b05f308d8a479db3521361f61f89a90977"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "e8601f0c16dd79a2ceac7e7615d559550e5cdc47827dda7d988ba7a122c3863d"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20701 - Retention and preservation of records and papers by officers of elections; deposit with custodian; penalty for violation
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Every officer of election shall retain and preserve, for a period of twenty-two months from the date of any general, special, or primary election of which candidates for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the Senate, Member of the House of Representatives, or Resident Commissioner from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are voted for, all records and papers which come into his possession relating to any application, registration, payment of poll tax, or other act requisite to voting in such election, except that, when required by law, such records and papers may be delivered to another officer of election and except that, if a State or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico designates a custodian to retain and preserve these records and papers at a specified place, then such records and papers may be deposited with such custodian, and the duty to retain and preserve any record or paper so deposited shall devolve upon such custodian. Any officer of election or custodian who willfully fails to comply with this section shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 86–449, title III, § 301, May 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 88.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1974 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20702"
|
||||
description: "Theft, destruction, concealment, mutilation, or alteration of records or papers; penalties"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "207"
|
||||
chapter_name: "FEDERAL ELECTION RECORDS"
|
||||
section: "20702"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20702"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20702"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "46e4c1ec058102ae110e7ecf1d9891bf42b10d0c838d0e23f2320c4b4fff530e"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "9959dff4143104ee1861b53a334de0aeeba22815097b52b71c4ad889689eac3c"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20702 - Theft, destruction, concealment, mutilation, or alteration of records or papers; penalties
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Any person, whether or not an officer of election or custodian, who willfully steals, destroys, conceals, mutilates, or alters any record or paper required by section 20701 of this title to be retained and preserved shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 86–449, title III, § 302, May 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 88.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1974a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20703"
|
||||
description: "Demand for records or papers by Attorney General or representative; statement of basis and purpose"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "207"
|
||||
chapter_name: "FEDERAL ELECTION RECORDS"
|
||||
section: "20703"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20703"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20703"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "7660aec2b3f7c90fd8ced89d147e30f9d48f509a717134a2a8a37fabfd1f8a28"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "1938484cce6f3355d4c0aff9b87677fa199d98acc1a67681aaccf7484846c769"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20703 - Demand for records or papers by Attorney General or representative; statement of basis and purpose
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Any record or paper required by section 20701 of this title to be retained and preserved shall, upon demand in writing by the Attorney General or his representative directed to the person having custody, possession, or control of such record or paper, be made available for inspection, reproduction, and copying at the principal office of such custodian by the Attorney General or his representative. This demand shall contain a statement of the basis and the purpose therefor.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 86–449, title III, § 303, May 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 88.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1974b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20704"
|
||||
description: "Disclosure of records or papers"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "207"
|
||||
chapter_name: "FEDERAL ELECTION RECORDS"
|
||||
section: "20704"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20704"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20704"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "d22ddee8802b99e3497ff732974d02b08d7210f6cf1f4d84ab5725eff6321daa"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "20ad28ed878a61550bd375f817bd950a73f76412f7d1a2f830359400f2b30ed6"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20704 - Disclosure of records or papers
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Unless otherwise ordered by a court of the United States, neither the Attorney General nor any employee of the Department of Justice, nor any other representative of the Attorney General, shall disclose any record or paper produced pursuant to this chapter, or any reproduction or copy, except to Congress and any committee thereof, governmental agencies, and in the presentation of any case or proceeding before any court or grand jury.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 86–449, title III, § 304, May 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 88.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1974c of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20705"
|
||||
description: "Jurisdiction to compel production of records or papers"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "207"
|
||||
chapter_name: "FEDERAL ELECTION RECORDS"
|
||||
section: "20705"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20705"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20705"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "a1fd61eca537acd2e25336db58098d7b3eb665c9b1150e39664e4448c8940307"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "ddcb19deb8110fc2e74385adddaadbf94e99c7b6866f9536b5cb4d57007fe61d"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20705 - Jurisdiction to compel production of records or papers
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The United States district court for the district in which a demand is made pursuant to section 20703 of this title, or in which a record or paper so demanded is located, shall have jurisdiction by appropriate process to compel the production of such record or paper.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 86–449, title III, § 305, May 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 88.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1974d of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20706"
|
||||
description: "“Officer of election” defined"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "207"
|
||||
chapter_name: "FEDERAL ELECTION RECORDS"
|
||||
section: "20706"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20706"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20706"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "104d288a28552f7ce31e7c431ed50fbaaf5d9adcb9d16030134823bc0c0ea192"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "2f9481e8fd294b299d580e97a1166e756050512d00b0a17b3f07c4cade49bbe8"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20706 - “Officer of election” defined
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
As used in this chapter, the term “officer of election” means any person who, under color of any Federal, State, Commonwealth, or local law, statute, ordinance, regulation, authority, custom, or usage, performs or is authorized to perform any function, duty, or task in connection with any application, registration, payment of poll tax, or other act requisite to voting in any general, special, or primary election at which votes are cast for candidates for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the Senate, Member of the House of Representatives, or Resident Commissioner from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 86–449, title III, § 306, May 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 88.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 1974e of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20901"
|
||||
description: "Payments to States for activities to improve administration of elections"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20901"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20901"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20901"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "3765774f3ff0638e215de04f90c91ebfea9d6222041693030833dc793524fa2b"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "c1257d742208239b87a11c137b5e1b5b09c6de99da89942ea8b09198ec520db8"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20901 - Payments to States for activities to improve administration of elections
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general Not later than 45 days after October 29, 2002, the Administrator of General Services (in this subchapter referred to as the “Administrator”) shall establish a program under which the Administrator shall make a payment to each State in which the chief executive officer of the State, or designee, in consultation and coordination with the chief State election official, notifies the Administrator not later than 6 months after October 29, 2002, that the State intends to use the payment in accordance with this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Use of payment (1) In general A State shall use the funds provided under a payment made under this section to carry out one or more of the following activities:
|
||||
|
||||
(A) Complying with the requirements under subchapter III.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Improving the administration of elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(C) Educating voters concerning voting procedures, voting rights, and voting technology.
|
||||
|
||||
(D) Training election officials, poll workers, and election volunteers.
|
||||
|
||||
(E) Developing the State plan for requirements payments to be submitted under subpart 1 of part D of subchapter II.
|
||||
|
||||
(F) Improving, acquiring, leasing, modifying, or replacing voting systems and technology and methods for casting and counting votes.
|
||||
|
||||
(G) Improving the accessibility and quantity of polling places, including providing physical access for individuals with disabilities, providing nonvisual access for individuals with visual impairments, and providing assistance to Native Americans, Alaska Native citizens, and to individuals with limited proficiency in the English language.
|
||||
|
||||
(H) Establishing toll-free telephone hotlines that voters may use to report possible voting fraud and voting rights violations, to obtain general election information, and to access detailed automated information on their own voter registration status, specific polling place locations, and other relevant information.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Limitation A State may not use the funds provided under a payment made under this section—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) to pay costs associated with any litigation, except to the extent that such costs otherwise constitute permitted uses of a payment under this section; or
|
||||
|
||||
(B) for the payment of any judgment.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Use of funds to be consistent with other laws and requirements In order to receive a payment under the program under this section, the State shall provide the Administrator with certifications that—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) the State will use the funds provided under the payment in a manner that is consistent with each of the laws described in section 21145 of this title, as such laws relate to the provisions of this chapter; and
|
||||
|
||||
(2) the proposed uses of the funds are not inconsistent with the requirements of subchapter III.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Amount of payment (1) In general Subject to section 20903(b) of this title, the amount of payment made to a State under this section shall be the minimum payment amount described in paragraph (2) plus the voting age population proportion amount described in paragraph (3).
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Minimum payment amount The minimum payment amount described in this paragraph is—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) in the case of any of the several States or the District of Columbia, one-half of 1 percent of the aggregate amount made available for payments under this section; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) in the case of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, or the United States Virgin Islands, one-tenth of 1 percent of such aggregate amount.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Voting age population proportion amount The voting age population proportion amount described in this paragraph is the product of—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the aggregate amount made available for payments under this section minus the total of all of the minimum payment amounts determined under paragraph (2); and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the voting age population proportion for the State (as defined in paragraph (4)).
