Fabio
00a184bb3c
Raw OLRC USLM XML zips @ release 119-100 (retrieved 2026-07-04 via Atlas depot), ingested with the standard pipeline: raw snapshot -> per-section OKF markdown -> manifest + checksums. Title 52 untouched. LegalText: 171 -> 11,221. Titles 12-54 await a clean OLRC retry. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
56 lines
2.8 KiB
Markdown
56 lines
2.8 KiB
Markdown
---
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type: "LegalText"
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title: "10 U.S.C. § 949l"
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description: "Voting and rulings"
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jurisdiction: "us"
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corpus: "united_states_code"
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kind: "code_section"
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title_number: 10
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title_name: "ARMED FORCES"
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chapter_number: "47A"
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chapter_name: "MILITARY COMMISSIONS"
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section: "949l"
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citation: "10 U.S.C. § 949l"
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status: "current"
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release_point: "119-100"
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release_date: "2026-06-26"
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source: "official"
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source_url: "https://uscode.house.gov/download/releasepoints/us/pl/119/100/xml_usc10@119-100.zip"
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source_identifier: "/us/usc/t10/s949l"
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source_file: "data/legal/raw/us/code/title-10/usc10.xml"
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source_hash: "b60dede447c4e25ab2d94e4ff39252174fb498713401deea1fe950851dfbc41f"
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raw_snapshot_hash: "06a2679d38355c44f4219c983fdad34009233205d6ba271593a4c1b17a739ec1"
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text_hash: "18eb82d4cc20af8cace4fa7daa719f4f1546e94d3062e105364fb0f53f50e89d"
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retrieved_at: "2026-07-04"
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confidence: "official"
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tags: ["legal", "us-code"]
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---
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# 10 U.S.C. § 949l - Voting and rulings
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## Text
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(a) Vote by Secret Written Ballot.— Voting by members of a military commission under this chapter on the findings and on the sentence shall be by secret written ballot.
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(b) Rulings.— (1) The military judge in a military commission under this chapter shall rule upon all questions of law, including the admissibility of evidence and all interlocutory questions arising during the proceedings.
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(2) Any ruling made by the military judge upon a question of law or an interlocutory question (other than the factual issue of mental responsibility of the accused) is conclusive and constitutes the ruling of the military commission. However, a military judge may change such a ruling at any time during the trial.
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(c) Instructions Prior to Vote.— Before a vote is taken of the findings of a military commission under this chapter, the military judge shall, in the presence of the accused and counsel, instruct the members as to the elements of the offense and charge the members—
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(1) that the accused must be presumed to be innocent until the accused’s guilt is established by legal and competent evidence beyond a reasonable doubt;
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(2) that in the case being considered, if there is a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused, the doubt must be resolved in favor of the accused and the accused must be acquitted;
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(3) that, if there is reasonable doubt as to the degree of guilt, the finding must be in a lower degree as to which there is no reasonable doubt; and
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(4) that the burden of proof to establish the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt is upon the United States.
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(Added Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XVIII, § 1802, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2589.)
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## Notes
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Editorial Notes
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Prior ProvisionsA prior section 949l, added Pub. L. 109–366, § 3(a)(1), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2615, related to voting and rulings, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 111–84.
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