republic-os/legal/us/code/title-31/chapter-35/section-3551.md

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LegalText	31 U.S.C. § 3551	Definitions	us	united_states_code	code_section	31	MONEY AND FINANCE	35	ACCOUNTING AND COLLECTION	3551	31 U.S.C. § 3551	current	119-100	2026-06-26	official	https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc31@119-100.zip	/us/usc/t31/s3551	data/legal/raw/us/code/title-31/usc31.xml	5919c4a61fa087ef88fe15da6d0785601e7c476cafa0436fac755e5f64af9aaf	94d3fba324cbbc12277242f872f8f47cff5250dbcdc0057fe857212764e4b704	fc920336e5e73b171691433d79387abda6d38c322e009bffbc29456868dde6ad	2026-07-04	official	legal us-code

31 U.S.C. § 3551 - Definitions

Text

In this subchapter:

(1) The term “protest” means a written objection by an interested party to any of the following:

(A) A solicitation or other request by a Federal agency for offers for a contract for the procurement of property or services.

(B) The cancellation of such a solicitation or other request.

(C) An award or proposed award of such a contract.

(D) A termination or cancellation of an award of such a contract, if the written objection contains an allegation that the termination or cancellation is based in whole or in part on improprieties concerning the award of the contract.

(E) Conversion of a function that is being performed by Federal employees to private sector performance.

(2) The term “interested party”—

(A) with respect to a contract or a solicitation or other request for offers described in paragraph (1), means an actual or prospective bidder or offeror whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract or by failure to award the contract; and

(B) with respect to a public-private competition conducted under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 with respect to the performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency, or a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, includes—

(i) any official who is responsible for submitting the agency tender in such competition; and

(ii) any one individual who, for the purpose of representing the Federal employees engaged in the performance of the activity or function for which the public-private competition is conducted in a protest under this subchapter that relates to such public-private competition, has been designated as the agent of the Federal employees by a majority of such employees.

(3) The term “Federal agency” has the meaning given such term by section 102 of title 40.

(Added Pub. L. 98–369, div. B, title VII, § 2741(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1199; amended Pub. L. 99–145, title XIII, § 1304(d), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 742; Pub. L. 103–272, § 4(f)(1)(K), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1362; Pub. L. 103–355, title I, § 1401, Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3287; Pub. L. 104–106, div. D, title XLIII, § 4321(d)(1), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 674; Pub. L. 107–217, § 3(h)(6), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1300; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title III, § 326(a), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1848; Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title VII, § 739(c)(1)(A), Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2030; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title III, § 326(a), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 62; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title III, § 327(a), (b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2255.)

Notes

Editorial Notes

Amendments2009—Par. (1)(E). Pub. L. 111–84, § 327(a), added subpar. (E). Par. (2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 111–84, § 327(b), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: “any official who submitted the agency tender in such competition; and”. 2008—Par. (2). Pub. L. 110–181 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “The term ‘interested party’— “(A) with respect to a contract or a solicitation or other request for offers described in paragraph (1), means an actual or prospective bidder or offeror whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract or by failure to award the contract; and “(B) with respect to a public-private competition conducted under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 regarding performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency, or a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under OMB Circular A–76, includes— “(i) any official who submitted the agency tender in such competition; and “(ii) any one person who, for the purpose of representing them in a protest under this subchapter that relates to such competition, has been designated as their agent by a majority of the employees of such Federal agency who are engaged in the performance of such activity or function.” 2007—Par. (2). Pub. L. 110–161 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “(2)(A) The term ‘interested party’, with respect to a contract or a solicitation or other request for offers described in paragraph (1), means an actual or prospective bidder or offeror whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract or by failure to award the contract. “(B) The term includes the official responsible for submitting the Federal agency tender in a public-private competition conducted under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 regarding an activity or function of a Federal agency performed by more than 65 full-time equivalent employees of the Federal agency.” 2004—Par. (2). Pub. L. 108–375 designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B). 2002—Par. (3). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted “section 102 of title 40” for “section 3 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 472)”. 1996—Pub. L. 104–106, § 4321(d)(1)(A), substituted “subchapter:” for “subchapter—” in introductory provisions. Par. (2). Pub. L. 104–106, § 4321(d)(1)(B), substituted “or a solicitation or other request for offers” for “or proposed contract”. 1994—Par. (1). Pub. L. 103–355, § 1401(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “ ‘protest’ means a written objection by an interested party to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a proposed contract for the procurement of property or services or a written objection by an interested party to a proposed award or the award of such a contract;”. Pub. L. 103–272 substituted “a Federal” for “an Federal”. Par. (2). Pub. L. 103–355, § 1401(b)(1), inserted “The term” after “(2)” and substituted a period for “; and” at end. Par. (3). Pub. L. 103–355, § 1401(b)(2), inserted “The term” after “(3)”. 1985—Par. (1). Pub. L. 99–145 substituted “Federal agency” for “executive agency”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2009 AmendmentPub. L. 111–84, div. A, title III, § 327(d), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2255, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 3554 of this title] shall apply— “(1) to any protest or civil action that relates to a public-private competition conducted after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2009] under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, or any successor circular; and “(2) to a decision made after the date of the enactment of this Act to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76.”

Effective Date of 2008 AmendmentPar. (2)(B) of this section, as added by Pub. L. 110–181, applicable to a protest or civil action that challenges final selection of the source of performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency made pursuant to a study under OMB Circular A–76 on or after Jan. 1, 2004, and to any other protest or civil action that relates to a public-private competition under Circular A–76 or to a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Circular A–76, on or after Jan. 28, 2008, see section 326(d) of Pub. L. 110–181, set out as a note under section 1491 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

Effective Date of 2007 AmendmentParagraph (2)(B) of this section applicable to protests and civil actions that challenge final selections of sources of performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency that are made pursuant to studies initiated under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 on or after Jan. 1, 2004; and to any other protests and civil actions that relate to public-private competitions initiated under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, or a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, on or after Dec. 26, 2007, see section 739(c)(3) of Pub. L. 110–161, set out as a note under section 501 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 110–161 applicable with respect to fiscal year 2008 and each succeeding fiscal year, see section 739(e) of Pub. L. 110–161, set out as a note under section 501 of this title.

Effective Date of 2004 AmendmentPub. L. 108–375, div. A, title III, § 326(d), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1848, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 3552 and 3553 of this title] shall apply to protests filed under subchapter V of chapter 35 of title 31, United States Code, that relate to studies initiated under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 on or after the end of the 90-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2004].”

Effective Date of 1996 AmendmentFor effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 104–106, see section 4401 of Pub. L. 104–106, set out as a note under section 2220 of Title 10, Armed Forces.

Effective Date of 1994 AmendmentFor effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 103–355, see section 10001 of Pub. L. 103–355, set out as a note under section 8752 of Title 10, Armed Forces.

Effective DateSection applicable with respect to any protest filed after Jan. 14, 1985, see section 2751(b) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 2302 of Title 10, Armed Forces.

Construction of 2004 AmendmentPub. L. 108–375, div. A, title III, § 326(e), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1849, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 3552 and 3553 of this title] shall not be construed to authorize the use of a protest under subchapter V of chapter 35 of title 31, United States Code, with regard to a decision made by an agency tender official.”