republic-os/legal/us/code/title-22/chapter-32/section-2181.md

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LegalText	22 U.S.C. § 2181	Policy	us	united_states_code	code_section	22	FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE	32	FOREIGN ASSISTANCE	2181	22 U.S.C. § 2181	current	119-100	2026-06-26	official	https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc22@119-100.zip	/us/usc/t22/s2181	data/legal/raw/us/code/title-22/usc22.xml	7681a516550a56a7ea8e0c0a7475e2bd9088787e0508ce4a365f509320fc852e	b9c63ede722f5e0bf8eabfe9029e06e312ab9bcfd95c4d1424ed515baff1df83	8d8e2822e1e97017b22defd27b08fcfc92af25af0d4a6bab4e8e0b2973da3bb6	2026-07-04	official	legal us-code

22 U.S.C. § 2181 - Policy

Text

The Congress recognizes that shelter, including essential urban development services, is among the most fundamental of human needs. Shelter for most people in the developing countries consists largely of domestic materials assembled by local labor. While recognizing that most financing for such shelter must come from domestic resources, the Congress finds that carefully designed programs involving United States capital and expertise can increase the availability of domestic financing for improved shelter and related services for low-income people by demonstrating to local entrepreneurs and institutions that providing low-cost shelter can be financially viable. The Congress reaffirms, therefore, that the United States should continue to assist developing countries in marshalling resources for low-cost shelter. Particular attention should be given to programs which will support pilot projects for low-cost shelter or which will have a maximum demonstration impact on local institutions and national policy. The Congress declares that the long run goal of all such programs should be to develop domestic construction capabilities and to stimulate local credit institutions to make available domestic capital and other management and technological resources required for effective low-cost shelter programs and policies.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 221, as added Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, § 105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 807; amended Pub. L. 92–226, pt. I, § 103(a), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 22; Pub. L. 93–189, § 5(1), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 717; Pub. L. 93–559, § 7(1), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1796; Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 311(3), Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 861; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 117(a)(1), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 540; Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 115(a), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 950; Pub. L. 98–473, title I, § 101(1) [title V, § 541(a)], Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1884, 1903.)

Notes

Editorial Notes

Codification Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 is based on section 311(a) of H.R. 5119, Ninety-eighth Congress, as passed by the House of Representatives May 10, 1984, which was enacted into permanent law by Pub. L. 98–473.

Prior ProvisionsA prior section 221 of Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 429, as amended by Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, § 104(a), Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 256; Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, § 104(a), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 381; Pub. L. 88–633, pt. I, § 103(a), Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1009; Pub. L. 89–171, pt. I, § 104(a), (b), Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 654; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. I, § 104(a), Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 798; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 104(a), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 450; Pub. L. 90–554, pt. I, § 103, Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 960, related to general authority for foreign investment guaranties by the President, prior to the general reorganization of this subpart by Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, § 105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 807.

Amendments1984—Pub. L. 98–473 substituted “, including essential urban development services, is” for “requirements are” after “The Congress recognizes that shelter” and, in the remainder of the section substituted “shelter” for “housing” wherever appearing. 1978—Pub. L. 95–424 generally revised the statement of policy to clarify that in developing countries, financing, materials and labor for most housing must be obtained from local sources, while United States capital and technical expertise can increase the availability of housing and related services for low-income people by demonstrating financial viability of credit systems for low-cost housing. 1977—Pub. L. 95–88 struck out provisions that the total face amount of guaranties issued under this section outstanding at any one time not exceed $430,000,000 and added section 2182(c) of this title to the enumeration of sections setting out the conditions under which guaranties shall be issued. 1975—Pub. L. 94–161 substituted “$430,000,000” for “$355,000,000”. 1974—Pub. L. 93–559 substituted “$355,000,000” for “$305,000,000”. 1973—Pub. L. 93–189 substituted “$305,000,000” for “$205,000,000”. 1972—Pub. L. 92–226 substituted “$205,000,000” for “$130,000,000”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title.

Use of Funds From Sale of Notes for Discharge of Liabilities Under Guaranties; Transfer of Funds and Cancellation of Notes and InterestPub. L. 90–249, title I, § 120, Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 941, provided that: “Hereafter, none of the funds obtained or authorized to be obtained from the sale of notes under authority of paragraph 111(c)(2) of the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 [section 1509(c)(2) of this title] or paragraph 413(b)(4)(F) of the Mutual Security Act of 1954 [section 1933(b)(4)(F) of this title] may be used for the purposes of discharging liabilities under any guaranties (exclusive of informational media guaranties) issued under sections 221(b) and 224 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [subsec. (b) of this section and section 2184 of this title], sections 202(b) and 413(b)(4) of the Mutual Security Act of 1954 [sections 1872(b) and 1933(b)(4) of this title] and section 111(b)(3) of the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 [section 1509(b)(3) of this title]. Any portion of the funds in the reserve established pursuant to section 222(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [section 2182(e) of this title] which are attributable to the funds realized from the sale of notes specified in the preceding sentence shall be transferred to the general fund of the Treasury. The Secretary of the Treasury shall cancel all such notes and sums owing and unpaid thereon, including interest to date of cancellation.”