---
type: "LegalText"
title: "3 U.S.C. § 451"
description: "Procedure for consideration of alleged violations"
jurisdiction: "us"
corpus: "united_states_code"
kind: "code_section"
title_number: 3
title_name: "THE PRESIDENT"
chapter_number: "5"
chapter_name: "EXTENSION OF CERTAIN RIGHTS AND PROTECTIONS TO PRESIDENTIAL OFFICES"
section: "451"
citation: "3 U.S.C. § 451"
status: "current"
release_point: "119-100"
release_date: "2026-06-26"
source: "official"
source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc03@119-100.zip"
source_identifier: "/us/usc/t3/s451"
source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-03/usc03.xml"
source_hash: "a8e05bf87266b156d0ce54ccd04b8fb0ceac3572335bdd529295401f229eadd2"
raw_snapshot_hash: "77a9a12d323e6a5be87d28f0cedc0395edf9086ec7ba6f6cc66191cec05ed95e"
text_hash: "f1ece07f965247dc8a21a40167eed3c7ef35599b4453a6e44f9955d6bc4f954f"
retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
confidence: "official"
tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
---

# 3 U.S.C. § 451 - Procedure for consideration of alleged violations

## Text

The procedure for consideration of alleged violations of part A of subchapter II consists of—

(1) counseling and mediation as provided in section 452; and

(2) election, as provided in section 453, of either—

(A) an administrative proceeding as provided in section 453(1) and judicial review as provided in section 1296 of title 28; or

(B) a civil action in a district court of the United States as provided in section 1346(g) of title 28.

(Added Pub. L. 104–331, § 2(a), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4067.)