Fabio
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Ingested titles 12–51 and 54 from OLRC USLM XML @119-100 (the whole Code now, uniform edition; Title 53 is reserved/empty). LegalText 11,221 -> 59,740; repo total 105,704 records. Deterministic (byte-identical rerun, verified on Title 42's 8,356 sections); make check green. make legal-us-code default now covers every title. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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| LegalText | 18 U.S.C. § 28 | Human trafficking defense | us | united_states_code | code_section | 18 | CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE | 1 | GENERAL PROVISIONS | 28 | 18 U.S.C. § 28 | current | 119-100 | 2026-06-26 | official | https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc18@119-100.zip | /us/usc/t18/s28 | data/legal/raw/us/code/title-18/usc18.xml | cd1bad8bec3c7acd8b4b561f1445d63a1046710ca1098477ec008bb5b41f5fac | 1a1bbbbdb59e376ada4eb7ad1056fd68d396679ee7ab59f0561af15006122708 | 03419f6d2e9e31d0a0b412bc3277e8355f816b94e2badfaef8687192bdcde816 | 2026-07-04 | official |
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18 U.S.C. § 28 - Human trafficking defense
Text
(a) Definitions.— In this section—
(1) the term “covered Federal offense” means a level A offense or level B offense, as those terms are defined in section 3771A; and
(2) the term “victim of trafficking” has the meaning given the term in section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7102).
(b) Duress.— In a prosecution for a covered Federal offense, a defendant may establish duress by demonstrating that the defendant was a victim of trafficking at the time at which the defendant committed the offense.
(c) Record or Proceeding Under Seal.— In any proceeding in which a defense under subsection (b) is raised, any record or part of the proceeding related to the defense shall, on motion, be placed under seal until such time as a conviction is entered for the offense.
(d) Post-Conviction Relief.— A failure to assert, or failed assertion of, a defense under subsection (b) by an individual who is convicted of a covered Federal offense may not preclude the individual from asserting as a mitigating factor, at sentencing or in a proceeding for any post-conviction relief, that at the time of the commission of the offense, the defendant was a victim of trafficking and committed the offense under duress.
(e) Federal Aid.— A failure to assert, or failed assertion of, a defense under subsection (b) by an individual who is convicted of a covered Federal offense may not be used for the purpose of disqualifying the individual from participating in any federally funded program that aids victims of trafficking.
(Added Pub. L. 119–73, § 6(a), Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2009.)
Notes
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Rule of ConstructionPub. L. 119–73, § 8, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2010, provided that: “Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 2026 Amendment note set out under section 1 of this title], or the amendments made by this Act, may be construed to conflict with any of the crime victims’ rights described in section 3771 of title 18, United States Code.”