republic-os/legal/us/code/title-42/chapter-6a/section-284k.md

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LegalText	42 U.S.C. § 284k	Clinical research	us	united_states_code	code_section	42	THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE	6A	PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE	284k	42 U.S.C. § 284k	current	119-100	2026-06-26	official	https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc42@119-100.zip	/us/usc/t42/s284k	data/legal/raw/us/code/title-42/usc42.xml	6d28ef161438c1280af7e0d9d2ec1b6c99994ac072e3d3ed601a86bdb7dea627	644321055a08eb1f260a6a3e31ac157fa024756abf612a9fd6857e7e400cf24e	452eb7b2cabe2e0a6a3bba938d5a373488d20eed8d0d58b6e49e61e38f1581b6	2026-07-04	official	legal us-code

42 U.S.C. § 284k - Clinical research

Text

(a) In general The Director of National Institutes of Health shall undertake activities to support and expand the involvement of the National Institutes of Health in clinical research.

(b) Requirements In carrying out subsection (a), the Director of National Institutes of Health shall—

(1) consider the recommendations of the Division of Research Grants Clinical Research Study Group and other recommendations for enhancing clinical research; and

(2) establish intramural and extramural clinical research fellowship programs directed specifically at medical and dental students and a continuing education clinical research training program at the National Institutes of Health.

(c) Support for the diverse needs of clinical research The Director of National Institutes of Health, in cooperation with the Directors of the Institutes, Centers, and Divisions of the National Institutes of Health, shall support and expand the resources available for the diverse needs of the clinical research community, including inpatient, outpatient, and critical care clinical research.

(d) Peer review The Director of National Institutes of Health shall establish peer review mechanisms to evaluate applications for the awards and fellowships provided for in subsection (b)(2) and section 284l of this title. Such review mechanisms shall include individuals who are exceptionally qualified to appraise the merits of potential clinical research training and research grant proposals.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title IV, § 409G, formerly § 409C, as added Pub. L. 106–505, title II, § 203, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2326; renumbered § 409G, Pub. L. 107–109, § 3(1), Jan. 4, 2002, 115 Stat. 1408.)

Notes

Editorial Notes

References in TextSection 284l of this title, referred to in subsec. (d), was in the original “section 409D”, and was translated as meaning section 409D of act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, as added by section 204(b) of Pub. L. 106–505. Such section 409D was renumbered section 409H of act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, by Pub. L. 107–109, § 3(2), Jan. 4, 2002, 115 Stat. 1408. Another section 409D of act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, as added by section 1001 of Pub. L. 106–310, is classified to section 284h of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Findings and PurposePub. L. 106–505, title II, § 202, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2325, provided that: “(a) Findings.—Congress makes the following findings:“(1) Clinical research is critical to the advancement of scientific knowledge and to the development of cures and improved treatment for disease. “(2) Tremendous advances in biology are opening doors to new insights into human physiology, pathophysiology and disease, creating extraordinary opportunities for clinical research. “(3) Clinical research includes translational research which is an integral part of the research process leading to general human applications. It is the bridge between the laboratory and new methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention and is thus essential to progress against cancer and other diseases. “(4) The United States will spend more than $1,200,000,000,000 on health care in 1999, but the Federal budget for health research at the National Institutes of Health was $15,600,000,000 only 1 percent of that total. “(5) Studies at the Institute of Medicine, the National Research Council, and the National Academy of Sciences have all addressed the current problems in clinical research. “(6) The Director of the National Institutes of Health has recognized the current problems in clinical research and appointed a special panel, which recommended expanded support for existing National Institutes of Health clinical research programs and the creation of new initiatives to recruit and retain clinical investigators. “(7) The current level of training and support for health professionals in clinical research is fragmented, undervalued, and underfunded. “(8) Young investigators are not only apprentices for future positions but a crucial source of energy, enthusiasm, and ideas in the day-to-day research that constitutes the scientific enterprise. Serious questions about the future of life-science research are raised by the following:“(A) The number of young investigators applying for grants dropped by 54 percent between 1985 and 1993. “(B) The number of physicians applying for first-time National Institutes of Health research project grants fell from 1226 in 1994 to 963 in 1998, a 21 percent reduction. “(C) Newly independent life-scientists are expected to raise funds to support their new research programs and a substantial proportion of their own salaries. “(9) The following have been cited as reasons for the decline in the number of active clinical researchers, and those choosing this career path:“(A) A medical school graduate incurs an average debt of $85,619, as reported in the Medical School Graduation Questionnaire by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). “(B) The prolonged period of clinical training required increases the accumulated debt burden. “(C) The decreasing number of mentors and role models. “(D) The perceived instability of funding from the National Institutes of Health and other Federal agencies. “(E) The almost complete absence of clinical research training in the curriculum of training grant awardees. “(F) Academic Medical Centers are experiencing difficulties in maintaining a proper environment for research in a highly competitive health care marketplace, which are compounded by the decreased willingness of third party payers to cover health care costs for patients engaged in research studies and research procedures. “(10) In 1960, general clinical research centers were established under the Office of the Director of the National Institutes of Health with an initial appropriation of $3,000,000. “(11) Appropriations for general clinical research centers in fiscal year 1999 equaled $200,500,000. “(12) Since the late 1960s, spending for general clinical research centers has declined from approximately 3 percent to 1 percent of the National Institutes of Health budget. “(13) In fiscal year 1999, there were 77 general clinical research centers in operation, supplying patients in the areas in which such centers operate with access to the most modern clinical research and clinical research facilities and technologies. “(b) Purpose.—It is the purpose of this title [see Short Title of 2000 Amendments note set out under section 201 of this title] to provide additional support for and to expand clinical research programs.”

Oversight by GAOPub. L. 106–505, title II, § 207, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2330, provided that, not later than 18 months after Nov. 13, 2000, the Comptroller General was to submit to Congress a report describing the extent to which the National Institutes of Health had complied with the amendments made by title II of Pub. L. 106–505.