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Voting age population proportion defined The term “voting age population proportion” means, with respect to a State, the amount equal to the quotient of—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the voting age population of the State (as reported in the most recent decennial census); and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the total voting age population of all States (as reported in the most recent decennial census).
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title I, § 101, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1668.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextSubchapter III, referred to in subsecs. (b)(1)(A) and (c)(2), was in the original “title III”, meaning title III of Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1704, which enacted subchapter III of this chapter and amended section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of title III to the Code, see Tables. This chapter, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1666, known as the Help America Vote Act of 2002, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15301 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20902"
|
||||
description: "Replacement of punch card or lever voting machines"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20902"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20902"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20902"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "1485eb8fae9af80e69a82c9568abcab6fae4e4f18efcdb7ef7d68d3774768133"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "f508f18b6a73aa7e853a599af9dffaee4700f41932c1c45fa8ab25afe50f3d8a"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20902 - Replacement of punch card or lever voting machines
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Establishment of program (1) In general Not later than 45 days after October 29, 2002, the Administrator shall establish a program under which the Administrator shall make a payment to each State eligible under subsection (b) in which a precinct within that State used a punch card voting system or a lever voting system to administer the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office held in November 2000 (in this section referred to as a “qualifying precinct”).
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Use of funds A State shall use the funds provided under a payment under this section (either directly or as reimbursement, including as reimbursement for costs incurred on or after January 1, 2001, under multiyear contracts) to replace punch card voting systems or lever voting systems (as the case may be) in qualifying precincts within that State with a voting system (by purchase, lease, or such other arrangement as may be appropriate) that—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) does not use punch cards or levers;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) is not inconsistent with the requirements of the laws described in section 21145 of this title; and
|
||||
|
||||
(C) meets the requirements of section 21081 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Deadline (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a State receiving a payment under the program under this section shall ensure that all of the punch card voting systems or lever voting systems in the qualifying precincts within that State have been replaced in time for the regularly scheduled general election for Federal office to be held in November 2004.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Waiver If a State certifies to the Administrator not later than January 1, 2004, that the State will not meet the deadline described in subparagraph (A) for good cause and includes in the certification the reasons for the failure to meet such deadline, the State shall ensure that all of the punch card voting systems or lever voting systems in the qualifying precincts within that State will be replaced in time for the first election for Federal office held after November 1, 2010.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Eligibility (1) In general A State is eligible to receive a payment under the program under this section if it submits to the Administrator a notice not later than the date that is 6 months after October 29, 2002 (in such form as the Administrator may require) that contains—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) certifications that the State will use the payment (either directly or as reimbursement, including as reimbursement for costs incurred on or after January 1, 2001, under multiyear contracts) to replace punch card voting systems or lever voting systems (as the case may be) in the qualifying precincts within the State by the deadline described in subsection (a)(3);
|
||||
|
||||
(B) certifications that the State will continue to comply with the laws described in section 21145 of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(C) certifications that the replacement voting systems will meet the requirements of section 21081 of this title; and
|
||||
|
||||
(D) such other information and certifications as the Administrator may require which are necessary for the administration of the program.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Compliance of States that require changes to State law In the case of a State that requires State legislation to carry out an activity covered by any certification submitted under this subsection, the State shall be permitted to make the certification notwithstanding that the legislation has not been enacted at the time the certification is submitted and such State shall submit an additional certification once such legislation is enacted.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Amount of payment (1) In general Subject to paragraph (2) and section 20903(b) of this title, the amount of payment made to a State under the program under this section shall be equal to the product of—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the number of the qualifying precincts within the State; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) $4,000.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Reduction If the amount of funds appropriated pursuant to the authority of section 20904(a)(2) of this title is insufficient to ensure that each State receives the amount of payment calculated under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall reduce the amount specified in paragraph (1)(B) to ensure that the entire amount appropriated under such section is distributed to the States.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Repayment of funds for failure to meet deadlines (1) In general If a State receiving funds under the program under this section fails to meet the deadline applicable to the State under subsection (a)(3), the State shall pay to the Administrator an amount equal to the noncompliant precinct percentage of the amount of the funds provided to the State under the program.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Noncompliant precinct percentage defined In this subsection, the term “noncompliant precinct percentage” means, with respect to a State, the amount (expressed as a percentage) equal to the quotient of—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the number of qualifying precincts within the State for which the State failed to meet the applicable deadline; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the total number of qualifying precincts in the State.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Punch card voting system defined For purposes of this section, a “punch card voting system” includes any of the following voting systems:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) C.E.S.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Datavote.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) PBC Counter.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Pollstar.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) Punch Card.
|
||||
|
||||
(6) Vote Recorder.
|
||||
|
||||
(7) Votomatic.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title I, § 102, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1670; Pub. L. 110–28, title VI, § 6301(a), May 25, 2007, 121 Stat. 171; Pub. L. 111–8, div. D, title VI, § 625(a), Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 678.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15302 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2009—Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 111–8 substituted “November 1, 2010” for “March 1, 2008”. 2007—Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 110–28 substituted “March 1, 2008” for “January 1, 2006”.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2009 AmendmentPub. L. 111–8, div. D, title VI, § 625(b), Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 678, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the enactment of the Help America Vote Act of 2002 [Pub. L. 107–252, see Tables for classification].”
|
||||
|
||||
Effective Date of 2007 AmendmentPub. L. 110–28, title VI, § 6301(b), May 25, 2007, 121 Stat. 171, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the enactment of the Help America Vote Act of 2002 [Pub. L. 107–252, see Tables for classification].”
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20903"
|
||||
description: "Guaranteed minimum payment amount"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20903"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20903"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20903"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "fa7a9d379aa4dca382e4c63331e5c521f6e789ee48553d38bf3726603aebb6a3"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "438c50b7363a9e7111af8ccf192f6153ce4c14618fbec40c8504e57cfefa8df8"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20903 - Guaranteed minimum payment amount
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general In addition to any other payments made under this subchapter, the Administrator shall make a payment to each State to which a payment is made under either section 20901 or 20902 of this title and with respect to which the aggregate amount paid under such sections is less than $5,000,000 in an amount equal to the difference between the aggregate amount paid to the State under sections 20901 and 20902 of this title and $5,000,000. In the case of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, and the United States Virgin Islands, the previous sentence shall be applied as if each reference to “$5,000,000” were a reference to “$1,000,000”.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Pro rata reductions The Administrator shall make such pro rata reductions to the amounts described in sections 20901(d) and 20902(c) of this title as are necessary to comply with the requirements of subsection (a).
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title I, § 103, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1672.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15303 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20904"
|
||||
description: "Authorization of appropriations"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20904"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20904"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20904"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "b128556bb564d445c7d1a56aabcffecd2a5157e037ead2355038d1859704fa56"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "d825688e9e2e50f693886d9a37637add6cb7c481e609cc593020298a41419a7a"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20904 - Authorization of appropriations
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general There are authorized to be appropriated for payments under this subchapter $650,000,000, of which—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) 50 percent shall be for payments under section 20901 of this title; and
|
||||
|
||||
(2) 50 percent shall be for payments under section 20902 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Continuing availability of funds after appropriation Any payment made to a State under this subchapter shall be available to the State without fiscal year limitation (subject to subsection (c)(2)(B)).
