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Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00

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LegalText 18 U.S.C. § 478 Foreign obligations or securities us united_states_code code_section 18 CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 25 COUNTERFEITING AND FORGERY 478 18 U.S.C. § 478 current 119-100 2026-06-26 official https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip /us/usc/t18/s478 data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml c27e4bd648b5131ea0675f8b3b9d5fbb50dfe33fe2df6e7cad9cf12ed15fef27 1a1bbbbdb59e376ada4eb7ad1056fd68d396679ee7ab59f0561af15006122708 81a5672ad48556b54600b40dce085acd7c8e150f2257a107b80ef25996d94109 2026-07-04 official
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18 U.S.C. § 478 - Foreign obligations or securities

Text

Whoever, within the United States, with intent to defraud, falsely makes, alters, forges, or counterfeits any bond, certificate, obligation, or other security of any foreign government, purporting to be or in imitation of any such security issued under the authority of such foreign government, or any treasury note, bill, or promise to pay, lawfully issued by such foreign government and intended to circulate as money, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 707; Pub. L. 103322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 10756, title III, § 375(a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 341.)

Notes

Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 270 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, § 156, 35 Stat. 1117). Reference to persons causing, procuring, aiding or assisting was omitted as unnecessary as such persons are made principals by section 2 of this title. Mandatory punishment provision was rephrased in the alternative. Changes were also made in phraseology.

Editorial Notes

Amendments2001—Pub. L. 10756 substituted “20 years” for “five years”. 1994—Pub. L. 103322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000”.