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Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00

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LegalText 18 U.S.C. § 1170 Illegal trafficking in Native American human remains and cultural items us united_states_code code_section 18 CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 53 INDIANS 1170 18 U.S.C. § 1170 current 119-100 2026-06-26 official https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip /us/usc/t18/s1170 data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml 4a44de3ec18d3c9ca7eca2cc7eb213c054a859791ee59a2f0326564eb0bc003b 1a1bbbbdb59e376ada4eb7ad1056fd68d396679ee7ab59f0561af15006122708 64bf23d60374eb82792566026e0173ea450bf92631ae1e6013cd279167cdc1b3 2026-07-04 official
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18 U.S.C. § 1170 - Illegal trafficking in Native American human remains and cultural items

Text

(a) Whoever knowingly sells, purchases, uses for profit, or transports for sale or profit, the human remains of a Native American without the right of possession to those remains as provided in the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act shall be fined in accordance with this title, or imprisoned not more than 1 year and 1 day, or both, and in the case of a second or subsequent violation, be fined in accordance with this title, or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.

(b) Whoever knowingly sells, purchases, uses for profit, or transports for sale or profit any Native American cultural items obtained in violation of the Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act shall be fined in accordance with this title, imprisoned not more than one year, or both, and in the case of a second or subsequent violation, be fined in accordance with this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.

(Added Pub. L. 101601, § 4(a), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3052; amended Pub. L. 103322, title XXXIII, § 330010(4), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2143; Pub. L. 117258, § 4, Dec. 21, 2022, 136 Stat. 2374.)

Notes

Editorial Notes

References in TextThe Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 101601, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3048, which is classified principally to chapter 32 (§ 3001 et seq.) of Title 25, Indians. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3001 of Title 25 and Tables.

Amendments2022—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117258 substituted “1 year and 1 day” for “12 months” and “10 years” for “5 years”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117258, § 4(1), substituted “10 years” for “5 years”. 1994—Pub. L. 103322 substituted “Illegal trafficking in Native American human remains and cultural items” for “Illegal Trafficking in Native American Human Remains and Cultural Items” in section catchline.