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Use of returned funds and funds remaining unexpended for requirements payments (1) In general The amounts described in paragraph (2) shall be transferred to the Election Assistance Commission (established under subchapter II) and used by the Commission to make requirements payments under subpart 1 of part D of subchapter II.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Amounts described The amounts referred to in this paragraph are as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
(A) Any amounts paid to the Administrator by a State under section 20902(d)(1) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Any amounts appropriated for payments under this subchapter which remain unobligated as of September 1, 2003.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Deposit of amounts in State election fund When a State has established an election fund described in section 21004(b) of this title, the State shall ensure that any funds provided to the State under this subchapter are deposited and maintained in such fund.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Authorization of appropriations for Administrator In addition to the amounts authorized under subsection (a), there are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator such sums as may be necessary to administer the programs under this subchapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title I, § 104, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1672.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15304 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20905"
|
||||
description: "Administration of programs"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20905"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20905"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20905"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "132562505fbf5064800a69af97f91447bfff865d7fd1d778f81b810155815b92"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "7d9121e243f79e4a2c17c075a595953f1d307b458e39d6fe009fe7f24e66c659"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20905 - Administration of programs
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
In administering the programs under this subchapter, the Administrator shall take such actions as the Administrator considers appropriate to expedite the payment of funds to States.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title I, § 105, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1673.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15305 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20906"
|
||||
description: "Effective date"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20906"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20906"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20906"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "0ba06777a1af3f12b31b77c24f7db836090fda5b6228b3a0c7e824de3c3a75f2"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "ec42d575e9231339a95cc6fe419336e8fc2ab4e5273064c26366ce50074b7ead"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20906 - Effective date
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The Administrator shall implement the programs established under this subchapter in a manner that ensures that the Administrator is able to make payments under the program not later than the expiration of the 45-day period which begins on October 29, 2002.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title I, § 106, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1673.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15306 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20921"
|
||||
description: "Establishment"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20921"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20921"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20921"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "d6ec52f4abab32cc6bc626c84adf3a5a0782c9d5d8fa1ecd5de37f9df839d514"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "9534b43e8270860e565f9cff8e253af6f025b8cbc39fab17246186ac204bdef1"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20921 - Establishment
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
There is hereby established as an independent entity the Election Assistance Commission (hereafter in this subchapter referred to as the “Commission”), consisting of the members appointed under this subpart. Additionally, there is established the Election Assistance Commission Standards Board (including the Executive Board of such Board) and the Election Assistance Commission Board of Advisors under subpart 2 of this part (hereafter in this subpart referred to as the “Standards Board” and the “Board of Advisors”, respectively) and the Technical Guidelines Development Committee under subpart 3 of this part.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 201, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1673.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15321 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20922"
|
||||
description: "Duties"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20922"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20922"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20922"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "a66f26ab5db82f9faf176f3b74b4b891c77e4143ea88cfed13af1c89b595285a"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "a09bcbe3a85f8b36f0ef722d83b113906baed14f29334b746bf43c2fb88b3cde"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20922 - Duties
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The Commission shall serve as a national clearinghouse and resource for the compilation of information and review of procedures with respect to the administration of Federal elections by—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) carrying out the duties described in subpart 3 of this part (relating to the adoption of voluntary voting system guidelines), including the maintenance of a clearinghouse of information on the experiences of State and local governments in implementing the guidelines and in operating voting systems in general;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) carrying out the duties described in part B of this subchapter (relating to the testing, certification, decertification, and recertification of voting system hardware and software);
|
||||
|
||||
(3) carrying out the duties described in part C of this subchapter (relating to conducting studies and carrying out other activities to promote the effective administration of Federal elections);
|
||||
|
||||
(4) carrying out the duties described in part D of this subchapter (relating to election assistance), and providing information and training on the management of the payments and grants provided under such part;
|
||||
|
||||
(5) carrying out the duties described in part B of subchapter III (relating to the adoption of voluntary guidance); and
|
||||
|
||||
(6) developing and carrying out the Help America Vote College Program under subchapter V.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 202, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1673.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15322 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20923"
|
||||
description: "Membership and appointment"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20923"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20923"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20923"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "76d3526ab04fb8532015273d27bbd542e8646c9629750ef19ff96a2efcd740f8"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "7bf3410161e43fb11c8664af79b8376aef9bc7678f4da2cd226b2c81622b1351"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20923 - Membership and appointment
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Membership (1) In general The Commission shall have four members appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Recommendations Before the initial appointment of the members of the Commission and before the appointment of any individual to fill a vacancy on the Commission, the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the Senate, and the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives shall each submit to the President a candidate recommendation with respect to each vacancy on the Commission affiliated with the political party of the Member of Congress involved.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Qualifications Each member of the Commission shall have experience with or expertise in election administration or the study of elections.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Date of appointment The appointments of the members of the Commission shall be made not later than 120 days after October 29, 2002.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Term of service (1) In general Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), members shall serve for a term of 4 years and may be reappointed for not more than one additional term.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Terms of initial appointees As designated by the President at the time of nomination, of the members first appointed—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) two of the members (not more than one of whom may be affiliated with the same political party) shall be appointed for a term of 2 years; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) two of the members (not more than one of whom may be affiliated with the same political party) shall be appointed for a term of 4 years.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Vacancies (A) In general A vacancy on the Commission shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made and shall be subject to any conditions which applied with respect to the original appointment.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Expired terms A member of the Commission shall serve on the Commission after the expiration of the member’s term until the successor of such member has taken office as a member of the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(C) Unexpired terms An individual appointed to fill a vacancy shall be appointed for the unexpired term of the member replaced.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Chair and vice chair (1) In general The Commission shall select a chair and vice chair from among its members for a term of 1 year, except that the chair and vice chair may not be affiliated with the same political party.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Number of terms A member of the Commission may serve as the chairperson and vice chairperson for only 1 term each during the term of office to which such member is appointed.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Compensation (1) In general Each member of the Commission shall be compensated at the annual rate of basic pay prescribed for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Other activities No member appointed to the Commission under subsection (a) may engage in any other business, vocation, or employment while serving as a member of the Commission and shall terminate or liquidate such business, vocation, or employment before sitting as a member of the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 203, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1674.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15323 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20924"
|
||||
description: "Staff"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20924"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20924"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20924"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "6c763ad2c52398c9eab15ede6905017fab605eb233cf14c9f9d763158dadc822"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "9be28ce36964a5762f231fe022bf551e948e8696682a5db2ed30a36f5f83d656"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20924 - Staff
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Executive Director, General Counsel, and other staff (1) Executive Director The Commission shall have an Executive Director, who shall be paid at a rate not to exceed the rate of basic pay for level V of the Executive Schedule under section 5316 of title 5.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Term of service for Executive Director The Executive Director shall serve for a term of 4 years. An Executive Director may serve for a longer period only if reappointed for an additional term or terms by a vote of the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Procedure for appointment (A) In general When a vacancy exists in the position of the Executive Director, the Standards Board and the Board of Advisors shall each appoint a search committee to recommend at least three nominees for the position.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Requiring consideration of nominees Except as provided in subparagraph (C), the Commission shall consider the nominees recommended by the Standards Board and the Board of Advisors in appointing the Executive Director.
|
||||
|
||||
(C) Interim service of General Counsel If a vacancy exists in the position of the Executive Director, the General Counsel of the Commission shall serve as the acting Executive Director until the Commission appoints a new Executive Director in accordance with this paragraph.
|
||||
|
||||
(D) Special rules for interim Executive Director (i) Convening of search committees The Standards Board and the Board of Advisors shall each appoint a search committee and recommend nominees for the position of Executive Director in accordance with subparagraph (A) as soon as practicable after the appointment of their members.
