republic-os/legal/us/code/title-32/chapter-1/section-109.md

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LegalText	32 U.S.C. § 109	Maintenance of other troops	us	united_states_code	code_section	32	NATIONAL GUARD	1	ORGANIZATION	109	32 U.S.C. § 109	current	119-100	2026-06-26	official	https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc32@119-100.zip	/us/usc/t32/s109	data/legal/raw/us/code/title-32/usc32.xml	7f4dd8f714c319e143c92a8f74a05f0711043be98539057fd942b4c7d9dee2de	05d3a37f304c651e83ee524f8adc223131aae5a9d47924e35dbea35932adf29f	9135bc79bb1f122304d13b5c681e138c4911bc2265f2d3cb0c107c280e9115db	2026-07-04	official	legal us-code

32 U.S.C. § 109 - Maintenance of other troops

Text

(a) In time of peace, a State, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam, or the Virgin Islands may maintain no troops other than those of its National Guard and defense forces authorized by subsection (c).

(b) Nothing in this title limits the right of a State, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam, or the Virgin Islands to use its National Guard or its defense forces authorized by subsection (c) within its borders in time of peace, or prevents it from organizing and maintaining police or constabulary.

(c) In addition to its National Guard, if any, a State, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam, or the Virgin Islands may, as provided by its laws, organize and maintain defense forces. A defense force established under this section may be used within the jurisdiction concerned, as its chief executive (or commanding general in the case of the District of Columbia) considers necessary, but it may not be called, ordered, or drafted into the armed forces.

(d) A member of a defense force established under subsection (c) is not, because of that membership, exempt from service in the armed forces, nor is he entitled to pay, allowances, subsistence, transportation, or medical care or treatment, from funds of the United States.

(e) A person may not become a member of a defense force established under subsection (c) if he is a member of a reserve component of the armed forces.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 600; Pub. L. 85–861, § 2(2), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1542; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XII, § 1234(b)(1), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2059; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title X, § 1057(b)(3), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3441; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(h)(4)(B), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4377.)

Notes

Historical and Revision Notes 1956 Act Revised sectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 109(a)   109(b)32:194(a) (1st sentence).32:194(c) (as applicable to 32:194(a) (1st sentence)).32:194(a) (less 1st sentence).32:194(c) (less applicability to 32:194(a) (1st sentence)).June 3, 1916, ch. 134, § 61 (less (b)); restated Oct. 21, 1940, ch. 904 (less last 3 provisos); restated Aug. 18, 1941, ch. 363 (less last 3 provisos); restated Oct. 1, 1942, ch. 570 (less (b)); restated June 26, 1944, ch. 279 (less (b)); restated Sept. 27, 1950, ch. 1058 (less (b)), 64 Stat. 1072. In subsection (a), the words “those of its National Guard” are substituted for the words “as authorized in accordance with the organization prescribed under this Act”. In subsections (a) and (b), the provisions of 32:194(c) are exhausted by the enumeration of the jurisdictions named. In subsection (b), the words “Nothing in this title limits” are substituted for the words “Nothing contained in this Act shall be construed to limit”.

1958 Act Section of title 32Source (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 109(c)32 App.:194(b) (less 4th and last sentences).Aug. 11, 1955, ch. 802, 69 Stat. 686. 109(d)32 App.:194(b) (4th sentence). 109(e)32 App.:194(b) (last sentence). In subsection (c), the words “heretofore authorized by this Act [sic]”, “as such”, and “in any manner” are omitted as surplusage. In subsection (d), the words “under any Federal law” are omitted since only Federal law could require service in the armed forces. The word “military” is omitted as surplusage. In subsection (e), the words “defense force” are substituted for the words “organized militia” for accuracy and to conform to subsection (c). The words “reserve component of the armed forces” are substituted for the words “Reserve Forces as defined in section 901 of Title 50”, since that term is not defined in the Armed Forces Reserve Act of 1952.

Editorial Notes

Amendments2011—Subsecs. (a) to (c). Pub. L. 111–383 amended directory language of Pub. L. 109–163, § 1057(b)(3). See 2006 Amendment note below. 2006—Subsecs. (a) to (c). Pub. L. 109–163, § 1057(b)(3), as amended by Pub. L. 111–383, substituted “State, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam, or the Virgin Islands” for “State or Territory, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, or the District of Columbia”. 1988—Subsecs. (a) to (c). Pub. L. 100–456 struck out “the Canal Zone,” after “Virgin Islands,”. 1958—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 85–861, § 2(2)(A), substituted “defense forces authorized by subsection (c)” for “State defense forces”. Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 85–861, § 2(2)(B), added subsecs. (c) to (e).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2011 AmendmentPub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(h), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4377, provided that the amendment made by section 1075(h)(4)(B) is effective as of Jan. 6, 2006, and as if included in Pub. L. 109–163 as enacted.