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Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00

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LegalText 28 U.S.C. § 1443 Civil rights cases us united_states_code code_section 28 JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE 89 DISTRICT COURTS; REMOVAL OF CASES FROM STATE COURTS 1443 28 U.S.C. § 1443 current 119-100 2026-06-26 official https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip /us/usc/t28/s1443 data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml 9fa211d71a59ea4c62d0fdec10ccb5ebafbabaa4005aad1b22fd1873a2b5dd79 3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf 5d01c3885a2ca936cd156bce13d7360d70016b09f0aa5db8f216e46090dfd912 2026-07-04 official
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28 U.S.C. § 1443 - Civil rights cases

Text

Any of the following civil actions or criminal prosecutions, commenced in a State court may be removed by the defendant to the district court of the United States for the district and division embracing the place wherein it is pending:

(1) Against any person who is denied or cannot enforce in the courts of such State a right under any law providing for the equal civil rights of citizens of the United States, or of all persons within the jurisdiction thereof;

(2) For any act under color of authority derived from any law providing for equal rights, or for refusing to do any act on the ground that it would be inconsistent with such law.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 938.)

Notes

Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 74 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 31, 36 Stat. 1096). Other provisions of section 74 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 1446 and 1447 of this title. Words “or in the part of the State where such suit or prosecution is pending” after “courts of such States,” were omitted as unnecessary. Changes were made in phraseology.