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) Interim initial appointment Notwithstanding subparagraph (B), the Commission may appoint an individual to serve as an interim Executive Director prior to the recommendation of nominees for the position by the Standards Board or the Board of Advisors, except that such individual’s term of service may not exceed 6 months. Nothing in the previous sentence may be construed to prohibit the individual serving as the interim Executive Director from serving any additional term.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) General Counsel The Commission shall have a General Counsel, who shall be appointed by the Commission and who shall serve under the Executive Director. The General Counsel shall serve for a term of 4 years, and may serve for a longer period only if reappointed for an additional term or terms by a vote of the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) Other staff Subject to rules prescribed by the Commission, the Executive Director may appoint and fix the pay of such additional personnel as the Executive Director considers appropriate.
|
||||
|
||||
(6) Applicability of certain civil service laws The Executive Director, General Counsel, and staff of the Commission may be appointed without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointments in the competitive service, and may be paid without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of that title relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates, except that an individual so appointed may not receive pay in excess of the annual rate of basic pay for level V of the Executive Schedule under section 5316 of that title.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Experts and consultants Subject to rules prescribed by the Commission, the Executive Director may procure temporary and intermittent services under section 3109(b) of title 5 by a vote of the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Staff of Federal agencies Upon request of the Commission, the head of any Federal department or agency may detail, on a reimbursable basis, any of the personnel of that department or agency to the Commission to assist it in carrying out its duties under this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Arranging for assistance for Board of Advisors and Standards Board At the request of the Board of Advisors or the Standards Board, the Commission may enter into such arrangements as the Commission considers appropriate to make personnel available to assist the Boards with carrying out their duties under this subchapter (including contracts with private individuals for providing temporary personnel services or the temporary detailing of personnel of the Commission).
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Consultation with Board of Advisors and Standards Board on certain matters In preparing the program goals, long-term plans, mission statements, and related matters for the Commission, the Executive Director and staff of the Commission shall consult with the Board of Advisors and the Standards Board.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 204, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1675.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (c), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1666, known as the Help America Vote Act of 2002, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15324 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20925"
|
||||
description: "Powers"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20925"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20925"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20925"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "b8f5989db6edf7490b4c71fe9f34b60354807edbbc5ca95c60e8790abd8fde8f"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "eed1cd8a5821e6d052ae503640893b8b4141a303a7abd58f79964967cf2b9668"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20925 - Powers
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Hearings and sessions The Commission may hold such hearings for the purpose of carrying out this chapter, sit and act at such times and places, take such testimony, and receive such evidence as the Commission considers advisable to carry out this chapter. The Commission may administer oaths and affirmations to witnesses appearing before the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Information from Federal agencies The Commission may secure directly from any Federal department or agency such information as the Commission considers necessary to carry out this chapter. Upon request of the Commission, the head of such department or agency shall furnish such information to the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Postal services The Commission may use the United States mails in the same manner and under the same conditions as other departments and agencies of the Federal Government.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Administrative support services Upon the request of the Commission, the Administrator of General Services shall provide to the Commission, on a reimbursable basis, the administrative support services that are necessary to enable the Commission to carry out its duties under this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Contracts The Commission may contract with and compensate persons and Federal agencies for supplies and services without regard to section 6101 of title 41.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 205, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1677.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), and (d), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1666, known as the Help America Vote Act of 2002, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15325 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. In subsec. (e), “section 6101 of title 41” substituted for “section 3709 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (41 U.S.C. 5)” on authority of Pub. L. 111–350, § 6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20926"
|
||||
description: "Dissemination of information"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20926"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20926"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20926"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "68caaf35acdcf004c838d32eb6243ed092d82a565182bbdc462235977d507b6f"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "904a484bf8e2a4cbc898d18cf337e9d42a549fe6e9ccd22b7906961ddabf0fc2"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20926 - Dissemination of information
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
In carrying out its duties, the Commission shall, on an ongoing basis, disseminate to the public (through the Internet, published reports, and such other methods as the Commission considers appropriate) in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of chapter 19 of title 44 information on the activities carried out under this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 206, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1677.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1666, known as the Help America Vote Act of 2002, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15326 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20927"
|
||||
description: "Annual report"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20927"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20927"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20927"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "c5936a413baab3cf1bc391796256099ce22261765e18ff825c81ce710518d341"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "dc648c1a0ec91c31ed9ff9002eee44ad82901ff4a76681716a81c8fb4d41a543"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20927 - Annual report
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Not later than January 31 of each year (beginning with 2004), the Commission shall submit a report to the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Rules and Administration of the Senate detailing its activities during the fiscal year which ended on September 30 of the previous calendar year, and shall include in the report the following information:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) A detailed description of activities conducted with respect to each program carried out by the Commission under this chapter, including information on each grant or other payment made under such programs.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) A copy of each report submitted to the Commission by a recipient of such grants or payments which is required under such a program, including reports submitted by States receiving requirements payments under subpart 1 of part D of this subchapter, and each other report submitted to the Commission under this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Information on the voluntary voting system guidelines adopted or modified by the Commission under subpart 3 of this part and information on the voluntary guidance adopted under part B of subchapter III.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) All votes taken by the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) Such other information and recommendations as the Commission considers appropriate.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 207, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1677.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in pars. (1) and (2), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1666, known as the Help America Vote Act of 2002, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15327 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20928"
|
||||
description: "Requiring majority approval for actions"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20928"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20928"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20928"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "0fcb48427908800d41546d0a50ea0777edf1b4d74936421695b00a303beaf86d"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "0f6e33b0d9b4a1db904ae2df64be7fd389c6c75037a6bb1d4ed943879dc0a0c8"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20928 - Requiring majority approval for actions
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Any action which the Commission is authorized to carry out under this chapter may be carried out only with the approval of at least three of its members.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 208, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1678.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1666, known as the Help America Vote Act of 2002, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15328 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20929"
|
||||
description: "Limitation on rulemaking authority"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20929"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20929"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20929"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "86748d14444a0142cbad03cd2dbba29bf7b647078ef04457c14dd461ca1db62d"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "160ef92167e2b959a047afe6d834a759b1f14806778a6bb21fddabd49051d3a4"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20929 - Limitation on rulemaking authority
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The Commission shall not have any authority to issue any rule, promulgate any regulation, or take any other action which imposes any requirement on any State or unit of local government, except to the extent permitted under section 20508(a) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 209, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1678.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15329 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20930"
|
||||
description: "Authorization of appropriations"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20930"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20930"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20930"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "abff23b314833c45563b48c3dd9e55281ac3c331088cec9b2b3be20dcbdd2927"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "d6f36b140d48c7b74c9ad254311568f6e48ff59ceece1ac42c03e57e24557416"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20930 - Authorization of appropriations
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to the amounts authorized for payments and grants under this subchapter and the amounts authorized to be appropriated for the program under section 21123 of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated for each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2005 such sums as may be necessary (but not to exceed $10,000,000 for each such year) for the Commission to carry out this subchapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 210, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1678.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15330 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20941"
|
||||
description: "Establishment"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20941"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20941"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20941"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "3474b2a7e86b095d42b9db8498becec82a6cd77eafb594e81bb8cbb0c70c47b2"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "71a5467d5488f65c1164085fb8f44c08ef8d087a86fd1aecca9b3f25eeca6b90"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20941 - Establishment
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
There are hereby established the Election Assistance Commission Standards Board (hereafter in this subchapter referred to as the “Standards Board”) and the Election Assistance Commission Board of Advisors (hereafter in this subchapter referred to as the “Board of Advisors”).
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 211, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1678.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15341 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20942"
|
||||
description: "Duties"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20942"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20942"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20942"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "c30a2cf839dfaf539b5c90ac2560cc2c55383a4ae734c36b06bccee776c1f0bb"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "a10b60a54b7fd560d664f8ee349a43295470a99e43093b5fdc60bcdda58ac8ed"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20942 - Duties
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
The Standards Board and the Board of Advisors shall each, in accordance with the procedures described in subpart 3 of this part, review the voluntary voting system guidelines under such subpart, the voluntary guidance under subchapter III, and the best practices recommendations contained in the report submitted under section 20982(b) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 212, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1678.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextSubchapter III, referred to in text, was in the original “title III”, meaning title III of Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1704, which is classified principally to subchapter III (§ 21081 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of title III to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15342 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20943"
|
||||
description: "Membership of Standards Board"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20943"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20943"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20943"
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20943 - Membership of Standards Board
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Composition (1) In general Subject to certification by the chair of the Federal Election Commission under subsection (b), the Standards Board shall be composed of 110 members as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
(A) Fifty-five shall be State election officials selected by the chief State election official of each State.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Fifty-five shall be local election officials selected in accordance with paragraph (2).
|
||||
|
||||
(2) List of local election officials Each State’s local election officials, including the local election officials of Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands, shall select (under a process supervised by the chief election official of the State) a representative local election official from the State for purposes of paragraph (1)(B). In the case of the District of Columbia, Guam, and American Samoa, the chief election official shall establish a procedure for selecting an individual to serve as a local election official for purposes of such paragraph, except that under such a procedure the individual selected may not be a member of the same political party as the chief election official.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Requiring mix of political parties represented The two members of the Standards Board who represent the same State may not be members of the same political party.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Procedures for notice and certification of appointment (1) Notice to chair of Federal Election Commission Not later than 90 days after October 29, 2002, the chief State election official of the State shall transmit a notice to the chair of the Federal Election Commission containing—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the name of the State election official who agrees to serve on the Standards Board under this subchapter; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the name of the representative local election official from the State selected under subsection (a)(2) who agrees to serve on the Standards Board under this subchapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Certification Upon receiving a notice from a State under paragraph (1), the chair of the Federal Election Commission shall publish a certification that the selected State election official and the representative local election official are appointed as members of the Standards Board under this subchapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Effect of failure to provide notice If a State does not transmit a notice to the chair of the Federal Election Commission under paragraph (1) within the deadline described in such paragraph, no representative from the State may participate in the selection of the initial Executive Board under subsection (c).
