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Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-06 10:51:44 -04:00

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LegalText 28 U.S.C. § 1606 Extent of liability us united_states_code code_section 28 JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE 97 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF FOREIGN STATES 1606 28 U.S.C. § 1606 current 119-100 2026-06-26 official https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc28@119-100.zip /us/usc/t28/s1606 data/legal/raw/us/code/title-28/usc28.xml 0164774edbcd30a1f7a4521b26e8cc3fd49d9a87d368da0bfc2eb0fe5e8fe931 3390f867a2c02f5d0c496269da780795fe19663a090a3040c64a9ee0a541cdcf 139794f98b1d9912ca1d4c959680e75d09f095614383bf737b266907afdb6c0f 2026-07-04 official
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28 U.S.C. § 1606 - Extent of liability

Text

As to any claim for relief with respect to which a foreign state is not entitled to immunity under section 1605 or 1607 of this chapter, the foreign state shall be liable in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances; but a foreign state except for an agency or instrumentality thereof shall not be liable for punitive damages; if, however, in any case wherein death was caused, the law of the place where the action or omission occurred provides, or has been construed to provide, for damages only punitive in nature, the foreign state shall be liable for actual or compensatory damages measured by the pecuniary injuries resulting from such death which were incurred by the persons for whose benefit the action was brought.

(Added Pub. L. 94583, § 4(a), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2894; amended Pub. L. 105277, div. A, § 101(h) [title I, § 117(b)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681480, 2681491; Pub. L. 106386, div. C, § 2002(g)(2), formerly § 2002(f)(2), Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1543, renumbered § 2002(g)(2), Pub. L. 107297, title II, § 201(c)(3), Nov. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 2337.)

Notes

Editorial Notes

Amendments2000—Pub. L. 106386, § 2002(g)(2), formerly § 2002(f)(2), as renumbered by Pub. L. 107297, which directed repeal of section 101(h) [title I, § 117(b)] of div. A of Pub. L. 105277, was executed by striking out “, except any action under section 1605(a)(7) or 1610(f)” after “punitive damages”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 1998 Amendment note below. 1998—Pub. L. 105277 inserted “, except any action under section 1605(a)(7) or 1610(f)” after “punitive damages”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1998 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 105277 applicable to any claim for which a foreign state is not immune under section 1605(a)(7) of this title arising before, on, or after Oct. 21, 1998, see section 101(h) [title I, § 117(c)] of Pub. L. 105277, set out as a note under section 1610 of this title.

Effective DateSection effective 90 days after Oct. 21, 1976, see section 8 of Pub. L. 94583, set out as a note under section 1602 of this title.