republic-os/legal/us/code/title-10/chapter-21/section-431.md

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LegalText	10 U.S.C. § 431	Authority to engage in commercial activities as security for intelligence collection activities	us	united_states_code	code_section	10	ARMED FORCES	21	DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE MATTERS	431	10 U.S.C. § 431	current	119-100	2026-06-26	official	https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc10@119-100.zip	/us/usc/t10/s431	data/legal/raw/us/code/title-10/usc10.xml	9020dfd80b678ea73963193a5a33d0764c5a5d96361dd6d6c1c8dd971348a455	06a2679d38355c44f4219c983fdad34009233205d6ba271593a4c1b17a739ec1	2c27e2759a476a7dcd7194b0971c75544d641bbc6bae9f357b6c2b7c4bffa1db	2026-07-04	official	legal us-code

10 U.S.C. § 431 - Authority to engage in commercial activities as security for intelligence collection activities

Text

(a) Authority.— The Secretary of Defense, subject to the provisions of this subchapter, may authorize the conduct of those commercial activities necessary to provide security for authorized intelligence collection activities abroad undertaken by the Department of Defense. No commercial activity may be initiated pursuant to this subchapter after December 31, 2028.

(b) Interagency Coordination and Support.— Any such activity shall—

(1) (A) be pre-coordinated with the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency using procedures mutually agreed upon by the Secretary of Defense and the Director; and

(B) where appropriate, be supported by the Director; and

(2) to the extent the activity takes place within the United States, be coordinated with, and (where appropriate) be supported by, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

(c) Definitions.— In this subchapter:

(1) The term “commercial activities” means activities that are conducted in a manner consistent with prevailing commercial practices and includes—

(A) the acquisition, use, sale, storage and disposal of goods and services;

(B) entering into employment contracts and leases and other agreements for real and personal property;

(C) depositing funds into and withdrawing funds from domestic and foreign commercial business or financial institutions;

(D) acquiring licenses, registrations, permits, and insurance; and

(E) establishing corporations, partnerships, and other legal entities.

(2) The term “intelligence collection activities” means the collection of foreign intelligence and counterintelligence information.

(Added Pub. L. 102–88, title V, § 504(a)(2), Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 437; amended Pub. L. 104–93, title V, § 503, Jan. 6, 1996, 109 Stat. 973; Pub. L. 105–272, title V, § 501, Oct. 20, 1998, 112 Stat. 2404; Pub. L. 106–398, § 1 [[div. A], title X, § 1077], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–282; Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title X, § 1053, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2649; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title IX, § 921, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2029; Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title IX, § 931, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2362; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title IX, § 931(b)(1), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 285; Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title IX, § 932(a)(7), Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4576; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title X, § 1073(c)(10), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2475; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title IX, § 921, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4330; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XVI, § 1623, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3632; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XVI, § 1622, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1732; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVIII, § 1802, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 685; Pub. L. 118–159, div. A, title XVI, § 1611, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2166.)

Notes

Editorial Notes

Amendments2024—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 118–159, § 1611(1), substituted “December 31, 2028” for “December 31, 2024”. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 118–159, § 1611(2), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: “be coordinated with, and (where appropriate) be supported by, the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency; and”. 2023—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 118–31 substituted “December 31, 2024” for “December 31, 2023”. 2017—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–91 substituted “December 31, 2023” for “December 31, 2017”. 2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–291 substituted “December 31, 2017” for “December 31, 2015”. 2011—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–383 substituted “December 31, 2015” for “December 31, 2010”. 2009—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 111–84 repealed Pub. L. 110–417, § 932(a)(7). See 2008 Amendment note below. 2008—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–417, § 932(a)(7), which directed the amendment of subsec. (b)(1) by substituting “Director of National Intelligence” for “Director of Central Intelligence”, was repealed by Pub. L. 111–84. Pub. L. 110–181 substituted “Director of the Central Intelligence Agency” for “Director of Central Intelligence”. 2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–364 substituted “2010” for “2006”. 2004—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–375 substituted “2006” for “2004”. 2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–314 substituted “2004” for “2002”. 2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–398 substituted “2002” for “2000”. 1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–272 substituted “2000” for “1998”. 1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–93 substituted “1998” for “1995”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2009 AmendmentPub. L. 111–84, div. A, title X, § 1073(c), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2474, provided that the amendment made by section 1073(c)(10) is effective as of Oct. 14, 2008, and as if included in Pub. L. 110–417 as enacted.

Effective DatePub. L. 102–88, title V, § 504(b), Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 440, provided that: “The Secretary of Defense may not authorize any activity under section 431 of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), until the later of— “(1) the end of the 90-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 14, 1991]; or “(2) the effective date of regulations first prescribed under section 436 of such title, as added by subsection (a).”