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Role of Commission Upon the appointment of the members of the Election Assistance Commission, the Election Assistance Commission shall carry out the duties of the Federal Election Commission under this subsection.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Executive Board (1) In general Not later than 60 days after the last day on which the appointment of any of its members may be certified under subsection (b), the Standards Board shall select nine of its members to serve as the Executive Board of the Standards Board, of whom—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) not more than five may be State election officials;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) not more than five may be local election officials; and
|
||||
|
||||
(C) not more than five may be members of the same political party.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Terms Except as provided in paragraph (3), members of the Executive Board of the Standards Board shall serve for a term of 2 years and may not serve for more than 3 consecutive terms.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Staggering of initial terms Of the members first selected to serve on the Executive Board of the Standards Board—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) three shall serve for 1 term;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) three shall serve for 2 consecutive terms; and
|
||||
|
||||
(C) three shall serve for 3 consecutive terms,
|
||||
|
||||
as determined by lot at the time the members are first appointed.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Duties In addition to any other duties assigned under this subchapter, the Executive Board of the Standards Board may carry out such duties of the Standards Board as the Standards Board may delegate.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 213, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1678.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15343 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20944"
|
||||
description: "Membership of Board of Advisors"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20944"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20944"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
text_hash: "217432790632b0ae21eabd58656ef1e07af957600b61c478da5584890a355a9d"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20944 - Membership of Board of Advisors
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general The Board of Advisors shall be composed of 37 members appointed as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Two members appointed by the National Governors Association.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Two members appointed by the National Conference of State Legislatures.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Two members appointed by the National Association of Secretaries of State.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Two members appointed by the National Association of State Election Directors.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) Two members appointed by the National Association of Counties.
|
||||
|
||||
(6) Two members appointed by the National Association of County Recorders, Election Administrators, and Clerks.11 So in original. Probably should be “National Association of County Recorders, Election Officials and Clerks.”
|
||||
|
||||
(7) Two members appointed by the United States Conference of Mayors.
|
||||
|
||||
(8) Two members appointed by the Election Center.
|
||||
|
||||
(9) Two members appointed by the International Association of County Recorders, Election Officials, and Treasurers.22 So in original. Probably should be “International Association of Clerks, Recorders, Election Officials and Treasurers.”
|
||||
|
||||
(10) Two members appointed by the United States Commission on Civil Rights.
|
||||
|
||||
(11) Two members appointed by the Architectural and Transportation Barrier 33 So in original. Probably should be “Barriers”. Compliance Board under section 792 of title 29.
|
||||
|
||||
(12) The chief of the Office of Public Integrity of the Department of Justice,44 So in original. Probably means the Public Integrity Section of the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice. or the chief’s designee.
|
||||
|
||||
(13) The chief of the Voting Section of the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice or the chief’s designee.
|
||||
|
||||
(14) The director of the Federal Voting Assistance Program of the Department of Defense.
|
||||
|
||||
(15) Four members representing professionals in the field of science and technology, of whom—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) one each shall be appointed by the Speaker and the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) one each shall be appointed by the Majority Leader and the Minority Leader of the Senate.
|
||||
|
||||
(16) Eight members representing voter interests, of whom—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) four members shall be appointed by the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives, of whom two shall be appointed by the chair and two shall be appointed by the ranking minority member; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) four members shall be appointed by the Committee on Rules and Administration of the Senate, of whom two shall be appointed by the chair and two shall be appointed by the ranking minority member.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Manner of appointments Appointments shall be made to the Board of Advisors under subsection (a) in a manner which ensures that the Board of Advisors will be bipartisan in nature and will reflect the various geographic regions of the United States.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Term of service; vacancy Members of the Board of Advisors shall serve for a term of 2 years, and may be reappointed. Any vacancy in the Board of Advisors shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Chair The Board of Advisors shall elect a Chair from among its members.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 214, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1680.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15344 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20945"
|
||||
description: "Powers of Boards; no compensation for service"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20945"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20945"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20945"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "5d6f6713ab5426f97f69c157611831ccd288d07cdd8780ff9253327b20d99a95"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "137d720fe9c514139d63acf6be945e20675e0a0607763d5d98e4653e10861af7"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20945 - Powers of Boards; no compensation for service
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Hearings and sessions (1) In general To the extent that funds are made available by the Commission, the Standards Board (acting through the Executive Board) and the Board of Advisors may each hold such hearings for the purpose of carrying out this chapter, sit and act at such times and places, take such testimony, and receive such evidence as each such Board considers advisable to carry out this subchapter, except that the Boards may not issue subpoenas requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses or the production of any evidence.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Meetings The Standards Board and the Board of Advisors shall each hold a meeting of its members—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) not less frequently than once every year for purposes of voting on the voluntary voting system guidelines referred to it under section 20962 of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) in the case of the Standards Board, not less frequently than once every 2 years for purposes of selecting the Executive Board; and
|
||||
|
||||
(C) at such other times as it considers appropriate for purposes of conducting such other business as it considers appropriate consistent with this subchapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Information from Federal agencies The Standards Board and the Board of Advisors may each secure directly from any Federal department or agency such information as the Board considers necessary to carry out this chapter. Upon request of the Executive Board (in the case of the Standards Board) or the Chair (in the case of the Board of Advisors), the head of such department or agency shall furnish such information to the Board.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Postal services The Standards Board and the Board of Advisors may use the United States mails in the same manner and under the same conditions as a department or agency of the Federal Government.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Administrative support services Upon the request of the Executive Board (in the case of the Standards Board) or the Chair (in the case of the Board of Advisors), the Administrator of the General Services Administration shall provide to the Board, on a reimbursable basis, the administrative support services that are necessary to enable the Board to carry out its duties under this subchapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) No compensation for service Members of the Standards Board and members of the Board of Advisors shall not receive any compensation for their service, but shall be paid travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, while away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of services for the Board.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 215, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1681.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1) and (b), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1666, known as the Help America Vote Act of 2002, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15345 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20946"
|
||||
description: "Status of Boards and members for purposes of claims against Board"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20946"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20946"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20946"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "1b4bb0ee48736b7d297ab28d78c9da58a51fdc551bad45673c4d19f4407bac36"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "7bfd65d1026f5b4226be0309676340dc8476a7ff6670dbf3f17ad31892aad548"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20946 - Status of Boards and members for purposes of claims against Board
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general The provisions of chapters 161 and 171 of title 28 shall apply with respect to the liability of the Standards Board, the Board of Advisors, and their members for acts or omissions performed pursuant to and in the course of the duties and responsibilities of the Board.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Exception for criminal acts and other willful conduct Subsection (a) may not be construed to limit personal liability for criminal acts or omissions, willful or malicious misconduct, acts or omissions for private gain, or any other act or omission outside the scope of the service of a member of the Standards Board or the Board of Advisors.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 216, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1681.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15346 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20961"
|
||||
description: "Technical Guidelines Development Committee"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20961"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20961"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20961"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "932a7a022b595ad75a462cc8d5d28ab5ed249909b214aa8a3a419c068b481326"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "cb2c50e78690c2cdc46d42304d933b088a562916cabcaf80c63da04dde83ebc4"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20961 - Technical Guidelines Development Committee
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Establishment There is hereby established the Technical Guidelines Development Committee (hereafter in this subpart referred to as the “Development Committee”).
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Duties (1) In general The Development Committee shall assist the Executive Director of the Commission in the development of the voluntary voting system guidelines.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Deadline for initial set of recommendations The Development Committee shall provide its first set of recommendations under this section to the Executive Director of the Commission not later than 9 months after all of its members have been appointed.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Membership (1) In general The Development Committee shall be composed of the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (who shall serve as its chair), together with a group of 14 other individuals appointed jointly by the Commission and the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, consisting of the following:
|
||||
|
||||
(A) An equal number of each of the following:
|
||||
|
||||
(i) Members of the Standards Board.
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) Members of the Board of Advisors.
|
||||
|
||||
(iii) Members of the Architectural and Transportation Barrier Compliance Board under section 792 of title 29.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) A representative of the American National Standards Institute.
|
||||
|
||||
(C) A representative of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
|
||||
|
||||
(D) Two representatives of the National Association of State Election Directors selected by such Association who are not members of the Standards Board or Board of Advisors, and who are not of the same political party.
|
||||
|
||||
(E) Other individuals with technical and scientific expertise relating to voting systems and voting equipment.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Quorum A majority of the members of the Development Committee shall constitute a quorum, except that the Development Committee may not conduct any business prior to the appointment of all of its members.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) No compensation for service Members of the Development Committee shall not receive any compensation for their service, but shall be paid travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, while away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of services for the Development Committee.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Technical support from National Institute of Standards and Technology (1) In general At the request of the Development Committee, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall provide the Development Committee with technical support necessary for the Development Committee to carry out its duties under this part.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Technical support The technical support provided under paragraph (1) shall include intramural research and development in areas to support the development of the voluntary voting system guidelines under this subpart, including—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the security of computers, computer networks, and computer data storage used in voting systems, including the computerized list required under section 21083(a) of this title;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) methods to detect and prevent fraud;
|
||||
|
||||
(C) the protection of voter privacy;
|
||||
|
||||
(D) the role of human factors in the design and application of voting systems, including assistive technologies for individuals with disabilities (including blindness) and varying levels of literacy; and
|
||||
|
||||
(E) remote access voting, including voting through the Internet.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) No private sector intellectual property rights in guidelines No private sector individual or entity shall obtain any intellectual property rights to any guideline or the contents of any guideline (or any modification to any guideline) adopted by the Commission under this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
(f) Publication of recommendations in Federal Register At the time the Commission adopts any voluntary voting system guideline pursuant to section 20962 of this title, the Development Committee shall cause to have published in the Federal Register the recommendations it provided under this section to the Executive Director of the Commission concerning the guideline adopted.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 221, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1682.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (e)(3), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 107–252, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1666, known as the Help America Vote Act of 2002, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15361 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20962"
|
||||
description: "Process for adoption"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20962"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20962"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20962"
|
||||
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|
||||
source_hash: "263816d793f1384954cd30fe59c7a4af9522f37b37a4cb6f49bf21e527a00fb2"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "1239d5df20fbe9afe6329dd6c0217cc09b43fe8aa22d86d681723e12ad6b516b"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20962 - Process for adoption
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) General requirement for notice and comment Consistent with the requirements of this section, the final adoption of the voluntary voting system guidelines (or modification of such a guideline) shall be carried out by the Commission in a manner that provides for each of the following:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Publication of notice of the proposed guidelines in the Federal Register.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) An opportunity for public comment on the proposed guidelines.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) An opportunity for a public hearing on the record.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Publication of the final guidelines in the Federal Register.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Consideration of recommendations of Development Committee; submission of proposed guidelines to Board of Advisors and Standards Board (1) Consideration of recommendations of Development Committee In developing the voluntary voting system guidelines and modifications of such guidelines under this section, the Executive Director of the Commission shall take into consideration the recommendations provided by the Technical Guidelines Development Committee under section 20961 of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Board of Advisors The Executive Director of the Commission shall submit the guidelines proposed to be adopted under this subpart (or any modifications to such guidelines) to the Board of Advisors.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Standards Board The Executive Director of the Commission shall submit the guidelines proposed to be adopted under this subpart (or any modifications to such guidelines) to the Executive Board of the Standards Board, which shall review the guidelines (or modifications) and forward its recommendations to the Standards Board.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Review Upon receipt of voluntary voting system guidelines described in subsection (b) (or a modification of such guidelines) from the Executive Director of the Commission, the Board of Advisors and the Standards Board shall each review and submit comments and recommendations regarding the guideline (or modification) to the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Final adoption (1) In general A voluntary voting system guideline described in subsection (b) (or modification of such a guideline) shall not be considered to be finally adopted by the Commission unless the Commission votes to approve the final adoption of the guideline (or modification), taking into consideration the comments and recommendations submitted by the Board of Advisors and the Standards Board under subsection (c).
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Minimum period for consideration of comments and recommendations The Commission may not vote on the final adoption of a guideline described in subsection (b) (or modification of such a guideline) until the expiration of the 90-day period which begins on the date the Executive Director of the Commission submits the proposed guideline (or modification) to the Board of Advisors and the Standards Board under subsection (b).
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Special rule for initial set of guidelines Notwithstanding any other provision of this subpart, the most recent set of voting system standards adopted by the Federal Election Commission prior to October 29, 2002, shall be deemed to have been adopted by the Commission as of October 29, 2002, as the first set of voluntary voting system guidelines adopted under this subpart.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 222, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1683.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15362 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20971"
|
||||
description: "Certification and testing of voting systems"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20971"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20971"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20971"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20971 - Certification and testing of voting systems
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Certification and testing (1) In general The Commission shall provide for the testing, certification, decertification, and recertification of voting system hardware and software by accredited laboratories.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Optional use by States At the option of a State, the State may provide for the testing, certification, decertification, or recertification of its voting system hardware and software by the laboratories accredited by the Commission under this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Laboratory accreditation (1) Recommendations by National Institute of Standards and Technology Not later than 6 months after the Commission first adopts voluntary voting system guidelines under subpart 3 of part A of this subchapter, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall conduct an evaluation of independent, non-Federal laboratories and shall submit to the Commission a list of those laboratories the Director proposes to be accredited to carry out the testing, certification, decertification, and recertification provided for under this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Approval by Commission (A) In general The Commission shall vote on the accreditation of any laboratory under this section, taking into consideration the list submitted under paragraph (1), and no laboratory may be accredited for purposes of this section unless its accreditation is approved by a vote of the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Accreditation of laboratories not on Director list The Commission shall publish an explanation for the accreditation of any laboratory not included on the list submitted by the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology under paragraph (1).
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Continuing review by National Institute of Standards and Technology (1) In general In cooperation with the Commission and in consultation with the Standards Board and the Board of Advisors, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall monitor and review, on an ongoing basis, the performance of the laboratories accredited by the Commission under this section, and shall make such recommendations to the Commission as it considers appropriate with respect to the continuing accreditation of such laboratories, including recommendations to revoke the accreditation of any such laboratory.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Approval by Commission required for revocation The accreditation of a laboratory for purposes of this section may not be revoked unless the revocation is approved by a vote of the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(d) Transition Until such time as the Commission provides for the testing, certification, decertification, and recertification of voting system hardware and software by accredited laboratories under this section, the accreditation of laboratories and the procedure for the testing, certification, decertification, and recertification of voting system hardware and software used as of October 29, 2002, shall remain in effect.
|
||||
|
||||
(e) Required penetration testing (1) In general Not later than 180 days after December 18, 2025, the Commission shall provide for the conduct of penetration testing as part of the testing, certification, decertification, and recertification of voting system hardware and software by the Commission based on accredited laboratories under this section.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Accreditation The Commission shall develop a program for the acceptance of the results of penetration testing on election systems. The penetration testing required by this subsection shall be required for Commission certification. The Commission shall vote on the selection of any entity identified. The requirements for such selection shall be based on consideration of an entity’s competence to conduct penetration testing under this subsection. The Commission may consult with the National Institute of Standards and Technology or any other appropriate Federal agency on lab selection criteria and other aspects of this program.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 231, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1684; Pub. L. 119–60, div. F, title LXVIII, § 6805, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1657.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15371 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Amendments2025—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 119–60 added subsec. (e).
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20981"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20981"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20981"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20981"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20981 - Periodic studies of election administration issues
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) In general On such periodic basis as the Commission may determine, the Commission shall conduct and make available to the public studies regarding the election administration issues described in subsection (b), with the goal of promoting methods of voting and administering elections which—
|
||||
|
||||
(1) will be the most convenient, accessible, and easy to use for voters, including members of the uniformed services and overseas voters, individuals with disabilities, including the blind and visually impaired, and voters with limited proficiency in the English language;
|
||||
|
||||
(2) will yield the most accurate, secure, and expeditious system for voting and tabulating election results;
|
||||
|
||||
(3) will be nondiscriminatory and afford each registered and eligible voter an equal opportunity to vote and to have that vote counted; and
|
||||
|
||||
(4) will be efficient and cost-effective for use.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Election administration issues described For purposes of subsection (a), the election administration issues described in this subsection are as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Methods and mechanisms of election technology and voting systems used in voting and counting votes in elections for Federal office, including the over-vote and under-vote notification capabilities of such technology and systems.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Ballot designs for elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Methods of voter registration, maintaining secure and accurate lists of registered voters (including the establishment of a centralized, interactive, statewide voter registration list linked to relevant agencies and all polling sites), and ensuring that registered voters appear on the voter registration list at the appropriate polling site.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Methods of conducting provisional voting.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) Methods of ensuring the accessibility of voting, registration, polling places, and voting equipment to all voters, including individuals with disabilities (including the blind and visually impaired), Native American or Alaska Native citizens, and voters with limited proficiency in the English language.
|
||||
|
||||
(6) Nationwide statistics and methods of identifying, deterring, and investigating voting fraud in elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(7) Identifying, deterring, and investigating methods of voter intimidation.
|
||||
|
||||
(8) Methods of recruiting, training, and improving the performance of poll workers.
|
||||
|
||||
(9) Methods of educating voters about the process of registering to vote and voting, the operation of voting mechanisms, the location of polling places, and all other aspects of participating in elections.
|
||||
|
||||
(10) The feasibility and advisability of conducting elections for Federal office on different days, at different places, and during different hours, including the advisability of establishing a uniform poll closing time and establishing—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) a legal public holiday under section 6103 of title 5 as the date on which general elections for Federal office are held;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in November, in every even numbered year, as a legal public holiday under such section;
|
||||
|
||||
(C) a date other than the Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in November, in every even numbered year as the date on which general elections for Federal office are held; and
|
||||
|
||||
(D) any date described in subparagraph (C) as a legal public holiday under such section.
|
||||
|
||||
(11) Federal and State laws governing the eligibility of persons to vote.
|
||||
|
||||
(12) Ways that the Federal Government can best assist State and local authorities to improve the administration of elections for Federal office and what levels of funding would be necessary to provide such assistance.
|
||||
|
||||
(13) (A) The laws and procedures used by each State that govern—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) recounts of ballots cast in elections for Federal office;
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) contests of determinations regarding whether votes are counted in such elections; and
|
||||
|
||||
(iii) standards that define what will constitute a vote on each type of voting equipment used in the State to conduct elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) The best practices (as identified by the Commission) that are used by States with respect to the recounts and contests described in clause (i).
|
||||
|
||||
(C) Whether or not there is a need for more consistency among State recount and contest procedures used with respect to elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(14) The technical feasibility of providing voting materials in eight or more languages for voters who speak those languages and who have limited English proficiency.
|
||||
|
||||
(15) Matters particularly relevant to voting and administering elections in rural and urban areas.
|
||||
|
||||
(16) Methods of voter registration for members of the uniformed services and overseas voters, and methods of ensuring that such voters receive timely ballots that will be properly and expeditiously handled and counted.
|
||||
|
||||
(17) The best methods for establishing voting system performance benchmarks, expressed as a percentage of residual vote in the Federal contest at the top of the ballot.
|
||||
|
||||
(18) Broadcasting practices that may result in the broadcast of false information concerning the location or time of operation of a polling place.
|
||||
|
||||
(19) Such other matters as the Commission determines are appropriate.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Reports The Commission shall submit to the President and to the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Rules and Administration of the Senate a report on each study conducted under subsection (a) together with such recommendations for administrative and legislative action as the Commission determines is appropriate.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 241, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1686.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15381 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
|
||||
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
|
||||
|
||||
Election Data Collection GrantsPub. L. 110–161, div. D, title V, § 501, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1997, required the Election Assistance Commission to establish an election data collection grant program.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20982"
|
||||
description: "Study, report, and recommendations on best practices for facilitating military and overseas voting"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20982"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20982"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20982"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20982 - Study, report, and recommendations on best practices for facilitating military and overseas voting
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Study (1) In general The Commission, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall conduct a study on the best practices for facilitating voting by absent uniformed services voters (as defined in section 20310(1) of this title) and overseas voters (as defined in section 20310(5) of this title).
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Issues considered In conducting the study under paragraph (1) the Commission shall consider the following issues:
|
||||
|
||||
(A) The rights of residence of uniformed services voters absent due to military orders.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) The rights of absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters to register to vote and cast absentee ballots, including the right of such voters to cast a secret ballot.
|
||||
|
||||
(C) The rights of absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters to submit absentee ballot applications early during an election year.
|
||||
|
||||
(D) The appropriate preelection deadline for mailing absentee ballots to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters.
|
||||
|
||||
(E) The appropriate minimum period between the mailing of absentee ballots to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters and the deadline for receipt of such ballots.
|
||||
|
||||
(F) The timely transmission of balloting materials to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters.
|
||||
|
||||
(G) Security and privacy concerns in the transmission, receipt, and processing of ballots from absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters, including the need to protect against fraud.
|
||||
|
||||
(H) The use of a single application by absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters for absentee ballots for all Federal elections occurring during a year.
|
||||
|
||||
(I) The use of a single application for voter registration and absentee ballots by absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters.
|
||||
|
||||
(J) The use of facsimile machines and electronic means of transmission of absentee ballot applications and absentee ballots to absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters.
|
||||
|
||||
(K) Other issues related to the rights of absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters to participate in elections.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Report and recommendations Not later than the date that is 18 months after October 29, 2002, the Commission shall submit to the President and Congress a report on the study conducted under subsection (a)(1) together with recommendations identifying the best practices used with respect to the issues considered under subsection (a)(2).
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 242, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1688.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15382 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20983"
|
||||
description: "Report on human factor research"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20983"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20983"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20983"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "8c71f72aaefd67954d06bd1ea44d2d0604bcee040deda527f2255886f926702f"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "56746bcb0f1af867fdf60a7bda6c5198a85cac8b3514f6befd5c34d79bd4fa11"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20983 - Report on human factor research
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
Not later than 1 year after October 29, 2002, the Commission, in consultation with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, shall submit a report to Congress which assesses the areas of human factor research, including usability engineering and human-computer and human-machine interaction, which feasibly could be applied to voting products and systems design to ensure the usability and accuracy of voting products and systems, including methods to improve access for individuals with disabilities (including blindness) and individuals with limited proficiency in the English language and to reduce voter error and the number of spoiled ballots in elections.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 243, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1688.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15383 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20984"
|
||||
description: "Study and report on voters who register by mail and use of Social Security information"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20984"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20984"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20984"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "060e9943148a6df5212daba47dacaea4df1e82e5be1b5b0647f6ddb060b15e88"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "b3c016e94a3d3a720f3d1658009b4f434f58b950bc500c4b2cf18a8e305609ec"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20984 - Study and report on voters who register by mail and use of Social Security information
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Registration by mail (1) Study (A) In general The Commission shall conduct a study of the impact of section 21083(b) of this title on voters who register by mail.
|
||||
|
||||
(B) Specific issues studied The study conducted under subparagraph (A) shall include—
|
||||
|
||||
(i) an examination of the impact of section 21083(b) of this title on first time mail registrant voters who vote in person, including the impact of such section on voter registration;
|
||||
|
||||
(ii) an examination of the impact of such section on the accuracy of voter rolls, including preventing ineligible names from being placed on voter rolls and ensuring that all eligible names are placed on voter rolls; and
|
||||
|
||||
(iii) an analysis of the impact of such section on existing State practices, such as the use of signature verification or attestation procedures to verify the identity of voters in elections for Federal office, and an analysis of other changes that may be made to improve the voter registration process, such as verification or additional information on the registration card.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Report Not later than 18 months after the date on which section 21083(b)(2) of this title takes effect, the Commission shall submit a report to the President and Congress on the study conducted under paragraph (1)(A) together with such recommendations for administrative and legislative action as the Commission determines is appropriate.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Use of Social Security information Not later than 18 months after the date on which section 21083(a)(5) of this title takes effect, the Commission, in consultation with the Commissioner of Social Security, shall study and report to Congress on the feasibility and advisability of using Social Security identification numbers or other information compiled by the Social Security Administration to establish voter registration or other election law eligibility or identification requirements, including the matching of relevant information specific to an individual voter, the impact of such use on national security issues, and whether adequate safeguards or waiver procedures exist to protect the privacy of an individual voter.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 244, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1689.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References in TextFor the effective dates of subsecs. (a)(5) and (b)(2) of section 21083 of this title, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2) and (b), see section 21083(d) of this title.
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15384 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20985"
|
||||
description: "Study and report on electronic voting and the electoral process"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20985"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20985"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20985"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "0f095013e13363546130cc935461c89720deb97c82286d5951143f98f25e8969"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "7df1be7b66f7a1bb608a2a22bf47357e838c922d971bdd7d147ca0d3c8879a63"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20985 - Study and report on electronic voting and the electoral process
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Study (1) In general The Commission shall conduct a thorough study of issues and challenges, specifically to include the potential for election fraud, presented by incorporating communications and Internet technologies in the Federal, State, and local electoral process.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Issues to be studied The Commission may include in the study conducted under paragraph (1) an examination of—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) the appropriate security measures required and minimum standards for certification of systems or technologies in order to minimize the potential for fraud in voting or in the registration of qualified citizens to register and vote;
|
||||
|
||||
(B) the possible methods, such as Internet or other communications technologies, that may be utilized in the electoral process, including the use of those technologies to register voters and enable citizens to vote online, and recommendations concerning statutes and rules to be adopted in order to implement an online or Internet system in the electoral process;
|
||||
|
||||
(C) the impact that new communications or Internet technology systems for use in the electoral process could have on voter participation rates, voter education, public accessibility, potential external influences during the elections process, voter privacy and anonymity, and other issues related to the conduct and administration of elections;
|
||||
|
||||
(D) whether other aspects of the electoral process, such as public availability of candidate information and citizen communication with candidates, could benefit from the increased use of online or Internet technologies;
|
||||
|
||||
(E) the requirements for authorization of collection, storage, and processing of electronically generated and transmitted digital messages to permit any eligible person to register to vote or vote in an election, including applying for and casting an absentee ballot;
|
||||
|
||||
(F) the implementation cost of an online or Internet voting or voter registration system and the costs of elections after implementation (including a comparison of total cost savings for the administration of the electoral process by using Internet technologies or systems);
|
||||
|
||||
(G) identification of current and foreseeable online and Internet technologies for use in the registration of voters, for voting, or for the purpose of reducing election fraud, currently available or in use by election authorities;
|
||||
|
||||
(H) the means by which to ensure and achieve equity of access to online or Internet voting or voter registration systems and address the fairness of such systems to all citizens; and
|
||||
|
||||
(I) the impact of technology on the speed, timeliness, and accuracy of vote counts in Federal, State, and local elections.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Report (1) Submission Not later than 20 months after October 29, 2002, the Commission shall transmit to the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Rules and Administration of the Senate a report on the results of the study conducted under subsection (a), including such legislative recommendations or model State laws as are required to address the findings of the Commission.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Internet posting In addition to the dissemination requirements under chapter 19 of title 44, the Election Administration Commission shall post the report transmitted under paragraph (1) on an Internet website.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 245, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1690.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15385 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
type: "LegalText"
|
||||
title: "52 U.S.C. § 20986"
|
||||
description: "Study and report on free absentee ballot postage"
|
||||
jurisdiction: "us"
|
||||
corpus: "united_states_code"
|
||||
kind: "code_section"
|
||||
title_number: 52
|
||||
title_name: "VOTING AND ELECTIONS"
|
||||
chapter_number: "209"
|
||||
chapter_name: "ELECTION ADMINISTRATION IMPROVEMENT"
|
||||
section: "20986"
|
||||
citation: "52 U.S.C. § 20986"
|
||||
status: "current"
|
||||
release_point: "119-100"
|
||||
release_date: "2026-06-26"
|
||||
source: "official"
|
||||
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc52@119-100.zip"
|
||||
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t52/s20986"
|
||||
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-52/usc52.xml"
|
||||
source_hash: "18c7109397e2a66bbf3f557010f72658c77e94f9d323101f97711d4d619fb31e"
|
||||
raw_snapshot_hash: "5600bd7cd3d8c74d24829ef745020a0f713944161d1d371581a369704150a87a"
|
||||
text_hash: "dde97e5ba325501900474670c10747a21ccff43844e1a6fde3bd97d83bfdb38a"
|
||||
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
|
||||
confidence: "official"
|
||||
tags: ["legal", "us-code", "elections"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 52 U.S.C. § 20986 - Study and report on free absentee ballot postage
|
||||
|
||||
## Text
|
||||
|
||||
(a) Study on the establishment of a free absentee ballot postage program (1) In general The Commission, in consultation with the Postal Service, shall conduct a study on the feasibility and advisability of the establishment of a program under which the Postal Service shall waive or otherwise reduce the amount of postage applicable with respect to absentee ballots submitted by voters in general elections for Federal office (other than balloting materials mailed under section 3406 of title 39) that does not apply with respect to the postage required to send the absentee ballots to voters.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Public survey As part of the study conducted under paragraph (1), the Commission shall conduct a survey of potential beneficiaries under the program described in such paragraph, including the elderly and disabled, and shall take into account the results of such survey in determining the feasibility and advisability of establishing such a program.
|
||||
|
||||
(b) Report (1) Submission Not later than the date that is 1 year after October 29, 2002, the Commission shall submit to Congress a report on the study conducted under subsection (a)(1) together with recommendations for such legislative and administrative action as the Commission determines appropriate.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Costs The report submitted under paragraph (1) shall contain an estimate of the costs of establishing the program described in subsection (a)(1).
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Implementation The report submitted under paragraph (1) shall contain an analysis of the feasibility of implementing the program described in subsection (a)(1) with respect to the absentee ballots to be submitted in the general election for Federal office held in 2004.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Recommendations regarding the elderly and disabled The report submitted under paragraph (1) shall—
|
||||
|
||||
(A) include recommendations on ways that program described in subsection (a)(1) would target elderly individuals and individuals with disabilities; and
|
||||
|
||||
(B) identify methods to increase the number of such individuals who vote in elections for Federal office.
|
||||
|
||||
(c) Postal Service defined The term “Postal Service” means the United States Postal Service established under section 201 of title 39.
|
||||
|
||||
(Pub. L. 107–252, title II, § 246, Oct. 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1691.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial Notes
|
||||
|
||||
Codification Section was formerly classified to section 15386 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
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